❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s

■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❉❊
❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

▲✉❝❛s P♦rt♦ ▼❛③✐❡r♦

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❍❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❡ ❊①❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦

❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡

❈❆▼P■◆❆❙
✷✵✶✻
 ▲✉❝❛s P♦rt♦ ▼❛③✐❡r♦

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❍❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❡ ❊①❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦

❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡

❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡
❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛
♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋á❜✐♦ ▲✉✐③ ❯s❜❡rt✐

❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❡❧s♦ ❈❛✈❡❧❧✉❝❝✐

❊st❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ✈❡rsã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ▲✉❝❛s P♦rt♦
▼❛③✐❡r♦ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋á❜✐♦
▲✉✐③ ❯s❜❡rt✐✳

❈❆▼P■◆❆❙
✷✵✶✻
 ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❉❊
❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

▲✉❝❛s P♦rt♦ ▼❛③✐❡r♦

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❍❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❡ ❊①❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦

❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡

❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿

• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋á❜✐♦ ▲✉✐③ ❯s❜❡rt✐ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮

■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ❯◆■❈❆▼P
• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲❡❤✐❧t♦♥ ▲❡❧✐s ❈❤❛✈❡s P❡❞r♦s❛
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ❯◆■❈❆▼P
• Pr♦❢❛ ✳ ❉r❛ ✳ ❑❡❧❧② ❈r✐st✐♥❛ P♦❧❞✐
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ✲ ❯◆■❈❆▼P
• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ ❱✐❧❧❛s ✭❙✉♣❧❡♥t❡✮
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ❯◆■❈❆▼P
• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❏♦sé ❱♦♥ ❩✉❜❡♥ ✭❙✉♣❧❡♥t❡✮
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ❯◆■❈❆▼P

❆ ❛t❛ ❞❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❛ss✐♥❛t✉r❛s ❞♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥♦

♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳

❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s✱ ✶✺ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻

❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❊ss❛ ♦❜r❛ é ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❊❧✐❛♥❡ ❡ ▼❛r❝♦s✱ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s✱ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛

♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ◆❛t❛❧✐❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❤♦♠❡♥❛❣❡♠ ♣óst✉♠❛ ❛ ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❱✐t♦r ❉✐♦♥ís✐♦ ❡ ◆✐❧③❛ ❞❡ ❆③❡✈❡❞♦✳

❚♦❞♦s ♦s s❡✉s s♦♥❤♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛r r❡❛❧✐✲
❞❛❞❡ s❡ ✈♦❝ê t❡♠ ❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡rs❡❣✉✐✲❧♦s✳
✭❲❛❧t ❉✐s♥❡②✮
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ P❛✐ ❈❡❧❡st✐❛❧ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r t❡✉ ✜❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t♦ ♥❛
❢♦rç❛ ❡ s❛ú❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❙❡♥❤♦r ♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❞❡✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❜❛t❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ss❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡
s❡r✈✐✲❧♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✈♦t♦ ♥♦ s❛♥t✉ár✐♦ ❞❛ ❢é ❡ s❡r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞✐✈✐♥❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❊❧✐❛♥❡ ❡ ▼❛r❝♦s✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛❢❡t♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦
♣♦r ♠❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❞❡ ✉♥✐ã♦✱ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦✱ ❜❛s❡s só❧✐❞❛s
♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♠✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❋á❜✐♦ ▲✉✐③ ❯s❜❡rt✐✱ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡
♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ♣♦r q✉❡♠ ♠❡ ✐♥s♣✐r♦ ❞✐❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠❡ t♦r♥❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♠❡✲
❧❤♦r✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r s✉❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱
♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✳ ❚❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❤♦♥r❛ tê✲❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❈❡❧s♦ ❈❛✈❡❧❧✉❝❝✐✱ ♣♦r s❡✉s ✈❛✲
❧✐♦s♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❚❡♠ s✐❞♦
✉♠❛ ❤♦♥r❛ tê✲❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛✈ós ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❡ ❉❡❧✐❛✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝❤❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♠♦r✱ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✳
❙✉❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❤✐stór✐❛s ❡ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❛ ♠✐♠ sã♦ ♣r♦✈❛s ❞❡ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛✱ ❢r✉t♦s
❞❡ t♦❞❛s ♠❛r❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❡ ❞❡ r❡t✐❞ã♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❡♠✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛❞r✐♥❤♦s ❡ t✐♦s ❊❧✐s❡t❡ ❡ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ♣♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛r❡♠ s❡r❡♠ ♠❡✉s
♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s✱ ♠❡✉s s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ♣❛✐s ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❛r❡♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ t✐❛ ❊❧✐③❛❜❡t❤ ❡ ♠❡✉ t✐♦ ●✐❧❜❡rt♦✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♠✐♥❤❛s ♣r✐♠❛s ❡
♣r✐♠♦s✱ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❡ss❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❞❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ P♦rt♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ▼❛r✐❛♥❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦✱ ❜r✐♥❝❛❞❡✐r❛s ❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s
❞✐✈❡rt✐❞♦s✱ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ t♦r♥❛r ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❧❡❣r❡✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠❛❞r❛st❛ ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣❛ ❆♥❞r❡❛✱ ♣♦r ❝✉✐❞❛r ❞❡ ♠✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠ã❡✱
♠❡ ❞❛♥❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡♠ ♠❡✉s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♠❡✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠♦r ◆❛t❛❧✐❛✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ♦❧❤❛r✱ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦s ❢❛③❡♠ ❞♦s
♠❡✉s ❞✐❛s ♦s ♠❛✐s ❧✐♥❞♦s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❞❡ ❖r❞❡♠ ❉❡▼♦❧❛②✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ✐r♠ã♦s ❉✐♦❣♦✱ ●✉✐✲
❧❤❡r♠❡✱ ▲✉✐③ ❡ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ❡st❛rã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝❛❧♦r ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛✲
♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✱ ❛ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ♦r❞❡♠✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❘❛❢❛❡❧✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✲
✈❛♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❡✉s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❯◆■❙✲▼● q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛
♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❆❣♥✉s✱ ❋❛❜rí❝✐♦✱ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦✱ ❲❛♥✲
❞❡rs♦♥ ❡ ❲❡✐❞❡r✱ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s ♠❡str❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠ ❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛r❛♠ ❛ ❡st❛r ❤♦❥❡ ♥❛
✈✐❞❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯◆■❈❆▼P✱ q✉❡
♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦✈❡✐t♦s♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝❡❧ê♥❝✐❛✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛s ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛r❛♠ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❈❆P❊❙ ❡
❋❯◆❈❆▼P✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ s✉❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡❞✐❝♦✉✲s❡ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛✐①❡✐r♦
❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡ ✭❚❙P✮✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✭❉❈P✮✳ ❊ss❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ◆P✲❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✿ ♦ ❚❙P ❡ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦
k ✲❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✭k ✲❉❙P✮✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❉❈P ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡
❝✉st♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ♥ã♦✲❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛
✈ért✐❝❡ ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ♦✉ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ♦✉ ❡stá ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛té k ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞♦
❝✐❝❧♦✳ ❆ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❈P ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦✲
t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ ❛t✉❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❣ás ♦✉ á❣✉❛✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠
❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r r❡❣✐str❛r ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❞✐s♣❡rs♦s ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❧❡✐t✉r✐st❛s✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♠❡✲
❞✐çã♦ r❡♠♦t❛✱ ❝♦♠ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❡ss❡s ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦s✱ ♦s ❧❡✐t✉r✐st❛s ♥ã♦
♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ✈✐s✐t❛r ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡❀ ❜❛st❛ q✉❡ ❡♠ s✉❛s r♦t❛s ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡st❡❥❛♠
♥♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦✳ ❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ❡ ✉♠
♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❈P✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛
●❘❆❙P ✭●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✮✳ ❯♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t
é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✳ ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ❡ ❡①❛t♦✱ sã♦ t❡st❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s✱
❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ st✉❞✐❡s ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚r❛✈❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❙❛❧❡s♠❛♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭❚❙P✮✱
❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ ❉♦♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣ ❈②❝❧❡ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭❉❈P✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦
◆P✲❤❛r❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✿ t❤❡ ❚❙P ❛♥❞ t❤❡ k ✲❉♦♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣ ❙❡t Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ●r❛♣❤s ✭k ✲❉❙P✮✳ ❚❤❡
❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❈P ✐s t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❝♦st ❝②❝❧❡ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✉♥❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤✱ ❢r♦♠ ❛ s♦✉r❝❡
✈❡rt❡①✱ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ❡❛❝❤ ✈❡rt❡① ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ❡✐t❤❡r ❜❡❧♦♥❣s t♦ t❤❡ ❝②❝❧❡✱ ♦r ✐s ❛t ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡
♦❢ ✉♣ t♦ k ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ✈❡rt❡① ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝②❝❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❉❈P ✐s ♠♦t✐✈❛t❡❞ ❜② ✐ts ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛
r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✉t✐❧✐t✐❡s t❤❛t ❛❝t ❛s ❡♥❡r❣②✱ ❣❛s ♦r ✇❛t❡r s✉♣♣❧✐❡rs✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s
r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧❧② ❞✐s♣❡rs❡❞ ❝✉st♦♠❡rs✳ ■t ✐s
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡s❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♠❡t❡r r❡❛❞❡rs✱ ❤❛✈❡ r❡♠♦t❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✱
✇✐t❤ ♣r❡✲❞❡✜♥❡❞ r❛♥❣❡✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤❡s❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✱ ♠❡t❡r r❡❛❞❡rs ❞♦ ♥♦t ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✈✐s✐t ❡❛❝❤
❝❧✐❡♥t❀ ✐t s✉✣❝❡s t❤❛t ❛❧❧ ❝❧✐❡♥ts ❛r❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ r❛♥❣❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ r♦✉t❡s✳ ❚❤✐s
❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡
❉❈P✳ ❚❤❡ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ●❘❆❙P ✭●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤
Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡✮✳ ❆ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❉❈P✳
❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❡①❛❝t✱ ❛r❡ t❡st❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ❛♥❞
t❤❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞✱ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t
t♦ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧✐t②✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊t❛♣❛ ❞❡ r❛♠✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❛ ♣♦r ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✷✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❛ ♣♦r ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✶ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚❙P✱ ❝♦♠ 50 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✷ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ k ✲❉❙P✱ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ k = 0.10✳ ✷✻
✹✳✶ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ❝♦♠ 200 ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ k = 0.10✳ ✸✵
✺✳✶ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✷✲❖P❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✺✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ s✇❛♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✺✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③ Nk (7)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✐♥❡✜❝❛③ Nk (7)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✻✳✶ ❈✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s
❝♦♠ 200 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✻✳✷ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ✭✪✮ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛
✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ 200 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✻✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭%✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✻✳✹ ❈✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s
❝♦♠ 200 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
❆✳✶ ❈✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s
❝♦♠ 50 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
❆✳✷ ❈✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s
❝♦♠ 100 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
❆✳✸ ❈✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s
❝♦♠ 400 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
❆✳✹ ❈✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s
❝♦♠ 800 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
❇✳✶ ❈✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s
❝♦♠ 50 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
❇✳✷ ❈✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s
❝♦♠ 100 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
❇✳✸ ❈✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s
❝♦♠ 400 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
❇✳✹ ❈✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s
❝♦♠ 800 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
❇✳✺ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ✭✪✮ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐✲
♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ 50 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
❇✳✻ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ✭✪✮ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐✲
♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ 100 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
❇✳✼ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ✭✪✮ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐✲
♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ 400 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
❇✳✽ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ✭✪✮ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐✲
♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭k✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ 800 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✻✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✻✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

✻✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶

✻✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✺
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ●❡r❛✐s ✶✼
✷✳✶ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✷✳✷ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ■♥t❡✐r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✷✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✸ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✷✸
✸✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛✐①❡✐r♦ ❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✸✳✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ P▲■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✸✳✶✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✸✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ P▲■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✸✳✷✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✸✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✷✾

✹✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ P▲■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹✳✹ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

✺ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✸✸
✺✳✶ ▼❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✺✳✶✳✶ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❈♦♥str✉t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✺✳✶✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛s ▲♦❝❛✐s ❡ ♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✺✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✺✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❱á❧✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✺✳✷✳✷ ❘♦t✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹

✻ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✹✺
✻✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❍❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✻✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❊①❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✺✻
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✺✽
❆ ●rá✜❝♦s ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❍❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ✻✶
❇ ●rá✜❝♦s ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❊①❛t♦s ✻✹
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦✱

❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❧✐①♦✱ r♦t❛s ❞❡ ô♥✐❜✉s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ♣♦st❛❧✱ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❢r❡t❡✱ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛s✱ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡♥tr❡
♦✉tr♦s ❬✸✵✱ ✶✱ ✶✷❪✳ ❆s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s sã♦ ❢♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦s ❝✉st♦s
❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r❛s
❞❡ss❡s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s sã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡
♠♦t✐✈❛ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡
r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳
◆♦ r❛♠♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✉♠
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ é ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛✐①❡✐r♦ ❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❚r❛✈❡✲
❧✐♥❣ ❙❛❧❡s♠❛♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭❚❙P✮✳ ❖ ❚❙P ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡
❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛✱ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛✱ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s
❬✼✱ ✷✷✱ ✶❪✳
❖ ❚❙P ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡♥❞❡❞♦r ❛♠❜✉❧❛♥t❡
q✉❡✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ✈✐s✐t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠❡r✲
❝✐❛❧✐③❛r s❡✉s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♣❡r❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❡str❛❞❛s ❧✐❣❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦s
♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✈✐s✐t❛❞❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③✳ ❆♣ós ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❛
✈✐❛❣❡♠✱ ♦ ✈❡♥❞❡❞♦r ❛♠❜✉❧❛♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡ r❡t♦r♥❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✳
❯♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s é ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲
❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❬✻❪✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês k ✲❉♦♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣ ❙❡t Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭k ✲❉❙P✮✳ ❖ k ✲❉❙P ✈✐s❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r
✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ t❛❧ q✉❡ t♦✲
❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❡stã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ k ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❖ k ✲❉❙P ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦
❡st❡❥❛ ❝♦❜❡rt♦ ✭❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ k ✮ ♣❡❧♦s ♣♦♥t♦s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ é ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❉♦♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣
❈②❝❧❡ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭❉❈P✮✱ q✉❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛ ♦ ❚❙P ❡ ♦ k ✲❉❙P✳ ❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦
r❡s✉♠✐❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿

• ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦✲

❜❧❡♠❛s ❚❙P✱ k ✲❉❙P ❡ ❉❈P❀
• Pr♦♣♦r ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡①❛t❛ ❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P❀

✶✺
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✻

• ❊❧❛❜♦r❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❣❡r❛❞❛s

❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡❀
• ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦✲❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡
❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s❀
• ❈♦♠♣❛r❛r ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡①❛t❛ ❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦
❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❡t❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s

❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❉❈P✿ ♦ ❚❙P ❡ ♦ k ✲❉❙P✳ ❯♠❛
r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✲
❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❡ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ é ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❉❈P✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❢❛❝tí✈❡✐s ❞♦
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥✲
t❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s sã♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦s✱
♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛
●❘❆❙P ✭●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✮✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦✲
r✐t♠♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t é ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧✲
❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s✳
❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦✲
❧♦❣✐❛ ❡①❛t❛ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦
❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❢✉t✉r❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ●❡r❛✐s

◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ ❙❡✲
çã♦ ✷✳✶✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛
❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥t❡✐r❛✳ ❆s ❙❡çõ❡s ✷✳✸ ❡ ✷✳✹ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❛♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞ ❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t✳

✷✳✶ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛

❊♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✱ ✉♠

❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✜♥✐t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❢❛❝tí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ❯♠❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s
❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳
❊♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ t❛❧ q✉❡ ♦
✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ss❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♠í♥✐♠♦✳ ❚❛❧ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛✳
❯♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✐♥❣ê♥✉♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛ ❝♦♥✲
s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r t♦❞❛s ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❢❛❝tí✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛✳ P♦ré♠ ❡ss❡
❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡
❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❢❛❝tí✈❡✐s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛
♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❣❡r❛❧ tr❛t❛♠✲s❡ ❞❡
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ◆P✲❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ s❡ P = ◆P
❬✷✻❪✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡✲
❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿ s✉♣♦♥❤❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✜♥✐t♦ N = {1, ..., n} ❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ F ❞❡ s✉❜❝♦♥✲
❥✉♥t♦s ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ N ✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣❡s♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦✿

min{c(S) : S ∈ F }.
S⊆N

♦♥❞❡ c(S) é ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝✉st♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✈✐á✈❡❧ S ✳

✶✼
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❈❖◆❈❊■❚❖❙ ●❊❘❆■❙ ✶✽

✷✳✷ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ■♥t❡✐r❛

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ▲✐♥❡❛r Pr♦❣r❛♠ ✭▲P✮ ❬✸✹❪✿

max {cx : Ax ≤ b, x > 0},

♦♥❞❡ A é ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s m ♣♦r n✱ c é ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ n✱ b é ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r

❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ m ❡ x é ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ n✳
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ r❡str✐çõ❡s t❛✐s q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛ss✉♠✐r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s✱ t❡✲
♠♦s ✉♠ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ■♥t❡✐r♦ ▼✐st♦✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ▼✐①❡❞✲■♥t❡❣❡r ▲✐♥❡❛r Pr♦❣r❛♠ ✭▼■▲P✮✿

max cx + hy
s✳❛✳

Ax + Gy ≤ b
x > 0, y > 0 e inteiro,

♦♥❞❡ A é ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ m ♣♦r n✱ G é ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ m ♣♦r p✱ h é ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ p ❡ y

é ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ p✳
❙❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢♦r❡♠ ✐♥t❡✐r❛s✱ t❡♠♦s ✉♠ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ■♥t❡✐r♦✱
❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ■♥t❡❣❡r ▲✐♥❡❛r Pr♦❣r❛♠ ✭■▲P✮✿

max cx
s✳❛✳

Ax ≤ b
x > 0 e inteiro.

❊①✐st❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♦♥❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s sã♦ r❡str✐t❛s ❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s 0 ♦✉ 1✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦
t❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❇✐♥ár✐♦ ■♥t❡✐r♦✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❇✐♥❛r② ■♥t❡❣❡r Pr♦❣r❛♠ ✭❇■P✮✿

max cx
s✳❛✳

Ax ≤ b
x ∈ {0, 1}n .

❯♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ■▲P ❡ ❇■P ❡stá ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠
q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛✳
P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s
❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ✈❡❥❛ ❬✸✹❪✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❈❖◆❈❊■❚❖❙ ●❊❘❆■❙ ✶✾

✷✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞

❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r✲
♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥t❡✐r❛✳ ❖ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡
❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s ❢❛❝tí✈❡✐s ❬✷❪✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡
♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❇■P✿

z = max {cx : x ∈ F, x ∈ {0, 1}n },

♦♥❞❡ F r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s ❢❛❝tí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❙❡❥❛ {F1 , F2 ,
S S S
..., Fk } s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ F ✱ ♦♥❞❡ F = F1 F2 ... Fk ✳ ◆❡ss❡
❝❛s♦✱ t❡♠♦s ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✿

z k = max {cx : x ∈ Fi } i = 1, ..., k.

P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦ F ♥♦s s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s F1 ❡ F2 ✱ ♦♥❞❡ F1 = {x ∈ F : x1 = 0} ❡

F2 = {x ∈ F : x1 = 1}✳ ❈❛❞❛ s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡
♣❛r❛ F1 t❡♠♦s ❞♦✐s ♥♦✈♦s s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✿ F3 = {x ∈ F1 : x2 = 0} = {x ∈ F : x1 = x2 = 0}
❡ F4 = {x ∈ F1 : x2 = 1} = {x ∈ F : x1 = 0, x2 = 1}✳ ❊ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦
é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❛♠✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ q✉❡ ❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ tr❛③ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊t❛♣❛ ❞❡ r❛♠✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞✳

❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❛♠✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✈✐á✈❡✐s✱ é

♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ♣❛r❛
❡♥✉♠❡r❛r ❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t❛✳
S S S
❙❡❥❛♠ F = F1 F2 ... Fk ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ F ❡♠ s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ z i =
max {cx : x ∈ Fi } ♣❛r❛ i = 1, ..., k ✱ ❡♥tã♦ z i ❡ z i sã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❈❖◆❈❊■❚❖❙ ●❊❘❆■❙ ✷✶

✷✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥t❡✐r❛✿

max cx ✭✷✳✶✮

s✳❛✳

Ax = b
x > 0 e inteiro.

❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ✭✷✳✶✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❧❛①❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r✱ ❜❛st❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦ r❡♠♦✈❡r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✿

max cx ✭✷✳✷✮

s✳❛✳

Ax = b
x > 0

❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t é r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲

❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ✭✷✳✶✮ r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r
❬✷❪✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✭✷✳✷✮ é r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♥❞♦ ❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛ x∗ ✳ ❈❛s♦ x∗ s❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛✱ x∗ t❛♠❜é♠ é s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ✭✷✳✶✮✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡
s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ✭♣❧❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✭✷✳✶✮✳ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s sã♦
r❡str✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✭✷✳✶✮ ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦rt❛♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✭✷✳✶✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❝♦rt❛r s♦❧✉çõ❡s
✐♥✈✐á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✭✷✳✶✮✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ x∗ ✳ ■♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❡ss❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
✭✷✳✷✮ ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛ x∗ é
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é r❡♣❡t✐❞♦✳ ❖ ♣s❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ✐❧✉str❛ ♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞♦
❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✿

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✶✿ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ P❧❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❈♦rt❡

✶✳ ❘❡s♦❧✈❛ ❛ r❡❧❛①❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✭✷✳✷✮✳
✷✳ ❙❡❥❛ x∗ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛ ❞❛ r❡❧❛①❛çã♦✳ x∗ é ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛❄
∗
• ❙❡ s✐♠✱ x é ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦
✐♥t❡✐r❛✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ é ❡♥❝❡rr❛❞♦✱ r❡t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ x∗ ✳
• ❙❡ ♥ã♦✱ r❡s♦❧✈❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ x∗ ✳
✸✳ ❈❛s♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✈á❧✐❞❛✱ q✉❡ é
s❛t✐s❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✭✷✳✶✮✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛
x∗ ✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❡ ❡ss❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✭✷✳✷✮ ❡ ✈♦❧t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❛ss♦ ✶✳ ❈❛s♦
❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ é ❡♥❝❡rr❛❞♦✱ r❡t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ x∗ ✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❈❖◆❈❊■❚❖❙ ●❊❘❆■❙ ✷✷

❖ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡

q✉❛✐s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦rt❛r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ r❡❧❛①❛❞❛ x∗ ✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s
❝♦rt❡s✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ r♦t✐♥❛s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✳ ❙ã♦
❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ss❛s r♦t✐♥❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ✈✐♦❧❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ r❡❧❛①❛❞❛ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥✲
tr❛❞❛s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s
✈á❧✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ◆P✲❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛
♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✳
P❛r❛ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡✱ ❝♦♥✲
s✉❧t❡ ❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❬✸✹❪✱ ❬✶✺❪ ❡ ❬✸✺❪✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s

◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡

✭❉❈P✮✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✸✳✶✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛✐①❡✐r♦ ❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡ ✭❚❙P✮✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✸✳✷
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✭k ✲❉❙P✮✳ ◆❡ss❛s s❡çõ❡s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲
❞❛s r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ■♥t❡✐r❛ ✭P▲■✮ ❡ ár❡❛s ❞❡
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✳

✸✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛✐①❡✐r♦ ❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡

✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦
❖ ❚❙P ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉❡ ❬✷✻❪✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❡ ♥ã♦✲❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦
G(V, E)✱ ♦♥❞❡ V r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ E ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ❛r❡st❛
(i, j) ∈ E ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ♥ã♦✲♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ cij ≥ 0✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ss✉♠✐♠♦s
❝✉st♦s s✐♠étr✐❝♦s ♥❛s ❛r❡st❛s✱ cij = cji ✳ ❯♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❤❛♠✐❧t♦♥✐❛♥♦ ❡♠ G é ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠
t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞❡ G ❬✹❪✳ ❖ ❚❙P ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❤❛♠✐❧t♦♥✐❛♥♦ ❡♠ G ❞❡ ❝✉st♦
♠í♥✐♠♦✳ P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❚❙P✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✱ ❞❛
q✉❛❧ sã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❬✷✵✱ ✷✼✱ ✷✸✱ ✷✶✱ ✶✸❪✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❚❙P✳

✸✳✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ P▲■

❯♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ P▲■ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚❙P ❬✶✻❪ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧
❜✐♥ár✐❛ xij r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ s❡ ✉♠ ❛r❡st❛ (i, j) ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ✭1✮ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ✭0✮ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✳
S é ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞❡ G ❡ δ(v) ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s
❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ✳

✷✸
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆❙ ❘❊▲❆❈■❖◆❆❉❖❙ ✷✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✿ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚❙P✱ ❝♦♠ 50 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳

(T SP )
X
M IN cij xij ✭✸✳✶✮
(i,j)∈E

s✳❛✳
X
xij = 1, ∀j ∈ V ✭✸✳✷✮
i∈δ(j)
X
xij = 1, ∀i ∈ V ✭✸✳✸✮
j∈δ(i)
X
xij ≤ |S| − 1, ∀S ⊂ V : S 6= ∅ ✭✸✳✹✮
i,j∈S

xij ∈ {0, 1}, ∀i, j ∈ V ✭✸✳✺✮

❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✭✸✳✶✮ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆❙ ❘❊▲❆❈■❖◆❆❉❖❙ ✷✺

é ❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❛s ❛r❡st❛s q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ ❆s r❡str✐çõ❡s ✭✸✳✷✮ ❡
✭✸✳✸✮ ❢♦rç❛♠ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s s❡❥❛♠ ✈✐s✐t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✈❡③✳ ❆ r❡str✐çã♦
✭✸✳✹✮ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s✳

✸✳✶✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s

◆❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s ❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡

♦❜t❡r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❛✐s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❚❙P ♣♦❞❡
s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❊♠ ❬✷✽❪ ✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❛✐s ❡ s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s é
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡stá ♥❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦
✐♠♣r❡ss♦✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❡r❢✉r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ P❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ■♠♣r❡ss♦✱
❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❉r✐❧❧✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r Pr✐♥t❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐t ❇♦❛r❞s ✭P❈❇s✮✳ ❯♠❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦
✐♠♣r❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡r ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r❢✉r❛çõ❡s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥❢❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s✳ ❆s ♣❡r❢✉r❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❝♦♥❢❡❝✲
❝✐♦♥❛r ♣❡r❢✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❧❡♥t♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦
❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ✉♠ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❡
❝♦♥❢❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❡r❢✉r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦✱ ❛❥✉st❛r ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦
❝♦♠ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❢❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ❛s ♥♦✈❛s ♣❡r❢✉r❛çõ❡s✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡♥❞♦
❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ P❈❇s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❚❙P✱ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐â✲
♠❡tr♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s sã♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❡r❢✉r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❝♦♥❢❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠
♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❡ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦✈❡r ❛
♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦✉tr❛✳
❖✉tr❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚❙P ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝r✐st❛✐s ♥❛ ❝r✐st❛❧♦❣r❛✲
✜❛ ♣♦r ❘❛✐♦s✲❳ ❬✸✱ ✷✽✱ ✶✹❪✳ ❯♠ ❞✐❢r❛tô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❘❛✐♦s✲❳ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s
s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥♦s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ♠❡❞❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦s ❘❛✐♦s✲❳ r❡✢❡t✐❞♦s ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s✳ ❊♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱
♦ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ♣r❡❝✐s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛té 30000 ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦
q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❡s❝♦✲
❧❤❡r ✉♠ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s 30000 ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦✳
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❚❙P✳
❖✉tr♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❚❙P ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✲
t♦r❡s ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❛ ❣ás ❡♠ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ❬✷✽❪✳ ➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡ ❣ás
♥❛s t✉r❜✐♥❛s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♥♦③③❧❡✲❣✉✐❞❡ ✈❛♥❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧✐❡s
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♥❞❛r ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ❆ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♥❛s t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❝♦♥✲
s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✜①❛r ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦③③❧❡✲❣✉✐❞❡ ✈❛♥❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧✐❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❞❛s t✉r❜✐♥❛s✳ ❚♦❞♦s ❡ss❡s ♥♦③③❧❡✲❣✉✐❞❡ ✈❛♥❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧✐❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦
s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛s t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❡ s✉❛s ✐♥st❛❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦rr❡t❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ❜❡✲
♥❡❢í❝✐♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s ✭r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
✢✉①♦ ❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❜r❛çõ❡s✮✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛r ♦s ♥♦③③❧❡✲❣✉✐❞❡ ✈❛♥❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧✐❡s
❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❚❙P✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆❙ ❘❊▲❆❈■❖◆❆❉❖❙ ✷✻

✸✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡

✸✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ♥ã♦✲❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ G = (V, E) ♦♥❞❡ V Eé♦
é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❛s ❛r❡st❛s✳ ❯♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ i é ✈✐③✐♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ j s❡ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡ d(i, j) ≤ k ✱
♦♥❞❡ d(i, j) é ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ✭♦✉ ❝✉st♦✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s i ❡ j ✱
❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ k é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳ ❯♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s D ⊆ V é ✉♠
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ G s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ V \ D ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ u ∈ D t❛❧
q✉❡ d(u, v) ≤ k ❬✽❪✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✿ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ k ✲❉❙P✱ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ k = 0.10✳

❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ k ✲❉❙P✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠
❝♦r ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ ♦ ❣r❛❢♦✱ ❡ ❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛
❞❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ é ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆❙ ❘❊▲❆❈■❖◆❆❉❖❙ ✷✼

✸✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ P▲■

❆ s❡❣✉✐r é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ P▲■ ♣❛r❛ ♦ k ✲❉❙P ❬✽❪✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ yi
r❡✈❡❧❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ✭1✮ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ✭0✮ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s Nk (i) ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ i✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛
k✳

(k − DSP )
X
M IN yi ✭✸✳✻✮
i∈V

s✳❛✳
X
yj > 1 ∀i ∈ V ✭✸✳✼✮
j∈Nk (i)

yi ∈ {0, 1} ∀i ∈ V ✭✸✳✽✮

❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✭✸✳✻✮ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛✳

❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ✭✸✳✼✮ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ♥❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❡❧♦
♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳

✸✳✷✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s

❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞♦ k ✲❉❙P sã♦ r❡♣♦rt❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ❡stá ♥♦
r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ô♥✐❜✉s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ❬✶✽❪✳ ▼✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦s ❞♦ ♣❛ís ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ô♥✐❜✉s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛
♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❛té ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ❊ss❡s ô♥✐❜✉s ♦♣❡r❛♠ s♦❜ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s✱
❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r ✉♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❛té ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦
❞❡ ô♥✐❜✉s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠❛ r♦t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ô♥✐❜✉s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛✳ ❖✉tr❛ r❡❣r❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st✐♣✉❧❛r
q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ô♥✐❜✉s ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡♠♦r❛r ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✱ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ r❡❣r❛
❞❡✜♥❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s q✉❡ ✉♠ ô♥✐❜✉s ♣♦❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛r✳
❖✉tr❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❬✶✽❪✳ ❯♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲
❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ ❡♥✈✐❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❡❧❡ ❡stá ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡❥❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s
♠áq✉✐♥❛s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✐rá ❡♥✈✐❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s
r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ s✉❜✲
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s t❛❧ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡st❡❥❛ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ k ❞❡
♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r✳
❯♠❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡stá ♥❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ rá❞✐♦ ❬✶✽❪✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛ ✉♠❛
❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ✈✐❧❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞✐st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ ✉r❜❛♥♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦
é ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ rá❞✐♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡ss❛s ✈✐❧❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣♦ss❛♠
s❡r tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛s ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈✐❧❛s✳ ❆s ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ rá❞✐♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ r❛✐♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❞❡
r❛❞✐♦❞✐❢✉sã♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉s❛r ❡st❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈✐❧❛s✳ P♦ré♠✱
♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ rá❞✐♦ é ❝❛r♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ é ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♠❡♥♦r
♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛♠ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈✐❧❛s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✸✳ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆❙ ❘❊▲❆❈■❖◆❆❉❖❙ ✷✽

✸✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s

❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✭❉❈P✮✳

❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛✐①❡✐r♦ ❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡ ✭❚❙P✮ ❡ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲
❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✭k ✲❉❙P✮✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦✲
❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ■♥t❡✐r❛ ✭P▲■✮ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱
❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❢❛❝tí✈❡✐s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡

◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✭❉❈P✮✳ ◆❛

❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✶ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♦ ❉❈P ❡ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✳
❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✳ ❆
❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✹ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❉❈P✳

✹✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦
❖ ❉❈P✱ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❈✉rr❡♥t ❡ ❙❝❤✐❧❧✐♥❣ ❬✶✶❪✱ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ✉♠
❣r❛❢♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❡ ♥ã♦✲❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ G(V, E)✱ ♦♥❞❡ V r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ E ♦
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ❛r❡st❛ (i, j) ∈ E ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ♥ã♦✲♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ cij > 0✳
❙ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝✉st♦s s✐♠étr✐❝♦s ♥❛s ❛r❡st❛s✱ cij = cji ✳ ❖ ✈ért✐❝❡ v0 é ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱
❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ r❛✐③✳ ❯♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s D ⊆ V é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ G✱
s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ V \ D✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ u ∈ D t❛❧ q✉❡ d(v, u) 6 k ✱ ♦♥❞❡ d(v, u) é
❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s v ❡ u✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ k é ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳
❈♦♠♦ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♦ ❉❈P ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ r❛✐③✱ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦
❝✉❥♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳
❯♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P ❬✶✶❪ ♦♥❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s é s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s✱ ❞♦
✐♥❣❧ês ❙❡t ❈♦✈❡r✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭❙❈P✮✳ ■ss♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s sã♦ ❝♦❜❡rt♦s ♣❡❧❛
s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❈P✳ ❋♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠
21 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❉❈P✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠
❝♦r ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ ♦ ❣r❛❢♦❀ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝♦r
❛③✉❧ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ r❛✐③❀ ♦ tr❛ç❛❞♦ ❞❛ r♦t❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❝♦r ♣r❡t❛❀ ❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛
❞❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ é ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡✳

✹✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❯♠❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❈P ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡❛❧
❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r✐st❛s✳ ❊♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ ❛t✉❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✱

✷✾
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ❉❖ ❈■❈▲❖ ❉❖▼■◆❆◆❚❊ ✸✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✿ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ❝♦♠ 200 ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ k = 0.10✳

á❣✉❛ ❡ ❣ás✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r r❡❣✐str❛r ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s
❞✐s♣❡rs♦s ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s r✉❛s ❡ ❛✈❡♥✐❞❛s ❞♦s ❜❛✐rr♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ✉r❜❛♥♦✳ ❖ r♦t❡✲
❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❧❡✐t✉r✐st❛s✱ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ s♦❧✉çã♦
❬✸✶✱ ✸✸✱ ✸✷❪✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♦s ❧❡✐t✉r✐st❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r
♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳
◆❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛✱ ✉♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐✉ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ r❡♠♦t❛ ❬✺✱ ✶✾❪✱
♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❧❡✐t✉r✐st❛ ♣♦ss❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❛✐♦
❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❛s r♦t❛s ❞♦s ❧❡✐t✉r✐st❛s ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠
♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐s✐t❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♥t❛♥t♦ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❞❡♥tr♦
❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞♦ s❡♥s♦r✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s
❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❞♦s ❧❡✐t✉r✐st❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ✉r❜❛♥♦ t❡♥❤❛♠ s❡✉s
❝♦♥s✉♠♦s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s✳
❖ ❉❈P t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❢♦rt❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❉❈P ❡ ❛ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛
❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✭♠é❞✐❝❛✱ ♦❞♦♥t♦❧ó✲
❣✐❝❛✱ ✈❡t❡r✐♥ár✐❛✱ ❥✉rí❞✐❝❛✮✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛✲s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ r♦t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ❉❖ ❈■❈▲❖ ❉❖▼■◆❆◆❚❊ ✸✶

✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♠ó✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❞✐s♣❡rs♦s ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❊ss❛ r♦t❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❞❛s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❡❢❡t✉❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛
✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛
t♦t❛❧ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ r♦t❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡st❡❥❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛
✭♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ k ✮ ❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❞❛✳

✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ P▲■

❯♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ■♥t❡✐r❛ ✭P▲■✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱
♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ xij r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ s❡ ✉♠ ❛r❡st❛ (i, j) ∈ E ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ✭1✮ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ✭0✮ ❛♦
s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ yi r❡✈❡❧❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ✭1✮ ♦✉
♥ã♦ ✭0✮ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ S é ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞❡ G✱ Nk (i) é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ i ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ k ✱ v0 é ♦ ✈ért✐❝❡
r❛✐③ ❡ δ(v) ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ✳

(DCP )
X
M IN cij xij ✭✹✳✶✮
(i,j)∈E

s✳❛✳
y0 = 1 ✭✹✳✷✮
X
yj > 1 ∀i ∈ V ✭✹✳✸✮
j∈Nk (i)
X
xij = yj , ∀j ∈ V ✭✹✳✹✮
i∈δ(j)
X
xij = yi , ∀i ∈ V ✭✹✳✺✮
j∈δ(i)
X
xij ≤ |S| − 1, ∀S ⊆ V \{v0 } : S 6= ∅ ✭✹✳✻✮
i,j∈S

xij ∈ {0, 1}, ∀i, j ∈ V ✭✹✳✼✮

yi ∈ {0, 1} ∀i ∈ V ✭✹✳✽✮

❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✭✹✳✶✮ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ é ❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛r❡st❛s✳ ❆ r❡str✐çã♦ ✭✹✳✷✮ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛ q✉❡ ♦
✈ért✐❝❡ r❛✐③ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ✭✹✳✸✮ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡
t♦❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✈✐③✐♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❖
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ✭✹✳✹✮ ❡ ✭✹✳✺✮ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ s❡rá ✈✐s✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ q✉❛♥❞♦
♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡r ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❆ r❡str✐çã♦ ✭✹✳✻✮ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐♥✈á❧✐❞♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡✈✐t❛ ♦s s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♠ ♥♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ r❛✐③✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✹✳ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ❉❖ ❈■❈▲❖ ❉❖▼■◆❆◆❚❊ ✸✷

✹✳✹ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s

❯♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❈P ❢♦✐ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❬✶✼❪✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❈♦✲
✈❡r✐♥❣ ❙❛❧❡s♠❛♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭●❈❙P✮✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ i ❝♦❜r❡ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s Di ❡ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ki ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✳ Fi é ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ✜①♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛♦ ✈✐s✐t❛r
♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ i ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ●❈❙P é ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ s❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ i é ❝♦❜❡rt♦ ki
✈❡③❡s ♣♦r ✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦ ❝✉st♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ ❞❛❞♦
♣❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦s ✜①♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ✈✐s✐t❛❞♦s✳ ❉♦✐s
♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ●❈❙P ❬✶✼❪ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❡
✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛✱
❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ LS1✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s✿ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡
é ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s P q✉❡ ❡stá ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢❛s❡✱ é
❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛ ❛ ❢❛❝t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦✉tr♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳
❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ LS2✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❡
✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✱ ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦
❝✐❝❧♦✳ LS2 t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♥✲❑❡r♥✐❣❤❛♥ ❬✷✹❪ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦
♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳

✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s

❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✭❉❈P✮ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉

✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧✳ ❯♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❉❈P ❢♦✐ ♠♦str❛❞❛✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✳
❯♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ s♦❜r❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❉❈P ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺

▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s

◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✭❉❈P✮✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P
✭●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✮✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✶✳ ❊ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✷✱ é ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s✳

✺✳✶ ▼❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡①❛t❛ ❞♦ ❉❈P r❡q✉❡r t❡♠♣♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ s❡ P❂◆P✱
❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝✉❥❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡①❛t❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡
❬✾❪✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜♦❛
q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭s❡♠ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✳
❖ ●❘❆❙P ✭●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✮ é ✉♠❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛
♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❘❡s❡♥❞❡ ❬✷✾❪✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐t❡r❛çã♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ❡stá❣✐♦s✿ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦
❡stá❣✐♦ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛
❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛ ❣✉❧♦s❛✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♥♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❛
✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛té ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠ ót✐♠♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ❆♣ós ✉♠
❝❡rt♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ é r❡t♦r♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✜♥❛❧
❞❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ ♣s❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✷✿ ▼❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P

✐♥í❝✐♦
❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦❚ér♠✐♥♦◆ã♦❊♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❢❛ç❛
s ❂ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦❙♦❧✉çã♦✭✮❀
s′ ❂ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❇✉s❝❛▲♦❝❛❧✭s✮❀
♠❡♠♦r✐③❛▼❡❧❤♦r❙♦❧✉çã♦✭✮❀
✜♠
r❡t♦r♥❛ ▼❡❧❤♦r❙♦❧✉çã♦
✜♠

◆♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❡♠

✸✸
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✸✹

❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ sã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❡ ❣✉❧♦s♦✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ r❡str✐t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ✭r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ ❧✐st✱ ❘❈▲✮ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡
♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❛ ❡♥tr❛r ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ k ✲❉❙P ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s
sã♦ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ✈ért✐❝❡s sã♦ ♦s ♠❛✐s
♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❡s ❛ ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ót✐♠♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❘❈▲✱
♦s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❛♠ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ sã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠
❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✳
❆s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞♦ ●❘❆❙P ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ót✐✲
♠♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s✱ ❧♦❣♦ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ss❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ❯♠❛
✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❛❧❝❛♥çá✈❡✐s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ót✐♠❛ ❧♦❝❛❧
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝✉st♦✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s ❞❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✳ ❖ ❝✉st♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ ❞❡
t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣❡s♦s ❞❛s ❛r❡st❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ r♦t❛ ✭❝✐❝❧♦✮ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳

✺✳✶✳✶ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❈♦♥str✉t✐✈❛

❆ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛ é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✿ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛✱ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ✉♠

❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s D ⊆ V ✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ V \ D✱
❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ u ∈ D t❛❧ q✉❡ d(v, u) 6 k ✱ ♦♥❞❡ d(v, u) é ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦
❡♥tr❡ v ❡ u ❡ k é ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛❀ ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ r♦t❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛
♥♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ r❛✐③ ✭v0 ✮✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ✭◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r ✮
s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❈❛❜❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛
❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛ ❛❞♦t❛ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❧✐st❛ ❘❈▲✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ✐t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛
♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛✱ s❡❥❛ D ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❥á s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛
❢♦r♠❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❡ s❡❥❛ C = v ∈ V \ D ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❛
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❡♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ vi ∈ C ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
Ai ❞♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ vi ✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s
♣♦r D✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ cmax ❡ cmin ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s
❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s Ai ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦s vi ∈ C ✳ ❆ ❧✐st❛ ❘❈▲ ✶ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞❡ C q✉❡
s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠ ci > cmin + α1 (cmax − cmin )✱ ♦♥❞❡ ci = |Ai |✳ ❖ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ α1 ∈ [0, 1] é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦
♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛✳
❖ ♣s❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛ q✉❡
♣♦ss✉✐ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ O(|V |2 )✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✸✺

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✸✿ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ✲ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛

✐♥í❝✐♦
❉ ❂ ∅❀
❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❉ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r k✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❢❛ç❛
❈♦♥str✉❛ ❛ ❧✐st❛ r❡str✐t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ✭❘❈▲ ✶✮❀
❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ❞❛ ❘❈▲ ✶ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡❀
❉ ❂ ❉ ∪ {v}❀
✜♠
✜♠

❆♣ós ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ D✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛✈❛♥ç❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛

❡t❛♣❛✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ✐t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛✱ s❡❥❛
S ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❥á ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦❀ vf ♦ ú❧t✐♠♦
✈ért✐❝❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦❀ ❡ C = D \ S ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❡♠
❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ vi ∈ C ✱ cf i ❞❡♥♦t❛ ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞❛ ❛r❡st❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ vf ❡ ♦
✈ért✐❝❡ vi ✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ cmax ❡ cmin ❞❡♥♦t❛♠ ❛ ❛r❡st❛ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❡ ♠❡♥♦r ♣❡s♦✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱
❞❡♥tr❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ vf ❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦ vi ∈ C ✳ ❆
❧✐st❛ ❘❈▲ ✷ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡♠ C q✉❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠ cf i ≤ cmin + α2 (cmax − cmin )✱
♦♥❞❡ α2 ∈ [0, 1] é ✉♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛✱ é ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦
♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ r❛✐③ ✭v0 ✮✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♦s ♣❡s♦s ❞❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❞♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s
❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ r❛✐③ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❘❈▲ ✷✳ ❆♣ós ❛ ❘❈▲ ✷ s❡r ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛✱ ✉♠
✈ért✐❝❡ v ❞❡ss❛ ❧✐st❛ é ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦r ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ v
♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛ s❡r ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❧✐st❛ ❘❈▲ ✷ s❡rá ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠
♦s ♣❡s♦s ❞❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❞♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❘❈▲ ✷✱ ❛té q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ ❖ ♣s❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛
❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ é O(|V |2 )✳

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✹✿ ▼❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ✲ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛

✐♥í❝✐♦
❙ ❂ {v0 }❀
v ❂ v0 ❀
❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❙ 6= ❉ ❢❛ç❛
❈♦♥str✉❛ ❛ ❧✐st❛ r❡str✐t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❝♦♠ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❛ v ✭❘❈▲
✷✮❀
❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ❞❛ ❘❈▲ ✷ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡❀
❙ ❂ ❙ ∪ {v}❀
✜♠
✜♠

✺✳✶✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛s ▲♦❝❛✐s ❡ ♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛

❖ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✿ ✉♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡

r♦t❛ ❡ ✉♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✸✻

❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❘♦t❛✿ ✷✲❖P❚

❖ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✷✲❖P❚ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❈r♦❡s ❬✶✵❪ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡
♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿ ✉♠ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ é t♦❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ✐♥✈❡rt❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥✲
❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r♦t❛✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ④✶✱ ✷✱
✸✱ ✹✱ ✺✱ ✻⑥✱ ✉♠ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦ é ❣❡r❛❞♦ ✐♥✈❡rt❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s 2, 3, 4, 5✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛
♥♦✈❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ④✶✱ ✺✱ ✹✱ ✸✱ ✷✱ ✻⑥✳ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s (1, 2) ❡ (5, 6) ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❛r❡st❛s (1, 5) ❡ (2, 6)✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦
❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ à s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ④✶✱ ✷✱ ✸✱ ✹✱ ✺✱ ✻⑥ ❡
♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ à s♦❧✉çã♦ ④✶✱ ✺✱ ✹✱ ✸✱ ✷✱ ✻⑥✱ ❛♣ós ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✷✲❖P❚✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✿ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✷✲❖P❚✳

❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❉♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛✿ s✇❛♣

❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❳✉ ❡ ❑❡❧❧②❬✸✻❪✱ é ❞❡♥♦✲
♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✇❛♣✳ ❊ss❡ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❡❢❡t✉❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡
♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ u ∈ D✱ ♦♥❞❡ D ⊆ V é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s q✉❡
❢♦r♠❛♠ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ u ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❛❝t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❈❛s♦ ❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ t♦r♥❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥❢❛❝tí✈❡❧✱ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ tr♦❝❛ ❞♦
✈ért✐❝❡ u ♣♦r ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ V \ D q✉❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛ ❛ ❢❛❝t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱
♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ❞❡✈❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡ ❡r❛♠ ❞♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r u✳
❙❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢♦r r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ❛♣ós ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ s✇❛♣✱ ❡ss❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ é ❡❢❡t✐✈❛❞❛✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s✇❛♣✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ D✳ ❖ ✈ért✐❝❡ u ❞♦♠✐♥❛ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s 4 ❡ v ✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡❧❡ ♣ró♣r✐♦✱ ❡♥✲
q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ❞♦♠✐♥❛ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s 4 ❡ u✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡❧❡ ♣ró♣r✐♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞♦
✈ért✐❝❡ u ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ v é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ❞♦♠✐♥❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s
❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r u✳

▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛✿ ✜rst✲✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣

❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s é ♦ ✜rst✲✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❝♦rr❡♥t❡ é s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦ ❝✉❥♦ ❝✉st♦ s❡❥❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✳
◆♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ✷✲❖P❚ é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r
s✇❛♣✳ ❊ss❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ❛ r♦t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✸✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✿ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ s✇❛♣✳

❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✜①♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ sã♦ ❡❢❡t✉❛❞♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞♦♠✐✲
♥❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s tr♦❝❛s ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r s✇❛♣✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦
♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ✷✲❖P❚ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ r♦t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥♦✈♦
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r s✇❛♣✳ ❖s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✷✲❖P❚ ❡ s✇❛♣
♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛♠❜♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ O(|V |2 )✳ ❖ ♣s❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ♠♦str❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✳

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✺✿ ▼❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ✲ ❊stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛ ▲♦❝❛❧

✐♥í❝✐♦
r❡♣✐t❛
❝✉st♦❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❂ ❢✉♥çã♦❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✭s♦❧✉çã♦✮❀
✷❖P❚✭s♦❧✉çã♦✮❀
s✇❛♣✭s♦❧✉çã♦✮❀
✷❖P❚✭s♦❧✉çã♦✮❀
❝✉st♦❱✐③✐♥❤❛ ❂ ❢✉♥çã♦❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✭s♦❧✉çã♦✮❀
❛té ❝✉st♦❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❂❂ ❝✉st♦❱✐③✐♥❤❛ ❀
✜♠

✺✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t

✺✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❱á❧✐❞❛s

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ P▲■ ❞♦ ❉❈P ✭✺✳✶✮✿

X
xij ≤ |S| − 1, ∀S ⊆ V \{v0 } : S 6= ∅ ✭✺✳✶✮
i,j∈S

❆s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✶✮ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✸✽

♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✳ ❚r❛t❛♠✲s❡ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s✱ ♦✉

s❡❥❛✱ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♠ ♥♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ r❛✐③ (v0 )✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝❡r ❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✶✮✱ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❛
P
✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦✱ |S| − 1✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣♦r i∈S yi − 1✿

X X
xij ≤ yi − 1, ∀S ⊆ V \{v0 } : S 6= ∅ ✭✺✳✷✮
(i,j)∈S i∈S

➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✷✮ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ ❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✶✮✱ ✉♠❛

P
✈❡③ q✉❡ i∈S yi ≤ |S|✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✷✮ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ♦✉
s❡❥❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✷✮ ❝♦rt❛♠ ♣❡❧♦
♠❡♥♦s ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❙❡❥❛ (x′ , y ′ ) ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❉❈P s❡♠ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡
s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✭✺✳✶✮✳ ❈❛❜❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ (x′ , y ′ ) é ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥ã♦✲❢r❛❝✐♦♥ár✐❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s q✉❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦✳
❚♦♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s S q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲
P
❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ (x′ , y ′ )✱ t❡♠✲s❡ q✉❡ i∈S yi′ = 0✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❛s
P
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✷✮✱ i∈S yi′ − 1✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ✐♥✈❛❧✐❞❛ ❡ss❛s
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✷✮ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s
q✉❡ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❡
✈ért✐❝❡s γ(V )✳ ❙❡❥❛ γ(V ) = {F ⊆ V \{v0 } : ∃v ∈ F, Nk (v) ⊆ F }✱ ♦♥❞❡ Nk (v) r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛
❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ v ✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ γ(V ) é ❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡
✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ Nk (v) ❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ V ✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞❛❞♦
✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s S ∈ γ(V )✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ S ✐rá ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡r ❛♦
P
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ♥ã♦✲♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ i∈S yi − 1 ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦
❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✷✮✳
❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ γ(V )✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦
❉❈P✿

X X
xij ≤ yi − 1, ∀S ∈ γ(V ) ✭✺✳✸✮
(i,j)∈S i∈S

➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✸✮ sã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s tã♦ ❢♦rt❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✶✮ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ S ∈ γ(V )✳
◆❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ s❡çã♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✸✮
♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❧❛③② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❬✷✺❪✳ ◆❡ss❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮
é ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛ s♦❜ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❉❈P✳ ▼❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱
❛ ❝❛❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❉❈P✱ ❛
♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ s❡♠ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ✭✺✳✶✮✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ s❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥té♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s✳
❙❡ ❤♦✉✈❡r ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✈á❧✐❞❛ ✭✺✳✸✮ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✸✾

✺✳✷✳✷ ❘♦t✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦

❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s ❊✜❝❛③❡s
❉❡✜♥✐♠♦s S ∈ γ(V ) ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡✜❝❛③ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮
❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ S ❝♦rt❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ (x′ , y ′ ) q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✳
❙❡❥❛ C ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ (x′ , y ′ )✳ ❈❛❜❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡♠
C ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ (x′ , y ′ )✳ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠
s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s S ∈ γ(V ) s❡❥❛ ❡✜❝❛③ é q✉❡ S ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞❡ C ❡
♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❡♠ (x′ , y ′ )✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦✱ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡✜❝❛③ S ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❞❛
s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✳ ❙❡❥❛ S ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛③✐♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠✲s❡ ❡♠ S t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s
❞❡ ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧ C ❞❡ (x′ , y ′ )✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡♠ C ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s
♣❛r❛ q✉❡ S ♣❡rt❡♥ç❛ à ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ γ(V )✳ ■ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ S ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ Nk (v)
❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ S ✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❡♠ S ✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s
❞❡ C ✱ ❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ Nk (v) ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ v ∈ S ✳ ❉❡♥♦♠✐♥❛✲s❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛
Nk (v) ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ S t❛❧ q✉❡ S ∪ Nk (v) é ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡✜❝❛③✳
❆s ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✺✳✸ ❡ ✺✳✹ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s ❡✜❝❛③❡s ❡ ✐♥❡✜❝❛③❡s✳
◆❡ss❛s ✜❣✉r❛s✱ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡♠ ❝♦r ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❡ ♦
tr❛ç❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦r ♣r❡t❛ sã♦ ♦s s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③ Nk (7)✳

◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s Nk (7) = {6, 7}✱ Nk (8) = {8, 10} ❡ Nk (9) =
{9, 11}✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s S = {7, 8, 9} ♥ã♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ à ❢❛♠í❧✐❛
γ(V )✳ ❯♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❡✜❝❛③ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ S ′ = S ∪ Nk (7)✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ✉♠❛
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ′ ❝♦rt❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s♦❧✉çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛ ♦
s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡s 7✱ 8 ❡ 9✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✹✵

x6,7 + x6,8 + x6,9 + x7,8 + x7,9 + x8,9 ≤ y6 + y7 + y8 + y9 − 1

⇒ 0+0+0+1+1+1≤0+1+1+1−1
⇒ 3≤2

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✐♥❡✜❝❛③ Nk (7)✳

P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✱ ♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s S ′ =

S ∪ Nk (7) ♥ã♦ é ❡✜❝❛③✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ 6 ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛ ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥t✐❞♦
❡♠ S ✳ P❡❧♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ ❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ Nk (7) t❛♠❜é♠ é ✐♥❡✜❝❛③✳ ❆ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮
❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✐♥❡✜❝❛③ S ′ é ♠♦str❛❞❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿

x(6,7) + x(6,8) + x(6,9) + x(7,8) + x(7,9) + x(8,9) ≤ y6 + y7 + y8 + y9 − 1 =

0+0+0+1+1+1≤1+1+1+1−1=
3≤3

❆✐♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✱ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦ à S ′ s❡r✐❛

✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③ Nk (8) ✭♦✉ Nk (9)✮ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ Nk (7)✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
S ′′ = S ∪ Nk (8) s❡r✐❛ ❡✜❝❛③✳
❉♦✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✺✳✸ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
❧❛③② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ s❡♣❛r❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦
s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧❀ r❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ s❡♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦
✐❧❡❣❛❧❀ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡♣❛r❛✲s❡ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛
❡✜❝❛③ ❞❡ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛✳
❈♦♠♦ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞♦✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦✲
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✹✶

❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ (x′ , y ′ ) ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❉❈P ✭❛ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ s❡♠ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s✮✳
❆ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s✳ ❆s s❡çõ❡s ❛
s❡❣✉✐r ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✳

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✶✿ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s

❙❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ (x′ , y ′ ) q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱
s❡❥❛ C ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ (x′ , y ′ )✳ ❖
♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ❝♦♠
t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ C ✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡
v ∈ S ✱ s❡ Nk (v) ❡stá ❡♠ S ✳ ❊♠ ❝❛s♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ S s❡rá
❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❈P✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ S ✱ s❡ Nk (v) é
✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③✳ ❊♠ ❝❛s♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❈P ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮
❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s S ∪ Nk (v)✳ ❊ss❡ ♣❛ss♦ s❡ r❡♣❡t❡ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡
v ∈ S ❝♦♠ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③✳
❙❡ ♣♦r ✈❡♥t✉r❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ S ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦rt❡ ❞❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ (x′ , y ′ )✱ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛ s❡r ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à
r❡str✐çã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s ✭✺✳✶✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ✳
❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✐t❡r❛ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦
♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ (x′ , y ′ )✳ ❖ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✻ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✱ ❝✉❥❛
❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♣♦r O(|V |2 )✳

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✷✿ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▼í♥✐♠❛

❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛
❡✜❝❛③ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✸✮✳ ❆ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦
❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✭♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s✮✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ♦
s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧ C ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
(x′ , y ′ )✳ ❊♥tã♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ S ✱ s❡ Nk (v) ❡stá ❡♠ S ✳ ❊♠ ❝❛s♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ❛
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ S s❡rá ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❈P✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲
s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ S ✱ s❡ Nk (v) é ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③✳ ❊♠ ❝❛s♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ❛♥♦t❛✲s❡
s✉❛ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆♣ós ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s ❞♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s
v ∈ S ✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❈P ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✺✳✸ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s
S ∪ Nk (v) ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ Nk (v) ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ v ∈ S ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦rt❡ ❞❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ (x′ , y ′ )✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛ s❡r ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à
r❡str✐çã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s ✭✺✳✶✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ✳
❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s❡ ❤á ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠
♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡❝❛rr❡❣❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❈P ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡
♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s✳
❖ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✼✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♣♦r O(|V |2 )✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛✲
r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐✲
❞❛❞❡✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✹✷

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✻✿ ❘♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✲ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s

❊♥tr❛❞❛✿ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ (x′ , y′ ) ❝♦♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✳
❙❛í❞❛✿ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❉❈P q✉❡ ❝♦rt❛♠ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
(x′ , y ′ )✳
✐♥í❝✐♦
♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧ C ❡♠ (x′ , y′ ) ❢❛ç❛
S ← ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞❡ C ❀
✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥❝❛❊✜❝❛③ ← ❢❛❧s❡❀
♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ v ∈ S ❢❛ç❛
s❡ Nk (v) ∈ S ❡♥tã♦
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❡ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦
s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ❀
✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥❝❛❊✜❝❛③ ← tr✉❡❀
❜r❡❛❦❀
✜♠
✜♠
s❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥❝❛❊✜❝❛③ = ❢❛❧s❡ ❡♥tã♦
♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ v ∈ S ❢❛ç❛
s❡ S ∪ Nk (v) é ❡✜❝❛③ ❡♥tã♦
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❡ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦
s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ∪ Nk (v)❀
✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥❝❛❊✜❝❛③ ← tr✉❡❀
✜♠
✜♠
✜♠
s❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥❝❛❊✜❝❛③ = ❢❛❧s❡ ❡♥tã♦
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❡ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✶✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
S❀
✜♠
✜♠
✜♠
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✹✸

❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✼✿ ❘♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✲ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▼í♥✐♠❛

❊♥tr❛❞❛✿ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ (x′ , y′ ) ❝♦♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✳
❙❛í❞❛✿ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❉❈P q✉❡ ❝♦rt❛♠ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
(x′ , y ′ )✳
✐♥í❝✐♦
♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧ C ❡♠ (x′ , y′ ) ❢❛ç❛
S ← ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞❡ C ❀
✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥❝❛❊✜❝❛③ ← ❢❛❧s❡❀
♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ v ∈ S ❢❛ç❛
s❡ Nk (v) ∈ S ❡♥tã♦
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❡ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦
s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ❀
✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥❝❛❊✜❝❛③ ← tr✉❡❀
❜r❡❛❦❀
✜♠
✜♠
s❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥❝❛❊✜❝❛③ = ❢❛❧s❡ ❡♥tã♦
♠✐♥ ← ∞❀ Smin ← ∅❀
♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ v ∈ S ❢❛ç❛
s❡ S ∪ Nk (v) é ❡✜❝❛③ ❡ ♠✐♥ > |Nk (v)| ❡♥tã♦
Smin ← S ∪ Nk (v)❀
♠✐♥ ← |Nk (v)|
✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥❝❛❊✜❝❛③ ← tr✉❡❀
✜♠
✜♠
✜♠
s❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥❝❛❊✜❝❛③ = tr✉❡ ❡♥tã♦
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❡ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
Smin ❀
s❡♥ã♦
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❡ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✶✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
S❀
✜♠
✜♠
✜♠
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✺✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✹✹

✺✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s

❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✭❉❈P✮✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛
●❘❆❙P ✭●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✮✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡
❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦
❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ❯♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠é✲
t♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s

◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s

♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s k ✲❉❙P ❡ ❚❙P✱ ❛♠❜♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✱ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉✲
t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ❡ ♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t✱ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡
s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✳
❆s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐♥❞♦✲
s❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ✭✈ért✐❝❡s✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s 1 × 1 ❝♦♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s (x, y)✱ ❣❡r❛✲
❞❛s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ [0, 1] ❝♦♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✳ ❆s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s sã♦ ❝❛✲
t❡❣♦r✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛r (n, k)✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ n é ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ k é ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐✲
♥❤❛♥ç❛✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ n = {50, 100, 200, 400, 800} ❡ k =
{0; 0, 02; 0, 04; 0, 06; 0, 08; 0, 1}✳
❖ s♦❧✈❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s k ✲❉❙P✱ ❚❙P✱ ❉❈P ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦
✶
❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t ❢♦✐ ♦ ●✉r♦❜✐ ✱ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ 60 ♠✐✲
♥✉t♦s✳ ❆ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❈✰✰
❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❣✰✰ ✈❡rsã♦ ✹✳✼✳✷✱ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♠á✲
①✐♠♦ ❞❡ 60 ♠✐♥✉t♦s✳ ❖s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s α1 ❡ α2 ✱ q✉❡ sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❛❧❡❛✲
t♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛❤❡✉rís✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ α1 é ✉♠
✈❛❧♦r r❛♥❞♦♠✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s {0, 70; 0, 75; 0, 80; 0, 85; 0, 90} ❝♦♠ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❝❤❛♥✲
❝❡s✱ ❡ α2 é ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r r❛♥❞♦♠✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s {0, 01; 0, 02; 0, 03; 0, 04; 0, 05}
❝♦♠ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s✳ ❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲
❞♦r ❝♦♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ✈❡rsã♦ ✶✷✳✶✵ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ■♥t❡❧ ❳❡♦♥ ❈P❯ ❳✸✹✸✵
✷✱✹✵ ●❍③✱ ❝♦♠ ✽●❇ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❘❆▼✳
❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✿ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛
♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s✳

✻✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❍❡✉ríst✐❝♦s

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ k ✲❉❙P✱ ❚❙P ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛
♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P✳ ❚rês ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s✿
✶ ❖ ●✉r♦❜✐ é ✉♠ s♦❧✈❡r ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡
s♦❧✉çã♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ✭●✉r♦❜✐
❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❝✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳

✹✺
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❊❳P❊❘■▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆❈■❖◆❆■❙ ✹✻

• ▼ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✶ ✿ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛

❢❛s❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡✲s❡ ♦ k ✲❉❙P ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ P▲■ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❆ s♦✲
❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡ s❡rá ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛
❢❛s❡ ❜✉s❝❛ tr❛ç❛r ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳
❊ss❡s ✈ért✐❝❡s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ P▲■ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚❙P✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢❛s❡ é ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧ ✭♥ã♦
♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ót✐♠❛✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡✉s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ ♦ ❣r❛❢♦✳
• ▼ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✷ ✿ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♥♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✳
• ▼ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✸ ✿ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❤í❜r✐❞❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r
❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s✿ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ♦ ❉❈P ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P✳ ❆
s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ❜✉s❝❛ tr❛ç❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❚❙P✱ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s
✈ért✐❝❡s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ♥❛
♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡✳

❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛♥❞♦✲

♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛r (n, k)✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✶✱
sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ✭|D1 |✮✱ ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s ♣r✐♠❛✐s
✭LP1 ✮ ❡ ❞✉❛✐s ✭LD1 ✮ ❡ ♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭gap1 (%) = 100 ∗ (LP1 − LD1 )/LP1 ✮✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✷✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s
✭|D2 |✮ ❡ ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s ♣r✐♠❛✐s ✭LP2 ✮ ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✸✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♦s
❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s ♣r✐♠❛✐s ✭LP3 ✮ ❡ ❞✉❛✐s ✭LD3 ✮ ❡ ♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭gap3 (%) = 100 ∗
(LP3 − LD3 )/LP3 ✮✳ ❈❛❜❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✸ é ♦
♠❡s♠♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✷✳ ❖s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✶ r❡❣✐str❛♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ tr❛♥s❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛
♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ♠ét♦❞♦✳
❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✶ ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✶ ❡ ✸ ❛t✐♥❣✐r❛♠ r♦t❛s ót✐♠❛s
♣❛r❛ 28 ❞♦s 30 t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❝❛s♦s ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ ❛s r♦t❛s
♦❜t✐❞❛s sã♦ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ót✐♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s
s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❧♦❣♦ ♣❡r❞❡✲s❡ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❉❡ t♦❞♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦
❚❙P é ♣♦r s✐ só é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ◆P✲❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ss❡ s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥ã♦
r❡t♦r♥♦✉ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ót✐♠❛s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✳ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡
❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛
k = 0.02✳
❆ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♣❛r❛ 17 ❞♦s 30 t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s
♠❡❧❤♦r❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✶✳ ❋♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡
❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ t❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛
k ≥ 0, 06✳ ❏á ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ k = 0, 04✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛
❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛
✻✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✷✵✵ ✈ért✐❝❡s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦
r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦✳ ◆♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s
❛♥á❧♦❣❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ 50✱ 100✱ 400 ❡ 800 ✈ért✐❝❡s✳
 ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✶✿ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s✳

▼ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ✸

k ✲❉❙P ❚❙P ●❘❆❙P ●❘❆❙P✰❚❙P
n k |D1 | tempo LP1 LD1 gap1 (%) tempo |D2 | LP2 tempo LP3 LD3 gap3 (%) tempo
✵✱✶ ✷✾ ✵ ✺✱✶✼ ✺✱✶✼ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✷✾ ✺✱✶✸ ✶ ✺✱✶✸ ✺✱✶✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✽ ✸✽ ✵ ✺✱✻✸ ✺✱✻✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✸✽ ✺✱✺✾ ✸✸ ✺✱✺✾ ✺✱✺✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

❊❳P❊❘■▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆❈■❖◆❆■❙
✵✱✵✻ ✹✶ ✵ ✺✱✽✸ ✺✱✽✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✹✶ ✺✱✼✽ ✹✾ ✺✱✼✽ ✺✱✼✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✺✵
✵✱✵✹ ✹✹ ✵ ✺✱✾ ✺✱✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✹✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✺✻ ✺✱✽✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✷ ✹✼ ✵ ✺✱✾✸ ✺✱✾✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✹✼ ✺✱✾✷ ✻ ✺✱✾✷ ✺✱✾✷ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵ ✺✵ ✵ ✺✱✾✻ ✺✱✾✻ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✺✵ ✺✱✾✻ ✼ ✺✱✾✻ ✺✱✾✻ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✶ ✸✻ ✵ ✺✱✺✷ ✺✱✺✷ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✸✼ ✺✱✸✹ ✷✵✺✻ ✺✱✸✹ ✺✱✸✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✵✽ ✺✵ ✵ ✻✱✸✸ ✻✱✸✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✺✶ ✺✱✾ ✸✵✶✸ ✺✱✾ ✺✱✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✻ ✻✺ ✵ ✼✱✶✺ ✼✱✶✺ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✻✺ ✼✱✵✷ ✻✻✻ ✼✱✵✷ ✼✱✵✷ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✶✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✽✼ ✵ ✼✱✼✼ ✼✱✼✼ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✽✼ ✼✱✽ ✷✷✻✸ ✼✱✼✺ ✼✱✼✺ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✷ ✾✼ ✵ ✼✱✾✹ ✼✱✾✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✾✼ ✼✱✾✻ ✶✽✽✸ ✼✱✾✹ ✼✱✾✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵ ✶✵✵ ✵ ✼✱✾✼ ✼✱✾✼ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✶✵✵ ✼✱✾✽ ✶✸✷✵ ✼✱✾✼ ✼✱✾✼ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✶ ✸✼ ✵ ✺✱✽✸ ✺✱✽✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✸✾ ✺✱✺ ✸✵✹✽ ✺✱✺ ✺✱✺ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✵✽ ✺✵ ✵ ✻✱✻✺ ✻✱✻✺ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✺✶ ✻✱✹ ✶✶✺✶ ✻✱✹ ✻✱✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✻ ✼✺ ✵ ✼✱✽✾ ✼✱✽✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✼✺ ✼✱✻✽ ✽✻✸ ✼✱✻✺ ✼✱✻✺ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✷✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✶✶✻ ✵ ✾✱✶ ✾✱✶ ✵✱✵✵ ✷ ✶✶✻ ✾✱✶✾ ✷✸✶ ✽✱✾✽ ✽✱✾✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✶
✵✱✵✷ ✶✼✻ ✵ ✶✵✱✷✶ ✶✵✱✷✶ ✵✱✵✵ ✾ ✶✼✻ ✶✵✱✺✹ ✸✷✶✽ ✶✵✱✷ ✶✵✱✷ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✸
✵ ✷✵✵ ✵ ✶✵✱✸✻ ✶✵✱✸✻ ✵✱✵✵ ✷✷ ✷✵✵ ✶✵✱✼✾ ✶✸✹✻ ✶✵✱✸✻ ✶✵✱✸✻ ✵✱✵✵ ✸✶

✵✱✶ ✸✽ ✵ ✺✱✾✼ ✺✱✾✼ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✹✻ ✺✱✹✺ ✸✺✼✷ ✺✱✹✺ ✺✱✹✺ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✵✽ ✺✾ ✵ ✼✱✸✽ ✼✱✸✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✻✻ ✼✱✵✷ ✷✵✺✵ ✼✱✵✷ ✼✱✵✷ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✻ ✾✻ ✵ ✽✱✾✶ ✽✱✾✶ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✶✵✹ ✽✱✻✼ ✶✵✸✽ ✽✱✺✾ ✽✱✺✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✹✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✶✽✽ ✵ ✶✶✱✼✹ ✶✶✱✼✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✶✽✾ ✶✶✱✾ ✺✹✶ ✶✶✱✺✽ ✶✶✱✺✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✻
✵✱✵✷ ✸✹✺ ✵ ✶✹✱✼✸ ✶✹✱✼✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✹✼✵ ✸✹✺ ✶✺✱✻✻ ✺✺✺ ✶✹✱✻✽ ✶✹✱✻✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✹✶✵
✵ ✹✵✵ ✵ ✶✺✱✵✼ ✶✺✱✵✼ ✵✱✵✵ ✸✷✽ ✹✵✵ ✶✻✱✶✺ ✶✾✾✵ ✶✺✱✵✼ ✶✺✱✵✼ ✵✱✵✵ ✸✾✺

✵✱✶ ✹✶ ✶✽ ✻✱✹✻ ✻✱✹✻ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✺✹ ✺✱✽✼ ✷✺✼✷ ✺✱✽✼ ✺✱✽✼ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✵✽ ✻✷ ✺ ✼✱✼✸ ✼✱✼✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵ ✼✻ ✼✱✹✶ ✸✺✵✽ ✼✱✹✶ ✼✱✹✶ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✻ ✶✵✵ ✵ ✾✱✹✽ ✾✱✹✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✶ ✶✶✹ ✾✱✸✾ ✸✺✷✶ ✾✱✸✽ ✾✱✸✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✽✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✷✶✺ ✵ ✶✸✱✶✺ ✶✸✱✶✺ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✻ ✷✷✹ ✶✸✱✻✼ ✸✺✻ ✶✸✱✶✹ ✶✸✱✶✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✸

✹✽
✵✱✵✷ ✺✺✾ ✵ ✶✾✱✸✺ ✶✾✱✸✶ ✵✱✷✶ ✸✻✵✵ ✺✺✾ ✷✵✱✸✶ ✸✷✼✾ ✶✾✱✷ ✶✾✱✶✽ ✵✱✶✵ ✸✻✵✵
✵ ✽✵✵ ✵ ✲ ✷✵✱✼✸ ✲ ✸✻✵✵ ✽✵✵ ✷✸✱✹✺ ✸✻✵✵ ✲ ✷✵✱✽✾ ✲ ✸✻✵✵
n ✕ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ k ✕ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳
tempo ✕ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮ tr❛♥s❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ♠ét♦❞♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳ ❊❳P❊❘■▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆❈■❖◆❆■❙ ✹✾

✻✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❊①❛t♦s

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P

❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✳
❚rês ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡①❛t❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s✿

• ▼ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✶ ✿ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❈P✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s

❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s ✭✺✳✶✮ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦✲❛s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛
❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❧❛③② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✶✮ q✉❡ ❝♦rt❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥❢❛❝tí✈❡❧✳
• ▼ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✷ ✿ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❈P✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s
❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s ✭✺✳✶✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ sã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛s ❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛✲
❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ✭✺✳✸✮ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❧❛③② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦
❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✱
❛♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✭✺✳✸✮✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛
✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③ ✭✈✐❞❡ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✷✳✷✮ ❞♦ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✱ ❝♦rt❛♥❞♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥❢❛❝tí✈❡❧✳
❙❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③ ❢♦r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡
✭✺✳✶✮ q✉❡ ❝♦rt❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥❢❛❝tí✈❡❧✳
• ▼ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✸ ✿ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❈P✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s
❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s ✭✺✳✶✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ sã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛s ❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛✲
❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ✭✺✳✸✮ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❧❛③② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦
❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❈✉t✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✱
❛♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✸✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ à ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③
❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭✈✐❞❡ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✷✳✷✮ ❞♦ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✱ ❝♦rt❛♥❞♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
✐♥❢❛❝tí✈❡❧✳ ❙❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡✜❝❛③ ❢♦r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♠❛
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✭✺✳✶✮ q✉❡ ❝♦rt❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥❢❛❝tí✈❡❧✳

◆♦s três ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r✐♠❛❧ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P
é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ❛♦ s♦❧✈❡r✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳
❆s ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✻✳✷✱ ✻✳✸ ❡ ✻✳✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s ✶✱
✷ ❡ ✸✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛
♣❡❧♦ ♣❛r (n, k)✳ ◆❛s três t❛❜❡❧❛s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠
❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s
♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡①❛t❛ sã♦ ♦s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ✭|D2 |✮✱ ♦s
❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s ♣r✐♠❛✐s ✭LP2 ✮ ❡ ❞✉❛✐s ✭LD✮ ❡ ♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭GAP2 (%) = 100 ∗
(LP2 − LD)/LP2 ✮✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P sã♦ ♦s
t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s k ✲❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ✭|D1 |✮✱ ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s ♣r✐♠❛✐s ✭LP1 ✮ ❡ ♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❡
♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭GAP1 (%) = 100 ∗ (LP1 − LD)/LP1 ✮✳
 ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✷✿ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✶✳
▼ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✶✿ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ✭✺✳✶✮
n k |D1 | LP1 |D2 | LP2 LD GAP1 (%) GAP2 (%) tempo
✵✱✶✵ ✷✾ ✺✱✶✸ ✷✾ ✺✱✶✸ ✺✱✶✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✽ ✸✽ ✺✱✺✾ ✸✽ ✺✱✺✾ ✺✱✺✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✻ ✹✶ ✺✱✼✽ ✹✶ ✺✱✼✽ ✺✱✼✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✺✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✹✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✹✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

❊❳P❊❘■▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆❈■❖◆❆■❙
✵✱✵✷ ✹✼ ✺✱✾✷ ✹✼ ✺✱✾✷ ✺✱✾✷ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✵ ✺✵ ✺✱✾✻ ✺✵ ✺✱✾✻ ✺✱✾✻ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✶✵ ✸✼ ✺✱✸✹ ✸✼ ✺✱✸✹ ✺✱✸✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✷✼✹

✵✱✵✽ ✺✶ ✺✱✾ ✺✶ ✺✱✾✵ ✺✱✾✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✹✹✶
✵✱✵✻ ✻✺ ✼✱✵✷ ✻✺ ✻✱✾✾ ✻✱✾✾ ✵✱✹✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✻✶
✶✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✽✼ ✼✱✽ ✽✼ ✼✱✼✸ ✼✱✼✸ ✵✱✾✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✷ ✾✼ ✼✱✾✻ ✾✼ ✼✱✾✹ ✼✱✾✹ ✵✱✷✺ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✵ ✶✵✵ ✼✱✾✽ ✶✵✵ ✼✱✾✼ ✼✱✾✼ ✵✱✶✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✶✵ ✸✾ ✺✱✺ ✸✾ ✺✱✺✵ ✹✱✵✷ ✷✻✱✾✶ ✷✻✱✾✶ ✸✻✵✵

✵✱✵✽ ✺✶ ✻✱✹ ✺✸ ✻✱✸✵ ✺✱✸✸ ✶✻✱✼✷ ✶✺✱✹✵ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✻ ✼✺ ✼✱✻✽ ✼✾ ✼✱✻✷ ✻✱✽✻ ✶✵✱✻✽ ✾✱✾✼ ✸✻✵✵
✷✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✶✶✻ ✾✱✶✾ ✶✶✼ ✽✱✾✺ ✽✱✽✶ ✹✱✶✸ ✶✱✺✻ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✷ ✶✼✻ ✶✵✱✺✹ ✶✽✵ ✶✵✱✸✶ ✶✵✱✵✽ ✹✱✸✻ ✷✱✷✸ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✵ ✷✵✵ ✶✵✱✼✾ ✷✵✵ ✶✵✱✸✻ ✶✵✱✸✻ ✸✱✾✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✼

✵✱✶✵ ✹✻ ✺✱✹✺ ✹✻ ✺✱✹✺ ✷✱✷✾ ✺✼✱✾✽ ✺✼✱✾✽ ✸✻✵✵

✵✱✵✽ ✻✻ ✼✱✵✷ ✻✻ ✼✱✵✷ ✹✱✵✽ ✹✶✱✽✽ ✹✶✱✽✽ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✻ ✶✵✹ ✽✱✻✼ ✶✵✹ ✽✱✻✼ ✻✱✹✺ ✷✺✱✻✶ ✷✺✱✻✶ ✸✻✵✵
✹✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✶✽✾ ✶✶✱✾ ✶✾✷ ✶✶✱✹✾ ✶✵✱✾✷ ✽✱✷✹ ✹✱✾✻ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✷ ✸✹✺ ✶✺✱✻✻ ✸✹✾ ✶✹✱✻✷ ✶✹✱✹✽ ✼✱✺✹ ✵✱✾✻ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✵ ✹✵✵ ✶✻✱✶✺ ✹✵✵ ✶✺✱✵✼ ✶✺✱✵✼ ✻✱✻✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✷✼

✵✱✶✵ ✺✹ ✺✱✽✼ ✺✹ ✺✱✽✼ ✶✱✷✽ ✼✽✱✶✾ ✼✽✱✶✾ ✸✻✵✵

✵✱✵✽ ✼✻ ✼✱✹✶ ✼✻ ✼✱✹✶ ✷✱✷✼ ✻✾✱✸✼ ✻✾✱✸✼ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✻ ✶✶✹ ✾✱✸✾ ✶✶✹ ✾✱✸✾ ✹✱✸✶ ✺✹✱✶✵ ✺✹✱✶✵ ✸✻✵✵
✽✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✷✷✹ ✶✸✱✻✼ ✷✷✹ ✶✸✱✻✼ ✶✵✱✸✽ ✷✹✱✵✼ ✷✹✱✵✼ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✷ ✺✺✾ ✷✵✱✸✶ ✺✺✾ ✷✵✱✸✶ ✶✽✱✻✺ ✽✱✶✼ ✽✱✶✼ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✵ ✽✵✵ ✷✸✱✹✺ ✽✵✵ ✷✶✱✶✽ ✷✶✱✶✽ ✾✱✻✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✺✽✶

✺✵
n ✕ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ k ✕ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳
tempo ✕ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮ tr❛♥s❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛✳
 ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✸✿ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✷✳
▼ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✷✿ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ✭✺✳✸✮ ❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s✳
n k |D1 | LP1 |D2 | LP2 LD GAP1 (%) GAP2 (%) tempo
✵✱✶✵ ✷✾ ✺✱✶✸ ✷✾ ✺✱✶✸ ✺✱✶✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✽ ✸✽ ✺✱✺✾ ✸✽ ✺✱✺✾ ✺✱✺✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✻ ✹✶ ✺✱✼✽ ✹✶ ✺✱✼✽ ✺✱✼✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✺✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✹✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✹✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

❊❳P❊❘■▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆❈■❖◆❆■❙
✵✱✵✷ ✹✼ ✺✱✾✷ ✹✼ ✺✱✾✷ ✺✱✾✷ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✵ ✺✵ ✺✱✾✻ ✺✵ ✺✱✾✻ ✺✱✾✻ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✶✵ ✸✼ ✺✱✸✹ ✸✼ ✺✱✸✹ ✺✱✸✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✹

✵✱✵✽ ✺✶ ✺✱✾ ✺✶ ✺✱✾✵ ✺✱✾✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✷✶✷
✵✱✵✻ ✻✺ ✼✱✵✷ ✻✺ ✻✱✾✾ ✻✱✾✾ ✵✱✹✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✻
✶✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✽✼ ✼✱✽ ✽✼ ✼✱✼✸ ✼✱✼✸ ✵✱✾✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✷ ✾✼ ✼✱✾✻ ✾✼ ✼✱✾✹ ✼✱✾✹ ✵✱✷✺ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✵ ✶✵✵ ✼✱✾✽ ✶✵✵ ✼✱✾✼ ✼✱✾✼ ✵✱✶✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✶✵ ✸✾ ✺✱✺ ✸✾ ✺✱✺✵ ✺✱✶✹ ✻✱✺✺ ✻✱✺✺ ✸✻✵✵

✵✱✵✽ ✺✶ ✻✱✹ ✺✻ ✻✱✸✾ ✻✱✶✸ ✹✱✷✷ ✹✱✵✼ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✻ ✼✺ ✼✱✻✽ ✼✺ ✼✱✻✺ ✼✱✹✷ ✸✱✸✾ ✸✱✵✶ ✸✻✵✵
✷✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✶✶✻ ✾✱✶✾ ✶✶✾ ✽✱✾✷ ✽✱✽✽ ✸✱✸✼ ✵✱✹✺ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✷ ✶✼✻ ✶✵✱✺✹ ✶✼✻ ✶✵✱✶✽ ✶✵✱✶✶ ✹✱✵✽ ✵✱✻✾ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✵ ✷✵✵ ✶✵✱✼✾ ✷✵✵ ✶✵✱✸✻ ✶✵✱✸✻ ✸✱✾✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✼

✵✱✶✵ ✹✻ ✺✱✹✺ ✹✼ ✺✱✹✹ ✹✱✶✼ ✷✸✱✹✾ ✷✸✱✸✺ ✸✻✵✵

✵✱✵✽ ✻✻ ✼✱✵✷ ✻✻ ✼✱✵✷ ✺✱✼✻ ✶✼✱✾✺ ✶✼✱✾✺ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✻ ✶✵✹ ✽✱✻✼ ✶✵✻ ✽✱✻✺ ✼✱✺✸ ✶✸✱✶✺ ✶✷✱✾✺ ✸✻✵✵
✹✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✶✽✾ ✶✶✱✾ ✶✾✺ ✶✶✱✸✺ ✶✶✱✶✼ ✻✱✶✸ ✶✱✺✾ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✷ ✸✹✺ ✶✺✱✻✻ ✸✹✺ ✶✺✱✻✺ ✶✹✱✺✵ ✼✱✹✶ ✼✱✸✺ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✵ ✹✵✵ ✶✻✱✶✺ ✹✵✵ ✶✺✱✵✼ ✶✺✱✵✼ ✻✱✻✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✷✼

✵✱✶✵ ✺✹ ✺✱✽✼ ✺✹ ✺✱✽✼ ✸✱✸✽ ✹✷✱✹✷ ✹✷✱✹✷ ✸✻✵✵

✵✱✵✽ ✼✻ ✼✱✹✶ ✼✽ ✼✱✸✹ ✹✱✺✽ ✸✽✱✶✾ ✸✼✱✻✵ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✻ ✶✶✹ ✾✱✸✾ ✶✶✹ ✾✱✸✾ ✻✱✻✽ ✷✽✱✽✻ ✷✽✱✽✻ ✸✻✵✵
✽✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✷✷✹ ✶✸✱✻✼ ✷✷✹ ✶✸✱✻✺ ✶✶✱✹✼ ✶✻✱✵✾ ✶✺✱✾✼ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✷ ✺✺✾ ✷✵✱✸✶ ✺✺✾ ✷✵✱✸✶ ✶✽✱✼✾ ✼✱✹✽ ✼✱✹✽ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✵ ✽✵✵ ✷✸✱✹✺ ✽✵✵ ✷✶✱✶✽ ✷✶✱✶✽ ✾✱✻✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✺✽✶

✺✶
n ✕ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ k ✕ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳
tempo ✕ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮ tr❛♥s❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛✳
 ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✻✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✹✿ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✸✳
▼ét♦❞♦ ❡①❛t♦ ✸✿ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ✭✺✳✸✮ ❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛✳
n k |D1 | LP1 |D2 | LP2 LD GAP1 (%) GAP2 (%) tempo
✵✱✶✵ ✷✾ ✺✱✶✸ ✷✾ ✺✱✶✸ ✺✱✶✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✽ ✸✽ ✺✱✺✾ ✸✽ ✺✱✺✾ ✺✱✺✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✻ ✹✶ ✺✱✼✽ ✹✶ ✺✱✼✽ ✺✱✼✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✺✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✹✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✹✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✺✱✽✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

❊❳P❊❘■▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆❈■❖◆❆■❙
✵✱✵✷ ✹✼ ✺✱✾✷ ✹✼ ✺✱✾✷ ✺✱✾✷ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✵ ✺✵ ✺✱✾✻ ✺✵ ✺✱✾✻ ✺✱✾✻ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✶✵ ✸✼ ✺✱✸✹ ✸✼ ✺✱✸✹ ✺✱✸✹ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✹

✵✱✵✽ ✺✶ ✺✱✾ ✺✶ ✺✱✾✵ ✺✱✾✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✾✷
✵✱✵✻ ✻✺ ✼✱✵✷ ✻✺ ✻✱✾✾ ✻✱✾✾ ✵✱✹✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✼
✶✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✽✼ ✼✱✽ ✽✼ ✼✱✼✸ ✼✱✼✸ ✵✱✾✵ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✷ ✾✼ ✼✱✾✻ ✾✼ ✼✱✾✹ ✼✱✾✹ ✵✱✷✺ ✵✱✵✵ ✵
✵✱✵✵ ✶✵✵ ✼✱✾✽ ✶✵✵ ✼✱✾✼ ✼✱✾✼ ✵✱✶✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵

✵✱✶✵ ✸✾ ✺✱✺ ✸✾ ✺✱✺✵ ✺✱✵✾ ✼✱✹✺ ✼✱✹✺ ✸✻✵✵

✵✱✵✽ ✺✶ ✻✱✹ ✺✸ ✻✱✸✸ ✻✱✵✾ ✹✱✽✹ ✸✱✼✾ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✻ ✼✺ ✼✱✻✽ ✼✺ ✼✱✻✹ ✼✱✹✸ ✸✱✷✻ ✷✱✼✺ ✸✻✵✵
✷✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✶✶✻ ✾✱✶✾ ✶✶✽ ✽✱✾✷ ✽✱✽✽ ✸✱✸✼ ✵✱✹✺ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✷ ✶✼✻ ✶✵✱✺✹ ✶✼✻ ✶✵✱✶✽ ✶✵✱✶✶ ✹✱✵✽ ✵✱✻✾ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✵ ✷✵✵ ✶✵✱✼✾ ✷✵✵ ✶✵✱✸✻ ✶✵✱✸✻ ✸✱✾✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✼

✵✱✶✵ ✹✻ ✺✱✹✺ ✹✼ ✺✱✹✹ ✹✱✵✻ ✷✺✱✺✵ ✷✺✱✸✼ ✸✻✵✵

✵✱✵✽ ✻✻ ✼✱✵✷ ✻✻ ✼✱✵✷ ✺✱✹✼ ✷✷✱✵✽ ✷✷✱✵✽ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✻ ✶✵✹ ✽✱✻✼ ✶✵✹ ✽✱✻✼ ✼✱✸✼ ✶✹✱✾✾ ✶✹✱✾✾ ✸✻✵✵
✹✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✶✽✾ ✶✶✱✾ ✶✾✶ ✶✶✱✷✼ ✶✶✱✶✽ ✻✱✵✺ ✵✱✽✵ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✷ ✸✹✺ ✶✺✱✻✻ ✸✹✻ ✶✹✱✺✸ ✶✹✱✺✷ ✼✱✷✽ ✵✱✵✼ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✵ ✹✵✵ ✶✻✱✶✺ ✹✵✵ ✶✺✱✵✼ ✶✺✱✵✼ ✻✱✻✾ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✷✼

✵✱✶✵ ✺✹ ✺✱✽✼ ✺✹ ✺✱✽✼ ✷✱✾✸ ✺✵✱✵✾ ✺✵✱✵✾ ✸✻✵✵

✵✱✵✽ ✼✻ ✼✱✹✶ ✼✽ ✼✱✸✾ ✹✱✼✶ ✸✻✱✹✹ ✸✻✱✷✼ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✻ ✶✶✹ ✾✱✸✾ ✶✶✹ ✾✱✸✾ ✻✱✹✹ ✸✶✱✹✷ ✸✶✱✹✷ ✸✻✵✵
✽✵✵✱✵✵
✵✱✵✹ ✷✷✹ ✶✸✱✻✼ ✷✷✹ ✶✸✱✻✼ ✶✶✱✹✾ ✶✺✱✾✺ ✶✺✱✾✺ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✷ ✺✺✾ ✷✵✱✸✶ ✺✺✾ ✷✵✱✸✶ ✶✽✱✼✽ ✼✱✺✸ ✼✱✺✸ ✸✻✵✵
✵✱✵✵ ✽✵✵ ✷✸✱✹✺ ✽✵✵ ✷✶✱✶✽ ✷✶✱✶✽ ✾✱✻✽ ✵✱✵✵ ✺✽✶

✺✷
n ✕ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ k ✕ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳
tempo ✕ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮ tr❛♥s❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼

❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s

◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛✐①❡✐r♦ ❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡

✭❚❙P✮✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ✭❉❈P✮✳ ❊ss❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛
❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ◆P✲❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✿ ♦ ❚❙P ❡ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ k ✲❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡
❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✭k ✲❉❙P✮✳
❖ ❉❈P ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r✐st❛s✱ ♥❛ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ❞❡
✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳
❖s s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ♦ ❚❙P ❡ ♦ k ✲❉❙P✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡
❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ P▲■ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✳ ❊ss❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❢♦✐
✐♥s♣✐r❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s P▲■ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚❙P ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ k ✲❉❙P✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡
❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❉❈P ❢♦r❛♠
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✳
P❛r❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡①❛t❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ✭●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✮
❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♥♦
✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳
❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝❡r ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ P▲■ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✈á❧✐❞❛ ❢♦✐
♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡✱ ❞✉❛s
r♦t✐♥❛s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s✳
❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞✐✈✐❞✐r❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛
❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s✳ ❋♦r❛♠
❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s três ♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❙P✿ ✭✐ ✮ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♥♦s s✉❜♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛s k ✲❉❙P ❡ ❚❙P✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣♦r s✉❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s P▲■❀ ✭✐✐ ✮ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P❀
✭✐✐✐ ✮ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ P▲■ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❚❙P✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ❛t✐♥❣✐✉ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦✲
r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❙P ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭k ✲❉❙P ❡ ❚❙P✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱
❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞♦ ●❘❆❙P tr❛♥s❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛♦
s♦❧✈❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s P▲■✳
❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ três ♠ét♦❞♦s
❡①❛t♦s✱ t♦❞♦s ❛❞♦t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ❡ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❧❛③② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ♣❛r❛
❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝✐❝❧♦s ✐❧❡❣❛✐s✿ ✭✐ ✮ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❚❙P ✭✺✳✶✮❀ ✭✐✐ ✮ s❡✲
♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P ✭✺✳✸✮❀ ✭✐✐✐ ✮ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛

✺✻
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✼✳ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙Õ❊❙ ✺✼

❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ✈á❧✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P ✭✺✳✸✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ♥ã♦✲♥✉❧♦s✳ ❘❡❞✉✲
çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s
❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ✭✺✳✸✮✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s às ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❚❙P✳ ❖s ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s ♣r✐♠❛✐s
♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❡
♦t✐♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s ♣r✐♠❛✐s ❞♦ ●❘❆❙P✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❛t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛
♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ●❘❆❙P ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❡♠
❝❡♥ár✐♦s r❡❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦rt❡✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡①❛t❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✐❛♠
❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❉❈P✳
❊st✉❞♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ♣♦❞❡rã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❢♦rt❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❈P✳ ❆❧é♠
❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠✲
♣❧♦ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞❛s ✭❝♦♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♠
❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ♣rê♠✐♦s ✭♣r✐③❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ✮✳
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s
❬✶❪ ❉❛✈✐❞ ▲ ❆♣♣❧❡❣❛t❡✱ ❘♦❜❡rt ❊ ❇✐①❜②✱ ❱❛s❡❦ ❈❤✈❛t❛❧✱ ❛♥❞ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ ❏ ❈♦♦❦✳ ❚❤❡
tr❛✈❡❧✐♥❣ s❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✿ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ st✉❞②✳ Pr✐♥❝❡t♦♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♣r❡ss✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✷❪ ❉✐♠✐tr✐s ❇❡rts✐♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❏♦❤♥ ◆ ❚s✐ts✐❦❧✐s✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈♦✲
❧✉♠❡ ✻✳ ❆t❤❡♥❛ ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❇❡❧♠♦♥t✱ ▼❆✱ ✶✾✾✼✳

❬✸❪ ❘♦❜❡rt ● ❇❧❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❋ ❙❤❛❧❧❝r♦ss✳ ▲❛r❣❡ tr❛✈❡❧❧✐♥❣ s❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r✐s✐♥❣
❢r♦♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ①✲r❛② ❝r②st❛❧❧♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ ❛ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② r❡♣♦rt ♦♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥✳
❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ▲❡tt❡rs✱ ✽✭✸✮✿✶✷✺✕✶✷✽✱ ✶✾✽✾✳

❬✹❪ ❏♦❤♥ ❆❞r✐❛♥ ❇♦♥❞② ❛♥❞ ❯♣♣❛❧✉r✐ ❙✐✈❛ ❘❛♠❛❝❤❛♥❞r❛ ▼✉rt②✳ ●r❛♣❤ t❤❡♦r② ✇✐t❤

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✾✵✳ ▼❛❝♠✐❧❧❛♥ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✱ ✶✾✼✻✳

❬✺❪ ❈✳ ❇r❛s❡❦✳ ❯r❜❛♥ ✉t✐❧✐t✐❡s ✇❛r♠ ✉♣ t♦ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ♠❡t❡r r❡❛❞✐♥❣✳
❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧✱ ✶✺✭✻✮✿✶✵✕✶✹✱ ❉❡❝ ✷✵✵✹✳

❬✻❪ ●❡r❛r❞ ❏ ❈❤❛♥❣✳ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✐❝ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❣r❛♣❤s✳ ■♥ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦❢

❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✽✶✶✕✶✽✼✼✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✶✾✾✾✳

❬✼❪ ❙❛♥❣✐t ❈❤❛tt❡r❥❡❡✱ ❈❡❝✐❧✐❛ ❈❛rr❡r❛✱ ❛♥❞ ▲✉❝② ❆ ▲②♥❝❤✳ ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❛♥❞
tr❛✈❡❧✐♥❣ s❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✾✸✭✸✮✿✹✾✵✕
✺✶✵✱ ✶✾✾✻✳

❬✽❪ ◆✐♥❣ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❏✐❡ ▼❡♥❣✱ ❏✐❛✇❡✐ ❘♦♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❍♦♥❣ ❩❤✉✳ ❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❞♦♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣
s❡t ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✱ ✷✸✭✶✮✿✸✼✕✹✾✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

❬✾❪ ❚❤♦♠❛s ❍ ❈♦r♠❡♥✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳ ▼■❚ ♣r❡ss✱ ✷✵✵✾✳

❬✶✵❪ ●❡♦r❣❡s ❆ ❈r♦❡s✳ ❆ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r s♦❧✈✐♥❣ tr❛✈❡❧✐♥❣✲s❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s

❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✻✭✻✮✿✼✾✶✕✽✶✷✱ ✶✾✺✽✳

❬✶✶❪ ❏♦❤♥ ❘ ❈✉rr❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❆ ❙❝❤✐❧❧✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ s❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❚r❛♥s♣♦r✲

t❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✷✸✭✸✮✿✷✵✽✕✷✶✸✱ ✶✾✽✾✳

❬✶✷❪ P❡❞r♦ ❙ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❛♥❞ ❙❛r♦s❤ ◆ ❚❛❧✉❦❞❛r✳ ❆s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ♠✉❧t✐✲
❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✾✾✸ ❆❈▼✴❙■●❆PP ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❆♣✲
♣❧✐❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✿ st❛t❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛rt ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✽✻✕✷✾✸✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✶✾✾✸✳

❬✶✸❪ ❉❛✈❡♥❞r❛ ❉♦♥❛❧❞✳ ❚r❛✈❡❧✐♥❣ ❙❛❧❡s♠❛♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❚❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✷✵✶✶✳

✺✽
❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ✺✾

❬✶✹❪ ❲ ❉r❡✐ss✐❣ ❛♥❞ ❲ ❯❡❜❛❡❤✳ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ▲✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛t✲
t❡r♥ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s✱ ❚❡s❡ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❯♥✐✲
✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❍❛r✈❛r❞✱ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ ▼❆✱ ✶✾✾✵✳

❬✶✺❪ ❈❛r❧♦s ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❛♥❞ ❨♦s❤✐❦♦ ❲❛❦❛❜❛②❛s❤✐✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛ ♣♦❧✐é❞r✐❝❛ ❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s✲
❞❡✲❝♦rt❡ ❢❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❯◆■❈❆▼P✲■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝❛♦✱ ✶✾✾✻✳

❬✶✻❪ ▼✳❈✳ ●♦❧❞❜❛r❣ ❛♥❞ ❍✳P✳▲✳ ▲✉♥❛✳ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r✿
♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳ ❈❆▼P❯❙ ✲ ❘❏✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✶✼❪ ❇r✉❝❡ ●♦❧❞❡♥✱ ❩❛❤r❛ ◆❛❥✐✲❆③✐♠✐✱ ❙ ❘❛❣❤❛✈❛♥✱ ▼❛❥✐❞ ❙❛❧❛r✐✱ ❛♥❞ P❛♦❧♦ ❚♦t❤✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❡✲
♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ s❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ■◆❋❖❘▼❙ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✱ ✷✹✭✹✮✿✺✸✹✕
✺✺✸✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

❬✶✽❪ ❚❡r❡s❛ ❲ ❍❛②♥❡s✱ ❙t❡♣❤❡♥ ❍❡❞❡t♥✐❡♠✐✱ ❛♥❞ P❡t❡r ❙❧❛t❡r✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧s ♦❢ ❉♦♠✐♥❛✲
t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ●r❛♣❤s✳ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✽✳

❬✶✾❪ ❚✳ ❏❛♠✐❧✳ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ♠❡t❡r r❡❛❞✐♥❣ s②st❡♠✳
■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲♦r❧❞ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss ♦♥ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✷✵✵✽ ✕ ❲❈❊ ✷✵✵✽✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✷✵❪ ●✳ ▲❛♣♦rt❡✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❝✐s❡ ❣✉✐❞❡ t♦ t❤❡ tr❛✈❡❧✐♥❣ s❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡
❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✻✶✭✶✮✿✸✺✕✹✵✱ ✷✵✶✵✳

❬✷✶❪ ●✐❧❜❡rt ▲❛♣♦rt❡✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛✈❡❧✐♥❣ s❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✿ ❆♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❡①❛❝t ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r♦✲
①✐♠❛t❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✺✾✭✷✮✿✷✸✶✕✷✹✼✱ ✶✾✾✷✳

❬✷✷❪ ●✐❧❜❡rt ▲❛♣♦rt❡✱ ▼✐❝❤❡❧ ●❡♥❞r❡❛✉✱ ❏✲❨ P♦t✈✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❋ré❞ér✐❝ ❙❡♠❡t✳ ❈❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞
♠♦❞❡r♥ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥
❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✼✭✹✲✺✮✿✷✽✺✕✸✵✵✱ ✷✵✵✵✳

❬✷✸❪ ●✐❧❜❡rt ▲❛♣♦rt❡ ❛♥❞ ■❜r❛❤✐♠ ❍✳ ❖s♠❛♥✳ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✿ ❆ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤②✳ ❆♥♥❛❧s
♦❢ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✻✶✭✶✮✿✷✷✼✕✷✻✷✱ ✶✾✾✺✳

❬✷✹❪ ❙❤❡♥ ▲✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❇r✐❛♥ ❲ ❑❡r♥✐❣❤❛♥✳ ❆♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ tr❛✈❡❧✐♥❣✲
s❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✷✶✭✷✮✿✹✾✽✕✺✶✻✱ ✶✾✼✸✳

❬✷✺❪ ●✉r♦❜✐ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ●✉r♦❜✐ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♠❛♥✉❛❧✳ ❯❘▲✿

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣✉r♦❜✐✳❝♦♠✴❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✴✻✳✺✴r❡❢♠❛♥✴❧❛③②✳❤t♠❧✱ ✷✵✶✻✳

❬✷✻❪ ❈❤r✐st♦s ❍ P❛♣❛❞✐♠✐tr✐♦✉ ❛♥❞ ❑❡♥♥❡t❤ ❙t❡✐❣❧✐t③✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✿ ❆❧✲

❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✳ ❈♦✉r✐❡r ❈♦r♣♦r❛t✐♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✽✳

❬✷✼❪ ❏❡❛♥✲❨✈❡s P♦t✈✐♥✳ ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r t❤❡ tr❛✈❡❧✐♥❣ s❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❆♥♥❛❧s ♦❢
❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✻✸✭✸✮✿✸✸✼✕✸✼✵✱ ✶✾✾✻✳

❬✷✽❪ ●❡r❤❛r❞ ❘❡✐♥❡❧t✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛✈❡❧✐♥❣ s❛❧❡s♠❛♥✿ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❚❙P ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛✲
t✐♦♥s✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✲❱❡r❧❛❣✱ ✶✾✾✹✳

❬✷✾❪ ▼❛✉r✐❝✐♦ ●❈ ❘❡s❡♥❞❡✳ ●r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❛❞❛♣t✐✈❡ s❡❛r❝❤ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ✭❣r❛s♣✮✳ ❊♥❝②✲
❝❧♦♣❡❞✐❛ ♦❢ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✷✿✸✼✸✕✸✽✷✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ✻✵

❬✸✵❪ ▼❛r✐✉s ▼ ❙♦❧♦♠♦♥✳ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤
t✐♠❡ ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✸✺✭✷✮✿✷✺✹✕✷✻✺✱ ✶✾✽✼✳

❬✸✶❪ ❋á❜✐♦ ▲✉✐③ ❯s❜❡rt✐✱ P❛✉❧♦ ▼♦r❡❧❛t♦ ❋r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞ré ▲✉✐③ ▼♦r❡❧❛t♦ ❋r❛♥ç❛✳ ❘♦✲
t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▲❡✐t✉r✐st❛s✿ ❯♠ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ◆P✲❉✐❢í❝✐❧ ✭✐♥ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡✮✳ ■♥✿ ❳▲ ❙❇P❖
❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦❢ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ❆♥♥❛❧s ❳▲ ❙❇P❖✱ ❏♦ã♦ P❡ss♦❛✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✸✷❪ ❋á❜✐♦ ▲✉✐③ ❯s❜❡rt✐✱ P❛✉❧♦ ▼♦r❡❧❛t♦ ❋r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞ré ▲✉✐③ ▼♦r❡❧❛t♦ ❋r❛♥ç❛✳ ●r❛s♣
✇✐t❤ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r② ♣❛t❤✲r❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛t❡❞ ❛r❝ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs
❛♥❞ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✹✵✭✶✷✮✿✸✷✵✻✕✸✷✶✼✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✸✸❪ ❋á❜✐♦ ▲✉✐③ ❯s❜❡rt✐✱ P❛✉❧♦ ▼♦r❡❧❛t♦ ❋r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞ré ▲✉✐③ ▼♦r❡❧❛t♦ ❋r❛♥ç❛✳
❚❤❡ ♦♣❡♥ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛t❡❞ ❛r❝ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛♥❞ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱
✸✽✭✶✶✮✿✶✺✹✸ ✕ ✶✺✺✺✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✸✹❪ ▲❛✉r❡♥❝❡ ❆ ❲♦❧s❡②✳ ■♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✹✷✳ ❲✐❧❡② ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ✶✾✾✽✳

❬✸✺❪ ▲❛✉r❡♥❝❡ ❆ ❲♦❧s❡② ❛♥❞ ●❡♦r❣❡ ▲ ◆❡♠❤❛✉s❡r✳ ■♥t❡❣❡r ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛✲
t✐♦♥✳ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✷✵✶✹✳

❬✸✻❪ ❏✐❡❢❡♥❣ ❳✉ ❛♥❞ ❏❛♠❡s P ❑❡❧❧②✳ ❆ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✢♦✇✲❜❛s❡❞ t❛❜✉ s❡❛r❝❤ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❢♦r t❤❡
✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✸✵✭✹✮✿✸✼✾✕✸✾✸✱ ✶✾✾✻✳