! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!0/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'% !apitolo V * Il transistor /0S!

"a tec'()(gia C-./

!
"#$%&'('!)*! "! T$%&'(')*+!,'(-'!.*//01+!&$*!%*2%0*-*!.*)*-+(*!*&!30+&-'!&'&!
42$1$&-+!%'&10,'!.*!4'-$&5+!1-+-*%+!
! !
)(!&+#,-%-&'+!./0! "! 6&! 1*1-$,*! ,*1-*! 7+&+(')*%'8.*)*-+(*9! (+! 4+2-$! .*)*-+($! $:!
14$11'!(+!4*0:!)2+&.$!
!
"ndi&e
"! 6! %*2%0*-*! .*)*-+(*! )0*.+&'! ('! 1;*(044'! -$%&'(')*%'!
7,$,'2*$9!
!
(a *e&n+,+gia C/01 2
"! <+! -$%&'(')*+! =>OS! $:! ,$&'! %'1-'1+! .$(($! +(-2$!
", 3un5i+namen*+ de, *ransis*+r /01 9
-$%&'(')*+!4$2!%*2%0*-*!*&-$)2+-*!7A*4'(+2$B!A*=>OS9!
(a p+,ari55a5i+ne de, /01 29
1*adi di guadagn+ &+n /01 ;<
(+ spe&&hi+ di &+rren*e 9>
?s+ de, &ari&+ a**i@+ >2
Aapp+r*+ di reie5i+ne per dis*urBi su,,Ca,imen*a5i+ne >;
(a s*adi+ di33eren5ia,e >9
(C in@er*i*+re C/01 DE

! 5!-!6! 7',+8/*!9:;!9<<:! V*2 0ctober 26, 2886

! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!0/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'% Capit&'& ) * +' tra-sist&r /01

!a tecnologia ,-./
!"#$""$#% '() "#%*+,+"-# ./!

W G

S D #n dispositi+o ,-. e0 simmetrico 45 e . possono

essere scam7iati8
0 L B
.im7oli dei transistor ,-.
D S

" #: larghezza di canale

" 0: lunghezza di canale G B G B
" G=Gate5 D=Drain5 S=Source, :=:ul;5
S D
" S e D sono drogati con lo stesso drogante (p o n) :,-. ;,-.

" : e@ drogato in modo opposto (n o p)

=B SCD drogati n, : drogato p ==B NEOS device

=B SCD drogati p, : drogato n ==B PEOS device

! 5!-!6! 7',+8/*!9:;!9<<:! )*2 0ct&4er 678 6997

 A. Baschirotto - .ote per il corso di 3lettronica !"#$%&'&()(*(+'(%,"-.$.%&,(/01!

!
!a tecnolo*ia CM./
!" $%&'()&*+,&-) .," -/*&0(0-)/ 123
!
! #$%&'()*'+,$!-%!.*+%&'&.$*!/012!
!
V%
VS V&

n" n"
" #l su'strato , -,.'ul/0 e2 ,olari44ato alla tensione ,iu2
'assa 6is,oni'ile sul circuito -massa0 p(bul,

. 9io2 e:ita la ,olari44a4ione 6iretta 6ella giun4ione ,n

tra su'strato -,0 e le 6iffusione n= 6i source V-
!
. 9io2 fa si che la soglia 6el 6is,osti:o ?@AB 6e:ice !
6i,en6a 6alla CBB ,er l2effetto 'o6E -con CBBFG0 ! 3)*!&),45'6'.+7!('!&)8-'.$!&'!-&)*+79!
!
" #l transistor H@AB e2 reali44ato in una n.Iell, che :2!;!<!
,uo2K6e:e essere o,,ortunamente ,olari44ata :=!;!<!
Her ri6urre l2effetto 'o6E, ciascun H@AB ,uo2 essere !
reali44ato in una Iell se,arata, e ciascuna Iell ! >5! .*+%&'&.$*! 012! 4-$7! .*$?+*&'! +! @-%A'$%+*)! '%! ('?)*&)!
,olari44ata al source -in mo6o 6a a:ere sem,re A$%)! $4)*+.'?)B! ('4)%()%.),)%.)! (+55)! .)%&'$%'! ('!
CBBLG0 4$5+*'AA+A'$%)!+445'6+.)!+'!&-$'!,$*&)..'9!
! '%.)*('A'$%)!
! &$..$&$85'+!
! 5'%)+*)!
! &+.-*+A'$%)!
!

5-6 Octo8er 9:, 9<<: ( )(*(2( 03%&45,(678(6997(

"# $%&'()*+,,+ - .+,/ 0/* )1 '+*&+ 2) 31/,,*+4)'% !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01!

!
!"#$%&#'()#*& !"#$%&#'()#*&
,)- *.'#/%/*&. 012 ,)- *.'#/%/*&. 012
3)4%&#) ,% %#*).,%$%&#) 3)4&-) %#5)./%&#)
"#$!!!"%&!
0 # $%& # $'( !
Vg < Vth

#% Vg
#S #& meta
Vs l
Vd Vs
oxide
n+ n+
n" n"
cariche fisse 7ioni9 lacune
p-)ul,
Negative ions
p-bulk

Vb
#- !
!
) A+mentando $%&, le lac+ne del s+7strato ven:ono ! ()!*+,-++-,)!./!.0-12)3.4+.!)5!
allontanate dall;inter=accia dell;ossido
!
) >no strato di inversione compare all; inter=accia. A+esto
strato e; pero; costit+ito da ioni Bcioe; cariche =isseD. ! ()! 67,,.4+.! 81! *)+-,)9174.! 8.1! 81781! 81:.48.! 8)33.!
+.4*1741!)::316)+.!
) Eon e; pertanto possi7ile la cond+Fione
;$!<!;=>!.0?"#$@A4?B?%C!!!.D0?"E$@A4?B?%C!!!
! F.!,1*-3+)!
;=!<!;=>!.0?"#$@A4?B?%C!!.D0?"E$@A4?B?%C!!!GH!D!.D0?"=$@AB?%C!I!
!
! ;3! +,)4*1*+7,! 67*1/! :73),199)+7! 21.4.! -+13199)+7! 14!
)::316)91741! )! J)**1**1K1! 312.331! 81! 67,,.4+.L! 617./! :.,!
*1*+.K1! )! J)**1**1K)! 81**1:)9174.! 81! :7+.49)!
A:)6.K)B.,L!7,737M1L!.66N!NNNC!

5-6 7',+8/* 96: 9;;6 )*2 03%&45, 678 6007

 "# $aschirotto - Note per il corso di Elettronica !"#$%olo()(*(+l(%,"-.$.%o,(/0S

F"#$%&#'m)#*&+ !"#$%&#'()#*&+,)-+*.'#/%/*&.+012+
,)-+*r'#s%s*&r+012+ 3)4%&#)+-%#)'.)+5667+
"#$ % "&' "(' %% "&' ) "#$
3)4%&#)+-%#)'r)+(&+,%+*r%&,&)+(7)+
#%
"#$ % "&' "(' %% "&' ) "#$ #$ #&

"*" + "&' ) "#$ ,- ./ 0,12341, 53 46,75736, n" n"

cariche mo1ili 3elettroni5

#%
#$ #& #B

* +elazione tensione5corrente
!" !"
()*+(,-./01+2+.3-2-44*0!+5 8a corrente e9 corrente di drift< cioe9 do=uta al ca?po
elettricoA
Qtot
B C !tr
#'
Qtot C QcE F 8 F G C HoIFJ"&')"#$K F 8 F G
8 9:;,10/154 "&'< /.=:13 ,.,007413 2414 /007/003 8 8 8 82
/..-310,7>/==3/ =41 .-422354 !tr C =dr C LFM C LF"('/8 C LF"('
G
B( C LFHoIF 8 F J"&' ) "#$KF"(' C 2FPF J"&' ) "#$KF"('
8 ?:,203 ,.,007413 =7,/14 :1 =/1/., 53 =/73=@, .3A,7, =@,
=4..,B/14 24:7=, , 57/31 1 G
con P C 2 F LFHoIF 8
!D "(' C +RS' F B(
8 C- D:3153 E4223A3., :1/ =477,10, 53 =415:F341, #%$
Bl RS' si co?porta co?e
una resistenza di
8 "('%%"&')"#$ =47732E415, /5 /6,7, :1/ 5,1230/- 53 =alore
=/73=/ =420/10, .:1B4 0:004 3. 532E4230364 1
+RS' C 2FPFJ"&' ) "#$K
#D$
8 G/ 5,1230/- 53 =/73=/ 1,. 532E420364 ,- il cui =alore e9 controllato
?=@ + H4IJK"&')"#$L da "&'

5-6 7ctober 9:; 9<<: ( )(*(10( 04%o56,(289(2008(

! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!0/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'% !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01

Funziona(ento ,el t.ansisto. 01S !"#$%&#'()#*&+,)-+*.'#/%/*&.+012+

3egione linea.e (666) 3)4%&#)+-%#)'.)+5678+
"#$ % "&' "(' % "&' ) "#$
#% * "
#
-#S4%
&
#$ #& I# $ %&Co)& + & "!,-.S 0 -TH3&-#S 0 4 %$

!" !" 5 Facendo il gra@ico I# vsC -#S si ottieneE

#'
* +,-./-/-01 213.,-./ "&'45"#$67 8- ,89/-.1 0: "('
;:082/ <, =8,-.:.,> 0: 2,;:2, :99,?,@@:-,., -/< 2,-,</
A:2:-1 ,< 0;,:-
* B< 2,-,</ ;:9,-/ C;/3/-./ C/; <, 21-08@:1-/
* D, ;/<,@:1-/ ./-3:1-/E21;;/-./ C81> /33/;/ ,-21;, #%
5 -#Ssat eF la #$ #&
A,<8.,., 219/ C;:9,
tensione per
G.1.
B F !.; cui il canale !" !"

risulta
4G3 H G06 I D strozzato dalla
G.1. F J IK
parte del #rain
G3 F L1MI4"&')"#$6 FF 2,;:2, ,< 318;2/ #'
G0 F L1MI4"&()"#$6 FF 2,;:2, ,< 0;,:-
5 JercheF il canale sia strozzato deve essere
D D D DJ -#Ssat $ -.S 0 -TH
!.; F A0; F NIO F NI"('PD F NI"('
"('J&
$ '
K #
B( F NIL1MI D I #"4"&' ) "#$6I"(' ) J &% 5 Jer -#S L-#SsatM il gra@ico ,modello3 ha sensoC
5 Jer -#S O-#Ssat non ha senso @isico il @atto che
$
# "('J&
' aumentando la tensioneM la corrente diminuiscaC
B( F JIQI #4"
" &' ) "#$6I"(' ) J &% $O Il modello analitico su esposto perde di signi@icato

! 5!-!66! 7',+8/*!9:;!9<<:! ) * 23 04%&56, 378 3997

 "# $aschirotto - .ote per il corso di 3lettronica !apitolo ) - Il transistor /01!

!
!"n$ionamento del transistor 0O2
!"#$%&#'()#*& ,)- *.'#/%/*&. 012
3e4ione lineare 5678
3)4%&#) -%#)'.) 567
" #$$%&&' (')* )+,&-+(.+&' ! #$%&'()! *%+')! &%! ',+-.)+,! /.! -)0&.%! 123! *%45.%! &6+0)! .&!
*%+%&,!%!*%6-%!/,&!5)/7!!,88,*'9!
&
123!:;<!=!123>!?!!!@ !AB"C!?!1DE!A!1:;<!!!A! B"C!!F!

!
-------
----- " !
)*$+
! G$!H)--.5.&,!)(%!.+',0(%(,!&%!(,&%I.)+,!-6!1#D!,!-6!;9!
# $ % /;
/1!=!J#!/K!=!J#! !!
L);@1MD!A!123:;<!A!1:;<FNONP
" /0 &%1,+'1% +1 %22%,,' 0330 &%1,+'1% )+ ,'43+0 4%1%-0 .1
Q
022.5.3' )+ 20-+26% 0337+1&%$022+0 2'1 37',,+)' 8,&-0&' )+
1#D!=!#$%1N/;!!
+19%-,+'1%: 26% )+;%1)% )0330 ;',+<+'1% = )%3 ;.1&' >
,%2'1)' 30 -%4'30
! D.!)''.,+,!*R,!&%!*)((,+',!J#!,$!/%'%!/%9!
>+198=: ? @'= ABCD E BFG 8=: E B8=:H J#!=!
O T B B
" B8=: %7 30 20).&0 )+ &%1,+'1% )03 D'.-2% 03 ;.1&' = =!PNL);N Q !NS@:1MDA123><1#D!A!B!!1#D!!FAU!!N!!@&AB"C!?!
UVB
" D+ ;.'7 )%$+1+-% 30 -%,+,&%1<0 +12-%5%1&03% )%337%3%5%1&' 1#D& FW!
+1$+1+&%,+5' A=I = J )=H 1%3 20103% 2'5%K
! 2(%-*6(%+/)!.&!-,*)+/)!',(4.+,!/,&&%!H%(,+',-.!0(%88%!-.!
)= )= )= )''.,+,!&$,X6%I.)+,!/.!H(.4%9!
)L ? ! M ? N18=:M" ? >+198=:O"
!
" /0 20).&0 )+ &%1,+'1% ,.33' ,&%,,' %3%5%1&' +1$+1+&%,+5'
1#DB+
) ,
%7 )0&0 )0K O (
J#!=!PNL);N Q !!N!(':1MD!A!123<N1#D!A! B +*!!
)= !
)B ? PQ )L ? PQ
@'=ABCD E BFG8=: E B8=:H O"
1#DB+
) ,
(
J#!=!BNYN!'(:1MD!A!123<N1#D!A! B *+!!

5 - 67 October :;< :==; ) - 13 0cto5er 289 2::8

! ".!$%&'(i*+,,+!-!.+,e!0e*!i1!'+*&+!2i!31e,,*+4i'%! Capitolo ) * +l transistor /O1

!"#z%&#'()#*&
,)- *.'#/%/*&. 012 !un$ionamento
del tran/i/tor M1S
3)4%&#) ,% /'*".'z%&#) 567
"#$!%!"&'! "('!)!"&'!*!"#$!! 3egione di /atura$ione 5667
#%
#$ #& "#$ % "&' "(' ) "&' * "#$

!" !"

#%
#$ #&

#' !
n" (! "( n"

#'

+ ,l canale si stro77a 8er il 9alore di "(' dato da;

!
+! U-!./0123421!5.61-04!73!"('!85!93!:;1!3/!:5-5/1!93!9024<<3!
"(' < "('sat < "&' * "#$
75//5!=5201!71/!7253-!
+! &/3!1/10024-3!93!9=4905-4!5-:425!=12!:4-7.<34-1!3-!0.004!3/!
:5-5/1! 21937.4! 1! 94-4! =43! 9=3-01! 5/! 7253-! 75/! 84201! + ,l li9ello di corrente e= >issato al 9alore che si ottiene 8er il
:56=4!1/10023:4! la tensione "('sat @"('sat<"&'*"#$A
+! >/! /3?1//4! 71//5! :4221-01! 93! 40031-1! :5/:4/5-74! /5! :4221-01!
71//5! 21@34-1! /3-1521! =12! 3/! ?5/421! 73! "('! =12! :.3! 3/! B H
,( < C D EDFoGD I D @"&' * "#$AC
:5-5/1!93!9024<<5A!:341B!=12!"(')"&'!*!"#$!A!93!40031-1!
5//425C!
D W
>(!)!E!!F!GFH4IF K !!F!L"&'!*!"#$ME!
,(sat < J D @"&' * "#$AC
>(950!)!N!F!L"&'!*!"#$ME!

! V!-!15! 8',+9e*!2;<!200;! ) * 13 Octo5er 77, 7007

! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!0/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'% Capitolo ) * +l transistor /O1

!"#$%&#'()#*& !"n$ionamento
,)- *.'#/%/*&. 012 del transistor 0O2
3)4%&#) ,% /'*".'$%&#) 56667 3e4ione di sat"ra$ione 5678

" Se %&S '%&S(at+ il punto di (tro44amento (i (po(ta 6er(o il 1 , -

"# $ 2 '(')*+ ' - ' ./01 /3452 ' -!-
(our7e8 la parte di %&S 79e e: in e77e((o a %&S(at 7ade
(ulla re;ione di (6uotamento <lun;a !=> 79e (i e(tende
dal punto di (tro44amento al drain? - 1
$%&'(-*++ -!- $ 2" ./#1 /9at5
34/- 1 678 2
-
! "
!# "
#1< 2 ./#1 /#19at5
678-
,-$.-/-, 1-2%*&
5 = 3ra9?@ranB* /#19at ri9pett* a /#1
2" -
!= @ BCD <%&S E %&S(at> - !- $ 1 < $ /#1
"
?*n $ $ 2
" =a (tuttura puo: e((ere 6i(ta 7ome un tran(i(tor 7on il 6 78 -
punto di (tro44amento al drain e 7on una lun;9e44a di = 1*litaGente $ H - ?*n 1 I a I 2
a
7anale =E!=?
$ eJ il paraGetr* Bi G*B@laKi*ne Bi ?anale e Lale M'1N
2
" =a 7orrente I& ri(ulta e((ere data daG =
1
H L /
I& @ 2 I!CoK <=E!= ><%MS E %NO>2 @
1 , 2
"# $ 2 '(')*+' - ' ./01 /345 ' .1 < $ /#15
H L =
@ 2 I!CoK < = ><%MS E %NO>2 =E!=

= "#9at $ O ' ./01 /3452' .1 < $ /#15

I& @ P I <%MS E %NO>2 =E!=

! 5!-!67! 8',+9/*!:7;!:<<7! ) * 13 Octo5er 77, 7007

! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!0/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'% !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01!

!
!
!"#$%&#'()#*&
,)- *.'#/%/*&. 012 !a tensione *i soglia
!
3)4%&#) ,% /'*".'$%&#) 567 "! #a! %e'(io'e! di! (o,lia! e.! la! %e'(io'e! /01! 2i'i2a!
'e3e((aria!per!3reare!6'!3a'ale!3o'd6%%i7o!%ra!drai'!e!
(o6r3e8!
" #$% &''$($%$ )* +&(',(-,'*. ($))$ $/0%$//,&(, 1$))* 23 $ !
($))$ /-$ 1$%,4*'$5 ,) '$%6,($ 71 9 ! :3;< 4,$($ *==,-('&
"! #a!%e'(io'e!di!(o,lia!(i!e(pri2e!3o2e9!
*(+>$ ($) ($)).$/0%$//,&($ 1$))* +&%%$('$ ,( %$=,&($
),($*%$? !
/:;!<!/:;=!>!!!?!@ ABC?"D!>!/1EA!!B! C"D!!F!
$E' * 1 -
23 @ ABC&DB#" F &% )(7:G; H :IJ<:3; H K :3;K,+ 71 9 ! :3;<
!
C?G?#?HI
!!<! JoK !!!
!
" L. @ ABC&D 4,$($ ,(1,+*'& +&6$ 0*%*6$'%& '$+(&)&=,+& 1, "! #a! %e'(io'e! di! (o,lia! dipe'de! dalla! %e'(io'e! /1E! per! il!
'%*(/+&(1-''*(z* 3o(idde%%o!eLLe%%oMNodO!
"! #$% '&D @ NO (6 $ *//-6$(1& -( *6&P,),'*. /-0$%Q,+,*)$ "! !!e.!il!3oeLLi3ie'%e!dell.eLLe%%o!NodO!
"( @ NOR +6KS: /$+T5 $ "0 @ KUR +6KS: /$+T /, >*((& ,
4*)&%,? "! Pl!7alore!2i'i2o!per!la!%e'(io'e!di!(o,lia!3orri(po'de!alla!
3o'diQio'e!/1E<!=!
!
.
L( @ VOTN " WS:K

.
L0 @ 11TU " WS:K

! 5!-!67! 8',+9/*!:;<!:==;! ) * 23 04%&56, 278 2337

 "# $as'hi*o,,o - .o,e pe* il 'o*so 2i 3le,,*oni'a !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, M01

!"#"$$%#&'$&()%*+,-**
!"#"$$%#&'$&()%*+,-**
!"#"$$%#&'$&("*.&*/'(&$"*0+1*2'3*-145*
!"#"$$%#&'$&("*.&*&/0#%''1*2+3*4'5*-678*&/*'"$9#":&1/%* 40
" D$ %&'$() *+) %&% ,-)%) d$'$ /I1 ,2. 41S6 -% 78$%'& I1=: !"#$%&"
($&")*"
( !"#$%&" +$
,)-.*)/$%&" 5 6,
'

&
!"#$%&" +$ 0"1%("
ID ! /41S $&2"*3$%&"
% 2
4<=6 50,
$

"
" #$ %& '(& )&*$+,$& -$ .'/012 .$&3.'(& .4//$354(-1(61 &-
'( 0&,4/1 -$ 78#
#
!" # " $ % &
)*+ -).
Id " 9, 6/&(3$364/ :;<# 5/131(6& ='&66/4 /1+$4($ -$
)'(>$4(&*1(64?

" <))? 78# @@ 7AB

+D : 8
Vgs
Vth
" C1D4,1 $(01/3$4(1? 78# !@ 7AB
" ?ff)''& A&dB +D : +D8 5 ;<)=1>?-<@<AB
5C;<)D1>?-<@<AB EF C 5C;<) D1>?@<AB
G
Id
Vsb=0 Vsb1 Vsb2 Vsb3

" E1+$4(1 ,$(1&/1? 7AB @ 78# F 7C# + 7AB

)D12%
# &
"
+D : 2<@< !"?)=1 C )AHB<)D1 C 2 $%

Vth
Vgs " E1+$4(1 -$ 3&6'/&>$4(1? 7AB @ 78# @ 7C# + 7AB
+D : @<?)=1 C )AHB2
" C8D)%'$%d& 4SBF $8D)%'$ 4<=

5 - 67 8',o9e* 6:; 6<<: ) * 22 03%&45, 267 2886

"# $a&c(irotto - .ote 0er il cor&o di 3lettronica !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01

!"#$%&'()($*%#+,-.# !"#$%"&' )*%"+,-).&) ,/ ,01"'

# 2)3.,-)
" #l t&'()*)to& ,-O/ )* S
0o1po&t' 0o13 453llo
6-O/7 '113))o 8*
G B
*(93&t*&3 t5tt* * )3g(*;
# D #
" #l t&'()*)to& ,-O/ <' 5(' t3()*o(3 8* )ogl*' (3g't*9'
=>? @ A
" #l t&'()*)to& ,-O/ p&3)3(t' 45'tt&o &3g*o(* 8*
B5(C*o('13(toD

" OBBD =E/ FF =>?

=D ? < "ff$%%& '(')*&'$+,&

" G3Hol3 *(93&)*o(3D =E/ F! =>? - .$'$,+%(,& /& 0(,,$'%$

=D ? =D< e
" I3g*o(3 l*(3'&3D
" I3g*o(3 8* )'t5&'C*o(3D
- 1&(/&
@A5BCDEnAFAGH I@A5$CDEnAFAGH
e JK I e I@A5DCDEFAGH
L
- 2+3+0&%+4 2.56 27.6 2.16 2756 271
=>? F =E/ @ =G/ J =>?
5DC2%
# &
"
=D ? 2AFA "!E5BC I 5GMHA5DC I 2 %$
"ff$%%& *&'$+,& 8&' 9: +33,(ss&<+z&('$>
=>? F =E/ F =G/ J =>? - ?$s&s%$'z$ /& 0('%+%%( 8?1! ?5>
=D ? FAE5BC I 5GMH2 ?1 ! ?5 ! #$$ "

# - 2+3+0&%+4 /& (@$,*+3 82.56(@6 2.16(@>

" #l 0*&05*to 345*9'l3(t3 8* p*00olo )3g('l3 3K *83(t*0o ' 2.56(@ A 2.16(@ A B C(@ 2(C
453llo 83llK 6-O/ L0o13 (3l 0')o 6,6 3 ,6,M

5 - 27 8cto9er 2:; 2<<: ) * 23 04%&56, 278 2997

 "# $%s'(i*otto - .ote pe* i1 'o*so di 31ett*oni'% !"#$%&'&()(*(+'(%,"-.$.%&,(/01

!"#$%"&' )*%"+,-).&) La $olari))a)ion+ ,+l -./

,/ ,01"' 2)3.,-) N-./
D

B
G
S

1# $alutare $+S
" I diodi sono polari--ati in inversa1 la corrente inversa e3 $+S - $.H 0
dominata dal termine di genera-ione e ricombina-ione
S1 222- transistor ON
q ni < = NO 222- transistor OFF
I78 9 : 2 !?
: @ area della giun-ione
<= @ larghe--a della regione di svuotamento
!? @ tempo di vita medio dei portatori minoritari Se il transistor e: ON:
" I78 raddoppia per un aumento di 1? D EtipicamenteF a # $+S 2 $.H < $ov
temperatura ambiente I78/:9 1? H15 :/!m2 # $ov ! $>SSat
Capacita3 di 7ate
2# $alutare $>S
$>S - $>SSat 0
S1 222- regione di saturazione
NO 222- regione lineare

5 - 67 8'tobe* 6:; 6<<: ( )(*(23( 04%&56,(278(2997(

A# $a&c(irotto - Note per i1 cor&o di E1ettronica! !a#$%&'&()(*(+'(%ra-.$.%&r(/01

!
! !"#$
!tudio della polarizzazione
di transistor 01! &'()*M,S . /&

P01! D "# $ %"

! VD VD "& $ '"
D D
"#$!%!&! G B "( $ 3"
S
! regione di operazione $ 4
"'(!%!&! G
B S
!
")(!%!&! D !
!
*! ! ",-./,01!"'(!
! ! "'(!%!"#$!2!!34"'(!4!5!4"#$!4!26!
! ! ! (7! 8885! /0,9:;:/<0!=>!
D "# $ %"
"& $ '"
! ! ! >=! 8885! /0,9:;:/<0!=??! "( $ '56"
G B
! regione di operazione $ 4
! S
(1!;-!/0,9:;:/<0!1@!=>A!!
! ! ! !"'(!8!"#$!B!"<C!!
! ! ! !"<C!!!")((,/!!
! ! ! !
D! ! ",-./,01!")(! D "# $ '56"
! ! ")(!%!")((,/!2!34")(4!5!4")((,/!4!26! "& $ '"
G B "( $ 3"
! ! ! (7! 8885! 01E;<91!F;!:,/.0,G;<91!
regione di operazione $ 4
! ! ! >=! 8885! -01E;<91!-;91,01!
S

5 - 27 Octo9er 27: 2;;7 ( )(*(23( 04%&5er(278(2997(

 A# $aschirotto - Note per il corso di 3lettronica C"#itolo ) - +l tr"nsistor M01

!"#$
&'()*M,- . /0&1 &22 . 3&
VDD "# $ %" L# $%&#'())#)(%*+ ,+& -'#*.(.-%'
"& $ %"
S '()*+,( -* +.('/0*+,( $ 1 /OS
G
B

D
1# $i fa dapprima un.ipotesi di fun3ionamento del transistor
(regione lineare, regione di satura3ione, o di transistor
VDD "# $ %" spento)
"& $ 234"
S '()*+,( -* +.('/0*+,( $ 1
G
B 9# $i risolve la polari33a3ione del circuito congruentemente
con l.ipotesi fatta
D

VDD "# $ 234"

"& $ %" <# $i verifica se l.ipotesi e. verificata=
S '()*+,( -* +.('/0*+,( $ 1
G $e l.ipotesi non e. verificata allora l.ipotesi fatta e. falsa e
B
si deve ripartire con un.altra ipotesi
D
$e l.ipotesi e. verificata allora l.ipotesi fatta e. vera e la
VG "# $ 4" solu3ione trovata e. corretta
"S $ 6"
VS VD "& $ 1
'()*+,( -* +.('/0*+,( $ 1
C

5 - 67 October 6:, 600: ) - 23 0cto5er 789 7338

"# $aschirotto - .ote 0er i1 corso di 31ettronica! !"#$%&'&()(*(+'(%,"-.$.%&,(/01

Polari''a'ione del transistor M/S P"lari''a'i"ne del transist"r ./0

!
"#$%&'(')!*!+,-! E#$%&'(') * +II-
!
L/ &)%%$01$ I2 $3 4/ #1$##/ $ 56'07' 686/84'/07) 4$ 76$
.//!0!*1.!
$56/(')0' #' )11'$0$9
.23!0!*.!
40!516789.:!
;<*!0!*4!! V; < V;S > RS@A @ +V;S < VTC-D
;<:!0!*4!!
;=!0!*4!! A@RS@+V;SD < D@V;S@VTC E VTC D-EV;S<V;>F
;/!0!*4!!
! A@RS@V;SD E V;S @ +*< D@A@RS@VTC- E A@RS@VTC D<V;>F
>?@A)!B'!CDE)%)!
;<: E3 603$56/(')0$ 7' DG 8%/7) '0 V;S &)0 76$ #)46(')0'
.F!0!.//!6!;<*G;<:!!0!H.!
L$ 76$ #)46(')0' #)0)9
!
.F!K!.F= V;S > H 4JKKKVL <*MVN
.F!0!.F=!G!;=6,I!!!!!!!!0000J!!!!!,I!0! ;= !!
=?LL)@M)!I!'@!#DA?%D(')@$!
O T%/ 4$ 76$ #)46(')0'L 56$44/ 7' <*MV 0)0 $3 P/4'7/ '0
,I!0!4!6!+.F=!K!.23-:! 56/01) Q$% V;SRVTC '4 S)7$44) 7' 1%/0#'#1)% 2OS 6#/1)
&# 0)0 $3 P/4'7)L $##$07) '4 1%/0#'#1)% #Q$01)J
"%
O L360'&/ #)46(')0$ P/4'7/ $3 56$44/ 7' 4JKKV &U$
"# &)%%'#Q)07$ '0V/11' /7 60/ ()0/ 7' V60(')0/S$01) '0 &6'
$% '4 1%/0#'#1)% $3 /11'P) +V;SWVTC-
$#

% V; < V;S
I2 > RS > XYFZA
#

!%
!"# !$% !$# !% # % $# VD > VDD < I2@RD > *F < XYFZA@*A! > MJKKV
'() +', !

5 - 67 8cto9er :;< :==; ( )(*(23( 04%&56,(378(3997(

 ". Baschirotto - Note per il corso di 3lettronica Ca#it&'&(V(-(I'(tran.i.t&r(/0S

!"#$%&''$'&"()*+)#*,%$(-&-,"%*./0* !"#$%&''$'&"()*+)#*,%$(-&-,"%*./0*
"s$rci(io * +,-
"#$%&'(') * +,,,- %DD .DD 0 1.
.)/0%'((0(')1$ 0 20##0 &)%%$13$ .23 0 45.
"b1 60 578m:;.*
4 5) #3$##) &'%&6'3) #' 76)8 <=5 0 5>1?!
! <=* 0 @?!
7)/0%'((0%$ &)19
<D 0 177!
:2* ; *<<=! "b' "D
:2> ; *<<=!

A SCDEiar$ Ga poGari((a(ion$

Ja C$nsion$ Ei KaC$ $L EaCa EaG parCiCor$ sD <=*M<=5

<=*
4 50 &)%%$13$ ?' @03$ ?$/ 3%01#'#3)% AOS $8 &)D61E6$ .N 0 .DD 8 <=5O<=* 0 @>@@.
16//0F
4 50 3$1#')1$ ?$/ @03$ 1)1 &0D2'0 Ja .NS risDGCa p$rCanCoP
4 ,/ 7613) ?' /0G)%) ?$/ 3%01#'#3)% AOS 1)1 &0D2'0 +H0 /0 .NS 0 @>@@. 4 1. 0 45>QR.
#3$##0 3$1#')1$ ?' @03$ $I E6'1?'I /) #3$##) /'G$//) ?'
&)%%$13$- ,G CransisCor $L SDinEi acc$so>
4 50 &)%%$13$ &)1#6D030 1$/ %0D) ?' 7)/0%'((0(')1$ +:2* Si sDppon$ aGGora iG CransisCor in saCDra(ion$>
$ :2>- ?'D'16'#&$ ?' 61 J033)%$ *<<F Ja corr$nC$ $L aGGora EaCa EaP
4 50 :'1 06D$130 ?' 61 J033)%$ *<<
,? 0 68+.NS4.23-* 0 578m:;.*8+45>QR.O5.-* 0 T>TUVm:

Da cioL n$ E$riva Ga C$nsion$ sDG Erain

4 5) #3$##) &)1&$33) 1)1 76)8 $##$%$ 077/'&03) &)1 61 .D 0 ,?8<D 0 T>TUVm: 8 177! 0 *>*TT .
3%01#'#3)% 2'7)/0%$ '1 E6013) /0 &)%%$13$ ?' 20#$ $8 1)1K
16//0 $ #' G6)/$ &H$ #'0 3%0#&6%02'/$ %'#7$33) 0 E6$//0 Si v$riXica ancY$ cY$ iG CransisCor $L in saCDra(ion$
?$/ %0D) ?' 7)/0%'((0(')1$F .ND 0 @>@@. 4 *>*T. 0 5>7V. Z[\\

V - 66 October 9:, 900: ( V(-(23( 0ct&5er(289(2008(

A# $%sc(irotto - Note 0er i1 corso 2i 31ettronic%! C"pitolo V * +l t,"nsisto, MO1!

!"#$%&''$'&"()*+)#*t%$(-&-t"%*./0* !olarizzazione del transistor MO0

"#$%&'(')!*!+II-! "#$%&'(')!*!+,,,-!
%&& .//!0!1.! !
.23!0!45.! %&& .//!0!1.!
"#1 60!5789:;.*! .23!0!45.!
<=5!0!5>1?!! "#$ 60!5789:;.*!
! <=*!0!@?!! <=5!0!5>1?!!
000A!!!!!</!0!576!!!B000! M <=*!0!@?!!
"#' "& 000A!!!!!</!0!576!!!B000!
"#2 "(
!
C! D)9$!E$F!&G#)!H%$&$I$EJ$!#'!)JJ'$E$K! !
<=* CD!%'#)EF(')G$!H%DI'&D!$J!'EEF#K%DKD!L'!#$HF'K)!
.L!0!.//!8!<=5!M<=*!!0!@>@@.!
!
.LN!0!@>@@.!4!1.!0!45>OP.!
NQHH)E$EI)!'F!J%GE#'#J)%!'E!#GJQ%G(')E$!FG!&)%%$EJ$!$RK!
!

I?!0!68+.LN4.23-*!0!5789:;.*8+45>OP.M5.-*!0!S>STU9:!
/G!&')R!E$!I$%'VG!FG!J$E#')E$!#QF!I%G'E!
./!0!I?8</!0!S>STU9:!8!576!!0!SS>TU!.!
N'!)JJ'$E$!QER'E&)EW%Q$E(G!&)E!FR'H)J$#'!I'!HG%J$E(G>!
:FF)%G! ='#)WEG! &G9='G%$! 'H)J$#'>! N'! #QHH)E$! XQ'EI'! &Y$! 'F!
J%GE#'#J)%!)H$%'!'E!()EG!F'E$G%$>! !
N'!#&%'V$!GFF)%G!FR$XQG(')E$K! M'!)KK$GH)G)!LF$!#)EF(')G'N!
./N*& .//!4!./N ! CD! #)EF(')G$! 5! DPPD%K'$G$! DEED! ()GD! 'G! &F'! 'E! 9)L$EE)!
$ '
#
I/!0!*868#"+.LN!4!.23-8./N!4! * &%!!0! <N !! 9DK$9DK'&)! +,0*868+.)Q8./M4./M*;*--! L$#&%'Q$! 'E!
N'!%'#)FV$!H$%!./!$!#'!)JJ'$E$K! &)9P)%KD9$GK)!L$E!&'%&F'K)!$L!$J!RF$EED!&)%%$KKD!
Z./N!0!7>7@T55@.[!./N!0!5>@55TU\! ! CD! #)EF(')G$! *! DPPD%K'$G$! DEED! ()GD! 'G! &F'! 'E!
IFG(')GD9$GK)!L$E!&'%&F'K)!G)G!$J!L$#&%'KK)!LDE!9)L$EE)!
]G!H%'9G!#)FQ(')E$!$R!XQ$FFG!VGF'IG!'E!XQGEJ)!FG!#$&)EIG!E)E!
9DK$9DK'&)!$!RF'GL'!G)G!$J!&)%%$KKD>!
&)%%'#H)EI$!GI!QEG!H)FG%'((G(')E$!'E!()EG!F'E$G%$>!

5 - 67 8cto9er :;< :==; V * 23 Octo5e, 289 2::8

! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!0/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'% !"p$%&'&()(*(+'(%,"-.$.%&,(/01

!olari''a'ione +el transistor .O0 Caratteri'tica in+re''o-u'cita

"serci(io *
"serci(io * (,)
+T- . /+
.T0 1 234. 0 . 1m34+1
, 1 25m7
5i disegni la caratteristica <
Quale e< il massimo valore di =s> + per +.@A1+, C+D
? per tenere il transistor C in
satura(ione D
<l transistor se eE acceso eE in satura(ione in GuantoH
+I5 . +J5 K +J5A+T-

La tensione di drain e< data daF Ler +M+T- il transistor eE spento e GuindiH
<.N
.G 1 4. H ,I?
La tensione minima di satura(ione del drain e<F Ler +K+T- il transistor eE acceso e la corrente < eE data daH

< . 0 OP+ A +T-Q1

.Gmin 1 .J H .T0 1 5. H 234. 1 H234.
<l graRico risulta GuindiH
0(0%'
Ke risulta che ?maM e<F
0(0%

0(02'

4. H .Gmin N34. 0(02

?maM 1 , 1 25m7 1 N45!
0(0#' /at2ra4io7e

0(0#

0(00'
-..
0

!0(00'

!0(0#
!2 !# 0 # 2 % & '
) +),

! 5!-!67! 8',+9/*!:7;!:<<7! ( )(*(23( 04%&56,(789(7::8(

! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!p/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'%! Cap$to'o ) * +' trans$stor /0S!

!"#"$$%#&'$&(" &*+#%'',-.'(&$" !"#"$$%#&'$&(")&*+#%'',-.'(&$")

! "#$%&'(')!*!(,,)!
"#$%&'(')!*!+,-!!
.$!#)/0(')1'!2'!!!3454(6'7689):;(6'!7!689)!7!6<<=!>#!!#)1)?!
" $
! !
./0!=!2.! 7@A @;B434546<<
6'7689!=! :4345 !!
3!=!4567.4!
8=43!! .C!#)/0(')1$!$D!E0$//C!&)1!'/!D;D!'1!E0C1F)!2$G$!$##$%$!
.99!=!2:.! 6'!H!689!!
! I'!)FF'$1$!E0'12'!6'=:6!
;<=&)=<%$!.)+.'-! !

! J0'12'!K$%!@6L6'L:6!'/!F%C1#'#F)%!$D!'1!#CF0%C(')1$M!
!
!
N! O$%!:6L6'!'/!F%C1#'#F)%!)K$%C!'1!%$P')1$!/'1$C%$!
>! ?$%!.'!@!2.A!'=!B%<C#'#B)%!$D!)EE!+.'=.FG@./0-!$!H$%B<CB)I!
6<I: 6):
! ,!=!:454!Q(6RI7689)6<I!7! : !S!=!:454!Q(6'7689)6)!7! : !S!
.)!=!.99!
6):&&
" " $$
% %
! 6)!=!6<<!7!34,!=!6<<!7!34%!:454%!(6'7689)46)!7! : &#&#!!
>! ?$%!.'J2.!'=!B%<C#'#B)%!HK)D!&)CLK%%$M! !
! G'!#KHH)C$!N!'C!#<BK%<(')C$M!O<!&)%%$CB$!$D!L<B<!L<I! 6)!=!6<<!7!:45434(6'!7!689)46)!;!54346):!
,!=!3!P+.FG!Q!./0-4=!3!P+.'!Q!./0-4! !
! R$!#$SK$!&T$!.)!$D!L<B)!L<I! 54346):7!(@;:45434(6'!7!689))46)!;!6<<!=>!
!
.)!=!.99!Q!8P,!=!.99!Q!8P3P+.'!Q!./0-4!
(@;:45434(6'!7!689))A (@;:45434(6'!7!689)):7B454346<<
! N!$D!'C!#<BK%<(')C$!E'C&T$D!! 6)!=! :4543 !!
.9GJ.FG!Q!./0!! !

.)!J!.'!Q!./0!! .C!#)/0(')1$!&)%%$FFC!$D!E0$//C!&)1!'/!D7D!(C0T$1FC12)!6'U!6)!
;')$D!H$%! 2$G$!2'T'10'%$)!
!
.99!Q!8P3P+.'!Q!./0-4!J!.'!Q!./0!!
(@;:45434(6'7689))7 (@;:45434(6'7689)):7B454346<<
! 6)!=! :4543 !!
!8P3P+.'!Q!./0-4!U!+.'!Q!./0-!Q!.99!@!:!

! 5!-!67! 8',+9/*!:;<!:==;! ) * 20 0cto5er 789 7008

 "# $aschir+tt+ - .+te per il c+rs+ di 3lettr+4ica Capit&l& ) * +l tra-sist&r /01

Caratteristica ingresso-uscita Linearizzazione delle caratteristiche

del transistor 012
"serci(io * +III-
#aratteristica di ingresso

.ome approssima(ione si potre44e trascurare 6o2, e

ottenere9

6o : 6;; < 2=k=?=+6i < 6@A-=6o

" Buindi9
6;;
6o : DE2=k=?=+6i < 6@A-

&
,--
%

$ .atura3(one
la caratteristica :i i-gress& e< m&lt& -&-*li-eare
#aratteristica d/uscita
#

"
7(neare
!

! " # $ % &
'( [']

la caratteristica :i uscita e< m&lt& li-eare

5 - 67 8ct+9er :;< :==; ) * 23 0ct&5er 378 3997

A# $asch)rotto - .ote 0er )1 corso d) 31ettron)ca! Capitolo ) * +l transistor /O1

Circuito e*ui+alente per piccolo !"#$%"&'()*%"+,-).&)(/)#(/"$$'-'(

0egnale del tran0i0tor 345 0)1.,-)(2)-(&#,.0"0&'#(345(
!

! #$$%&''()*+(&,-! .(! &%.(,-! +-%&! /(,.($-,.-,0-! .*11*!

2%-34-,+*5!

!
" #a lineari**a*ione ,el generatore ,i corrente risulta
! 67! 484*1-! *1! 9(%94(0&! -34(:*1-,0-! .-1! 0%*,'('0&%! ;($&1*%-!
,-1!9*'&!.(!!<!=!9>-!9&)$&%0*!%"<!! 23 4 23 56789 638 9 6:8;
!

! #$$%&''()*+(&,-! .(! $%()7&%.(,-! /.($-,.-,0-! .*11*! " <re generatori ,i corrente controllati ,a tensioni sono
2%-34-,+*5! necessari=
! !23
gm 4 !678 transcon,uttan*a

? !23
g,s 4 ro 4 !638 con,uttan*a ,@uscita ,el ,rain

!23
gmA 4 !6:8 transcon,uttan*a ,i suAstrato
!
! ?,! $*%*)-0%&! 0($(9&! $-%! :*140*%-! 1*! :-1&9(0*7! .(! %('$&'0*! " <utti Buesti parametri ,ipen,ono ,al punto ,i laDoro
.-1!0%*,'('0&%!@AB!-7!1*!2%-34-,+*!.(!0%*,'(+(&,-!/2C5! 5polari**a*ione; ,el transistor
2C!<!8)DEFB!
! 2C!-7!.-2(,(0*!9&)-!1*!2%-34-,+*!.-1!$&1&!.-1!84*.*8,&!.(!
9&%%-,0-!,-11*!9&,2(84%*+(&,-!*!'&4%9-!9&)4,-!

5 - 67 8cto9er :;< :==; ) * 22 Octo4er 67, 6997

 ". $aschirotto - .ote per il corso 2i 3lettronica Capitolo V - Il transistor MOS

Circuito e*uivalente per piccolo Circuito equivalente per piccolo

segnale segnale
Transconduttanza 5gm7
" #ella regione sottosoglia. Transconduttanza (gm)
Id
gm0 3T
n 5
Inoltre gm dipende da che a sua volta e' funzione della
>come un transistor bipolare con nA1< n!2C temperatura, del campo elettrico trasversale e del
" #ella regione lineare. campo elettrico medio laterale
#W& #W&
gm 0 678o9 7 "! ; %$ 7V=S 0 273 7 "! ; %$ 7V=S
# T & 3/2 ) Ey ,+ m ) 1 ,
= 0 "!T0%$ (
'1 + Ecrit* ( VDS +
" #ella regione di saturazione. '1 + L Esat*
#W& #W&
gm 0 678o9 "! ; %$ 7 BVCS D VTEF 0 273 7 "! ; %$ 7BVCS D VTEF

SPICE usa un'equazione di fitting:

) ucrit - .si , uexp

= 0 ('Cox(VGS Von utra VDS)+*

" #elle situazioni reali la gm e' minore del Halore indicato

dalle e5uazioni

5 - 67 8ctober 27< 2007 V - 46 October 27, 2007

A. Baschirotto - Note per il corso di Elettronica Capitolo V - Il transistor MOS

Circuito equivalente per piccolo Circuito equivalente per piccolo

segnale segnale
Conduttanza d'uscita del drain (gds) Conduttanza d'uscita del drain (gds)
Correnti di valanga
Nella regione lineare
#W&
gds = Cox "! L %$ (VGS VTH VDS)
gds = 2k (VGS VTH VDS)

Nella regione di saturazione (appros. del I ordine) Cariche mobile, accellerate dal campo elettrico nella
gds = 'ID zona di svuotament del drain creano, per ionizzazione
Effetti del second'ordine: da impatto, delle coppie elettrone-lacuna
La riduzione della lunghezza di canale e' stata calcolata Cio' comporta un aumento della corrente di drain ID e
considerando solo la caduta di tensione laterale. Una della corrente di substrato IB
piu' accurata analisi da come risultato:

1 1 Cox -,1(VDS VGS) + 2(VGS Vsat)0/

(L ) (L(1st order) + *s + VDS Vsat .

La tensione di soglia dipende da VDS (per canali corti).

La mobilita' dipende dal campo laterale medio (VDS/L). IS = !ID " !L
L'effetto valanga aumenta ID. La corrente di substrato puo' favorire il latch-up
Il rumore del dispositivo aumenta
L'impedenza di uscita diminuisce
Portatori possono essere intrappolati nell' ossido e cio'
causa una variazione della tensione di soglia VTH
(effetto di elettroni caldi)

V - 47 October 27, 2007 V - 48 October 27, 2007

 "# $%&'()*+,,+ - .+,/ 0/* )1 '+*&+ 2) 31/,,*+4)'% !"p$t&'& ) - +' t,"-.$.t&, /O1

!i#$uit'()*ui+,-)nt)(p)#(pi$$'-'( !"#$%&'(&)*+,)-.$(/&/-'.)012)
0)1n,-)( 2'33$.&')
"e$ione +,- . +/0
!'n2utt,n3,(24u0$it,(2)-(2#,in(51206(
lineare +1- 2 +,- 3 +/0
!'##)nti(2i(+,-,n1,( ; +1-?
41 5 67Co9: < = >:+,-3+/0=+1- 3 ? @
" #e %orrenti di v-l-n/- sono pe//iori nell2 34O6
+1-?
41 5 ?7A7 >:+,-3+/0=+1- 3 ? @
#;&
$m 5 67Co9 7 "! < %$ 7 +1- 5 ?7A 7 +1-
E #;&
$ds 5 ro 5 67Co9 "! < %$ :+,- 3 +/0 3 +1-=
"e$ione di +,- . +/0
satGraHione +1- . +,- 3 +/0
E #;&
41 5 ? 67Co9"! < %$ :+,- 3 +/0= ? :E I ' +1-=
41 5 A7:+,- 3 +/0=? :E I ' +1-=
#;&
$m 5 67Co9 "! < %$ :+,- 3 +/0=
7n2espressione pi82 -%%8r-t- dell- %ond8tt-n9- di 8s%it- e2:
$m5 ?7A7:+,-3+/0= 5 ?7 A741
41
/ds ; !<= (< ordine) $m5 ?7+,-3+/0
E
"BTD $ds 5 ro 5 '741
@ /A "B=6 (%-n-le %orto)
6 # <&
4)5)7))8)9)8 :';)8)"! = %$ )))
<= "!
E ! "B=6 (velo%it-2 di s-t8r-9ione)
"<6
E "B=6 (v-l-n/-)

5 - 67 8',+9/* :;< :==; ) - 23 O4t&56, 289 2338

! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!0/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'% !"#$%&'&()(*(+'(%,"-.$.%&,(/01!

!ta$i $i 'ua$a'no con ,-! !"#$%&$%&'(#$#')*&+*)&,-!&

(#$%&'(%)&!*+,--,..&!)#!/0!1!',0#0.,%z(!)#!0&'$,%.,)!
" #$ %&'($$& ) *+,,&$& -(./)$( '($ 012 34012 & 50126 4! 5'(#%!6&78%,! !
(7 +$ -(.8(/9(: $%% !
!
!"#
!, )* !
( )-
+- 9& $7;(/<==/>)
+*
!"& !' !. 9# !!:!1@$7;(/<==/>)!!
!
!
4! <&8'6,!6&78%,! !
!
!
!
" 2+ *8&7 &--(;<);( ,=( (7 +'(/9+,& ) >8($$& '($ 9;)/-+-9&; 9&
?+*&$);( /($ ,)-& '+ ;!@" 3,+&(7 ,&/ !@"6 9# !!:!A!$7;(/5==/>)!
!
!
4! B,008%!,*,..'&)&!(!7(00(! !
$%% !
!% )-
!
!"1
!, )* +- !
( !. 9& $7;(/5==/>)
A--8%(/'& ,=(: +*
!"2 !'
9# !!:! 1@$7;/< !!
B C@D 2 !
!
E C@D F 4! G(.,!6&78%,! !
$%% !
G C@D H
!% !,
!
!"# *+
-+ !
" I7(-*;(--+&/( -+%?&$+,) '($ .8)')./& '+ 8/& -9)'+& ) (
9& $7;/<
012 -+ *8&7 >8+/'+ ;+,)<);( ')$$7(-*;(--+&/( '($ !"& !' )) ## !!:!1@$7;/<!!;(/5==/>)!
,&;;+-*&/'(/9( -9)'+& ) ?+*&$);( .+)7 ;+,)<)9&J !
!

! 5!-!67! 8',+9/*!:;<!:==;! ( )(*(23( 04%&56,(378(3997(

! A#!$as'(i*otto!-!.ote!0e*!il!'o*so!di!3lett*oni'a! !"p$t&'& ) - +' t,"-.$.t&, /O1

!
!
!"#$#%&' )#**+)'
!"#$%$&'$(%)()&*+$,,-(%)(.&( $+ "& ,-#&*+*,'- ./0
/+0&,),/-+(123(
!
! !""
!

I
%o
M
%i

(
!
!
"#$%&!'!!! vo 1 2 ,
! vi % & 'mro % & 2 ,-. !-. % & ! -.
!
!
"#$%(!'!!)*!!+!"S-.1!+!01-)*2! 0 -l '2ada'no a2menta per correnti piccole
!
!
3(!'!#4564-"( #
3456473("!!'9!"#$%S!'! "(!+!)* !!
#4564!'!701!.87345642+ )* ! 1+!01-)*

! 5!-!67! 8'to9e*!:;<!:==;! ) - 23 O4t&56, 289 2::8

"# $%&'()*+,,+ - N+,/ 0/* )1 '+*&+ 2) 31/,,*+4)'%! !"#$%&'&()(*(+'(%,"-.$.%&,(/01

!"#$%&z&( (+) !"#$%&'&()*++,)

S# $a o'a l)#*o+e-# .# /2 #n -a+2'az#one4 5--en.o # .2e
! #** +'an-#-+o' #.en+#c# (+'a-c2'an.o l)e$$e++o 8o.9) e.
"##!$!1&!"! a;en.o la -+e--a co''en+e< # .2e +'an-#-+o' la;o'ano
'1!$!()*+!! %+ %& con la -+e--a =>S:
)o
'2!$!1)*+!! =>S/1 = =>S/2 = 14B=
#$
"-.!$!1"! M" Ne -eD2e cEe:
+!$!*/01"2! 'i =FS/1 = =G H =>S/2 = 14B=
)i
'2!$!3+!! M+ '& 5--en.o =FS/1I=>S/1H=TH< -# ;e'#$#ca L2#n.# cEe l)#*o+e-#
42!$!1&56! %" .# /1 #n -a+2'az#one e) co''e++a4
47!89!!! ! Ma co''en+e .# /2 -co''e +2++a -2 NM4 Ol .'a#n .# /2 -# *o'+a
":$;"! L2#n.# a:
<7! =>?=@?7! 7?! AB5C@! D7! ?>E@F@! GD! 7?! HB>D>H5@! E@1E7IJK! G! JG! 5G! =F/2 = =FF H O/2NM = B=
CF>==75@!7!D7>HF>//7!D7!:@DG! S# ;e'#$#ca L2#n.# cEe ancEe l)#*o+e-# .# /2 #n zona .#
<7!E>?BC7!7?!/>JJ7/@!JGH5>?G!75!75HFGJJ@!AF7/>!=LG!M2!G5CF7! -a+2'az#one e) co''e++a4
75!N@5>!?75G>FG! Ol c#'c2#+o *e' #l calcolo .ella '#-*o-+a *e' *#ccolo -eDnale e) #l
-eD2en+e:
OGF!?>!A@?>F7NN>N7@5G!7?!H>CG!D7!M1!J7!A@FC>!=@/B5PBG!>Q! '2 D2 !/
! !"#2 "%2&!"#2
'2 '1 D1 )2
"RM1!$!'1!S!'2!!T!"##!$!1)*"!$!"R<M1! R- 0-
! !"#1 "%1&!"#1
!.
UJJG5D@!"R<M19"-.V!7?!CF>5J7JC@F!M1!GW!>==GJ@)! )1
OGF!":$;"!>5=LG!"R<M29"-.!G!PB75D7!M2!GW!>==GJ@)!
XF>!J7!JBAA@5G!M1!75!J>CBF>N7@5G)!QB75D7!?>!JB>!=@FFG5CG!GWQ! S# *2o) no+a'e coQe +2++a la co''en+e .el Dene'a+o'e
! coQan.a+o DQ1;D-1 *a--# +2++a a++'a;e'-o #l Dene'a+o'e
ZM1!$!+!T!I"R<M1!8!"-.K2!$!*/01"2!T!I&)*"K2!$!1)2*/0! coQan.a+o DQ2;D-2 *e' *o# 'aDD#2nDe'e #l ca'#co
! (NMRRSM)4 Ol D2a.aDno e) L2#n.# .a+o .a:
2>!JCGJJ>!=@FFG5CG!J=@FFG!JB!M2)!! ;o DQ1NM
H(-) = ;# = H DQ1(NMRRSM) = H 1 + -SMNM

5 - 66 O',+8/* 2:; 2<<: ( )(*(23( 04%&56,(789(7::8(

! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!0/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'% Ca#$tolo ) * +l trans$stor /01!

!serci'io *+++, !"#$%&'&( *+,-

!
"# $%&'()&* +( ,-#.$*-(/*&,) .( 0%)1 .2-(3*-* 2)/*4 "#$! %&'()&$#! *'! +#,-&'#! .&++*./! 0#$12#3! 45! #-)$*! *-! 6/-&!
3) < '*-#&$#! #3! -#1#++&$*/! +1$*%#$#! (-&! 1/-7*6*/-#! 7*! 6/-&!
56.7 8 3( 8 9 :) ; < = .>!0 '*-#&$#! 0#$! 45! 12#! 0(/3! #++#$#! 12#! *'! 7$&*-8!
+1#-7#-7/8!$&,,*(-,#!*'!%&'/$#9!
2)&4 !
< < :;<'*-!=!:><!?!:@A!
!0 8 ?";@" 8 AB";<C&D 8 EF B-#+>.*2 !
HI< <NEF/: /%%#$/!
G/< 8 E; JKLI< 9 JM5 8 E ; CNFJ 8 F/:>J :;'*-!=!:>!?!:@A!
:) 8 G/<;?" 8 F/:>J ; AB" 8 EC 68EO+P7 !
B'!,&)#!7*!45!#3!C*++/8!.#-)$#!*'!+(/!7$&*-!#3!&''&!)#-+*/-#9!
!
HQ +(#G-#//# +( P)+* *1 (Q .*G%*&,*
:;45!=!:;45/!D!E/F%*!
!
1/-! E/! =! ?! ,.GFHI8! :;45/! #3! '&! )#-+*/-#! 7*! 0/'&$*66&6*/-#!
7#'! 7$&*-! 7*! 45J! ;&''&! 0$#1#7#-)#! #+0$#++*/-#! +*! 0(/3!
+1$*%#$#9!
!
:;45/!D!E/!F%*.&K!=!:>45!?!:@A!
!
<*! 0(/3! L(*-7*! $*1&%&$#! *'! %&'/$#! .&++*./! *-! *-,$#++/! 12#!
$*+(')&!#++#$#!7&)/!7&9!
!
L( &),( 2R* 0*- $STC Q# $#.* ,*&+* # 9<UCV 0*- Q# 0-*.*&'# :;/?:>45?:@A M:?N:?GJM: OJM:
%*.&K!=! E/ !!=! 5O !!=! 5O !!=!5M.:!
+*Q .*G&) 9 &*QQ1*.0-*..()&* +*QQ# $%&'()&* +(
,-#.$*-(/*&,)N

! 5!-!67! 8',+9/*!:7;!:<<7! ) * 23 0cto5er 789 7::8

"# $%sc(irotto - .ote 0er i1 corso di 31ettronic%! Capitolo ) * +l transistor /OS

!rai% comu%e
"#$%&#$t# (O*-,-p#/0&1 ,om-ortame%to i% fre0ue%1a 234
$%%
" Senza l'e**etto di /s e a
!"# !'3-3
centro34anda 5cioe' con
!, )*
+2
Ci e Co 'corti3circuiti'8
! "#$%&'()! ! *+,! !*/01
( )-
+-
! ! ! ! +* +,
vo gm=5/S>>/L8
!"& !' !.
-.! /0 3! /6 vi : @Agm=5/S>>/L8
! 12!! 2517,819:!!
!
1;! 1==!1! 3! 2=!>!?=1!
! ! ! ! Ber ricavare la *unzione di tras*erimento si puo' scomporre il
(%! 1; 3! 1; pro4lema in tre parti scrivendoD
! /0 !! /6 !! vo vo vs vg
! ! vi : vs = vg = vi
! ! ! ! vg
7@'A'-B%! 1; ! ! " Calcolo di vi
.'CC#.%! 8! 12 !! 3! 8!25 D!!5! /6!!5!1;!
! " Eel circuito di piccolo segnale
!
3 le due resistenze /4@ e /4F sono a massa
! ! ! !
3 /inGH : !
+EEC)2! F1.1! F! 1=!>!2=!.1!
Allora si puo' scrivereD
!
! ! ! ! vg 5/4@>>/4F8
E9! E9G"/H! 3! E9G*+,! vi : @ :
! ! /s A s=Ci A 5/4@>>/4F8

s=Ci=5/4@>>/4F8
: @As=Ci=5/s A 5/4@>>/4F88 :
vg s=!zGgi
vi : @As=!pGgi
ConD !zGgi : Ci=5/4@>>/4F8J
!pGgi : Ci=5/s A 5/4@>>/4F88

5 - 67 Octo9er 2;< 2==; ) * 23 Octo5er 28, 2338

 A# $aschirotto - Note per il corso di 3lettronica !"#$%&'&()(*(+'(%,"-.$.%&,(/01

!rain com*ne !"#$% '()*%+

Comportamento in /re0*en1a 2334 ,()-(".#)+%.( $% /"+0*+%1# 23334
$%%

*s $DD
" #a%co%o (i *g !"# !Stot
!s )i
+4
-i p/o0 1i/ti%i33a1e %0e5/a3ione M )o
+out
!i,23 Rb1 RStot
(e% (1ain com/ne semp%ificata9 +i, +s
!/ Rs Ci
!"& !S +g
sostit/en(o a :-9 :-tot (ata ( Co
(a; Rin23 +out
+in +s
# > &
Rb2 RS R/
:-tot < :- == "!s?#o @ :A%$ <
# > &
:- ? "!s?#o @ :A%$ > @ s?#o?:A
< # > & < :- ? > @ s?#o?B:A@:-C
" %
:- @ !s?#o @ :A$ *'
#$%&'%' () *+
D/in(i si ottiene
*s gm?:-tot
*g < >@gm?:-tot < *' -. +1-.1#'
gm?:-?B> @ s?#o?:AC *+ , 0 , 0/+1-.1#' ,
< > @ gm?:- @ s?#o?B:A @ :- @ gm?:-?:AC < -. / +1#'

gm?:- > @ s?#o?:A

< >@gm?:- ? :A @ :- @ gm?:-?:A < *' +1!'+
> @ s?#o? gm?:- *+ , 0 / +1!'+
*s >@s?'3Fsg
*g < Esg ? >@s?'pFsg #'23 !'+ , #'1-.
gm?:-
#on; Esg < >@gm?:-
:A @ :- @ gm?:-?:A
'3Fsg < #o?:AG 'pFsg < #o? gm?:-

5 - 61 October 2;< 200; ( )(*(23( 04%&56,(378(3997(

A# $as'(i*otto - .ot/ p/* il 'o*so 2i 3l/tt*oni'a! !"#$%&'& ) - +' %,"-.$.%&, /01

!"#$%&'()*%+& !"a$% '()*%+

,()-(".#)+%.(&$%&/"+0*+%z#&(34)& ,()-(".a)+%.( $% /"+0*+%1a 234
$%%
" #$%g'%(($ )$ *o),
-o 01!o0 01!65g$
!"# !'1.1
-$ . /0g 1 1301!450g 1 1301!45g$
!- )*
+4
( ). 7844o9,9)o :;,<
!*,23 +.01
+- !450g = !45g$
+*,
!"& !' !/ " > )$%g'%(($ )$ *o), ),ll% '$04o0@% $9 A',B8,96%
),llC%(4l$A$:%@o', 0o9o<
!
!
"! #$%&&'()*+,-!
., ., .& .1 &0!,& 2+&0!56&1 &0!561$
.$ !!=!.&!!0!!.1!!0! .$ !!=!2!+!&0!,&!!0!4&1!0!2+&0!76&1!!0!2+&0!761$!!
!

!
1(0#9
8,*-! 4&1!=!2+1(0#9!!!
! !561$!=!8$0:#;2<<#;=>?!
! !761$!=!8$0:#&!+!:#;2<<#;=>>!
! !56&1!=!8,0#@!
#@!+!#9!+!1(0#90#@
! !76&1!=!8,0 1(0#9 !!
! !,&!=!8,0#@!
! >l g8%)%g9o /! 0$ o@@$,9, 4,' 0.! ,) ,C )%@o )%<
A&&)*+,-!!,&!=!!56&1!B!CD)&7E)&&$,*)!&$!E$+'F)!%-! -o !o0 !65g$
/! . -$ . /0g 1 !450g 1 !45g$ .
!
., &0!,& &0!561$ g(1D7 g(1D71DE DF1GGDF2
. 13g(1D7 1 DE 3 D7 3 g(1D71DE 1D0 3 (DF1GGDF2) "
.$ !!=!4&1!0!2+&0!76&1!!0!2+&0!761$!!

g(1D7 DF1GGDF2
/! " 13g(1D7 1D0 3 (DF1GGDF2)

5 - 67 O'to9/* 2;< 2==; ) - 23 04%&56, 289 2::8

 A. Baschirotto - .ote per il corso di 3lettronica !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01

!ro$etto d) u+ Sour-e -omu+e /01 !ro$etto di *n ,o*rce com*ne /001

"e$ mi'imi((a$e *a +,te'(a .issi+ata s0* $am, .i
"# $%&% '(% )*+,-(&- $. )-,(%/- 0*( 1)2344!5 - 0*( +,*a$i((a(i,'e si +0,1 fissa$e3
%67.-88% $. 946:; 451 77 452 9 2M!
<. 7+*,-&&. '(* )&%$.* $. ,'%$%,(* % <*'+0- 0*6'(- Ci,1 c,m+,$ta3
=7*/%+.88%8.*(- .(0/')%> 0?- +.-)0% % +-%/.88%+- 45177452
'(#%67/.@.0%8.*(- $. AB4 )' $. '( 0%+.0* +-).)&.C* $. 4s = 45177452 9 >????@AAA2@
34D!; B0est, C0a.aC', De$$a1 a++$,ssimat, c,' 1 e .i seC0it,
E.6-().*(%+- . 0*($-()%&*+. $. .(,+-))* =FGA7%))> - $. t$asc0$at,> E* C0a.aC', si +0,1 a**,$a sc$iDe$e c,me3
0%+.0* .( 6*$* 0?- /#%67/.@.0%8.*(- %FF.% '(% F%($% D, DC D,
HI4J8 A I4DJ8K; FD 9 Di 9 Di G DC 9 H 2G IGEJ G4J 9 H KA
<. C%/'&. /% 7*&-(8% $.)).7%&%; Ja ci,1 si $icaDa i* Da*,$e .e**a c,$$e'te .i +,*a$i((a(i,'e3
<. ?% % $.)7*).8.*(- '( &+%().)&*+ LMN< 0*( :OJ23: - 1 $ FD ' 2
EJ 9 I G #"2G4J&% 9 A>22@mF 9 E
D2346PQ:I;
Ja ci,1 si $icaDa *a LMS .e* t$a'sist,$3
E
LMS 9 LTP = I 9 1>1@L
$%%
e *a ca.0ta .i te'si,'e s0 4J3
)% L4J 9 EG4J 9 2>2@L
!"# !%
!, )* +- Q1am+ie((a .e* seC'a*e .i 0scita e1 .i3
F,0t 9 @AmL G KA G 2 9 KL
(
Si +0,1 a**,$a fissa$e3
+*
LJJ 9 RL LM 9 2L
!"& ' ),
"e$ fissa$e LM 9 2L .eDe esse$e3
451 9 2 G 452
451G452 2G4522 2
R# -)7+-)).*(- $-/ ,'%$%,(* $. '( )*'+0- 0*6'(- -#S 451=452 9 KG452 9 K G 452 9 2M!
Se seC0e che3
C* C, C* 1F3QQ1FI 452 9 KM! e 451 9 RM!
PC 2 C. 2 C. T C, 2 1) U 1F3QQ1FI T =V ,6T1E>

5 - 67 Octo9er :;, :==; ) * 22 03%&45, 678 6997

"# $%&'()*+,,+ - .+,/ 0/* )1 '+*&+ 2) 31/,,*+4)'%! !"#$%olo ) * +l %,"-.$.%o, /01

!"#$%&&# () *+ ,#*"-% -#.*+% /0001 !" $%&''()" *) '"++&,-&

! "#$%&%'%(&#
"#! $%&'! #()#(*! $+&,*--.+*! #/! 0./&+*! 1*#! 2&(1*(3.-&+#! 1#!
#(,+*33&!*!1#!%32#-.4! ()
5*+! #/! 2&(1*(3.-&+*! 1#! #(,+*33&! 6#7! /.! )%(8#&(*! 1#! !"#$ !%&'
:,.-* )(*+ , -.)R#$
-+.3)*+#9*(-&! :#( !!*';!
- #0 %1 2*3432&( 4% 5(66#&+#
0,.-* =>?@@=>A *&""#+' -.""%"
0# !!<! ? !!<!!!
=3!B!3C6#!B!=>?@@=>A
3C6#CD=>?@@=>AE 3C6#CD=>?@@=>AE
<!?!B!3C6#CD=3!B!=>?@@=>AE!!!!?!B!3C6#CD=>?@@=>AE!!
7(&8%4#31%+30
!
F'! %(.! )414-4! 1#! -#$&! $.33.G./-&4! H&0+.'! I%#(1#! )#33.+*/.! 9 :66(6# &#1 2*3432&( 4%
)+*I%*(8.! #()*+#&+*! 1#! -.,/#&! DAJK8E! .! 2%#! 1*0&! 5(66#&+#
%,%.,/#.+*!#/!$&/&!#(!#(,+*33&7!!2#&*';! ()
9 );<#4#&'3 4% *=5%+3 >6(*+? !o&'
? !"#$
)$#!<!AC"C6#CD=>?@@=>AE!!<!AJK8! ,@ 6%4*5# 13 5(66#&+# =*1
RAB )(*+ , -.)R#$ . /01
"#!+#2.0.!I%#(1#;!
6#!<!L(M! RA " o&'
RA C 6(*+ *&""#+' -.""o"
5*+!#/!2&(1*(3.-&+*!1#!%32#-.7!#/!2.+#2&!=H@@6H!+*./#88.!%(.!
9 D#&=%(&# 4% =3+*63'%(&#
)414-4! 1#! -#$&! $.33.G>.33&! *! )#33.! .//&+.! /.! )+*I%*(8.!
>E5;?
3%$*+#&+*!1#!-.,/#&!2N*!3.+.'!1.-.!1.;!
,@ <#6 E(FE5; 1( =<#55G%( 4% 5(66#&+# &(& (<#63
? 5(66#++3;#&+#
)$&!<!AC"C6HC=H!!<!AJOK8!
"#!+#2.0.!I%#(1#;! 9 H(;<(6+3;#&+( %& $6#I*#&'3
!
6H!<!J4P(M!

5 - 67 8',+9/* 27; 2<<7 ) * 23 04%o56, 279 2007

 "# $%&'()*+,,+ - .+,/ 0/* )1 '+*&+ 2) 31/,,*+4)'% !"#$%olo ) * +l %,"-.$.%o, /01

!" $%&''()" *) '"++&,-& !"#$$%&' )& $'**#+,# -#."/&$#

012)23+' )& $'**#+,#
"##lica(ioni

+ ,olari((a(ione di circuiti

Ire Circuit Circuit

f no. 1 no. 2 " #$ %&'() *+ ,)-.()/*%+'
34 #6&
0('1 2 0$ 2 5 "! 7 %$ 89:;$ < 9=>?5 8$ @ ' 9A;$?
Read $
section Ibias Ibias 9A;$ 2 9:;$ 2 9:;5
" ;' #5 %&'() *+ ,)-.()/*%+'
Current mirror
34 #6&
0%.- 2 05 2 5 "! 7 %$ 89:;5 < 9=>?5 8$ @ ' 9A;5?
5
#6&
" %
!7$
+ 2el cammino di 4egnale 5 8$ @ ' 9A;5?
0%.- 2 0('1 #6& 8$ @ ' 9A;$?
" %
!7$
Current mirror
$
Read
section
Iout " B,% C* )D&* 89:; < 9=>? &'( D*EF*%()(' F) &('G*,*%+' C'F
E.)C)E+% C* G%(('+-' 8(*C.G'+C% F4*D&%(-)+/) C'FF'
Isignal
H)(*)/*%+* C'FF) -'+,*%+' C* ,%EF*)?
2Isignal " 9)(*)/*%+* -*&*GI' C'FF) -'+,*%+' C* ,%EF*) ,%+%
Isignal
Isignal +'FF4%(C*+' C* JD9K L'( -()+,*,-%( C*,-)+-* &.%4 ',,'('
Vi+ Q1 Q2 Vi- C* MND9K

" 7) G%(('+-' C* .,G*-) ,* &.%4 )FF%() ,G(*H'('O

Ibias #
4 (9=> &
0%.- 2 0%.- "!$ @ 5 9:; < 9=>%$

- 7ra48orma(ione di88eren(iale-4ingle-ended

5 - 67 8',+9/* :;< :==; ) * 70 04%o56, 278 2007

"# $%&'()*o,,o - .o,/ 0/* )l 'o*&o 2) 3l/,,*o4)'% !"#$%olo ) * +l %,"-.$.%o, /01

!"#$$%&' )& $'**#+,# -#."/&$# !"#$$%&'()&($'**#+,#(-#."/&$#(

01*&12&'+& )& 03! 0."#)#+z2()&(3-$&,2(

#*&
" %
!+$
"#$% , , / ' 012-
"&'( ) #"*&% . , / ' 012,
!+$ Itest
-
G D G D
Vtest
vgs gmvgs rds vgs gmvgs rds
S S

M1 M2
*
"#$% & "'() & ! +)
, -(# '. '.(/#(.%.0. 1#2 3 4$25# /6" 7$862%7"6 "#$%
3 "4 %&56787%#& 9, (8775 45 0:2 7$ ;$8 45<#&5 84 %&56787%#& 9-

Id !4&+5()&(3-$&,2((

VGS1=VGS2

, 3# (9.25 06"(# .4 :7((# 6; 4.8.%7%# 7<

VDS
=#$%>8.2 & =?@(7%)

5 - 71 8',o9/* 27; 2007 ) * 72 04%o56, 277 2007

 "# $%&'()*o,,o - .o,/ 0/* )l 'o*&o 2) 3l/,,*o4)'% !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01

!"#$$%&' )& $'**#+,# -#."/&$# !"#$$%&' )& $'**#+,# -&"'./*#

0&-"'-,1 &+ 2*#34#+51

" #$$%&&o (%ll* +o,,%-&% (. /*0%

"#$%&#'( )*&#+,-).') /)$ /#%%(-( 0)1.,-)
1,%$ 2 11 4 115! 4 125!
Iin
Iout
11 2 12
G D G D
Cgs1 Cgs2
vgs1 vgs2 rds2
S gm1vgs1 rds1 S gm2vgs2 1,%$
12 2 2
M1 M2 14!

#( 1345136
## 2 67089"1067"104:5136 " 7% 0. +o-0.(%,*-o 8.9: 08%++;.

; 2 1345136 2 "1045"106

#( ;
## 2 6708967;:8"1065136

<= 2 1365"106

>- /(-( 0# '$(+, ,--, <$)*&).?, </@ 1,%$

12 2 -41
14 !
</ 2 91365"106:5967;: 2 <=5967;:

5 - 73 8',o9/* 27; 2007 ) * 23 04%&56, 728 7992

"# $%&'()*+,,+ - .+,/ 0/* )1 '+*&+ 2) 31/,,*+4)'% !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01

!"#$$%&' )& $'**#+,# -&"'./*# !"#$%&'&()*+,)

"#E % &'("
!%!
" #$%&'$(o *+ %o(($,-$ '$( (+*&(($ l/$00$--o *$ll1 %o(($,-$ *+
213$ ") % *+m"
k%&'.mA01*
")H % ."
"33 % 4 "SS % +"
a - 8unto d> la1oro 8er "#%& e "A%!
1o
B - 1> C"AD % E

1o 1o
4($0 F - "AG%E tale FHe 1> C"AGD % C.4&'&.DI 1> C"A%!D
42 6 2
1 8 !! d - "#m>n%E tale FHe > trans>stor o8er>no Fome al 8unto CBD

" 9$( , 3'$%%:+ %oll$g1-+ K a

Se "#%&L allora "E%"3%4&'('
4($0 Essendo "M%&L s> Ha FHe "MS%+"' Allora
42 6 ,81
1 8 !! "3S%N'3"P"MS4")H%N"
Qu>nd> M o8era >n saturaS>one' Ta Forrente r>sultaU
V % k I C"MS 4 ")HD* % .'WmA
" 4l %+(%&+-o *+ 3$,3+,g *$ll1 %o(($,-$ 4($0 :1 2+3og,o *+
2<=>? @%+o$/ 1.4=C +,D$%$ *+ =>? @0.7=C *$l '($%$*$,-$ K B
3'$%%:+o *+ %o(($,-$ To sFHema Forr>s8onde ad un Follettore Fomune o1e la
res>stenSa sullXemett>tore Forr>s8onde allX>m8edenSa
1>sta dal dra>n del trans>stor MYS' Zertanto >l
" 4l -(1,3+3-o( 2+'ol1($ %:$ ($%&'$(1 l1 %o(($,-$ *+ 213$
[uada[no r>sulta dato daU
'&o/ $33$($ 3o3-+-&+-o %o, &, -(1,3+3-o( GHIJ +, Ko*o
*1 1D$($ !!6! 1o [m#VZIroMYS
1> C"AD % .\[m#VZIroMYS

5 - 67 8',+9/* :6; :<<6 ) * 23 04%&56, 728 7992

 "# $%&'()*+,,+ - .+,/ 0/* )1 '+*&+ 2) 31/,,*+4)'% !"#$%&'&()(*(+'(%,"-.$.%&,(/01

!serc&'&o *++, !serc&'&o *+,

#%%
Ove
"## $ %"
( +A
%mB() * +t ro/O0 * ( #i !&
"& $ '(%"
#o ")* $ '"
2e deriva che8 +,' $ +,-
#B !"
vo %mB();ro/O0 +A
vi 9+A: * <=%mB();ro/O0 * +t=+A ". /"01 $ 2
> c 34 56780.76 "& 69 :0884 6 ;.<<08=.7>6 4 "?@'
vo "& $ "?@' $ '(%" A ")* $ '"
0i ha che vi 9+A*!: *<.
#4 ;B0 80 <0;4C4 ;D6 ;0.69 ,' 69 86E=<6 4;;68.( &08.F74 .<4
0e si vAole che 07>0C0>B4<6 86 .=6<4 07 845B<4G0.76 . 07 <6F0.76
+A H0764<6I 4 86;.7>4 >0 ;.E6 80 =.<54 H4 56780.76 >6H 8B.
+t=+A * C.DD ><407(
Eeve essere che8
+A;9< F C.DD: * C.DD;+t
J K6< L"M "0 M '"
GAindi deve essere8
NH 5<478085.< ,- 69 8=675.( O.7 ;969 4H;B74 ;.<<6756 ;D6
C.DD 8;.<<6 6 PB07>0 ,' /;D6 69 4;;68.1 .=6<4 07 <6F0.76
+A * C.C< ;+t * I.JK+
H0764<6( Q0 8B.0 ;4=0I ;.7 ;.<<6756 7BHH4I ;969 56780.76
7BHH4 6 PB07>0R
". $ L"
> d
Lssendo +M*C, si ha che +M0*K+. Allora J K6< ' "M "0 M "S
QHG47>. "0 .H5<6 ")* 0H 5<478085.< ,- 80 4;;67>6 6 070G4 4
+E0min * +M0 F +OP*J+ 8;.<<6<6 ;.<<6756 ;D6 69 H4 856884 =6< ,' 6 ,-R
GAindi N,' $ N,-
+Bmin * +E * +M0 F +OP =+0 * F <+ QC67>. B794E=04 "#@ 69 8BT05. 07 845B<4G0.76( N7C6;6 ,'
;.7 B74 "#@ T4884 <0E476 07 5<0.>.( UB685. 69 C6<.
:07;D6 "0 7.7 <4F0B7F6 B74 56780.76 "S >4 >656<E074<6

5 - 66 7',+8/* 96: 9;;6 ( )(*(23( 04%&56,(728(7992(

A. B%s'(i*+tt+ - .+te pe* il '+*s+ di 3lett*+4i'% !apitolo ) * +l transistor MOS

!serci'io *++, !"#$%&'&()*+++,)

#%%

"D$sa'( ) "*$( + ",- ) ..0 #%%

#' !2
M( esce da55a regione di 'riodo ;<ando #o
"D$()"Dsa'( #' !& #(
#$ !1
=er 5><g<ag5ian?a de55e corren'i si @o'ra>
scrivere Bin ;<e55>is'an'e M( e MC sono #( !" )
en'ramEi in sa'<ra?ioneFG " #$r &'( ') ( '*
"ov( ) "ovC
+ ,-$ .r/0s)s.or so0o $0.r/m4) )0 s/.-r/5)o0$6 7ss$0,o
"i ) ",- H "ovC H "ov( ) ",- H CI"ov
-8-/9) :;<=;&> $, /?$0,o 9/ s.$ss/ @orr$0.$A B/00o
Jssendo "ov)..0" si o''iene cKe @er "i)C" M( esce da55a /0@B$ -8-/9$ 'CD6
?ona di sa'<ra?ione ed en'ra in 'riodo. L<indiG
'CD& = 'CD< = 'E
"M ) C"
F/ .$0s)o0$ )0 -s@)./ $GH
=er de'erminare "o in ;<es'o in'erva55o di va5ori di "i si
scriveG 'o = ') I 'CD& = ') I 'E = ') I <6J'
"o ) "D$( ) "i + "*$C K)oG ?/9$ L)0@B$G M& $0.r/ )0 5o0/ 9)0$/r$A )9 @B$ /@@/,$
#
" "D$(C&% N$rH
N( ) CIO(I"!B"*$(+",-FI"D$( + C %$
'CO& P 'QR = <'
NC ) OC I B"*$C + ",-FC K)o$G N$rH
N( ) NC
'* = 'CO& P 'O& S 'QR = 'OO S 'QR = T'
"*$( ) "PQ "D$()"o
$i ricavaG
"o ) ..0I"i + ..C0 R ..C0I +SH(CI"i+TI"iC
=er de'erminare se va5e i5 >H> o i5 >+> si va5<'a cKe @er "i )
(.0" si Ka "o ) U..(TV"W ..X0Y"Z.
[a so5<?ione "o )..X0Y non va Eene @ercKe> "*$C\",-.
L<indi va5e 5>es@ressione con i5 >+>G
"o ) ..0I"i + ..C0 + ..C0I +SH(CI"i+TI"iC

5 - 67 8't+9e* 26; 2006 ) * 23 Octo5er 289 2338

 "# $%s'()ro,,o - .o,/ 0/r )1 'orso 2) 31/,,ron)'% !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /OS!

!"er%i'io *+,- !"# %&' ()*+(# ),,+-#

#%%

#' !2
#$
#( !1
!
"#!$%&'&$()!*+!'&,)!'&-!!
" #$% &'( ')
.) " 64
*+ ,%-./)/,0% 12 $.,%- ). 30.- 4) +).$-%$5 6- 70%%$.,$ %)/8+,- ./ !!=!1$234!=!1!53678!1!69:!!34!=!153!678!1!69:!!
9)//-,- 4- 1: 7;$ 0<$%- ). /-,8%-3)0.$= $4 $> 4-,- 4-? ;*<! &.*<*! $%&'&$()! &#,)! '*.)! &.*<*! 64! &#,&! *! =%/('/!
*@: = B:CD'EF: G 'HIJ2 &#/2*(,&>/)(*!&#,&?!
K8$/,- 70%%$.,$ /70%%$ /8 12 7;$ 0<$%- ). 30.- +).$-%$5 6- =@!AB)!'*#!C&</C)!&,,/.)!
/8- 70%%$.,$ /) /7%)L$ M8).4) 70N$? D+/2E*'*(>&! '*#! ()')! '/! %BC/,&! B/! E%)+! &%2*(,&<*! %B&(')!
'@F22 %(! $*(*<&,)<*! '/! C)<<*(,*F! G&,,)! C)(! %(! B*2E#/C*!
*@2 = 2CB2C OD'EF2G'HI2J'@F2 G 2 P ,<&(B/B,)<F!)EE)<,%(&2*(,*!E)#&</>>&,)-!
F) /0/,),8)/7$?
'E2 = ')Q '@2 = '@@Q 'F2='0Q *@2=*@:
$ /) 0,,)$.$?
D'@@ G'0J2
*@: = 2CB2C OD')G'0G'HI2JCD'@@ G'0J G 2 P !
"#!$%&'&$()!'/.*(,&-!!
R)/0+L$.40 <$% '0 /) 0,,)$.$? .)
./ !!=!1!$2HI3J<)HIKK<)H;L!
D&! ,*(B/)(*! 6M! E%)+! *BB*<*! $*(*<&,&! &'!*B*2E/)! C)(! %()!
'0 = ') G 'HI2 S
BE*CCN/)!'/!C)<<*(,*?!
B2CD*@:+B2C'@@2G2CB2C'@@C')+B2C')2+2CB2C'@@C'HI2G2CB2C')C'HI2 +B2C'HI22J
S B2 !
:;"-%& <6=6 6..6,6 )R?@)AB3C #6, "=6,6 .%6..& D;"<"D-&
E

5 - 67 O',o9/r :;< :==; ) * 23 O4%&56, 378 3997

A. Baschirotto - .ote per il corso di 3lettronica! !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01

!serci'io *+, !serci'io *++,

V##$%V!
V&'($)1V! "# $ "% &'()*)+*(&',' +,' (-$&&.*' /* &'00$,)$1 2$0)3,)'
V&'+$1V! 4"% = 61789:
,-$%.!! ;$< -0*9' 039' &', ==6> "? $@ (-$,)' $ A+*,/* )+))3 <3
,/$6.!! &'003,)$ -3((3 (+ BC1 D* .3 A+*,/*E
F'= 4"%GBC = %1H8I
.1$2345V2!
2$0 A+$()' F3<'0$ $@ F$0*J*&3)' &.$ "% '-$03 *, (3)+03K*',$1
.6$1345V2!
=(($,/' "? (-$,)' <3 (+3 )03,(&',/+))3,K3 $@ ,+<<3 $
78!97:9;:7<=!>:!1?6@;!A>!:7B;<;!=!C?7A7C6;!B;5B>!1=<!D$0V! -$0)3,)' (* .3E
F8!97:9;:7<=!>:!1?6@;!A>!:7B;<;!=!C?7A7C6;!B;5B>!1=<!D$18%V! F'LF* = 6
GH>!@<7H9?<>6;!:=!>31=A=6I=!A>!?H9>@7!A=>!@<76H>H@;<!JKLM! M1
! 2$0 ==?1NI> (+--',$,/' "? *, (3)+03K*',$> <3 4"? $@ /3)3
78! /3E
4"? = O,GPIQD? R ISTU# = 61#N9:
N:! <73;! J2-,-! ;1=<7! >6A>1=6A=6@=3=6@=! A7! D8! (=<@76@;! :7!
H?7! 9;<<=6@=! H>! 1?;P! H9<>B=<=Q! =HH=6A;! J2! >6! 2$0)3,)' (+ BC (&'00$E
H7@?<7I>;6=Q!9;3=R!! 4BC = 61789: R 61#N9: = 61%V9:
NJ2!$!.1SGVTL!)!V&'M2! C3 I' /* -'<30*KK3K*',$ 0*(+<)3E
V##!)!VTL I' = 4BCGBC = #1%8I
NJ2!$!N,-!$! ,- !!
4< W+3/3W,' 0*(+<)3E
UC?7C:>76A;!>!A?=!@=<3>6>!H>!;@@>=6=R!
V##!)!VTL F' 4"?
.1SGVTL!)!V&'M2!$! ,- !!
F* = R W9"?GBC = R #GIQD"? R IST G BC = R 7
L>!@<;B76;!A?=!H;:?I>;6>R!
VTL2$V0Q!188VX!
/P?6>97!1;HH>F>:=!=P!VTL$188V!
Y?>6A>!!
%V)188V
N,-!$! %.! !!$!0864348!

5 - 67 Octo9er :;, :==; ) * 23 04%&56, 789 7::8

 "# $%&'()*+,,+ - .+,/ 0/* )1 '+*&+ 2) 31/,,*+4)'% !a#itolo ) - +l tran.i.tor M0S

!apporto di reie+ione per dist.r/i !a stadio di))eren-iale

#))
s.ll1alimenta+ione * *
#o" #o& "# $ "% & "
34o5er 6.ppl7 !e8ection !atio : 46!!; %,&-!% %,&.!%

#i"
!" !&
#i&
'()*+ ,(-)+.(
"e un ru'ore )n )iene iniettato
/01#&01%&23
sull/ali'entazione 1DD3 4uesto %
segnale arri)a all/uscita con un "#4 & "%4 & "5%
'#((
guadagno pari a 9calcolato per
)i:0<=
)o ro 01# 6 07'# $ 07'% 6 01% & 2
) n : ro > ? ! 1 "#
"# & 89/07'#60:;3% &< 07'# & 0:;$ 8
con ro i'pedenza di uscita del
transistor AB". "%
"% & 89/07'%60:;3% &< 07'% & 0:;$ 8
D Quindi ogni disturbo sull/ali'entazione arri)a
diretta'ente in uscita. 01#601% & !01
D G/uscita )o e/ data da= "# "%
!01 6 0:; 6 8 $0:;$ 8 &2
ro
)o : H g'I?I)i > ro > ? I )n : JinI)i > JpI)n
"% & "5% $ !"
D "i definisce il ?apporto di ?eiezione per Disturbi "# & "5% 6 !"
sull/Jli'entazione 9L"??<= #))
%9" % * *
Jp !01989 8 6 !01 #+" #+&
L"??> : Jin !" & %
%,&-!% %,&.!%
D Ml L"?? de)e essere il piu/ piccolo possibile.
!" !&
D Ler il source co'une si ha= #$" #$&
Jp 1
L"??> : Jin : H g'I? %
'#((
>?%4,+ @%1/ ABCCD E FG HI

5 - 67 8',+9/* :;< :==; ) - 23 0ctober 789 7::8

". $aschirotto - Note per il corso di Elettronica !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01

!" $%"&'( &'))*+*,-'".* /001 !" $%"d'( d'))*+*n-'".* (000)

#))
* * 23"d"4n( d' 5'66(.( $*4n".*
#o" #o&
"#$% &' (&$()&*+ d& -&((+'+ .%/n#'% #..)1%nd+ d)% .+$/%n*& d&
%,&-!% %,&.!%
(&" 2#'+$% (.& -+*$%44% ).#$% '# .+2$#--+.&5&+n% d%/'&
!$i&'& (
!" !& ' ) !$i %66%**&)8
#i" #i& !" # ( 2&1= ; 2&2=2&=2
% >+'#$&55#5&+n% (.& .-%n/+n+ & /%n%$#*+$& d& .%/n#'%)
'#(( ?..%nd+ & *$#n.&.*+$ )/)#'&@ '# (+$$%n*% A .& d&2&d% &n -#$*&
6 )/)#'& n%& d)% *$#n.&.*+$B
4 01 >%$*#n*+@ & d)% *$#n.&.*+$ C#nn+ /'& .*%..& -#$#1%*$& d&
# -&((+'+ .%/n#'%
(.S
%
/11 = /12 = /1
!#

21 !4
>%$ '# '%//% d& D&$(C+66
!6
!" !# !1 %
(in ,(-
1 # "
d%''% (+$$%n*& #'
n+d+ d& S1 % S2
* +,espressione e, valida se i d7e transistor sono in
/11F2/.1 = ; /12F2/.2
sat7ra9ione, cioe, per<
/1F2/.1 = ; /1F2/.2
"
!$i" ' # $=> ) $?@ 2/.1 = ; 2/.2
>%$ '# '%//% d& D&$(C+66
* =7adaAno in tensione d%''% *%n.&+n&
(&" ( 2&1 = 2/.1 ; 2/.2 G 2&2
voB '& ' ) !$i 2&1 ; 2&2 = 2/.1;2/.2 = 2F2/.1
!$i # ) ( &C
2&1 ; 2&2
(&" 2/.1 = 2 = ; 2/.2
'& (
vo( ' ) !$i 2&1 ; 2&2 2&
!$i # ( &C 2+1 = ; /1F2/.1FR = ; /1F 2 FR = ; /1FRF 2
# 2&1 ; 2&2& 2&
* >e l,7scita viene osservata in maniera diEEeren9iale
# & 2+2 = ; /1F2/.2FR = ; /1F"!; %
2 $ FR = /1FRF 2
" (&" %
vo # voB ) vo( # !"'& ' ) !$i($% &C 2+ = 2+1 ; 2+2 = /1FRF2&

5 - 67 October :7; :<<7 ) * 22 03%&45, 678 6997

 A. Baschirotto - .ote per il corso di 3lettronica !"p$t&'& ) - +' t,"-.$.t&, /O1!

!a stadio di))eren-iale /0001 !"#$%"&'(#&'))*+*,-'".*#/012#

2uadagno di 5iccolo segnale 34"&"5,(#&'#6'77(.(#$*5,".*#
" #$%&% '()'*)(+* ,%- #$ ,$''*)* #
" .%+*/$ /$0%-1$ /$ '()'*)* #++
, ,
- 3%++%-% +4++* $) 1%5&()% 14 0$170$8 90$27;< 9'$*= '*3,*-+( #-1 #-2
4& 3*/* '*34&% (//$z$*&()% /( +-(1'4-(-%< '.2/!' '.20!'

#++ !1 !2
#$1%&$
, ,
#o" #o( ,$123
'
'.(/!' '.(0!'
-#**
!
!" !( "#$%!
#i"%vi
()
,in23
' !&!'! 2 !!+,-!
)#SS
&.!(/010($#!1-!2-33#.#!45($0.5!4/..0!4-$(#.0!/43-60!4-!437-,5%!
,#1 ()
!? %= )( '*--%&+% /$ 1%5&()% '@% 0( '()'*)(+( '*& $) '$-'4$+* ,- !!'!9! 2 !!+!:!
%A4$0()%&+% /$ ,$''*)* 1%5&()%B C4$&/$ 1$ 0()4+(D
,#2 ()
1
E$&FG 7 532 ,- !!'! 2 !!+!:!

G 1$ -$'(0( ;! <$3=5! -.! (/010($#! 5>! .0! )560>! 1-! ?/5..0! 15.! 4-$(#.#!
531 531 670$4-46#7!0!207-!3#775$65!
!? 7 1H531IE$&FG I0$ 7 531 I0$
1 H 532 ;! @/5!4#./A-#$-!
! B!.5((575!.>/43-60!1-CC575$A-0.)5$65D!
G11%&/* 53175327538 1$ *++$%&%D
53 ! B! 750.-AA075! /$0! 3#$,574-#$5! 1-CC575$A-0.5! 'E! 4-$(#.0B
!? 7 2 I0$ /43-60!

"# $% &'(%# )* +,'$$% )'$ -*./0$0 (1%.-*-(01 % 2%1*

3011'.('

5 - 67 Octo9er :;, :==; ) - 23 O4t&56, 289 2338

"# $%&'()*+,,+ - .+,/ 0/* )1 '+*&+ 2) 31/,,*+4)'%! !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01!

!" $%"&'( &'))*+*,z'".* /01 !"#$%"&'(#&'))*+*,-'".*#/012#

23"&"4,( &' 5'66(.( $*4,".* 34"&"5,(#&'#6'77(.(#$*5,".*#
7$6'%" &'))*+*,z'".* #
#++
, , 8$7'%"#&'))*+*,-'".*#7(,#7"+'7(#"%%'9(#
#-1 #-2
'/2+!' '/2!'
#

!1 !2 #++
#$1=&$ #1 !02
!01
,$123
' #,1 #,2
'-2.!' '-2/!'
-#SS
!
"#!$%&'()&%!*(!+',($#!-('+.$#!*#$#!*#/! !1 !2
! #$1%&$
0) 0)230)4
0( !!1! 0( !!1!3!5678! '
!
)#**
9)6%!:+%..#!*%.!'(&5).)!$-#&'('$)-! #
!
#
;! U&!=)''(>(.%!=-)>.%6#!%?!,@%!$(=(,#6%&$%!(.!,#-(,)!,@%!'(!
0+).%! #==.(,#-%! %?! -(A%-($)! #! 6#''#B! 6%&$-%! (&! :+%'$)! #
,#')B! =%-! #00#&$#55(#-'(! *%..#! .%$$+-#! *(AA%-%&C(#.%B! "! #$!%&'('%)*!+,!-&*.!'&/0)1'20!,)+020)(*!,$!3'2,3*!'11,4*!
*)0-%>>%!%''%-%!#$$#,,#$)!$-#!(!*+%!6)-'%$$(!*(!+',($#! !
;! DE88/! #==.(,#&*)! '+..?#.(6%&$#C()&%! +&! 5%&%-#$)-%! *(! !
'%5&#.%!0=B!'(!=+)?!',-(0%-%/! 4* 4*6!7!4*8
!
4, !!=! 4, !!=!7!%/9:;<2*9:==2*9>?!
0)2 -)Q2 0)4 -)Q4
0= !!1!-)Q2G8!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0= !!1!-)Q4G8!!
;! H.! 5+#*#5&)! '+..?+',($#! *(AA%-%&C(#.%! -('=%$$)! #! 0=!
I%''%&*)! -)Q41-)Q2B! Q2! %! Q4! )=%-#&)! #..#! '$%''#!
,)--%&$%J!%?/!
0) 0)230)4
0=!!1! 0= !!1!K!

5 - 67 8',+9/* :;< :==; ) * 23 04%&56, 378 3997

! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!0/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'% !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01

!" $%"&'( &'))*+*,-'".* (011) !"#$%&'()$)*('#+,-.#

34"&"5,( &' 6'77(.( $*5,".* #
8$7'%" $',5.*9*,&*& " #$ inverter e$ la pi.$ semplice porta lo3ica
#++
" 4a5ella della verita$
#1 !0(
!0"
#," #,( 7n O.t
'-(.!' '-(/!'
9 :
!" !( : 9
#$"%&$

'
" : e 9 sono livelli lo3ici che <.ando riportati in .n circ.ito
)#**
reale diventano dei livelli di tensione.
" #$%&'($ )*&'(&*& %+,-./01 */2&*/01 1 31--14 51( &-&3)/$
-, 6$784 %1 .$**&'0& (/ -&9'1%& -, :;< 1'(*&==&
" 7 livelli di tensione che corrispondono a : e 9 dipendono
)&*-1>
dall$implement>ione della ?.n>ione lo3ica.
" ?/ ),$+ *&.,)&*1*& @,&-01 .$**&'0& ,-1'($ ,'$ -)&..A/$
" @sistono molte possi5ili implementa>ioni e <.indi molti
(/ .$**&'0& 0*1 :;< & :;7
diversi possi5ili livelli lo3ici A@C#, 44#, DEOF, CEOFG
" #$implementa>ione pi.$ di??.sa e$ <.ella CEOF.
" B' @,&-0$ 3$($ 0,001 %1 #++ " #$inverter CEOF e$ il se3.ente
.$**&'0& (/ -&9'1%& '&% !11 !12
./*.,/0$ 1**/61 -,% .1*/.$ CD '.2/!' 22!' #-
'.2/!'
'&% '$($ (/ ,-./01 '.20!'
34
" B% 9,1(19'$ &+E !1 !2
#$1%&$
6$
6/ F 7H93:IH5*$:IJJ*$:;JJCD8 '
)#**

#
! 5!-!67! 8',+9/*!:;<!:==;! ) * 23 04%&56, 789 7::8

"# $a&c(irotto - .ote per il cor&o di 3lettronica! !"#$%&'&()(*(+'(%,"-.$.%&,(/01

!un$iona(ento !"n$ionamento
dell. invertitore 1234 dell. invertitore C2O4

"!#$%e##$!'e##(!#)*$+(!,-./!0)1)!$!0e*2e13$4!
5$%e##)!#)*$+)! 6e10$)1e!(1(#)*$+(!
7! 7V!9-(00(:! #$ %&' %&((')'*+ ,-.//'.-+ *. -+*.0'&1+ 2&32'4 %+- &51'
;! V<<!9=#$>e13(?$)1e:! 6.*&-+ 7' 2' '1 892: 2;;<
/$!@2)A!%er$f$+(re!#(!3(De##(!'e##(!%er$3(A4!
!
!*
! V$E7V!9#$%e##)!#)*$+)!D(00):! !""
VF/GE7HV6IG!EJ!-G!eA!0@e13)!
VF/KELV<<HV6IK!EJ!-K!eA!(++e0)!!
-G!)ff!EJ!"-GE"-KE7!EJ!-K!(++e0)!eA!$1!?)1(!#$1e(re!
!""

"-GE"-KE7!EJ!V</KE7!EJ!V)EV<<!
!
#$%&'( #$%&'( #$%,-. #$%,-. #$%*++
%%!'
! V$EV<<!9#$%e##)!#)*$+)!(#3):! #)%*++ #)%,-. #)%,-. #)%*++ #)%&'(

VF/KE7JV6IK!EJ!-K!eA!0@e13)!
VF/VEV<<JV6IG!EJ!-G!eA!(++e0)!! = (+/&17. 7+* 6.*&-+ 7' 2' ' ,-.1('(,&- >? + >@ %&((&1&
-K!)ff!EJ!"-GE"-KE7!EJ!-G!(++e0)!eA!$1!?)1(!#$1e(re! ,-&6.-(' . *.6&-.-+ '1 7'6+-(+ /&17'0'&1'
"-GE"-KE7!EJ!V</GE7!EJ!V)E7!

5 - 67 8cto9er :;< :==; ( )(*(23( 04%&56,(789(7::8(

 "# $aschirotto - .ote per il corso di 3lettronica !"#$%&'& ) * +' %,"-.$.%&, /01

!
"#$$#%&'#()*!+#!%(,*)'&!)*#!-#.-/#,#! "#$$#%&'#()* +# %(,*)'& +#)&-#.&
0(1#-#!2345!
"a $%&'(a )*+, -'..'/a /%012za -'2a4'(a5 ('%16 -78a201 $1
(%4470az'%2'9
!*
!""

,' .7//%2&a -' a:181 72 .1&2a$1

;' <a..%= ;% 16 >7'2-' a$0%= ?$

!""
(%2-12.a0%81 -' (a8'(% @)"A 16
(a8'(a0% @-78a201 72a
!'
#$ &'(
#) *++
#$ &'(
#) ,-.
#$ ,-.
#) ,-.
#$ ,-.
#) *++
#$ *++
#) &'( /81(1-1201 Ba.1 -' ($%(CA a ;DD
(%2 (a8'(a E)"F)"G;DD @B81(('a
HA=
" #antaggio F+N-./0NT.L0 della logica C/+S e9 che;
per #i=?#@ /N e9 spento@ ,' .7//%2&a %8a (I1 ;' -a <a..%
per #i=#--@ /B e9 spento -':120' a$0% @;DDA= J$$%8a $a
=> per entrambi gli stati logici non c9e9 un cammino per la (a8'(a E)" '44a&azz'2a0a .7
corrente da #-- a massa )" .' .(a8'(a :18.% 4a..a
@B81(('a KA=
=> la logica C/+S non dissipa potenza ST.THC.
=> cioe9 senza commutazioni@ i circuiti logici C/+S non
hanno bisogno di potenza L ,' :18'B'(a >7'2-' 72 /a..a&&'% 2100% -' (a8'(a @E)"A -a
;DD a 4a..a5 '$ (I1 (%8'./%2-1 a- 72a -'..'/az'%21 -'
1218&'a
.llora quando consuma potenza J

L ?$ (a8'(% )" 16 .14/81 /81.1201 '2 >7a20% 16 a2(I1

-%:70% -a$$1 /%801 $%&'(I1 (%221..1 '2 (a.(a0a a
>71$$a '2 1.a41

5 - 67 8cto9er :7; :<<7 ) * 23 04%&56, 289 2::8

! "#!$%&'()*+,,+!-!.+,/!0/*!)1!'+*&+!2)!31/,,*+4)'%

!"#$%&'($#%&"()*+,%&-./0&
&
"A"$

!""

%& %' %o
) ) &
!o
) & & !% !#
& ) &
& & )

"O+

%& %' %o
) ) &
) & )
& ) )
& & )

! 5!-!66! 7',+8/*!9:;!9<<:!