Energa Biomasa !

(%*&-#+ "%(),#$%+
Energa Biomasa

!(%*&-#+ "%(),#$%+

01
 .E>I@R:J 6>EFM:;C>J
Energ a B iomasa

,FGNIB@AK !," &&(

7><I>K:IR: => .E>I@R:

8RKLCF 4IB@BE:C => C: 4;I:)

.E>I@R:J 6>EFM:;C>J &&( $ .E>I@R: +BFD:J:

8F=FJ CFJ =>I><AFJ I>J>IM:=FJ%

3F >JKP G>IDBKB=: C: I>GIF=L<<BTE KFK:C F G:I<B:C => >JK:
F;I: EB JL KI:K:DB>EKF F KI:EJDB<BTE GFI <L:CHLB>I D>=BF F
D>KF=F JBE :LKFIBO:<BTE >J<IBK: => C: 7><I>K:IR: => .E>I@R:

-.6.,147 6.7.69*-47

->J:IIFCC:=F GFI)
,FFI=BE:<BTE => .E>I@R:J 6>EFM:;C>J
-BI><<BTE 3:<BFE:C => 5IFDF<BTE
7L;J><I>K:IR: => .E>I@R: .CQ<KIB<:

.=B<BTE# =B:@I:D:<BTE N =BJ>SF)

8><EFCF@R: => C: 2E?FID:<BTE
-BI><<BTE 0>E>I:C => ,FFG>I:<BTE N *JBJK>E<B: /BE:E<B>I:
7><I>K:IR: => .E>I@R:
02
Indice

37<:8.=--387 !! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! &

./0373-387 !! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!!

23;<8:3+ !! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!!

9:8-/;8; ./ -87>/:;387 ./ 5+ ,386+;+ /7 /7/:13+ !! !! !!! !! !!! ! (

9LJBDMJM NDLHJKORHFBJM !! !!! !!! !!! !!! !! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !! !!! !! )

9LJBDMJM AFJKORHFBJM !! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! *

8<:8; :/-=:;8; /7/:1/<3-8; !! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !! #"

:DBOLMJM EJLDMN@GDM P EJLDMNJFICOMNLF@GDM !! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! ##

:DMFCOJM OLA@IJM !! !!! !! !!! !!! !! !!! !!! !! !!! !!! !! !!! !!! !! !!! !!! !!! !! !!! !!! !! #$

8NLJM LDBOLMJM !! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !! #%

+51=78; +9:8>/-2+63/7<8; ./ /7/:1Q+ ./ 5+ ,386+;+ /7 5+ +:1/7<37+ !! ! #%

/;<=.38; :/-3/7</; !! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! ! #&

9:8<8-858 ./ 4?8<8 ! 6/-+73;68; ./ ./;+::8558 536938 !! !!! #

5/13;5+-387 !! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!! #(

,+::/:+; !! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !!! !!!! !! #(

03
 &5;96,<++1B5

(- -5;1-5,- 769 ;)3 )3 +652<5;6 ,- 4);-91) 69/@51+) 9-56=)*3- ,-

691/-5 =-/-;)3! )514)3 6 796+-,-5;- ,- 3) ;9)5:.694)+1B5 5);<9)3 6

)9;1 +1)3 ,- 3) 41:4)" $646 .<-5;- ,- -5-9/A) 79-:-5;) <5)

-5694- =-9:);131,),! 7-941;1-5,6 6*;-5-9 4-,1)5;- ,1.-9-5;-:

796+-,141-5;6: ;)5;6 +64*<:;1*3-: :B31,6: +646 3A8<1,6: 6

/):-6:6:" %- 691/-5 =-/-;)3 6 )514)3! 8<- 15+3<>- 36: 4);-91)3-:

8<- 796+-,-5 ,- 3) ;9)5:.694)+1B5 5);<9)3 6 )9;1 +1)3" $<)38<1-9

;176 ,- *164):) 796=1-5- ,- 3) 9-)++1B5 ,- 3) .6;6:A5;-:1: =-/-;)3!

8<- :15;-;1?) :<:;)5+1): 69/@51+): ) 7)9;19 ,-3 $# ,-3 )19- > ,-

6;9): :<:;)5+1): +1473-:! )796=-+0)5,6 3) -5-9/A) ,-3 :63"

04
Definicin

17 ;C;G=P7 FJ; H; EJ;:; D8I;C;G :; A7 8?DB7H7 EGDK?;C; :; A7 AJM HDA7G$ A7 9J7A =G79?7H 7A EGD9;HD :;
<DIDHPCI;H?H$ ;H 7EGDK;9>7:7 EDG A7H EA7CI7H K;G:;H B;:?7CI; G;799?DC;H FJPB?97H ;C A7H 9OAJA7H$ A7H FJ;
IDB7C +2( :;A 7?G; L AD IG7CH<DGB7C ;C HJHI7C9?7H DG=NC?97H$ H;=RC JC7 G;799?QC :;A I?ED) +2( # /(
!/%+2/" # (&
-C ;HIDH EGD9;HDH :; 9DCK;GH?QC A7 ;C;G=P7 HDA7G H; IG7CH<DGB7 ;C ;C;G=P7 FJPB?97 FJ; H; 79JBJA7 ;C
:?<;G;CI;H 9DBEJ;HIDH DG=NC?9DH !EDA?H79NG?:DH$ =G7H7H" L FJ; ;H ?C9DGEDG7:7 L IG7CH<DGB7:7 EDG ;A G;?CD
7C?B7A$ ?C9AJL;C:D 7A H;G >JB7CD$ ;A 9J7A ?CK?;GI; A7 IG7CH<DGB79?QC E7G7 D8I;C;G 8?;C;H :; 9DCHJBD&

Historia

17 8?DB7H7 >7 H?:D ;A EG?B;G 9DB8JHI?8A; ;BEA;7:D EDG ;A >DB8G; L ;A EG?C9?E7A >7HI7 A7 G;KDAJ9?QC
?C:JHIG?7A& 4; JI?A?M787 E7G7 9D9?C7G$ E7G7 97A;CI7G ;A >D=7G$ E7G7 >79;G 9;GNB?97 L$ EDHI;G?DGB;CI;$ E7G7
EGD:J9?G B;I7A;H L E7G7 7A?B;CI7G A7H BNFJ?C7H :; K7EDG& .J;GDC EG;9?H7B;CI; ;HIDH CJ;KDH JHDH$ FJ;
EGD=G;H?K7B;CI; G;FJ;GP7C B7LDG 97CI?:7: :; ;C;G=P7 ;C JC ;HE79?D 97:7 K;M BNH G;:J9?:D$ ADH FJ;
EGDBD9?DC7GDC ;A JHD :;A 97G8QC 9DBD 9DB8JHI?8A; HJHI?IJI?KD$ 7 B;:?7:DH :;A H?=AD 65000&

,;H:; ;H; BDB;CID H; ;BE;M7GDC 7 JI?A?M7G DIG7H <J;CI;H ;C;G=OI?97H BNH ?CI;CH?K7H !9DC JC B7LDG
ED:;G 97ADGP 9D" L ;A JHD :; A7 8?DB7H7 <J; 87@7C:D >7HI7 BPC?BDH >?HIQG?9DH FJ; 9D?C9?:?;GDC 9DC ;A JHD
B7H?KD :; ADH :;G?K7:DH :;A E;IGQA;D L 9DC JCDH EG;9?DH 87@DH :; ;HIDH EGD:J9IDH&

* E;H7G :; ;AAD$ A7 8?DB7H7 7RC 9DCI?CR7 @J=7C:D JC E7E;A :;HI797:D 9DBD <J;CI; ;C;G=OI?97 ;C
:?<;G;CI;H 7EA?979?DC;H ?C:JHIG?7A;H L :DBOHI?97H& 3DG DIGD A7:D$ ;A 97GN9I;G G;CDK78A; L CD 9DCI7B?C7CI;
FJ; I?;C; L ;A E7E;A FJ; EJ;:; @J=7G ;C ;A BDB;CID :; =;C;G7G ;BEA;D L 79I?K7G A7 ;9DCDBP7 :; 7A=JC7H
MDC7H GJG7A;H$ >79;C FJ; A7 8?DB7H7 H;7 9DCH?:;G7:7 JC7 9A7G7 DE9?QC :; <JIJGD&
05
!
Procesos de conversin de la biomasa en energa

2GUFG GN RWPVQ FG XKUVC FGN CRTQXGEJCOKGPVQ GPGTIVKEQ$ NC DKQOCUC UG ECTCEVGTK[C RQT VGPGT WP DCLQ
EQPVGPKFQ FG ECTDQPQ$ WP GNGXCFQ EQPVGPKFQ FG QYaIGPQ Z EQORWGUVQU XQN_VKNGU& 3UVQU EQORWGUVQU XQN_VKNGU
"HQTOCFQU RQT ECFGPCU NCTICU FGN VKRQ 1P6O$ Z RTGUGPEKC FG 1;*$ 1; G 6*# UQP NQU SWG EQPEGPVTCP WPC ITCP
RCTVG FGN RQFGT ECNQTa EQ FG NC DKQOCUC& 3N RQFGT ECNQTa EQ FG NC DKQOCUC FGRGPFG OWEJQ FGN VKRQ FG DKQOCUC
EQPUKFGTCFC Z FG UW JWOGFCF& /Ua PQTOCNOGPVG GUVQU XCNQTGU FG RQFGT ECNQTa EQ FG NC DKQOCUC UG RWGFGP FCT
GP DCUG UGEC Q GP DCUG JdOGFC&

3P IGPGTCN UG RWGFG EQPUKFGTCT SWG GN RQFGT ECNQTa EQ FG NC DKQOCUC RWGFG QUEKNCT GPVTG NQU +((( % +,((
MECNMI RCTC NQU TGUKFWQU NKIPQ % ECNWNcUKEQU$ NQU *((( % *,(( MECN MI RCTC NQU TGUKFWQU WTDCPQU Z PCNOGPVG NQU
)(((( MECN MI RCTC NQU EQODWUVKDNGU NaSWKFQU RTQXGPKGPVGU FG EWNVKXQU GPGTIVKEQU& 3UVCU ECTCEVGTaUVKECU$
LWPVCOGPVG EQP GN DCLQ EQPVGPKFQ FG C[WHTG FG NC DKQOCUC$ NC EQPXKGTVGP GP WP RTQFWEVQ GURGEKCNOGPVG
CVTCEVKXQ RCTC UGT CRTQXGEJCFQ GPGTIVKECOGPVG&

1CDG FGUVCECT SWG$ FGUFG GN RWPVQ FG XKUVC CODKGPVCN$ GN CRTQXGEJCOKGPVQ GPGTIVKEQ FG NC DKQOCUC PQ
EQPVTKDWZG CN CWOGPVQ FG NQU ICUGU FG GHGEVQ KPXGTPCFGTQ$ FCFQ SWG GN DCNCPEG FG GOKUKQPGU FG 1;* C NC
CVOcUHGTC GU PGWVTQ& 3P GHGEVQ$ GN 1;* IGPGTCFQ GP NC EQODWUVKcP FG NC DKQOCUC GU TGCDUQTDKFQ OGFKCPVG NC
HQVQUaPVGUKU GP GN ETGEKOKGPVQ FG NCU RNCPVCU PGEGUCTKCU RCTC UW RTQFWEEKcP Z$ RQT NQ VCPVQ$ PQ CWOGPVC NC
ECPVKFCF FG 1(* RTGUGPVG GP NC CVOcUHGTC& /N EQPVTCTKQ$ GP GN ECUQ FG NQU EQODWUVKDNGU HcUKNGU$ GN ECTDQPQ SWG
UG NKDGTC C NC CVOcUHGTC GU GN SWG GUV_ LQ C NC VKGTTC FGUFG JCEG OKNNQPGU FG CbQU&

2GUFG GN RWPVQ FG XKUVC GPGTIVKEQ TGUWNVC EQPXGPKGPVG FKXKFKT NC DKQOCUC GP FQU ITCPFGU ITWRQU "1WCFTQ :\ )#

07;9/?/ </>/ 3:3>57/

XGIGVCN Q CPKOCN

6^932/ ?31/
QDVGPKFQ EQP JWOGFCF QDVGPKFQ EQP JWOGFCF
OCZQT FGN -(! OGPQT FGN -(!

<>;13?;? <>;13?;? <>;13?;?

4]?71;? 07;=A]971;? @3>9;=A]971;?
"RTGUKcP# "HGTOGPVCEKcP#

/EGKVGU BGIGVCNGU /GTcDKEC 1QODWUVKcP

/PCGTcDKEC <KTcNKUKU
5CUK ECEKcP
8KSWGHCEEKcP

06 .. 1WCFTQ :\)
!)("*" *%#"

,OSDJJ@ OSD NSDCD MARDLDPQD DL EMPK@ L@RSP@J BML SL RDLMP CD GSKDC@C KDLMP @J *(!% BMKM J@ JD^@%
N@I@% DRB 0QRD RHNM QD NPDQR@ KDIMP @ QDP SRHJHW@C@ DLDPF\RHB@KDLRD KDCH@LRD NPMBDQMQ =0;68:>Y64.8< M
14<4.8:>Y64.8<% OSD NPMCSBDL CHPDBR@KDLRD DLDPF]@ R\PKHB@ M NPMCSBRMQ QDBSLC@PHMQ DL J@ EMPK@ CD
BMKASQRHAJDQ Q_JHCMQ% J]OSHCMQ M F@QDMQMQ

!)("*" &+(%$"

<D CDLMKHL@ @Q] BS@LCM DJ NMPBDLR@ID CD GSKDC@C QSNDP@ DJ *(!% BMKM NMP DIDKNJM DL JMQ PDQR@LRDQ
TDFDR@JDQ% PDQHCSMQ @LHK@JDQ% TDFDR@BH_L @BS[RHB@% DRB ;DQSJR@ DQNDBH@JKDLRD @CDBS@C@ N@P@ QS
RP@R@KHDLRM KDCH@LRD 9;8.0<8< :>Y64.8<% M DL @JFSLMQ B@QMQ N@PRHBSJ@PDQ% KDCH@LRD QHKNJDQ 9;8.0&
<8< 1Y<4.8<% MARDLH\LCMQD BMKASQRHAJDQ J]OSHCMQ V F@QDMQMQ
3@V OSD @BJ@P@P OSD DQR@ BJ@QH B@BH_L DQ RMR@JKDLRD @PAHRP@PH@% NDPM @VSC@ @ THQS@JHW@P KDIMP J@ QHFSHDLRD
B@P@BRDPHW@BH_L CD JMQ NPMBDQMQ CD BMLTDPQH_L

9PMBDQMQ RDPKMOS]KHBMQ

.MKNPDLCDL A[QHB@KDLRD J@ .86-><=4Z7% 2,<414.,.4Z7 V 94;Z54<4<% DLBMLRP[LCMQD @L DL DR@N@ CD

CDQ@PPMJJM J@ 54:>01,..4Z7 /4;0.=, #?DP .S@CPM 7X)$

9;8.0<8< =0;68:>Y64.8<
/0 .87?0;<4Z7

.86 -><=4Z7 94;Z54<4< 2,<414.,.4Z7 54:>01,..4Z7

/4;0.=, #JD LR@ M P[NHC@$ #BML @HPD S MU]FDLM$ #D L DQ R@CM 4 "/$

9PMCSBRMQ @ MARDLDP 9PMCSBRMQ @ MARDLDP 9PMCSBRMQ @ MARDLDP 9PMCSBRMQ @ MARDLDP

.@JMP .@PA_L ?DFD R@J 2@ Q 9MAPD #@HPD$ .MKASQRHAJDQ 5]OSHCMQ
?@NMP 2@ Q 9MAPD #JDLR@$ 2@ Q 6D CHM #MU]FDLM$
2@ Q ;HBM #P[NHC@$
5]OSHCMQ 9HPMJD^MQMQ

++ .S@CPM 7X)
9PMBDQMQ RDPKMOS]KHBMQ CD
BMLTDPQH_L CD AHMK@Q@ DL DLDPF]@ 07
!
(&#+)*%,

,M @F GYM M@H>DFFI R GYM <GJFD<G@HN@ ONDFDS<?I# N<HNI @H @F J<M<?I >IGI @H @F JL@M@HN@%

4@LGDN@ I=N@H@L @H@LB[< NZLGD><# R< M@< J<L< OMIM ?IGZMND>IM !>I>>D\H# ><F@A<>>D\H" I DH?OMNLD<F@M !><FIL
?@ JLI>@MI# P<JIL G@?D<HN@ OH< ><F?@L<# @H@LB[< G@>YHD>< ONDFDS<H?I @F P<JIL ?@ OH< GYKODH<"%

0<M N@>HIFIB[<M ONDFDS<?<M J<L< F< >IG=OMND\H ?DL@>N< ?@ F< =DIG<M< <=<L><H OH <GJFDI @MJ@>NLI KO@ P<
?@M?@ @F M@H>DFFI AIB\H < AO@BI <=D@LNI !<]H ONDFDS<?I @H P<MN<M SIH<M J<L< F< >I>>D\H ?@ <FDG@HNIM" C<MN<
><F?@L<M ?@ <FNI L@H?DGD@HNI ONDFDS<?<M @H F< DH?OMNLD<%

!")% $"$%,

*IHMDMN@ @H F< KO@G< ?@ =DIG<M< !AOH?<G@HN<FG@HN@ L@MD?OIM AIL@MNIDH?OMNLD<F@M" @H JL@M@H>D< ?@

IQ[B@HI# @H AILG< >IHNLIF<?<# ?@ G<H@L< ?@ JLI?O>DL OH B<M >IG=OMND=F@ ?@HIGDH<?I ^B<M JI=L@_ JIL MO
=<EI >IHN@HD?I ><F\LD>I @H L@F<>D\H# JIL @E@GJFI# <F B<M H<NOL<F !?@F IL?@H ?@ F< >O<LN< J<LN@"%
0< B<MD ><>D\H M@ L@<FDS< @H OH L@>DJD@HN@ >@LL<?I# >IHI>D?I JIL B<M\B@HI# @H @F >O<F M@ DHNLI?O>@ @F
>IG=OMND=F@ R OH< ><HND?<? ?@ <DL@ G@HIL < F< KO@ M@ L@KO@LDL[< J<L< MO >IG=OMND\H >IGJF@N<%

,F B<M JI=L@ I=N@HD?I JO@?@ KO@G<LM@ FO@BI @H OH KO@G<?IL J<L< I=N@H@L @H@LB[< NZLGD><# @H OH<
><F?@L< J<L< JLI?O>DL P<JIL# I =D@H M@L @HALD<?I R <>IH?D>DIH<?I J<L< MO OMI @H OH GINIL ?@ >IG=OMND\H
DHN@LH< KO@ JLI?OS><# < MO P@S# @H@LB[< G@>YHD><%

.(7/-/*(*/X2

*32 3;W.,23 *32 (/6,

.(7 1,+/3 .(7 43)6,

13836 *31)978/X2 *31)978/X2

.(7 +, 7W28,7/7 /28,62(

1,8(230 ,2,6./( :(436 *(036

$1,*U2/*(
$,0V*86/*(
13836 *31)978/X2
/28,62( 1U59/2( +, :(436

,2,6./( ,2,6./(
$1,*U2/*( $1,*U2/*(
$,0V*86/*( $,0V*86/*(

*O<?LI 2T&
08 .<MD ><>D\H R MOM JLI?O>NIM
!&*,&+&+
7NK@BOK OFIFH>N > H> D>OF @>@F^J !> H> @Q>H BJ NB>HFA>A FJ@HQTB" LKN BH @Q>H OB NB>HFU> QJ> KSFDBJ>@F^J L>N@F>H
T @KJPNKH>A> AB H> ?FKI>O># L>N> K?PBJBN @KIK LNKAQ@PK QJ> @KI?FJ>@F^J R>NF>?HB AB @KI?QOPF?HBO
O^HFAKO !@>N?^J RBDBP>H"# H\MQFAKO !B QBJPBO LFNKHB]KOKO" T D>OBKOKO !D>O LK?NB"% 0BJBN>HIBJPB# BH
LNKAQ@PK LNFJ@FL>H AB H> LFN^HFOFO BO BH @>N?^J RBDBP>H# @KJOFABNZJAKOB > HKO H\MQFAKO T D>OBO @KIK OQ?LNK$
AQ@PKO ABH LNK@BOK%

3> LFN^HFOFO @KJ >LNKRB@E>IFBJPK LHBJK AB OQ?LNKAQ@PKO PQRK OQ DN>J >QDB >JPBO AB H> AFCQOF^J I>OFR> ABH
LBPN^HBK# T> MQB @KJOPFPQ\> H> _JF@> CQBJPB AB @FBNP>O OQOP>J@F>O !Z@FAK >@[PF@K# IBP>JKH# BP@%" MQB HQBDK OB
LNKAQGBNKJ LKN H> R\> LBPNKMQ\IF@>% 1KT BJ A\># O^HK H> LNKAQ@@F^J AB @>N?^J RBDBP>H NBRFOPB FILKNP>J@F>
@Q>JPFP>PFR>%

.H @>N?^J RBDBP>H @KIK @KI?QOPF?HB O^HFAK LNBOBJP> H> RBJP>G> CNBJPB > H> ?FKI>O> MQB HB AFK KNFDBJ# AB
PBJBN QJ LKABN @>H^NF@K I>TKN K# HK MQB BO HK IFOIK# QJ LBOK IBJKN L>N> FDQ>H @>JPFA>A AB BJBND\># HK MQB
LBNIFPB QJ PN>JOLKNPB IZO CZ@FH% 5K K?OP>JPB# AB?B E>@BNOB JKP>N MQB H> @>N?KJFU>@F^J NBLNBOBJP> QJ>
L[NAFA> IQT FILKNP>JPB AB H> BJBND\> LNBOBJPB BJ H> I>PBNF> LNFI># T> MQB BJ BH LNK@BOK @KJOQIB DN>J
@>JPFA>A AB BHH>%
729Y32:2:

3.5;* 9W72-*

3X8<2-6: ,*9+Y5 ,*9+Y5

0*: 76+9. 0*: 92,6
,64+<:;2+3.: =.0.;*3 =.0.;*3

,64+<:;2Y5 ,64+<:;2Y5 0*: -. :X5;.:2:

0*:2/2,*,2Y5 0*:2/2,*,2Y5 4.;*563

)) ,Q>ANK 5V
7FN^HFOFO T OQO LNKAQ@PKO

7NK@BOKO ?FKMQ\IF@KO

3KO LNK@BOKO ?FKMQ\IF@KO OB ?>O>J BJ H> ABDN>A>@F^J AB H> ?FKI>O> LKN H> >@@F^J AB IF@NKKND>JFOIKO# T
LQBABJ AFRFAFNOB BJ AKO DN>JABO DNQLKO( HKO MQB OB LNKAQ@BJ BJ >QOBJ@F> AB >FNB !>J>BN^?F@KO" T HKO MQB
OB LNKAQ@BJ BJ LNBOBJ@F> AB >FNB !>BN^?F@KO"(

!*)$%+)+ "("%*,#&$)+
3> CBNIBJP>@F^J >J>BN^?F@># L>N> H> MQB OB QPFHFU> DBJBN>HIBJPB NBOFAQKO >JFI>HBO K RBDBP>HBO AB ?>G> NBH>@F^J
@>N?KJK & JFPN^DBJK# OB NB>HFU> BJ QJ NB@FLFBJPB @BNN>AK HH>I>AK AFDBOPKNa T A> KNFDBJ > H> LNKAQ@@F^J AB QJ
D>O @KI?QOPF?HB ABJKIFJ>AK ?FKD>O%
*AF@FKJ>HIBJPB# H> ?FKI>O> ABDN>A>A> MQB MQBA> @KIK NBOFAQK ABH LNK@BOK AB LNKAQ@@F^J ABH ?FKD>O# @KJOPF$
09
!
NOR@ OH @Q>@F@HN@ A@LNDFDS<HN@ J<L< >OFNDPIM <BL[>IF<M$
1<M N@>HIFIB[<M ?DMJIHD=F@M J<L< MO JLI?O>>D]H MIH GOR P<LD<?<M J@LI NI?<M @FF<M ND@H@H >IGI >IG^H
?@HIGDH<?IL F< MDGJFD>D?<? ?@F ?DM@\I R @F =<EI >IMNI ?@ FIM G<N@LD<F@M H@>@M<LDIM J<L< MO >IHMNLO>>D]H$
,F =DIB<M# >IHMNDNOD?I =YMD><G@HN@ JIL G@N<HI !*/&" R ?D]QD?I ?@ ><L=IHI !*4%"# @M OH >IG=OMND=F@ KO@
JO@?@ M@L @GJF@<?I ?@ F< GDMG< AILG< KO@ @F B<M H<NOL<F$ 9<G=DZH JO@?@ >IGJLDGDLM@ J<L< MO OMI @H
P@C[>OFIM ?@ NL<HMJILN@# ?@=DZH?IM@ @FDGDH<L JLDG@L< MO >IHN@HD?I ?@ *4%$
)042(8( /X2,+(

574 *,848 574 *,848

6:V20*48 )046:V20*48

-,72,39(*0W3 -,72,39(*0W3
57,80W3
(,7W)0*( (3(,7W )0*(

(*,09,8
,9(341 )04.(8
;,.,9(1,8

24947 24947
*42) :890W3 *42) :890W3
039,7 3( 039,7 3( 24947 *42) :890W3
*42) :890W3 *(147
039,7 3( ;(547

,3,7.V( ,3,7.V(
2,*T30*( 2,*T30*(
,1U*97 0*( ,1U*97 0*(

!($%)) "%(*#&$)

1< A@LG@HN<>D]H <@L]=D>< ?@ =DIG<M< ?@ <FNI >IHN@HD?I ?@ <S^><L@M I <FGD?IH@M# ?< ILDB@H < F< AILG<>D]H
?@ <F>ICIF !@N<HIF"# KO@# <?@GYM ?@ FIM OMIM <GJFD<G@HN@ >IHI>D?IM @H G@?D>DH< R FD>IL@L[<# @M OH
>IG=OMND=F@ F[KOD?I ?@ ><L<>N@L[MND><M MDGDF<L@M < FIM KO@ M@ I=ND@H@H JIL G@?DI ?@ F< L@ H<>D]H ?@F
J@NL]F@I$
1<M G<N@LD<M JLDG<M GYM >IGOH@M ONDFDS<?<M J<L< F< JLI?O>>D]H ?@ <F>ICIF MIH F< ><\< ?@ <S^><L#
G<H?DI><# MILBI ?OF>@ R G<[S$
,F JLI>@MI DH>FOR@ OH< @N<J< ?@ NLDNOL<>D]H R GIFD@H?< J<L< I=N@H@L OH< J<MN< CIGIBZH@<# OH< @N<J< ?@
A@LG@HN<>D]H R OH< @N<J< ?@ ?@MNDF<>D]H R L@>ND ><>D]H$

4NLIM L@>OLMIM @H@LBZND>IM

/<R IJILNOHD?<?@M @H KO@ F< =DIG<M< L@MOFN< GYM ^NDF <F CIG=L@ J<L< INLIM OMIM ?DMNDHNIM ?@F ?@ JLI?O>DL
@H@LB[< < NL<PZM ?@ @FF<# >IGI @M @F ><MI ?@ FIM <FDG@HNIM# =L<M N@QNDF@M# G<N@LD<F@M ?@ >IHMNLO>>D]H# @N>$
8DH @G=<LBI# F< @QJFIN<>D]H ?@ =DIG<M< J<L< ?DMNDHN<M <>NDPD?<?@M @>IH]GD><M# ?@E< OH< J<LN@ ?@ @FF< MDH
<JLIP@>C<L# F< KO@ M@ NL<HMAILG< @H L@MD?OI ?@ @M< <>NDPD?<?$ +@ <>O@L?I < F<M ><L<>N@L[MND><M J<LND>OF<L@M
KO@ JIM@@H# FIM L@MD?OIM JO@?@H JLIP@HDL ?@ F<M MDBOD@HN@M <>NDPD?<?@M AIL@MN<F@M# AIL@MNIDH?OMNLD<F@M#
<BL[>IF<M# J@>O<LD<M# <BLIDH?OMNLD<F@M I OL=<H<M$
,M DGJILN<HN@ ?@MN<><L KO@ @H I><MDIH@M JO@?@ ?<LM@ F< H@>@MD?<? ?@ >OFNDP<L R @QJFIN<L F< =DIG<M< >IH
H@M @Q>FOMDP<G@HN@ @H@LBZND>IM$ ,H @MN@ ><MI M@ C<=F< ?@ >OFNDPIM @H@LBZND>IM$
10
 5><MJKGK ?GJ>KL:D>K P ?GJ>KLGBF=MKLJB:D>K

0F<DMP>F :E;:K <:L>@GJU:K => ;BGE:K: H:J: >F>J@U:$ >K =><BJ$ 5.60-836 9 41+27+,032.6 .2.5/R70,+6&
.F D: >OHDGL:<BWF => DGK ;GKIM>K F:LMJ:D>K J>:DBQ:=: <GF D: F:DB=:= => G;L>F>J E:=>J: H:J: :K>JJ:=G G
>D:;GJ:<BWF => HMDH: => H:H>D$ K> HJG=M<>F J>KB=MGK => D:K KB@MB>FL>K <:J:<L>JUKLB<:K*

# .KH><B>K FG :HL:K H:J: :K>JJ:=G G HMDH: IM> K> =>KLBF:F : D: HJG=M<<BWF => D>V:&
# 5>KB=MGK => <GK><A:$ J:D>G$ >L<&$ ;:CG D: ?GJE: => J:E:K$ =>KHMFL>K$ LG<GF>K$ >L<&
# 5>KB=MGK => :K>JJ:=>JG ;:CG D: ?GJE: => <GJL>Q:K$ <GKL:F>JGK$ :K>JJUF$ NBJML:$ >L<&

.F DGK <:KGK >F IM> D: >OHDGL:<BWF ?GJ>KL:D >KLS =>KLBF:=: >KH><U <:E>FL> : D: HJG=M<<BWF => >F>J@TLB<GK$
K> :DBC>F >KH><B>K IM>$ :MFIM> FG L>F@:F <:J:<L>JUKLB<:K =>K>:;D>K >F DGK GLJGK MKGK$ HJ>K>FL:F MF JSHB=G
<J><BEB>FLG& 8F >C>EHDG <:J:<L>JUKLB<G => >KL> LBHG => HD:FL:<BGF>K DG <GFKLBLMP>F DGK EGFL>K => >M<:DBH%
LMK IM> K> =>KLBF:F : D: ?:;JB<:<BWF => <:J;WF N>@>L:D H:J: KB=>JMJ@B:& 1GK <B<DGK => <GJL: P J>;JGL> KGF >F
@>F>J:D <GJLGK !( : ) :VGK"$ =>H>F=B>F=G => D:K >KH><B>K P =>D MKG >F>J@TLB<G IM> K> D>K =:JS&

5><MJKGK :@JU<GD:K
7:E;BTF >F >KL> <:KG >F<GFLJ:EGK :E;:K <:L>@GJU:K => ;BGE:K: H:J: >F>J@U:* J>KB=MGK P <MDLBNGK >F>J@T%
LB<GK&

"%#!&$%

6GF :IM>DD:K H:JL>K => D: HD:FL: <MDLBN:=: <GF F>K :DBE>FLB<BGK PG BF=MKLJB:D>K IM> FG KGF XLBD>K H:J: >KGK
MKGK* H:C: => LJB@G$ J:KLJGCG => E:UQ$ L:DDGK => :D@G=WF$ >L<&
+XF L>FB>F=G >F <M>FL: IM> MF: H:JL> => >KLGK J>KB=MGK =>;> K>J BF<GJHGJ:=: :D KM>DG H:J: E:FL>F>J KMK
<GF=B<BGF>K => ?>JLBDB=:= P L>OLMJ:$ GLJ: HGJ<BWF BEHGJL:FL> => DGK EBKEGK HM>=> K>J =>KLBF:=: : KM
MLBDBQ:<BWF >F>J@TLB<:&
.KL: MLBDBQ:<BWF HJ>K>FL:$ KBF >E;:J@G$ :D@MFGK BF<GFN>FB>FL>K*

# 1: >OHDGL:<BWF :@JU<GD: LJ:=B<BGF:D >F +J@>FLBF: >K => LBHG >OL>FKBNG$ HGJ DG IM> D: J><GD><<BWF => DGK
J>KB=MGK K> >F<:J><> =>E:KB:=G$ IMBLSF=GD> N:DGJ ><GFWEB<G :D EBKEG&
# 6M =>FKB=:= >K EMP ;:C:$ DG IM> G;DB@: : EGNBDBQ:J @J:F=>K NGDXE>F>K P J><MJJBJ : HJG<>KGK => =>FKB %
<:<BWF H:J: KM HGKL>JBGJ <GFN>JKBWF >F >F>J@U: XLBD&

->K=> >D HMFLG => NBKL: LT<FB<G$ DGK J>KB=MGK :@JU<GD:K$ =>H>F=B>F=G => KMK <:J:<L>JUKLB<:K HJGHB:K$ HM>=>F
K>J <GFN>JLB=GK >F >F>J@U: XLBD : LJ:NTK => HJG<>KGK L>JEGIMUEB<GK G ;BGIMUEB<GK* KM @J:=G => AME>=:=
P KM <GFL>FB=G => DB@FBF: => FBJSF >F <:=: <:KG >D HJG<>KG ESK <GFN>FB>FL>&
11
!
!0)/(1+. &*&-2/($+.
-3 2713 23 /B>399/@ G?3/@ 1B9A7C/2/@ 1<; 39 <083A7C< 3@=31I 1< 23 =?<2B17? :/A3?7/ 3;3?5HA71/# 1<:< =B323
@3? B;/ =9/;A/17K; 23 1/J/ < ?3:<9/16/ /FB1/?3?/ =/?/ 9/ <0A3;17K; 23 /91<6<9 1<:0B@A7093# < 073;# B;/
=9/;A/17K; 23 57?/@<9 =/?/ 9/ <0A3;17K; 23 /137A3 C353A/9 1<:0B@A7093%
>BI @3 =?3@3;A/ B;/ 1<:=3A3;17/ 27?31A/ 3;A?3 9/ =?<2B117K; 23 /97:3;A<@ E 23 3;3?5I/# 2/2< >B3 9/@
A73??/@ / BA797F/? 3; B; 1B9A7C< 3;3?5HA71< 2303; @3? 23 1/972/2 /;G9<5/ / 9/@ /5?I1<9/@% (3 A<2<@ :<2<@# /
;7C39 9<1/9 =B323 3D7@A7? B;/ 1<;C3;73;17/ 3; 9/ 7:=9/;A/17K; 23 3@A3 A7=< 23 1B9A7C<@%
)9 =?<13@< / 3:=93/? =/?/ 9/ =?<2B117K; 23 3;3?5I/# 23=3;23 4B;2/:3;A/9:3;A3 239 1B9A7C< 23 >B3 @3
A?/A3%

"&$0-.+. ,&$0#-(+.
); 3@A3 1/@<# E 238/;2< 23 9/2< 9/ 3;3?5I/ =?<C7@A/ =<? 9<@ /;7:/93@ 23 A7?< !1/0/99<@# 0B3E3@# 3A1%" >B3 ;<
3@ 23@=?317/093# 3;1<;A?/:<@ @<9/:3;A3 9/ 1/A35<?I/ 23 ?3@72B<@ 1<; ;3@ 3;3?5HA71<@# >B3 3@AG;
?3=?3@3;A/2<@ =<? 9/@ 23E3117<;3@ 23 9<@ /;7:/93@%
*/ 1<;C3;73;17/ 23 9/ BA797F/17K; 3;3?5HA71/ 23 9<@ ?31B?@<@ =31B/?7<@# @3 C3 ?3@A?7;572/ / /B>399<@ 1/@<@ 3;
9<@ 1B/93@ 9<@ ;/7:/93@ @3 1?I/; 3; F<;/@ 97:7A/2/@ !1?I/ 7;A3;@7C/ < 43329<4A" 23072< / 9/@ 27 1B9A/23@ 23
?31<93117K; >B3 @3 =?3@3;A/; 3; 3DA3;@7<;3@ 5?/;23@%
*/@ 23E3117<;3@ /;7:/93@ @<; 9/ :38<? :/A3?7/ =?7:/ =/?/ 9/ =?<2B117K; 23 07<5/@ / A?/CH@ 23 9/ 43?:3;A$
/17K; /;/3?K071/% B;>B3 3@A<@ ?3@72B<@ ?3=?3@3;A/; A/:07H; B; 43?A797F/;A3 ;/AB?/9 239 @B39<# 9/
BA797F/17K; 3;3?5HA71/ 23 9<@ :7@:<@ ;< /431A/ 39 3>B7970?7< 31<9K571<# 2/2< >B3 39 3 B3;A3 >B3 @3 <0A73;3
1<:< =?<2B1A< 23 9/ 2753@A7K; 1<;@3?C/ 9<@ ;BA?73;A3@ 7;/9A3?/2<@# =3?:7A73;2< @B ?37;A35?< /9 @B39< E
397:7;/;2<# 3; 1/:07<# 9<@ 393:3;A<@ =<A3;17/9:3;A3 1<;A/:7;/;A3@%

"&$0-.+. #-+(*%0./-(#)&.
./:07H; />BI @3 A?/A/ 23 ?3@72B<@ 23 9<@ =?<13@<@ 23 7;2B@A?7/97F/17K; 23 =?<2B1A<@ /5?<=31B/?7<@ >B3
=B323; @3? 3:=93/2<@ 1<; ;3@ 3;3?5HA71<@% ); :B16<@ 23 9<@ 1/@<@# 9/ 3;3?5I/ =?<2B172/ 1<; @B
BA797F/17K;# ?3@B9A/?I/ @B 173;A3 =/?/ /0/@A313? A<2< 39 =?<13@< 23 39/0<?/17K;%
)83:=9<@ 1/?/1A3?I@A71<@ 23 3@A3 A7=< 23 /=?<C316/:73;A< @<; 9/ 4/0?71/17K; 23 /FL1/? / =/?A7? 23 9/ 1/J/#
3; 1BE< 1/@< 39 0/5/F< =B323 /97:3;A/? 9/@ 1/923?/@ 239 7;53;7<# < 39 ?3 ;/2< 23 /??<F# 3; 39 1B/9 9/ 1G@1/?/
=B323 >B3:/?@3 =/?/ =?<2B17? C/=<? E# :327/;A3 3@A3# 53;3?/? 3931A?7172/2 =/?/ 9<@ :<97;<@ E @7@A3:/@ 23
A?/;@=<?A3 E @393117K;%
+A?< A7=< 23 ?3@72B<@ /5?<7;2B@A?7/93@ 9< 1<;@A7ABE3; 9<@ 3 B3;A3@ 9I>B72<@ 23 7;2B@A?7/@ 1<:< 9<@ 7;53;7<@
!C7;/F/"# 4?75<?I 1<@# 7;2B@A?7/@ 9G1A3/@ !@B3?<"# 3A1% )@A3 A7=< 23 3 B3;A3@ 1<; /9A< 1<;A3;72< <?5G;71<#
=B323 @3? BA797F/2< =/?/ =?<2B17? 07<5/@ :327/;A3 @B 2753@A7K;%

,3@72B<@ B?0/;<@
*/@ 1<;13;A?/17<;3@ B?0/;/@ =?<C33; A/:07H; 23 4B3;A3@ 23 07<:/@/ =/?/ 3;3?5I/ / A?/CH@ 23 @B@
?3@72B<@# A/;A< @K972<@ 1<:< 9I>B72<@% *<@ ?3@72B<@ @K972<@ B?0/;<@ =<@33; B;/ 5?/; =?<=<?17K; 23
:/A3?7/ <?5G;71/ 9/ 1B/9# @3=/?/2/ 239 ?3@A< !/=?<C316/093 A/:07H; 3; 5?/; =/?A3 =/?/ 39 ?31719/2< 23
C72?7<# =/=39# :3A/93@# 3A1%"# E 1<;C3;73;A3:3;A3 A?/A/2/# =B323 @3? BA797F/2/ 1<:< 1<:0B@A7093 =/?/
1/923?/@ >B3 =?<2BF1/; C/=<? 23 =?<13@< E & < 3;3?5I/ 39H1A?71/ :327/;A3 :G>B7;/@ 23 C/=<?% *<@ ?3@72B<@
19</1/93@# / @B C3F# =B323; @3? 3:=93/2<@ =/?/ 9/ 53;3?/17K; 23 07<5/@ =<? :327< 23 @B 43?:3;A/17K;
/;/3?K071/%
); /:0<@ 1/@<@ @3 1<;A?70BE3 /@7:7@:< / @<9B17<;/? 5?/C3@ =?<093:/@ 23 1<;A/:7;/17K; E 235?/2/17K;
12 31<9K571/%
 -EC@D C75FCD@D
)@>@ I3 D7 7DA75; 5O 3?E7C;@C>7?E7$ E@63 >3E7C;3 @C9K?;53 7D DFD57AE;4=7 67 D7C EC3?D8@C>363 7? 7?7C9M3
PE;=$ A@C =@ E3?E@ BF763 =;4C36@ 3 =3 ;>39;?35;O? 7= 7?5@?EC3C ?F7G@D C75FCD@D I 8@C>3D 67 3AC@G75:3>;7? %
E@D& ( EMEF=@ ;=FDEC3E;G@$ >7?5;@?3C7>@D =3 G797E35;O? 35FKE;53$ 5FI3 FE;=;J35;O? I 3P? 5FI@ 5F=E;G@$ :3 D;6@
;?G7DE;936@ A3C3 =3 AC@6F55;O? 67 7?7C9M3& 03?E@ 7? 7= K>4;E@ FG;3= I =35FDEC7 !53>3=@E7D" 5@>@ 7? 7=
>3CME;>@ ! E@A=3?5E@?"$ D7 :3? C73=;J36@ 7HA7C;7?5;3D 7? 7DE7 D7?E;6@ =F79@ 67 =3 C75@=755;O? D7 AC@5767
3 =3 87C>7?E35;O? 3?37CO4;53 67 7DE@D G797E3=7D A3C3 =3 AC@6F55;O? 67 4;@93D&

*H;DE7? E3>4;L? 7DEF6;@D A3C3 7= 3AC@G75:3>;7?E@ 7?7C9LE;5@ 3 A3CE;C 67 5;7CE@D E;A@D 67 4;@>3D3 E3=7D
5@>@ 3=93D G7C67D$ 7DA75;7D 67 =KE7H C;53D 7? 53F5:@ @ 7? C7D;?3D$ 7E5& /;? 7>43C9@$ DF ;>A@CE3?5;3 5F3?E;%
E3E;G3 7D >FI 43<3 A@C =@ BF7 ?@ DFA7C3 7? =3 35EF3=;636 DF 5@?6;5;O? 67 AC@I75E@ ;?G7DE;93E;G@&
1? 53D@ BF7 D7 5@?D;67C3 ;>A@CE3?E7 >7?5;@?3C$ 7D 7= 67 =3 AC@6F55;O? 67 357;E7D G797E3=7D 3 A3CE;C 67
A=3?E3D @=739;?@D3D 5@>@ 7= 9;C3D@=$ D@<3$ >3?M$ D7>;==3 67 3=9@6O?$ 7E5&

Algunos aprovechamientos de energa de la biomasa en la Argentina

*? =3 .7AP4=;53 (C97?E;?3$ 3= ;9F3= BF7 7? 7= C7DE@ 67= >F?6@$ D7 :3? C73=;J36@ I D7 C73=;J3? 7? =3 35EF3=;636
3AC@G75:3>;7?E@D 7?7C9LE;5@D 67 =3 4;@>3D3&

1?@ 67 =@D 3AC@G75:3>;7?E@D 67 >3I@C ;>A@CE3?5;3 7D 7= 676;536@ 3 =3 834C;535;O? 67 53C4O? G797E3= 67=
5F3= D7 :357 FD@ 53D; 7H5=FD;G@ 7? =3 ;?6FDEC;3 D;67CPC9;53 ;?DE3=363 7? =3 AC@G;?5;3 67 ,F<FI !(=E@D +@C?@D
23A=3"& *= >;D>@ D7 @4E;7?7 8F?63>7?E3=>7?E7 3 A3CE;C 67 A=3?E35;@?7D 67 7F53=;AEFD C73=;J363D 5@? 7D7
?& 03>4;L? D7 FE;=;J3 7? @EC3D ;?6FDEC;3D I A3C3 FD@ 6@>LDE;5@$ 3F?BF7 DF ;>A@CE3?5;3 5@>A3C3E;G3 7D
>F5:@ >7?@C&

-EC@ 3AC@G75:3>;7?E@ D;9?; 53E;G@ 7D =3 FE;=;J35;O? 67 4393J@ 67 53N3 67 3JP53= 5@>@ 5@>4FDE;4=7 A3C3
=3D 53=67C3D 67 =@D ;?97?;@D 3JF53C7C@D& *? 3=9F?@D 53D@D$ 7DE7 5@>4FDE;4=7 ACK5E;53>7?E7 A7C>;E7 =3
3FE@DF 5;7?5;3 7?7C9LE;53 67 7DE3D ;?6FDEC;3D& .7=35;@?363 5@? =3 53N3 67 3JP53C A@67>@D >7?5;@?3C =3
834C;535;O? 67 3=5@:@= BF7$ 5@?G7?;7?E7>7?E7 67D:;6C3E36@ I 6@D; 536@$ 6;@ @C;97? 3 =3 3=5@?38E3$
FE;=;J363 7? 5;7CE3 LA@53 7? G3C;3D AC@G;?5;3D 3C97?E;?3D& *DE7 AC@I75E@ ?@ AC@DA7CO A@C ==793CD7 3 =3
5@?5=FD;O? 67 BF7 67D67 7= AF?E@ 67 G;DE3 75@?O>;5@ ?@ C7DF=E343 D3E;D835E@C;@ A3C3 =3D 53C35E7CMDE;53D 67=
A3MD&

-EC@D 3AC@G75:3>;7?E@D =@D 5@?DE;EFI7?

# *= FD@ 67 =7N3 3 ?;G7= 6@>LDE;5@ 7? J@?3D CFC3=7D I D7>;CFC3=7D&
# *= FD@ 67 =7N3 A3C3 53=78355;O? !:@93C7D"&
# *= FD@ 67 C7D;6F@D 39C@;?6FDEC;3=7D !5KD53C3 67 9;C3D@=$ 5KD53C3 67 3CC@J$ 5KD53C3 67 >3?M$ 7E5&" 7? 53=67C3D$
A3C3 DF FD@ ELC>;5@ @ 7=L5EC;5@$ A3C3 AC@6F5;C G3A@C 67 AC@57D@&
# *= FD@ 67 C7D;6F@D 8@C7DE@;?6FDEC;3=7D !3D7CCM?$ 5@DE3?7C@D I G;CFE3" A3C3 97?7C3C 7?7C9M3 7? =3 ;?6FDEC;3 67
EC3?D8@C>35;O? 67 =3 >367C3& 13
!
# 9F YXNPN^FHNfR IJ 956 !LFW QJXFRS HFTXYVFIS JR VJPPJRSW WFRNXFVNSW" TFVF LJRJVFHNfR IJ JRJVLdF JPcHXVNHF&
# 9F LJRJVFHNfR IJ GNSLFW JR XFQGSW !JWXJ YWS JR VJFPNIFI JWXb QY] TSHS INKYRINIS"&

4W NQTSVXFRXJ IJWXFHFV UYJ JP TSXJRHNFP IJ FTVSZJHMFQNJRXS JRJVLcXNHS IJ PF GNSQFWF JR PF 0VLJRXNRF JW

QYHMdWNQS QF]SV F WY FHXYFP YXNPN^FHNfR ] TFVF WY IJWFVVSPPS KYXYVS JW QJRJWXJV VJFPN^FV YRF NQTSVXFRXJ XFVJF IJ
INKYWNfR IJ PFW TSWNGNPNIFIJW J\NWXJRXJW ] IJ PFW XJHRSPSLdFW TFVF WY YWS&

Estudios recientes

g4?@A37< 34 =>4502@71797303 =0>0 90 A@797E027a; 34 >4?73A<? 34>7B03<? 34 90 7;3A?@>70 0>><24>0 D

34 90 5<>4?@<7;3A?@>70 =0>0 90 64;4>027a; 34 4;4>60 49_2@>720 4; 90 =><B7;270 34 4;@>4 ><?h&

4R KYRHNfR F PF INWTSRNGNPNIFI ] PSLdWXNHF IJ PSW VJHYVWSW JWXYINFISW$ JP JWXYINS FVVSOF PF INWTSRNGNPNIFI JRJVLcXNHF
IJ JRXVJ -)(&(((.+(&((( XFeS IJ VJWNIYSW KSVJWXSNRIYWXVNFPJW ] )((&(( XRFeS IJ HbWHFVF IJ FVVS^$ TPFRXJFRIS
JP IJWFVVSPPS IJ HYFXVS FPXJVRFXNZFW/

% 2JRXVFP ?FR ?FPZFISV % -$, : C % HbWHFVF IJ FVVS^ % LJRJVFHNfR IJ JRJVLdF JPcHXVNHF TSV QJINS IJ HSQGYWXNfR
INVJHXF JR PJHMS YNIN^FIS LVNPPF ZNGVFRXJ&
% 2JRXVFP BNPPFLYF] % * :C % HbWHFVF IJ FVVS^ % HSLJRJVFHNfR TSV QJINS IJ HSQGYWXNfR JR LVNPPF ZNGVFRXJ&
% 2JRXVFP 2SRHSVINF % *, :C % VJWNIYSW KSVJWXSNRIYWXVNFPJW % LJRJVFHNfR IJ JRJVLdF JPcHXVNHF TSV QJINS IJ
LFWN HFHNfR ] HSQGYWXNfR&
% 2JRXVFP 5JIJVFHNfR %*, : C % VJWNIYSW KSVJWXSNRIYWXVNFPJW % LJRJVFHNfR IJ JRJVLdF JPcHXVNHF TSV QJINS IJ
LFWN HFHNfR ] HSQGYWXNfR&

4?@A37< 34 4B09A027a; 9<? >42A>?<? 34 17<:0?0 4; 90? =><B7;270? 34 : 7?7<;4? D 2<>>74;@4?&

9<2097E027<; D 4?@A37< 34 502@71797303 34 90 7;?@09027a; 34 A; =><D42@< 34 64;4>027a;&

0 TFVXNV IJ PSW VJWYPXFISW FPHFR^FISW$ JR PSW HYFPJW WJ JWXFGPJHJR JP VJHYVWS INWTSRNGPJ ] WY TSXJRHNFP JRJVLcXNHS$
HSROYRXFQJRXJ HSR PFW 0YXSVNIFIJW PSHFPJW ] PSW VJWTSRWFGPJW IJP =4>: 4>$ WJ NIJRXN HFVSR ] WJPJHHNSRFVSR
WNXNSW FTXSW TFVF PF NQTPJQJRXFHNfR IJ TVS]JHXSW IJ LJRJVFHNfR IJ JRJVLdF JPcHXVNHF F TFVXNV IJ GNSQFWF TFVF
FGFWXJHJV TSGPFHNSRJW VYVFPJW INWTJVWFW TFVF PFW UYJ RS J\NWXJ WYQNRNWXVS TSV VJI$ WJ NIJRXN HFVSR PFW STHNSRJW
XJHRSPfLNHFW INWTSRNGPJW TFVF PF LJRJVFHNfR IJ JPJHXVNHNIFI F TFVXNV IJ PSW VJWNIYSW INWTSRNGPJW JR INHMSW WNXNSW$
] WJ TVSHJINf FP INWJeS ] JWXYINS IJ KFHXNGNPNIFI IJ ISW TVS]JHXSW IJ LJRJVFHNfR IJ JRJVLdF JPcHXVNHF$ F WFGJV/

% 2JRXVFP JR ?FR 0RXSRNS 7WPF !2SVVNJRXJW" %)( 8[ % LJRJVFHNfR IJ JRJVLdF JPcHXVNHF QJINFRXJ LFWN HFHNfR HSR
VJWNIYSW KSVJWXSNRIYWXVNFPJW&
% 2JRXVFP JR TNHFIF ARNfR !:NWNSRJW" % *( 8[ % LJRJVFHNfR IJ JRJVLdF JPcHXVNHF QJINFRXJ LFWN HFHNfR HSR
VJWNIYSW KSVJWXSNRIYWXVNFPJW&

14
G;C7@> "G@@79E8=;?D8:B4D87 CEAA=H(78>4?7 @F8BF;8G >4AA;?:#

7MU[YV LMS WIYIO\IZ QUZ[Q[\KQVUIS KVUNVYTILV WVY 94@3 CMKYM[IYQI LM 8UMYOeI3 CMKYM[IYQI LM 4OYQK\S[\YI% :IUIL&
MYeI% AMZKI _ 4SQTMU[VZ3 ;?D43 CMKYM[IYQI LM 4TJQMU[M _ 7MZIYYVSSV C\Z[MU[IJSM% ZM MZ[I [YIJIRIULV WIYI SI
VJ[MUKQgU LM MZ[I PMYYITQMU[I% X\M ZM JIZI MU SI [MKUVSVOeI LMS CQZ[MTI LM ;UNVYTIKQgU :MVOYc KI "C;:#% X\M
VNYMKM U\M]IZ WVZQJQSQLILMZ LM KVTJQUIY V QU[MOYIY QUNVYTIKQgU MZ[ILeZ[QKI _ MZWIKQIS ZVJYM SI WYVL\KKQgU
"VNMY[I# _ MS KVUZ\TV "LMTIULI# LM KVTJ\Z[QJSMZ JQVTIZQKVZ "YMZQL\VZ NVYMZ[ISMZ% NVYMZ[VQUL\Z[YQISMZ% IOYeKVSIZ
_ IOYVQUL\Z[YQISMZ# _ JQVKVTJ\Z[QJSMZ

8S VJRM[Q]V MZ KVUNVYTIY \UI PMYYITQMU[I [IS X\M WMYTQ[I SI [VTI LM LMKQZQVUMZ MU N\UKQgU LMS WSIU MZ[YI[dOQKV
MUMYOd[QKV KVU MS VJRM[Q]V LM LQ]MYZQ KIY SI TI[YQ MUMYOd[QKI UIKQVUIS _ I]IUIY LM IK\MYLV I SVZ SQUMITQMU[VZ
MZ[IJSMKQLVZ MU SI =M_ LM 9VTMU[V LM 8UMYOeI BMUV]IJSMZ ?a +/*2)

Protocolo de Kyoto - Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio

8S AYV[VKVSV LM <_V[V MZ[IJSMKM WIYI SVZ WIeZMZ 4UM^V ;% YML\KQY MS [V[IS LM Z\Z MTQZQVUMZ LM :8; I \U UQ]MS QUNMYQVY
MU UV TMUVZ LM .! IS LM *22) MU MS WMYeVLV LM KVTWYVTQZV% KVTWYMULQLV MU[YM MS IfV +))1 _ MS +)*+ AIYI
K\TWSQY KVU MS TQZTV ZM MZ[IJSMKQMYVU ILMTcZ LM SIZ YML\KKQVUMZ LM MTQZQVUMZ LM OIZMZ LM MNMK[V QU]MYUILMYV
MU KILI WIeZ% _ LMS KVTMYKQV LM MTQZQVUMZ% V[YVZ TMKIUQZTV Z KVTV SI 4WSQKIKQgU 6VUR\U[I "46# _ MS >MKIUQZTV
LM 7MZIYYVSSV =QTWQV ">7=#

DYIZ SI YI[Q KIKQgU WVY WIY[M LM B\ZQI MU ZMW[QMTJYM LM +))- MS AYV[VKVSV LM <_V[V ZM KVU]QMY[M MU =M_
QU[MYUIKQVUIS8Z[M TMKIUQZTV VNYMKM I SVZ OVJQMYUVZ _ I SIZ MTWYMZIZ WYQ]ILIZ LM SVZ WIeZMZ QUL\Z[YQISQILVZ SI
WVZQJQSQLIL LM [YIUZNMYQY [MKUVSVOeIZ SQTWQIZ I WIeZMZ MU LMZIYYVSSV% TMLQIU[M QU]MYZQVUMZ MU WYV_MK[VZ LM
YML\KKQgU LM MTQZQVUMZ V Z\TQLMYVZ% YMKQJQMULV LM MZ[I NVYTI KMY[Q KILVZ LM MTQZQgU X\M ZMY]QYcU KVTV
Z\WSMTMU[V I Z\Z YML\KKQVUMZ QU[MYUIZ

EU WYV_MK[V MU MS TIYKV LMS > MKIUQZTV WIYI \U 7MZIYYVSSV =QTWQV ">7= V 67> MU QUOSdZ# MZ \U WYV_MK[V LM
YML\KKQgU LM MTQZQVUMZ V ZMK\MZ[YV LM KIYJVUV X\M ZM SSM]I I KIJV MU \U WIeZ MU LMZIYYVSSV% KVTV ZMY SI 4YOMU&
[QUI =VZ WYV_MK[VZ >7= OMUMYIU 68BZ V 5VUVZ LM 6IYJVUV% X\M W\MLMU ZMY KVTMYKQISQILVZ MU MS TMYKILV LM
KIYJVUV * 68B MX\Q]ISM I * DU LM 6@+ YML\KQLI
=VZ JMUM KQVZ LM SVZ >7=% W\MLMU PIKMY TIZ I[YIK[Q]V \U WYV_MK[V LMZLM MS W\U[V LM ]QZ[I MKVUgTQKV&
UIUKQMYV% I [IS W\U[V X\M ZVSV W\MLM ZMY ]QIJSM ZQ K\MU[I KVU MSSVZ 8RMTWSVZ AYV_MK[VZ > 7= "5QVTIZI#

$ AYV_MK[V 4:7 & :MUMYIS 7MPMI% 6gYLVJI & 6VOMUMYIKQgU &*) >G "*1,))) DU(IfV LM KcZKIYI LM OQYIZVS
_ TIUe#% YML\KQYc .1.0/)%2 DU 6@+ MU +* IfVZ
$ AYV_MK[V A;?7b & A\MY[V 8ZWMYIUI% >QZQVUMZ & 6VOMUMYIKQgU & - >G% IWVY[IYI M^KMLMU[MZ I SI YML
"*)+))) DU(IfV LM YMZQL\VZ NVYMZ[VQUL\Z[YQISMZ#% YML\KQYc -2**+0 DU 6@+ MU +* IfVZ
$ AYV_MK[V 7VU :\QSSMYTV & C LM =QUQMYZ% >QZQVUMZ & 6VOMUMYIKQgU & , >G "YMZQL\VZ NVYMZ[VQUL\Z[YQISMZ#%
YML\KQYc *)+-12 DU 6@+ MU 0 IfVZ 15
!
Legislacin

4< 4@Q *,).( @MN<=F@>@ @F !8TBDG@H ?@ AIG@HNI H<>DIH<F J<L< @F OMI ?@ AO@HN@M L@HIP<=F@M ?@ @H@LBU< ?@MNDH<?<
< F< JLI?O>>DWH ?@ @H@LBU< @FT>NLD>< ! 4< F@Q ?@>F<L< ?@ SHN@L@M H<>DIH<F F< B@H@L<>DWH ?@ @H@LBU< @FT>NLD>< < J<LNDL
?@F OMI ?@ AO@HN@M ?@ @H@LBU< L@HIP<=F@M >IH ?@MNDHI < F< JL@MN<>DWH ?@ M@LPD>DI JX=FD>I >IGI <MU N<G=DTH F<
DHP@MNDB<>DWH J<L< @F ?@M<LLIFFI N@>HIFWBD>I Q A<=LD><>DWH ?@ @KODJIM >IH @M< H<FD?<?

1MN<=F@>@ >IGI I=E@NDPI ?@F JL@M@HN@ LTBDG@H% FIBL<L F< >IHNLD=O>DWH ?@ F<M AO@HN@M ?@ @H@LBU< L@HIP<=F@M C<MN<
<F><HR<L @F 6/26 768 /315:6 #-"$ ?@F >IHMOGI ?@ @H@LBU< @FT>NLD>< H<>DIH<F @H @F JF<RI ?@ 031; #)($ <VIM <
J<LNDL ?@ F< JO@MN< @H PDB@H>D< ?@F JL@M@HN@ LTBDG@H

4IM =@H@ >DIM KO@ @MN<=F@>@ F< 4@Q MIH OH LTBDG@H ?@ DHP@LMDWH JIL OH J@LDI?I ?@ )( <VIM Q OH< L@GOH@L<>DWH
<?D>DIH<F L@MJ@>NI ?@F JL@>DI ?@ G@L><?I ?@ F< @H@LBU< M@BXH F<M ?DMNDHN<M AO@HN@M JIL OH J@LDI?I ?@ )+ <VIM

Barreras

0@HNLI ?@ ?DMNDHNIM @MNO?DIM @H><L<?IM JIL F< 9@>L@N<LU< ?@ 1H@LBU< M@ C<H ?@N@>N<?I ?DMNDHNIM NDJIM ?@ =<LL@L<M
< MILN@<L J<L< F< DGJF@G@HN<>DWH ?@ F<M AO@HN@M ?@ @H@LBU< L@HIP<=F@% @HNL@ @FF<M ><=@H >DN<L < F<M ?@ NDJI NT>HD>I%
@>IHWGD>I& H<H>D@LI% F@BDMF<NDP<M&L@BOF<NILD<M% DHMNDNO>DIH<F@M Q MI>D<F@M

16
www.energia.gov.ar 17
 SECRETARIA DE ENERGIA

Av. Paseo Coln 171 Capital Federal - CP (C1063ACB)

Repblica Argentina - Conmutador: 54-11-4349-5000
energia@minplan.gov.ar - http://www.energia.gov.ar