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4
1 ) Demonstrati ca urmatoarele numere sunt irationale: 10 ; 4 3 ; 3 ; 22 + 3 3 ;
2 + 3 + 5 ; 40 ! ; n 2 + n unde n ; 3k + 2 cu k .

2 ) Comentati rezultatele operatiilor cu numere reale:

Fie r si i .
r+ r=?

r r = ?

r+ i=?

r i = ?

i+i=?

i i=?

3 ) Verificati daca urmatoarele numere sunt rationale:

a)
b)

11 6 2 + 7 4 3 + 7 + 26
1

1 + 2

c) E =

1
2 + 3

2a b
1 + 2b

+ ... +

1
2000 + 2001

unde a = 3 5 + 9 4 5 si b = 7 1 11 4 7

4 ) Aflati a 2006-a zecimala a numarului

1
7

si suma primelor 2006 zecimale.

5 ) Scrieti o aproximare prin lipsa si una prin adaos a lui 10 cu 3 zecimale.

3

6 ) Demonstrati si retineti: (a + b) = a + b + 3ab(a + b), a, b .

3

7 ) Demonstrati si retineti: a + b = (a + b)(a ab + b ) si

3

a b = (a b)(a + ab + b )
2

8 ) Demonstrati si retineti: (b a)(a c)(b c) = a c + b a + c b a b c a b c

9 ) Sa se afle x, y a.i. (3x y)5 + x 14 = y 5 6x.
10 ) Demonstrati ca 6 35 <

1
10

11 ) Suma a doua numere este 21 si produsul -7. Aflati suma cuburilor lor.
12 ) Demonstrati si retineti identitatiile, unde literele sunt orice numere reale:

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2

(a + b) = a + 2ab + b

(a b) = a 2ab + b
2

a b = (a b)(a + b)
2

(a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

3

(a + b) = a + 3a b + 3ab + b = a + b + 3ab(a + b)
3

(a b) = a 3a b + 3ab b = a b 3ab(a b)
3

a + b = (a + b)(a ab + b )
a b = (a b)(a + ab + b )
3

(a + b + c) = a + b + c + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

3

a + b + c 3abc = (a + b + c)(a + b + c ab bc ca)

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(a + c) + 2abc
2

(a b)(b c)(c a) = a (c b) + b (a c) + c (b a)
4

a b = (a b)(a + b)(a + b )
4
4
2
2
2
2
a + b = a 2ab + b a + 2ab + b

x + x y + y = (x + xy + y )(x xy + y )
Identitatea lui Lagrange:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(a + b + c )(x + y + z ) (ax + by + cz) = (bx cy) + (cx az) + (ay bx)
3

(a b) + (b c) + (c a) = 3(a b)(b c)(c a)

13 ) Folosind identitatea lui Lagrange, demonstrati inegalitatea
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
CauchyBunyakovskySchwarz: (a + b + c )(x + y + z ) (ax + by + cz) ,
a, b, c, x, y, z .
Comentariu:
Augustin Louis Cauchy (August 21, 1789 May 23, 1857) was a French mathematician.
He started the project of formulating and proving the theorems of calculus in a rigorous
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manner and was thus an early pioneer of analysis. He also gave several important
theorems in complex analysis and initiated the study of permutation groups. A profound
mathematician, Cauchy exercised by his perspicuous and rigorous methods a great
influence over his contemporaries and successors. His writings cover the entire range
of mathematics and mathematical physics.
Victor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky (Russian: December 16 [O.S. December 4 ] 1804 , Bar,
Ukraine December 12 [O.S. November 30] 1889, St. Petersburg) was a Russian
mathematician, member and later vice president of the Petersburg Academy of
Sciences. He worked in theoretical mechanics and number theory (see: Bunyakovsky
conjecture), and is credited with an early discovery of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality,
proving it for the infinite dimensional case in 1859, many years prior to Hermann
Schwarz's works on the subject.
Karl Hermann Amandus Schwarz (25 January 184 3 30 November 1921) was a German
mathematician, known for his work in complex analysis. He was born in Hermsdorf,
Silesia (now Jerzmanowa, Poland). Schwarz worked in Halle, Gttingen and then Berlin,
dealing with the subjects of function theory, differential geometry and the calculus of
variations. He became a member of the Royal Academy. His works include Bestimmung
einer speziellen Minimalflche, which was crowned by the Berlin Academy in 1867 and
printed in 1871, and Gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen (1890). He was a
student of Karl Weierstrass. He became professor at the University of Berlin in 1892,
where his students included Lipot Fejer, Paul Koebe and Ernst Z ermelo. He died in
Berlin.
14 ) Folosind identitatea
3
3
3
2
2
2
a + b + c 3abc = (a + b + c)(a + b + c ab bc ca) demonstrati
inegalitatea:
3

a + b + c 3abc, a, b, c [0, ).
15 ) Folosind identiatea
2

a + b + c ab bc ca =
inegalitatea:
2

1
2
2
2
(a b) + (b c) + (c a) demonstrati

a + b + c ab + bc + ca, a, b, c .
2

16 ) Demonstrati ca a + ab + c 0, a, b .
17 )
2

Daca x + y + z = 1 si x + y + z = 1 demonstrati ca x + y + z 3xyz = 1.

3

Daca x + y + z = 0, atunci x + y + z = 3xyz, dar reciproca este falsa.

3

Demonstrati echivalenta: 6xyz 3(x + y + z) = 2(x + y + z ) x + y + z = 0

3

Fie x, y R. Daca x + y = 2 atunci x + y = 8 6xy, dar reciproca este falsa.

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Daca a + b + c = 0 atunci
3
3
3
(2a b) + (2b c) + (2c a) = 3(2a b)(2b c)(2c a)

18 ) Aflati x, y daca |x + 2| + 9 4 5 = 4 + 5 |y + 3|.

19 ) Demonstrati si retineti formulele radicalilor compusi:

a + b =

a b =

a + a 2 b

a + a 2 b
2

a a 2 b
2

a a 2 b
2

20 ) Folosind formulele radicalilor compusi transformati expresiile:

a)

5 + 26 , b) 6 20 , c) 10 221 , d) 9 45 , e) x x 2 y 2

|a b c|
|
|
21 ) Calculand determinantul: | b c a | demonstrati
|
|
| c a b|
3

a + b + c 3abc = (a + b + c)(a + b + c ab ac bc), a, b, c .

3

22 ) Demonstrati si retineti: (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 3(a + b)(b + c)(a + c)

23 ) Demonstrati ca x (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) + 1 este patrat perfect si calculati
1000000 1000001 1000002 1000003 + 1 .
24 ) Sa se determine valorile lui a daca

x
y

y
z

z
x

a, x, y, z (0, ).

25 ) Verificati daca urmatoarele numere sunt rationale:

3

37 + 30 3 + 37 30 3 .

26 ) Aflati a daca x =

25 + a
5 2a

27 ) Fie an = 7 n + 2002.

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a) Aflati prima zecimala a lui a1 .

b) Dem ca an , n .
2

28 ) Cate elemente are multimea: An = {(x, y) N |x + y = n} ?

29 ) Comparati A =

aa + 2 + 1
aa + 1 + 1

cu B =

aa + 1 + 1
aa + 1

30 ) Demonstrati: x + 2x 1 + x 2x 1 = 2, 1 x 2.
31 ) Aflati a 84 5-a zecimala a lui

18
11

si calculati suma primelor 84 5 zecimale.

32 ) Completati stelutele cu semnele + sau - pentru ca rezultatul sa fie adevarat (daca

este posibil): 1*2*3...*10=0.
2

33 ) Calculati 1 + x + 2x + 3x + ... + nx .
34 )
a) Demonstrati

1
2x + 1

x + 1 x

1
2x

, x (0, )

b) Demonstrati inegalitatea 2n + 1 2 < 1 +

1
2

+ ... +

1
n

< 2n 2, n .

35 ) Calculati:
a)

10 + 24 + 40 + 60 2 3 5

b)

c)

41 + 29 2 + 41 29 2 6

6+

847
27

+ 6

847
27

36 ) Calculati [A] unde A =

1
2 + 1

1
3 + 2

+ ... +

1
101 + 100

37 ) Fie x . Demonstrati:

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a)

x
x2 + x + 1
4

1
3

b) x x + 2x + 2 0
4

c) x 2x + 2x 2x + 1 0
4

d) x x +

1
2

>0

38 ) Demonstrati:
a) x, y ( 1, 1) x y ( 1, 1)
b) x, y ( 1, 1)

x+y
1 + xy

( 1, 1)
2

c) |x| 1, |y| 1 (x + y) 4
d) x, y, z > 0, x + y + z = 1

1
x

1
y

1
z

9
2

12
1
25

e) x, y > 0, x + y = 1 x + + y +

x
y
2
f) x, y, z (0, 1), x + y + z = 2 xyz 8(1 x)(1 y)(1 z)
3

39 ) Calculati

45 + 29 2 + 45 29 2 6

4 0 ) Verificati daca numerele urmatoare sunt rationale:

x=
y=

5 + 213 + 5 213

20 + 14 2 + 20 14 2

4 1 ) Daca A =

2
4 + 7 + 4 7 , calculati A .

4 2 ) Aflati a, b, c daca

1
3

1 + 2 + 4

= a + b 2 + c 4.

4 3 ) Sa se determine imaginea functiilor:

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f : [0, 3] , f (x) = x + 5 4 x + 1 + x + 2 2x + 1 .

f : [1, 2] , f (x) = x + 2x 1 + x 2x 1 .
4 4 ) Calculati: 0, 02

4 5 ) Fie n =

314
3, 14

9
4

2 4 + 4 8 + 6 12 + ... + 60 120
3 5 + 6 10 + 9 15 + ... + 90 150

a) Sa se simplifice.
b) Sa se afle aproximarile prin lipsa si prin adaos ale lui n cu o eroare mai mica de o
sutime.
4 6 ) Dem ca 1 ! + 2! + ... + n ! , n , n > 3.
4 7 ) Daca

b+c a

a
(a + b)(b + c)(a + c)
abc

a+c b
b

a+b c
c

, cu a, b, c , calculati

4 8 ) Fie A = 2a + 5b si B = 3a + 2b cu a, b . Dem echivalenta: 11| A 11|B.

3

4 9 ) Fie a, b . Dem echivalenta 6|(a + b + c) 6|(a + b + c ).

50 ) Rezolvati ecuatiile cu x, y :
a) xy + 2x 3y = 7.
2

b) 2x 2xy 5x y + 19 = 0.
c)

1
y

1
xy

2
5

d) xy + 11 = 2(x + 3y).
2

e) 9x + 3y = y + 8.
2

f) x 5y 4xy + 6y + 2 = 0.
2

g) x 4xy 5y = 5.

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h)

1
x

1
y

1
z

= 1.

51 ) Dem ca urmatoarele numere nu sunt rationale: 2 + 3 , 2 + 3 + 5 ,2n + 3 n+ 3

, n , 40 ! , n 2 + 2n, n .
3

52 ) Fie a, b (0, ) a.i

3

a + b + a b = 2. Notam u = a + b si v = a b.

a) Demonstrati ca u + v = 2a.
b) Demonstrati ca uv =

4a
3

.
2

c) Demonstrati ca 27b = (a 1)(a + 8) .

53 ) Fie a > b > c > 0. Comparati numerele

a
b

b
c

c
a

si

a
c

b
+ .
b a

54 ) Demonstrati ca
2
1023
2
4
256
512
1 + x + x + ... + x
= (1 + x)(1 + x )(1 + x ) ...(1 + x
)(1 + x
).
3

55 ) Aflati x, y a.i. x + y + 6 = (x + y) .
3

56 ) Aflati a, b a.i.

9 3 11 2 = a2 + b3 .

57 ) Calculati 10 + 24 + 40 + 60 2 3 5

58 ) Demonstrati ca n + n 1 + n + 1 , n .
4
59 ) Aflati cel mai apropiat intreg de 44 si partea lui intreaga.

60 ) Fie x, y si x + 5y = 1, x [6, 11].

Dem ca

(x 6) 2 + (y + 1) 2 + (x 11) 2 + (y + 2) 2 .

1 1 1

61 ) Fie a, b, c a.i. (a + b + c) + + = 1.
a b c
a) dem ca (a + b)(a + c)(b + c) = 0.

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n

b) Aflati n a.i. (a + b + c) = a + b + c .
62 ) Daca abc = 1, calculati

ac
ac + c 1

b
bc b + 1

1
ab a 1

63 ) Aflati n a.i n, n + 2, n + 6, n + 8, n + 12, n + 14 sa fie simultan prime.

64 ) Demonstrati inegalitatile:
a)

b)

x
y2

a+b
c2

x2
+

1
+ , x, y > 0
x y

b+c
a2

c+a
b2

1 1 1
2 + + , a, b, c > 0
a b c

65 ) Demonstrati inegalitatea

a2
b2

b2

a b
3 + + 5 0, a, b > 0.
b a
a2

1
66 ) Determinati multimea A = x { 1, 1}|x + .
x

67 ) Sa se arate ca daca exista una din relatiile de mai jos, exista si celelalte doua:
x2
yz z
y2 x2
2xyz
=
, =
,
= y 2 z 2.
2
2
2
2
2
y
y+z y
y +x
y x
68 ) Fie a1 , a2 , ..., an o permutare a primelor n numere naturale, unde n este impar.
Demonstrati ca produsul (a1 1)(a2 2) ...(an n) este par.
69 ) Produsul a 34 numere intregi este 1. Demonstrati ca suma lor nu este 0.
70 ) Comparati A si B:
A = 5 + 13 , B = 7 + 11
3

3
3
A = 5 + 13 , B = 7 + 11
5

A = 6 + 14 , B = 8 + 12
71 ) Fie a, b, c > 0. Demonstrati inegalitatile:
2

a) a + b + c ab + ac + bc
2

b) 3(a + b + c ) (a + b + c)
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c) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8abc

d) (b + c a)(a + c b)(a + b c) abc
2

2 2

2 2

e) a b + b c + c a abc(a + b + c)
4

f) a + b + c abc(a + b + c)
2

g) (a + b + c)(a + b + c ) 9abc
3

h) (a + b) + (b + c) + (c + a) 24abc
72 ) Demonstrati:
a)

b)

a
b+c

b
c+a

a
a + 2b + 2c

c
a+b

3
2

b
2a + b + 2c

, a, b, c > 0.

c
2a + 2b + c

3
5

, a, b, c > 0.

73 ) Demonstrati urmatoarele leme:

Lema1. Daca a2 + b3 = c, unde a, b, c , atunci a = b = c = 0.
3

Lema2. Daca a + b 2 + c 4 = 0, unde a, b, c , atunci a = b = c = 0.

74 ) Demonstrati ca 4n + 2 si 4n + 3 , n .
75 ) 64 4
1 ) Comentati rezultatele operatiilor cu numere reale:
Fie r si i .
r+ r=?

r r = ?

r+ i=?

r i = ?

i+i=?

i i=?

2 ) Aflati x, y daca |x + 2| + 9 4 5 = 4 + 5 |y + 3|.

3 ) Calculati prima zecimala a nr. n 2 + n, n .

76 ) Fie an = n 2 + 6n + 26 cu n .

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a) Calculati [an ] cu n .
b) Aflati n a.i. an .
c) Pentru n 5 aflati prima zecimala a lui [an ].
77 ) Fie x, y, z > 0, a.i. xyz = 1. Calculati

x
xy + x + 1

y
yz + y + 1

z
zx + z + 1

a + b + c = 0
71
71
71
78 ) Fie sistemul:
. Calculati a + b + c .
3
3
3
a + b + c = 0
1
79 ) Fie x > 0 si a = x + .
x
3

a) Aflati in functie de a expresiile E = x +

16 6
1

b) Dem x + x +
2

x
x6

1
x3

si F = x +

1
x6

13
1
3
6 x + + x +
, x > 0.
x
x3

80 )
2

Daca x + 3y = 4 demonstrati ca x + 3y 4.
81 )
3

Daca x + 3y = 4, demonstrati ca x + 27y 12xy.

82 )

Fie a = x + x +

1
+ x+ .
2
4

a) Exista x a.i. a ?
b) Exista x a.i. a ?

83 ) Aflati x, y a.i. x + y + x y este prim.

84 ) Verificati daca urmatoarele numere sunt naturale:
a)
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3

7 + 4 3 + 7 4 3 , b) 9 + 4 5 + 9 4 5 , c) 41 + 29 2 + 41 29 2, d)

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26 + 15 3 + 26 15 3

e)

3 + 11 + 6 2 5 + 26
2 + 6 + 25 7 + 210

, f)

4 + 7 4 7 2
3

85 ) Fie a, b > 0 si a + b = 1 iar a , b . Dem ca a, b .

86 ) Dem ca

1
(x y) 2

1
(y z) 2

1
(z x) 2

, x, y, z distincte.

87 ) Fie A = n + 6n 9 si B = n 6n 9 , cu n , n 3.
Dem ca

12
5

< AB<

5
2

88 ) Rezolvati ecuatiile in :
a)

1
x

1
y

=1

b) x + x y = 0
c) x + y = 1976
d) x + y + xy = 8
e)

1
x

1
y

1
z

=1

89 ) Fie a, b, c > 0 a.i. ab + ac + bc = 1. Dem

1
1
1
ab
bc
ca
3 +
+
+
+
+
a+b b+c c+a
a+b b+c c+a
2

90 ) Daca x + 3y + z = 2 aflati max (2x + y z).

3

91 ) Daca a + b 2 + c 4 = 0, cu a, b, c , atunci a = b = c = 0.
92 ) Fie M={(x, y) x| 3 x + 5 y + 4 + x + y = 6}. Aflati |M|.

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93 ) a) Calculati 2 + 3 +

1
2 + 3

, aducand rezultatul la forma p + qd si

demonstrati ca 2 + 3 folosind operatii cu numere rationale.

1
b) Calculati 2 + 3 5 + 6 +
si demonstrati ca

(2 + 3 )(5 + 6 )
2 + 3 5 + 6 .

c) Folosind eventual punctul precedent, demonstrati ca 18 + 24 + 30 + 40 .

94 )
a) Daca a + b si a b , dem ca a, b .

b) Daca a, b, a + b , dem ca a, b .
2

c) Daca x, y, z si xy, xz, yz , dem ca x + y + z . Daca, in plus

3
3
3
x + y + z dem ca x, y, z .
95 ) Daca ab + ac + bc = 1 si a, b, c , dem ca

(a 2 + 1)(b 2 + 1)(c 2 + 1) .

96 ) Fie x = a + b + c , unde a, b, c .
a) Daca x , dem ca a, b, c .
2
b) Daca a = n, b = n + 1, c = n + 2, dem ca x = 9n + 8, unde n .

97 ) Fie n . Dem ca:

a) n(n + 1)(n + 2)6
b) n(n + 1)(n + 2) ...(n + k)(k + 1)!
2

c) 16|(24n + 8n)
4

d) (2n + 1) : 16 da restul 1
4

e) Daca 16n + 15 = x1 + x2 + ... + xk , atunci k 15, unde xk .

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98 ) Demonstrati ca

1+

1
2

1
3

+ ... +

1000

4
n
99 ) Demonstrati ca 2 3 4 ... n .

x + y + z = 3
100 ) Sa se rezolve in sisemul:
3
3
3
x + y + z = 3
2

101 ) Fie x, y, z a.i. x + y + z 3 si x + y + z = xy + yz + zx + xyz.

3
3
3
Demonstrati ca x + y + z este divizibil cu x + y + z + 3.

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