2004 IEEE International Conference on lectic Uslity Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) Apel 2006 Hong Kong FACTS Devices in Deregulated Electric Power Systems: AReview A. Kazemi H. Andami ran University of Science and Technology Tehran , tran Keywords: Deregulation, Electric network Restructuring, FACTS, Optimal power flow(OPF), Placement Abstract ‘The chenging nature ofthe electricity supply industry is introducing. many new subjects into power system operation related 10 trading in a deregulated, competitive market, Commercial pressures on obtaining greater returns from existing assets suggests an inereasingly important role for dynamic network management using FACTS devices and energy Storage as an important resource in generation, transmission, distribution and customer service, This paper presents the influences of FACTS devices fon deregulated elect power systems and their technical and economical benefits, 1+ Introduction ‘The deregulation process has tumed the electric utility world inside out. Atthe hear of restructuring Js the need for competition inthe trading of electric energy as © commodity, it is also necessary to ‘maintain balance between ever-changing load and generation, stability, voltage and frequency within the defined bounds and cope with various outages (1) Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is a technology based solution to help the utility industry deal with changes in the power delivery business. A ‘major thrust of FACTS. technology is the development of power electric based systems thet provide dynamic contol of the power transfer parameters transmission vollage, line impedance and phase angle (2) With the: deregulation ofthe power industry, FACTS. controller will be required by power systems to manage power flow to utilize transmission lines nearer to thee thermal limits. 0-7803-8237-4104/817 00 20041EEE The ability to transmit at higher transfer limits will necessitate greater coordination to balance reliability and economy of operation ofthe power system [3]. In this paper the role of FACTS in deregulated system has been considered in some dominate aspects such a optimal power flow (OPF), optimal power control, FACTS. controller and optimal placement of this devices 2- Deregulated System and FACTS role Before discussing about the role of FACTS we have to study some realities of any deregulated power system, Some realities of electric system The underlying realities of deregulated electric power system are (1) Lack of large electrical eneruy storage means that generation and load must balance at all times. ‘+ Electric energy foses its ownership identity ina \wansmission grid. ‘© Competition in electric energy isnot sustainable ithout adequate and stable power system that can ide through major disturbances. Relibility of supply and available transmission capacity are interchangeable and both can be eahanced with additional investment. ‘© Reliability and quality of electric power delivery in the time frame of seconds and now even cycles, is increasingly important to the customers In addition to the transmission faulls= low frequency power system swing ((ypically 02 t9 7 Hz) resultin low voltage of long enough duration to bother many customers 337Table 1 FACTS CONTOLLER Siatie VAR Compensator (SVC) ‘Sialic Syachronous Compensator (STATCOM without storage) ‘Static Synchronous Compensstor (STATCOM With storage) ‘Thyristor Contooled Braking Resistor (TCBR) Siac Synchronous Series Compensaior@ ‘without storage Tarie Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC with storage. + Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) "Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor (TSR) “Thyristor Controlled Voltage Regulator (FCVR) “Thyristor Controlled Phase Shiting Unified Power Flow (UPFC) Need for Ancillary services Competitive transmission wheeling of that commodity could also be identified in terms of functional needs with competitive investment to meet these needs, or return on the required level of investments plus operation and maintains costs, Having accounted for steady state transmission services the power supply would still be unreliable without investment in a set of provisions, witch require commitment of high power assets for realtime actions and on as needed basis and jis not definable in temns of measured energy to and from such assets, These ate the_so called ancillary services, which could be defined in terms of functional needs, retum on the required level of investment plus operation and maintains costs, that partition as: 338 2004 IEEE International Conference on Ekstrc Uilty Drepuliton, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2008 Hons Kong, FACTS Devices and their Controller Vollage control, VAR compensation, Camping oscillation, transient and dynamic’ stability, voltage stability Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping ‘oscillation, voltage tail Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping ‘oscillation, transient and dynamic’ stability, voltage stability, AGC. damping osillation, transient and dynamic stabil Current contol, damping_oscltion, transient and dynamic stability, voltage stability, fault current imi ‘Current contro, damping oscillation, wansient and dynamic stability, voltage stabil Current contol, damping oscillation, wansient and dynamic stability, voltage stability, fault current limiting Current control, damping oscillation, wansient and dynamic stability, voltage stability, Fault {curent limiting ‘Reactive power con, Vollage “Control, damping oscillation, transient and dynamic voltage stabil control, ‘oscillation, transient and dynamic stability, power control, damping oscillation, VAR compensation, ‘damping ‘+ The automatic generation control and governor ‘controls need to be sufficient to keep up with the changing loads Dynamic and transient instability represents ‘another part_of the ancillary services. Because ofthe slow generation response, dependence on generation to provide such stability related services flls short of the need, and we resort to means including increased transmission margins 19 begin with and then generation dropping, load shedding and islanding to save what can be saved. FACTS Technology and Their Potential Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is defined by IEEE as: “alternating current transmission systems incorporating power electronic based and other static contoller to enhance conteollability and ‘increase power transfer capability”These devices can dynamically contol line impedance, line voltage, active power flow and reactive power and when storage becomes economically viable storage they can supply and absorb active power as well, All this ean be done in high speed, ‘There are also several controller for FACTS [8] and fable 1 show a list of these controller with their respective control attributes. Their primary control functions are atthe front followed by other functions. Frequently these functions canbe derived Simultaneously with appropriate design specifications. Thus potentially, there can be more than one anillary serviee from a FACTS controler, 3+ Optimal Devices Power Flow Using FACTS Optimal power flow is one ofthe most important operational functions of the modem day energy management system. The purpose of the optimal power flow is fo find the optimum generation among. {he existing units, such that the total generation costs ‘minimized while simultaneously satisfying the power bolance equations and various other constraints inthe system, The most common constraints in the operation of 2 power transmission system are constrains on the voltage magnitudes of the buses and constraints on the reactive power generated by the generators. For reliable operation of @ power system, the vollage- magnitudes ofthe buses and the reactive power generated by the generaions are consirained to stay within speified limits. However, due to the increasing load demand, more and more power is required to be pushed over the existing transmission lines but increase in the power flow above a certain ‘operating level decreases the overall stability ofthe system. Ina regulated power market, the scheduling of generation is done following a centralized “wt ‘commitment and economic dispatch algorithm, which also ensures. that ll transmission flow limits are satisfied. Under a competitive environment, ‘generation isnot centrally dispatched but, rather iis based primarily on the transction agreed to inthe ‘open market. Let not forget that under deregulation environment, power system has changed from the ‘cost based operation to bid based operations (5 To achieve beter power flow control over the transmission lines without violating the stability margin of the system, application of flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) technology is curently being pursued very intensively. FACTS technology is essentially the at and science of achieving better controllability over various electrical quantities ina power transmission system [6, 7,8} 339 2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Uslty Deregulation, Restuctring and Power Technolgies (DRPT2004) Apel 2006 Hong Kong In [9] OPF has been solved by dynamic programming, considering the uncertainty in the Toads demand and generation using fuzzy logic and possiblity of using TCSCs to satisfy the transmission apacity constrain in the OPF has been explored. We can see at [9] that whit use of TCSC, the total generating cost comes out to be less than that ‘obtained without TCSC. Hence the saving obtained because of the difference in generation cost would offset the cost of TCSC implementation, ‘An optimal power dispatch model for congestion ‘management and minimization of the load curtailment as been presented by [10] and impact of, two types of FACTS devices (SVC and TCSC) on congestion management has also been studied In [11, 12] an optimal active power delivery problem has been formated for the future open access environment and this formulation includes phase shifters and series compensators. These paper show that proper FACTS settings can reduce or even climinate unwanted loop flows, and increase system security margin, This tends to be achieved by ‘minimizing the total transmission loss or by redistributing. the flows across higher resistance lines to lower resistance lines, In [13] an optimization method basing on sequential ‘quadratic programming (SQP) implimented to solve ‘optimal power flow problem subject (0 security ‘constraint. [14] has proposed a two stage heuristic approach to nonlinear optimization of OPF and [5] implemented an efficient nonlinear OPF algorithm include FACTS {o relief the congestion under deregulation and shows that UPFC can best ule the existing wansmission Tines for supplying the load growth Meanwhile, FACTS have opened up new system planning scenarios and they are capable of providing fan economically and technically atraetive solution 19 the congestion relief and OPF problems, but unfortunately there was not a comprehensive study on OPF problem considering many FACTS devices. 4- Power System Stability increase [As before’ mentioned under deregulated envtonment any power system controls such a frequency contol and voltage con will be served as ancillary Services. Especially. in the case tht Independent Power Producers (UPPs) which have inufiient abilities of the Fequeney cone, increase rapidly it is very much important to consider how the system fFegueney should be controled (15} In [16] a robust load frequency contol (LFC) strategy by solid state phase sifter proposed. The contol design based on concept of enbancing the damping of Jnter-area osilation mode by robist contol of & FACT device. This paper shows that phase shifer can