2004 IEEE Ineratonal Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2008 Hong Kon
A Generalised Approach to Transient Security
Enhancement in
X.. Lin, CW. Yu, AK,
Electrical Engineer
Power Markets
David, C-Y. Chung.
ring Department
‘The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Abstract Ensuring transient security usually requires the
recdspateh of generators to eliminate
Instability after a contingency, but thi has commercial
implications in
that diferent may” motivate
strateples because the advanced
ifferent in each ease, or the sensitivity of
ges Between generators
{s-ifferent. The paper develops an approach that attempts
to address all of these significant issues ia deregulated
‘competitive power systems.
Index Terme= Gener Tem
‘stability, Power market, Global index, Multhobjective
‘optimization
1. Ivrropuction
It is desiced to dispatch generator output strictly
secording to bid price in Pool operation, and beyond the
Pool, bilateral and multilateral contracts should be
serviced without curtailment. Transmission system
operating constrains such as voltage limits and equipment
overloads, or transient security (stability) concerns, may
however, inhibit system operation. The violation of
‘operating limits, the congestion problem, has been widely
studied [1-3] for electric power systems as they existed
prior to deregulation as well as for the deregulated
Industry. There are also several studies of system
operation taking account of transient security for pre=
deregulation systems [4]. ‘The study of tansient
security constrained dispatch inthe deregulated
competitive system has, however, received les attention.
This is because in vertically inteprated systems output can
be rescheduled between generators, oF generators shut
down and others stared by a system operator, without
[egal implications or commercial liabilities, but this is not
the case afer deregulation. This paper is concered with
this more complex issue of enerator dispatch in
eregulated, competitive power systems, taking transient
security into account.
The first two parts of Section 2 of the paper is an
introdvetion to transient stability assessment by the
corrected hybrid method. Although this is a topic on
‘which much has been published [6-9] it i included as a
useful introduction to the main topic. The third part of
Section 2 is of key importance forthe method of attack to
be proposed in subsequent sections. It is shown tha the
correcied transient energy margin (CTEM) as a stability
index varies linearly with the amount of power that is
shifled from one generator to another in order to improve
0-7803-8237-404817.0022004IEEE
stability, The linearity holds for a sufficient range of MW
imerchange t make the proposed methodology useful
‘That is, using linear methods the computational
complexity of the rescheduling algorithms can be
reduced.
Section 3 describes how this technical methodology is
incorporated into a model of a competitive generation
system, a power market, Many straightforward
optimization ‘algorithms have been published for
rescheduling the operation of a power market to minimize
‘addtional cost, or deviation from the “ideal ease’, or (0
exhibit transparency and equity. When only one specific
contingency is of concern a similar approach is feasible
and ths case is examined frst {10}
Since there are many possible
(candidates) rescheduling normal system dispatch so as to
improve security for one case may adversely affect
another, In particular the advanced generator group may
be different for different potential contingeacies. This
raises the more complex concem of trade-off between
conflicting. requirements and even the case where no
rescheduling scheme can completely satisfy the
requirements of all candidate contingencies. Section 4
formulates a method of attack for this more vexed
problem. A way of classifying critical and non-critical
generator groups corresponding to different candidate
contingencies is combined with a two-objective (mini
‘max) optimization formulation 10 develop the “best
possible’ answer to this problem. Illustrative examples of
the single contingency ease and the case when there are
conflicting candidate contingencies to be considered are
included
1, Corkecrep HyBRID METHOD
A. Corrected Hybrid Method
The corrected hybrid method is an important and
effective transient security assessment (TSA) tool
developed in recent years. It combines time-domain
Simulation and transient energy analysis and has the
advantages of providing a system stability index while, if
desired, incorporating detailed generator models and
‘component representations, The method what is called a
comected transient energy function (CTEF) which
represents the energy exchange of system transient
process more exactly than the traditional energy funetion
approach (11,12), From this & definition of corrected
transient energy margin (CTEM) hts been derived, which
is used in this paper as an index to indicate the degree of 2004 IEEE Inerstonal Conference on Eleti Uslity Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong
system stability. The main advantage of the CTEM is that
it bears a linear relationship to several operation
parameters over a range that is sulicient for control
‘purposes, This feature is useful to model the effect of
system parameters on stability and develop useful control
schemes
B. Corrected Transient Energy Margin Assessment
‘The CTEM assessment approsch is summarized next
using a discussion of Fig
TRe
‘SP
Fig tration of CTEM asset asocied wih ine domsia
‘The line at the top represents the corrected potential
energy boundary surfice (CPEBS).S, and S, are te stable
‘equilibrium points of the pre-fault and post-fault systems,
respectively. TR, isthe projection ofthe sustained fault-on
trajectory onthe post fault system angle space inthe center
of inertia (CON) frame. The trajectory starts at 8, and
crosses the CPEBS at exit point E,. TR, and TR, are the
projections of the post-fault trajectories corresponding t0
stable and unstable eases respectively. P, is the comected
transient potential energy (CTPE) peak point at which
uajectory TR, begins to swing back. E isthe ext point at
which trajectory TR, crosses the CPEBS. The projected
trajectory TR,’ refers tothe ease when a permanent fault is
reinserted at P,, driving the system to instability and
crossing the CPEBS aE,
‘The definition of CTEM depends on the post-fault
tuajectory simulation. For the unstable ease, itis defined
as minus one times the value of the corrected transient
kinetic energy (CTKE) atthe exit point (Ein Fig.1) of
the pos-falt trajectory on the CPEBS. For the stable case
the CTEM is defined as the CTPE increment from the
CCTPE peak point (P) to the exit point E,’ on the CPEBS.
of the reinserted permanent fault trajectory. In physical
terms the stable CTEM gives a measure of how much
‘more CTKE the post-fault system can withstand (convert
fo CTPE) before going unstable, From the above
discussion we can conchide that fora given fault: 1) CTEM.
is positive if and only if the system is stable 2) CTEM is.
negative if and only if the system is transient unstable 3)
when CTEM is zero we say thatthe system is critical
50
Sensitivity and Linearity Analysis
CTEM is @ quantitative index of system transient
ability and attempts have been made to derive stability
66
enhancement procedures using is sensitivity to changes in
System parameters. Analytical expressions for the
sensitivity ofthe energy margin to system parameters are
sven in [11 but they are useable only forthe classical
fodel. Considerable previous work by associated
researchers in our group has established trough numerous
Simulations over a wide range of operating conditions that
the CTEM bears linear relationship to several operating
parameters which is sufficient for control purpose. Thet
Seulies have been repoied in [7}(I0), We have
reconfirmed thei findings through simulation studies. on
cer system model. These contol parameters inchde fault
Clearing time, pool generation rescheduling (shift of power
fiom one generator fo another) and curtailment ofa bilateral
transaction (power input and loed reduction, in equal
ragnitde) This linearity finding can be expressed as
follows
ACTEM =4,.4C, ()
where ACTEM fs change in transient energy mugin,
AC, is change in an operating parameter and A, is
sensitivity of the transient energy mangin tothe parameter
When CTEM bears a linear relationship 10 AC, the
value of 4, isa constant and simul
jon results show that
is te for AC, in fir range. Obviously, a postive value
of A, benefits transient stability while negative A, is
harmful. If the transient margin is CTEM in state A
thea the value= in tate Bis
CTEM" =CTEM*+4,.y.8C,.y. If the initial
CTEM" <0, and the modified state CTEM" is set to
zero, then AC4g is the operating parameter change
required to stabilise the system.
IL, SINGLE CONTINGENCY ENHANCEMENT METHODOLOGY
This part describes the generation rescheduling scheme
‘when only one potentially insecure fault, which would
lead 1 system transient instability, ‘needs to be
considered.
A, Pool model
‘A pool selling or buying transaction isa price-quantity-
bated offer tothe pool by a Genco (Generation Company)
‘or a buy offer from a Disco (Distribution Company)
When a transient stability hazard is detected the ISO will
have to intervene. The proposed action must be feasible,
technically sound and commercially fair to all market
Patcipants. The problem can be formulated in the
Following way
MinSpulaPa] @
subject:
e|ctem|
Po SP +P,
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