2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Usilty Deregulation, Restretring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong A Test System for Combined Heat and Power Economic Dispatch Problems ‘Cameron Algie and Kit Po Wong. Fellow, IEEE Abstract-Cogeneration and Independent Power Producers are playing an increasing role in deregulated clectriety supply markets. The scheduling of combined heat find. power outputs from mulple-generator cogeneration plants is 2 complicated problem that needs methods test any ‘This paper presents a test system and a set of solutions for demand cases. The proposed new test system could be used fe a standard teat system for assessing cogeneration conomie dspateh algorithms. Index Terms—Cogeneration, Combined Heat and Power, Economic Dispatch Evolution Computation, Independent Power Producers, Test System I NOMENCLATURE, PL Active Power MWe, 1 Thermal Power (Steam) MWth C(p) Generation Unit Cost Gh) Thermal (Boiler) Unit Cost Gi(Puh)Cogeneration Unit Cost Geng An Electricity Unit in a Cogeneration System Cogy A Cogeneration Unit in a Cogeneration System Boil, A Process Steam Unit in a Cogeneration System. HP’ Heal(MWth)-Power(MWe) Cogeneration Demand HL INTRODUCTION Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), and Independent Power Producers (IPP) have had a role in industrial and residential power supply and heating since the inception of commercial power supply in the 1880s. ‘The small capacity and short transmission distance achievable from DC power generation meant that clectrcity users were forced to a certain extent to ullise ‘waste heat from the generators’ coal furnaces for heating purposes. The increased transmission distances and capacity increases made possible by AC power generation Agi obtained bis Maser ofEnginsring Seine om he Scot of Flares! Elodie & Computer Expincering, The Unversity of ‘Westm Austin sn 2003 a now wok or CSR Sut (cspegrdante cca) Profesor KP, Wong is Cian Head of the Deparment Eka of Engncern, Hong Kong Paljcenie Univers wells member Uf Sut ofthe Sea of Elona Elem Conte Eine, (0-7803-8257-4104/817, 00020041EEE. and steam turbines in early 1900s saw cogeneration and [PP fall increasingly out of favour for residential use, ‘being replaced by boilers and utility-supplied power. By the 1940s IPP cogeneration was only suitable for the largest industrial power users and users of process heat. Interest in cogeneration was renewed in the early 1980s following the PURPA reform act in 1978. Initially the focus was on more efficient use of fossil fuels and the issues investigated were primarily economic feasibility studies and case studies for conversion of existing plant to ‘cogeneration. Throughout the 1980s technological advances in gas turbine components and an increased supply of natural gas lead to IPP gas turbine cogeneration and combined eycle plants becoming economically viable temaives to utility supplied electricity. The efficiency of single cycle gas turbines is now comparable (or better) than coal-fired steam turbine plant, and combined eycted as turbines are approaching 60% thermal efficiency Economic scheduling strategies for supplementing utility supplied power and independently meeting internal power needs from on-site cogeneration {1]-5} continued to be investigated. However, unlike the traditional, elecwicity-only economic dispatch (ED) problems, cogeneration ED problems do not have a standard set of test problems for fssessing algorithms. “The demonstration system and demand case used by Guo, Henwood and van Ooijen 1}, has become a de facto standard test ease because: a) itis a cogeneration system, and; b) itis to-date the only tes system published in the literature. This test system has umber’ of strong points, especially conceming. the ‘modelling cogeneration unit Feasible Operating Regions, however it has inherent weaknesses that make it unsuitable as @ “standard test system for algorithm evelopment. As part of the development of an Evolution Computation (EC) algorithm for solving IPP cogeneration ED [3], a new test system has been designed by the authors. The new system augments the old system model from (1] with new generation unit models. In this paper, the strengihs and weaknesses of the old test system are discussed and the new test system is described. The solutions of three heat-power demand cases solved by the authors’ EC algorithm are presented for the purposes of demonstrating the diferent types of dispatch solutions that the new test system can provide.IIL, COMBINED HEAT AND POWER ECONOMIC DISAPTCH PROBLEMS. Scheduling problems ental fining the generators, and individual generator outputs, required to meet power demand over a period. Economic means thatthe settings are to be chosen to produce the minimum possible cost. In the most basic problem, static economic dispatch, a group ‘of generators, which all have to be used, meet 2 set ‘demand for one scheduling interval. The CHP problem is ‘more complicated as it has two types of generation unit fouiput and demands to simultaneously meet (hea steam and active power). Also, CHP systems can include three types of generation units: cogeneration (heat and power, power-only generators and heat-only boilers, A generic ‘CHP solution is shown in Table I, where each generation unit is subject to output constrains, as described by (1a), (1b), (Le) and (1). 2004 IEEE International Conference on FleticUslty Deregulation, Restracturing and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2004 Hong Kong owe) Fig. 1. Cogeneration Unt FOR. Like individual cogeneration units, cogeneration systems also have allowable sets of heat-power demands that it can meet. By combining cogeneration units, FOR models, boiler heat output ranges and generator power ‘output ranges, the system Feasible Demand Region (FDR) is formed. A typical FDR of a system with auxiliary heat and power generators is shown in Fig. 2 Gen; [Gene] Cozens] Cons | Bop, | Boi eee: a Pit pa fps sh Tel z fost z 2 Pre SPS Pinu iefhag) a) 3 Plhhinn SP:SPObDiow -€ [641.8] (1d) 3 Hp dan Sh Shim ie (aet,B) Cle) é in SS Pan ie(pHLn] a) ‘To be considered a viable solution, the power and heat demands have tobe me, as per the equality constraints of (@a) and @b), pitpst hha +h, py = PowerDemand (2a) Heat Demand (2b) Generation unit cost functions (heat characteristics), Cy Cy, are sed fo form an objective function, i. (3), tht is used to assess the strength ofthe solution. In ED problems, the optimal generator settings will produce the lowest possible operating cost. Cx(pp 4+ Cl) + Cosson) * Cpeallge) Hct Cal) = Total Cost CHlopy) 8 ‘To date inthe field of CHP research, only methods for solving the static economic dispatch problem have been reported. ‘The constraint inequalities of (1b) and (Le) are used to eseribe the Feasible Operating Region (FOR) of ‘cogeneration unit, ie. the area in & two axis diagram that contains all possible heat-power outputs from a given cogeneration unit. Atypical FOR is an imegular ‘quadrilateral, as shown in Fig. 1 7 = o Heat (MWth) ‘VL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTIONS Optimal solutions for 2S heat-power demand cases Within the new test system's FDR were found. Initially based on the ability of the author's EC algorithm (5] to find solutions to demand eases, the demand cases were classified as either simple or dificult. However, further investigation was able © identify the underlying conditions that are independent of the test application and the solution technique use. ‘The reasons for the simple case being solved relatively easly ae: 1) that some generation units are passive 0 the Solution process (by being at maximum or minimum output), effectively reducing the number of variable to solve, and / of; 2) that the dollar cost of the optimal solution is not overly sensitive to generator outputs. There will sll only be one true minimum, but sf this is only Aistinguished from other solution costs in terms of tenths for hundredths of cents, outputs can vary slightly from the ‘optimal seting and sill return the “minimum” cost. A generic simple solution is demonstrated in Table Il,2004 TEBE Trem showing passive variables, Units! and 4, and @ minimum cost that is insensitive to small variation, 8, inthe output (of Units 2 and 3 Uninet [Unie | Unies | Uniea | Cost Min [| A |B | Max [Sminxxg) Min[-A+S | B-5 [| Max [Sminxxx2 Difficult cases are characterised by extreme variable sensitivity and the involvement of all generators in the solution process. Though outputs may be minimums or maximums, they will not be passive. Difficult cases tend to occur near the edge of the FDR and involve generation units competing for minimum or maximum output, though they ean also occur in the central regions (see Section VI, Table Ill demonstrates a generic “maximised” difficult solution where a slight change, 5, to Unit 2 output affects, the outputs of Units 3 and 4, in tum significantly increasing (+ A) the minimum operating cost, Dirt SoLimen CaRAcTEsIcS niet [Uae [Waa] Unis [Cost max [A | 8 [max | Smin max | A+8 |B: 8 [max 155] Smin +0 V. AN EXISTING TEST SYSTEM Guo, Henwood and van Ooijen [1] developed a Lagrangian Relaxation method for solving cogeneration dispatch problems. To demonstrate the method, they chose a test system and heat-power demand case that ‘would allow a complete solution process to be shown in ‘only seven steps. This demonstration system has become & starting point for comparison of other methods by otber researchers. Though the test system contained all elements necessary to describe cogeneration plant system, certain parameters were chosen as to ensure the optimal result ‘was found in minimal time, thus removing the element of challenge that i required for a more general test, The Strengths and weaknesses of the existing test system a discussed below. A. Strengths ‘This tet system ean be tailored to cover the majority of IPP cogeneration configurations. The defining features of ‘cogeneration system are that they contain at least one ‘cogeneration unit and thatthe foal power and heat outputs ‘of the system cannot be separated. In most cogeneration system's FDR either the maximum heat or power output will significantly outweigh the other. In these cases, it is more economical to be able to meet the smaller of the ‘maximum demands with cogeneration only, and then have auxiliary heatonly units (coal-fired boilers, oF auxiliary firing of heat recovery steam generators) ot power 98 inal Conference on Flectic Uy Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT2004) April 2006 Hong Kong generators available to mect the remaining demand. In practical terms, a test system for cogeneration ED problems should consist of two or more generation unis By including two different cogeneration unit models, a boiler and a power generator, the effects of these (wo auxiliary units can als be taken into account ‘The cogeneration units used are of significantly iffereat maximum capacities; one is 247 MWe of electricity and 180 MWih of in steam, the other 125.8 MWe and 135.6 MWth. This corresponds to modelling a new smaller gas-turbine unit (125.8 MWe unit) being added to increase power and steam output capacity of an older coal-fired (247 MWe unit) plant [Not only are the cogeneration units modelled for this system of different output capacities, but they also use different FOR models; an regular quadrilateral like Figure | (247 MWe unit) and a wo-segment model (125.8 ‘MWe unit), The imegular quadrilateral is the “standard” FOR model and is suitable for modelling all ypes of cogeneration unit. Though better suited for modelling possible oupus from gas turbine cogeneration units, the Authors of this paper found (6} that in practical terms, the two-segment model bas no advantages over single ‘quadrilateral. However, the two-segment model provides challenge 10 CHP dispatch problem — solution methodologies; the FOR model for the 125.8 MWe unit will be shown in Section VI B. Weaknesses Though the cogeneration unit capacities and generator mix fortis test system are sound in principle, the models used for the auxiliary boilers and generators have compromised the validity of the system. Instead of using ‘quadratic models For heat characteristics, single variable, linear coefficients have been used. Because ofthis, these auriliary units are quickly discounted in the Lagrangian Relaxation solution process. The linear coefficients have been selected to be larger than the heat-only and power- only partial derivatives of the cogeneration heat characteristic models. Also the minimum viable outputs for auxiliary units have been set at 0 MWth and 0 MWe respectively. A linear model is an acceptable model for boiler heat characteristics, however the lack of an offset term is questionable. Using 0 MWth as minimum output is a reasonable approximation. However the maximum capacity ofthe boiler model (approximately 2700 MW«h) needlessly expands the FDR. The simplified generator model is. defintely not acceptable. ‘The heat characteristic at least should be piecewise linear, or @ continuous quadratic, with a Significant offset term. Also the minimum output should be at least 25% of the maximum, ie. around 40 MWe ‘would be expected given the maximum output is 150 MWe.