[R 8263) B.E/B.Tech DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006, Seventh Semester Electronics and Communication Engineering EC 433 — OPTICAL COMMUNICATION ‘Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks 10, Answer ALL questions. PART A — (10 x2 = 20 marks) It is desired to make a single-mode fiber at an operating wavelength = 1300 nm with neore = 1.505 and nasi = 1.502. Find the Numerical Aperture and core radius. Give the refractive index expression of a graded index fiber. List the basic attenuation mechanisms in an optical fiber. What is meant by mode coupling? What causes it? Give examples for direct and indirect semiconductor materials. Define internal quantum efficiency of an LED. List the important requirements of an optical receiver. ‘An APD generates a current of 100 nA when the incident power is 5 nW. The operating wavelength is 1.5 jm. Find its responsivity. If the quantum efficiency is 0.7, find the multiplication factor. A soliton communication is operating at 1.55 ym by using fibers with By = =2iw—km). What is the peak power required to maintain a fundamental soliton of width (Trwum) 10 ps? 1ps’/km and ‘Name few splicing methods in fiber optics.i. 12. 13, (a) (b) @ () (a) () @ Gi) (iii) @ ai) @ Gi) Gi) Gi) @ Gi) @ (ii) Gait) PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks) Derive the wave equations for step-index fiber and explain. (9) A step-index fiber has a normalized frequency 26.6 at a 1300 nm wave length. If the core radius is 25 ym find the numerical aperture and mode volume. (4) What is meant by 'weakly guiding approximation’? @) Or Discuss the major elements of an optical fiber transmission link. (6) Briefly explain the various generations of fiber _ optic communication. ©) Define Mode field Diameter and Birefringence, w Sketch the fundamental mode field in a curved optical wave guide and explain how bending losses occur? (9) Find the radius of curvature at which the number of modes (in a bent fiber) decreases by 50% in a graded index fiber. @=2,ng=1.5, A =0.01,a=25 ym and 4=1.3,m. 3) What is meant by material Dispersion? a) Or What is meant by waveguide dispersion? Derive the expression. (8) Discuss the design optimization of single mode fibers. (8) Draw a typical double-heterostructure light emitter and explain. 6) Draw the schematic of surface emitting and edge emitting LED and explain. (40) Or Derive the threshold condition for LASER. 6) Explain the laser action with neat diagrams, @ A GaAs laser operating at 850 nm has a 500 jm length and a refractive index n = 3.7. What are the frequency and wavelength spacings? 3) e4 16. (o) ) @ Gi) @ Gi) @ (i) Draw the structure of avalanche photodiode and electric fields in the depletion and multiplication regions. Also explain the principle of operation of APD. (10) A given silicon avalanche photodiode has a quantum efficiency of 65% at a wavelength of 900 nm. If 0.5 sW of optical power produces a multiplied photo current of 10 yA, find the multiplication factor M. 2 Explain the error sources in the optical receiver. @ Or In InGaAs pin photodiode has the following parameters at a wavelength of 1300 nm : Ip = 4 nA, 7 =0.9, R, =1000Q and the surface leakage current is negligible. The incident optical power is 300 nW (-35 dBm) and the receiver bandwidth is 20 MHz. Find the various noise terms of the receiver. (8) Draw the schematic diagram of a typical optical receiver and explain. 8) Explain fiber optic link power budget with an example. (10) List the key system features of WDM. © Or Explain fiber optic rise-time budget with an example. 8) Discuss the noise effects on fiber optic system performance. ) 3 R 8263