Glosario Glossário Climate

Ilustrado Ilustrado Justice

de la da
Justicia Justiça Illustrated
Climática Climática Glossary

arvoreagua.org
 español
6 Presentación
8 Justicia Climática
26 Falsas Soluciones
52 Jerga Climática
72 Estrategias de Corporaciones y Estados
84 Propuestas y Soluciones desde los Pueblos

português english
108 Introdução Introduction 210
110 Justiça Climática Climate Justice 212
128 Falsas Soluções False Solutions 230
154 Jargões Das Mudanças Climáticas Climate Change Jargon 256
174 Estratégias Corporativas e Estatais Strategies of Corporations and States 276
186 Propostas e Soluções Dos Povos Peoples’ Proposals and Solutions 288
2 3
 español

4 5
 Presentación
!"# $%&'()&*$'# +*(,)'# +")(-.)+'# /%# 0*# .'1&*$'# %&# *2'/# 1%+)%&.%/3# %&# 4&# */4&.'#
)&%"4$),"%# 5*1*# *+.'1%/# 56,")+'/# 7# 51)8*$'/3# &*+)'&*"%/# 7# (4".)&*+)'&*"%/3# 94)%&%/#
0*&#$%/*11'""*$'#4&*#1%.:1)+*#+'0%/)'&*$*3#5*1*#+'&8%&+%1#*#4&*#/'+)%$*$3#94%#+*$*#
8%;#(-/#/4<1%#"'/#)(5*+.'/#$%#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*3#$%#94%#%/.-&#*+.4*&$'#$%#<'1(*#
8%0%(%&.%#5*1*#.1*&/<'1(*1#"*#/).4*+):&=
!/.*#1%.:1)+*3#"%>*&*#5*1*#94)%&%/#&'#%/.-&#<*()")*1);*$'/#+'&#"*#&*11*.)8*#+)%&.?@+*#
'# %/+%&*1)'/# $%# &%A'+)*+):&# )&.%1&*+)'&*"%/3# %/.-# ,*/*$*# %&# .B1()&'/# .B+&)+'/3#
94%# /4%"%&# )&.%&+)'&*"(%&.%# +'&<4&$)1# *# "*/# (*7'1?*/# %&# "*# +'(51%&/):&# $%# "*#
51',"%(-.)+*3#7#5'1#/454%/.'#$%#/4#*,'1$*>%=
!&#%"#%&.1*(*$'#$%#&%A'+)*+)'&%/#+")(-.)+*/3#/%#0*#8%&)$'#5'/)+)'&*&$'#"*#)$%*#$%#
1%$4+)1# %"# 51',"%(*3# $%# "*/# +'&/%+4%&+)*/# $%"# ('$%"'# $%# '1A*&);*+):&# %+'&:()+*#
/'+)*"#/',1%#"*#8)$*#%&#%"#5"*&%.*3#*#4&#*/4&.'#$%#('"B+4"*/#%&#"*#*.(:/<%1*3#%/#$%+)13#
/%# +%&.1*# %&# 4&*# $%# "*/# +'&/%+4%&+)*/# $%# "*# +1)/)/# +)8)");*.'1)*# 7# &'# %&# /4/# 1*?+%/=#
!&<1%&.*1# "*# +1)/)/# +")(-.)+*# %/# 4&*# /).4*+):&# +'(5"%>*3# $'&$%# +'&8%1A%&# (4+0'/#
)&.%1%/%/3#$)&-()+*/3#%/+*"*/#7#*+.'1%/C#+'&#%/.*#%D+4/*3#/%#0*#+1%*$'#4&#&)+0'#0?5%1#
español
%/5%+)*");*$'3# "'# +4*"# %&/'(,1%+%# "*/# 5'/),)")$*$%/# $%# *++):&# +'"%+.)8*# 5*1*# "*/#
41A%&.%/#.1*&/<'1(*+)'&%/#94%#%"#('(%&.'#*+.4*"#$%(*&$*=
6 7
E*# !"#$#%&'(#) *#$+,&#(-'+.#,#) /) 0-") 1#'+2-) 3&') "#) 456$+.+#) 1"+(7$+.#3# %&# /4#
,6/94%$*# 5'1# +'&.1),4)1# *# "*# +'(51%&/):&# %# )(54"/*1# *++)'&%/# +'&+1%.*/# $%/$%#
"'/#54%,"'/#7#"*/#'1A*&);*+)'&%/#/'+)*"%/3#0*#%"*,'1*$'#%/.%#F"'/*1)'#$%#"*#G4/.)+)*#
H")(-.)+*3#0'7#%&#/4/#(*&'/=#!/.%#/%#+'(5'&%#$%#+)&+'#/%++)'&%/#94%#0*+%&#1%<%1%&+)*#
*I#)J#G%1A*#+")(-.)+*I#94%#*"4$%#*#"'/#.B1()&'/#.B+&)+'/#94%#/%#0*&#(%&+)'&*$'C#))J#
K*"/*/#/'"4+)'&%/I#)&/.14(%&.'/#7#(%+*&)/('/#94%#'5%1*&#+'('#$)/.1*+.'1%/#$%#"*/#
&%+%/)$*$%/#1%*"%/#5*1*#.1*&/<'1(*1#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*C#)))J#!/.1*.%A)*/#$%#+'15'1*+)'&%/#
7#!/.*$'/I#94%#8)/),)");*#+'('#%&#+'&/'&*&+)*#+'&#"*/#<*"/*/#/'"4+)'&%/3#"'/#51)&+)5*"%/#
+'&.*()&*$'1%/# ,4/+*&# %"4$)1# /4/# 1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/# 7# 5%15%.4*1# *+.)8)$*$%/#
+'&.*()&*&.%/C# )8J# G4/.)+)*# +")(-.)+*I# 94%# %8)$%&+)*3# +:('# %&# +'&.1*5'/)+):&# *# "*#
)&/.).4+)'&*")$*$3#"'/#('8)()%&.'/#/'+)*"%/#$%#.'$'#%"#(4&$'#0*&#*8*&;*$'#%&#/4#
51'5)*#&*11*.)8*#/',1%#"*#+1)/)/C#7#8J#L1'54%/.*/#7#/'"4+)'&%/#$%/$%#"'/#54%,"'/I#5*1*#
*8*&;*1#%&#"*#+'&/.14++):&#+'"%+.)8*#$%#"*#%/5%1*&;*=
M'('/# +'&/+)%&.%/# $%# 94%# %/.%# 51)(%1# %/<4%1;'# &'# %/# %D0*4/.)8'3# 5%1'# +'&# B"#
51%.%&$%('/# *(5")*1# *"A4&*/# $%# &4%/.1*/# 1%N%D)'&%/# 7# /4(*1# %/<4%1;'/# 5*1*#
$%/%&(*/+*1*1# "*/# <*"/*/# /'"4+)'&%/# 73# /',1%# .'$'3# +'(51%&$%1# 7# $*1# %+'# *# "*/#
51'54%/.*/#$%#>4/.)+)*#+")(-.)+*=
 Justicia Climática
Cambiemos el sistema no el clima

8 9
 Cambio sistémico
justicia climática

E*#*,14(*$'1*#%8)$%&+)*#$%#"'/#)(5*+.'/#$%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'#+'&/.*.*#+'&#+"*1)$*$#
"*/# +*4/*/# %/.14+.41*"%/# $%# "*# +1)/)/# +")(-.)+*=# !"# +*5).*")/('3# +'('# /)/.%(*# $%#
'1A*&);*+):&# %+'&:()+'3# A"',*"# %# )&/.).4+)'&*");*$'3# 94%# ,4/+*# +'('# 6&)+'# @&# %"#
+1%+)()%&.'#%+'&:()+'#7#"*#+'&+%&.1*+):&#$%#"*#1)94%;*3#%/.-#$%/.147%&$'#"*#8)$*#%&#
%"#5"*&%.*=
M)#94%1%('/#*,'1$*1#"*/#+*4/*/#%/.14+.41*"%/#$%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'#$%,%('/#,4/+*1#4&#
+*(,)'#/)/.B()+'=#O4&94%#&'#.%&A*('/#+"*1)$*$#%&#$%.*""%#$%#"'#94%#%/.'#/)A&)@+*3#
/*,%('/# 94%# $%,%('/# 5*/*1# 5'1# 4&*# .1*&/)+):&# 94%# 1%%/.14+.41%# "*/# <'1(*/# $%#
'1A*&);*+):&#%+'&:()+'P#/'+)*"#7#1%/.*,"%;+*#"*#*1('&?*#+'&#"*#&*.41*"%;*3#*"#()/('#
.)%(5'#94%#+'&""%8%#>4/.)+)*#/'+)*"#7#%94)$*$=
!/.%# +*(,)'# /)/.B()+'# $%,%# %")()&*1# %"# +*5).*")/('# 7# /4/# 1%"*+)'&%/# $%# 5'$%13# */?#
+'('#%"#%D.1*+.)8)/('3#5*.1)*1+*$'3#1*+)/('3#+'"'&)*")/('3#%/5%+)/('#7#%"#+"*/)/('=#
Q%,%# /%1# 4&# +*(,)'# 94%# 5'&A*# "'# +'(6&3# "'# +'"%+.)8'3# "'# +'(4&).*1)'3# %"# +4)$*$'#
7# "*/# 1%$%/# $%# 8)$*/# %&# %"# +%&.1'# $%# "*# '1A*&);*+):&# %+'&:()+*# 7# /'+)*"3# $'&$%# /%#
$)/.1),47*&# "*/# 1)94%;*/3# /%# +'&/4(*# "'# &%+%/*1)'# 7# /%# ,1)&$%# 4&*# 8)$*# $)A&*3# %&#
%/5%+)*"3#*#"*/#5',"*+)'&%/#0)/.:1)+*(%&.%#%D+"4)$*/3#$%/5"*;*$*/#%#)(5*+.*$*/#5'1#%"#
/)/.%(*#$%#*+4(4"*+):&#$%#1)94%;*/=#R&#/)/.%(*#94%#1%/5%.%#"'/#$%1%+0'/#04(*&'/#
español

$%#+'(4&)$*$%/#)&$?A%&*/3#*&+%/.1*"%/3#(4>%1%/3#+*(5%/)&*/S'/3#.1*,*>*$'1*/S%/#7#
"'/#$%1%+0'/#$%#"*#&*.41*"%;*=
10
 Colapso climático / crisis climática
justicia climática

!"#+")(*#/)%(51%#0*#+*(,)*$'3#/)&#%(,*1A'3#"*#*+.)8)$*$#*&.1'5'AB&)+*#('$%1&*#+'&#
/4#5*.1:&#%&%1AB.)+'#,*/*$'#%&#"'/#+'(,4/.),"%/#<:/)"%/3#0*#'+*/)'&*$'#%"#+'"*5/'#$%"#
/)/.%(*#T)%11*3#A%&%1*&$'#+*(,)'/#,14/+'/3#*+%"%1*$'/#%#)(51%$%+),"%/#%&#%"#+")(*#
5'1#%"#+*"%&.*()%&.'#A"',*"=
!/.*# &'+):&# $%#U+'"*5/'P+1)/)/V# 1%@%1%# *# "*# /).4*+):&# $%# )&/'/.%&),)")$*$# $%# "*# 8)$*#
P04(*&*# 7# &'# 04(*&*P# $%,)$'# *# "*# $'()&*+):&# $%# 4&*# 8)/):&# 5*.1)*1+*"3# 1*+)/.*3#
*&.1'5'+B&.1)+*3#*&$1'+B&.1)+*3#%/5%+)/.*#7#+'"'&)*"#%&#"*#'1A*&);*+):&#$%#"'/#/)/.%(*/#
/'+)*"%/# ('$%1&'/3# %&# $%.1)(%&.'# $%# "*# ,)'$)8%1/)$*$3# %"# *A4*3# "'/# /4%"'/# 7# '.1'/#
%"%(%&.'/#$%#"*#&*.41*"%;*C#94%#%&#*2'/#1%+)%&.%/#0*#*+%"%1*$'#7#*<%+.*$'#"'/#+)+"'/#
%+'":A)+'/3#51'$4+)%&$'#+*(,)'/#%&#"'/#%+'/)/.%(*/3#*"A4&'/#$%#%""'/#)11%8%1/),"%/=
E*/#(6".)5"%/#+1)/)/#*/'+)*$*/#P%+'&:()+*/3#/*&).*1)*/3#5'"?.)+*/3#$%#"'/#+4)$*$'/3#%&.1%#
español

'.1*/P# 5"*&.%*&# "*# &%+%/)$*$# $%# 4&*# B.)+*# 5*1*# "*# 8)$*3# 94%# 1%'1A*&)+%3# 1%A%&%1%3#
1%5*1%#7#/*&%#"'/#8?&+4"'/#$%#"*#04(*&)$*$#+'&#"*#&*.41*"%;*#5*1*#<1%&*1#%"#+'"*5/'=
12
 Desplazadxs / refugiadxs climáticxs
justicia climática

o ambientales

E*#()A1*+):&#<'1;*$*#$%,)$'#*#$%/*/.1%/#'#+*(,)'/#8)'"%&.'/#$%"#+")(*#%/#+*$*#8%;#
(-/# <1%+4%&.%=# E*/# 5%1/'&*/# $%/5"*;*$*/# )&.%1&*(%&.%# W*"# )&.%1)'1# $%# 4&# 5*?/J3#
$%/5"*;*$*/#%D.%1&*(%&.%#W1%<4A)*$*/J#7#*5-.1)$*/#W/)&#&*+)'&*")$*$#"%A*"J#/'&#4&*#
5',"*+):&#%&#+1%+)()%&.'=
E*/# 5%1/'&*/# *<%+.*$*/# 5'1# "'/# %<%+.'/# $%# "*# +1)/)/# +")(-.)+*# W+'('# ('&;'&%/3#
$%114(,%/3#/%94?*/3#)&4&$*+)'&%/3#041*+*&%/J#54%$%&#%&+'&.1*1/%#%&#+4*"94)%1#"4A*1#
$%"#(4&$'3#*4&94%#"'/#)(5*+.'/#/%#$*&#$)<%1%&+)*$*(%&.%#%&#5*?/%/#+'&#94)%&%/#
"'/# A1*&$%/# +'&.*()&*$'1%/# .)%&%&# )(5'1.*&.%/# $%4$*/# %+'":A)+*/# '# /'+)*"%/3# %&#
/).4*+):&#$%#84"&%1*,)")$*$#'#+'&#+'&N)+.'/3#/4<1)%&$'#$%#(*&%1*#$%/51'5'1+)'&*$*#
"'/#%(,*.%/#$%#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*3#1*;:&#5'1#"*#94%#1%94)%1%&#$%#(*7'1#*5'7'=
español

!&# /).4*+):&# $%# 84"&%1*,)")$*$3# $%/5"*;*()%&.'# 7# ()A1*+):&# <'1;*$*3# "*/# 5%1/'&*/#

(*7'1%/3#"*/#(4>%1%/3#&)2'/#7#&)2*/#/'&#"*/#(-/#*<%+.*$*/=
14
 Deuda ecológica y deuda climática
justicia climática

E*# $%4$*# %+'":A)+*# %/# "*# $%4$*# 94%# .)%&%&# "'/# 5*?/%/# $%"# X'1.%# +'&# "'/# 54%,"'/# 7#
5*?/%/#$%"#M41=#!/#4&*#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$#+'&#%"#5"*&%.*3#5'1#"*#$%/.14++):&#A1*$4*"#+'('#
%<%+.'#$%#"*/#<'1(*/#$%#51'$4++):&#7#+'&/4('=#M%#A%&%1*#%&#"*#B5'+*#+'"'&)*"#7#/%#
/)A4%#)&+1%(%&.*&$'#0*/.*#&4%/.1'/#$?*/=
!/.*# )&+"47%# "*# 1%/5'&/*,)")$*$# 5'1# %"# /*94%'3# 4/4<14+.'3# $%/.14++):&3# $%8*/.*+):&#
W%D.1*+.)8)/('#5%.1'"%1'#7#()&%1'#$%#"'/#,'/94%/#7#"*#,)'$)8%1/)$*$J#7#+'&.*()&*+):&#
$%# "*# &*.41*"%;*=#T*(,)B&# /%# A%&%1*# 5'1# %"# )&.%1+*(,)'# %+'":A)+*(%&.%# $%/)A4*"3#
7*#94%3#"*#51'$4++):&#5*1*#"*#%D5'1.*+):&#P51)&+)5*"(%&.%#$%#(*.%1)*/#51)(*/P3#/%#
1%*");*#/)&#.%&%1#%&#+4%&.*#"'/#$*2'/#/'+)*"%/#7#*(,)%&.*"%/#94%#A%&%1*3#.*"%/#+'('3#"*#
*51'5)*+):&#)&.%"%+.4*"#7#%"#4/4<14+.'#$%#"'/#+'&'+)()%&.'/#*&+%/.1*"%/#1%"*+)'&*$'/#
+'&#"*/#/%()""*/#7#"*/#5"*&.*/3#%"#4/'#7#"*#$%A1*$*+):&#$%#"*/#.)%11*/3#/4%"'/3#*A4*#7#
*)1%# 5*1*# %/.*,"%+%1# ('&'+4".)8'/3# 7# "*# +'&.*()&*+):&# 5'1# %"# $%5:/).'# $%# ,*/41*/#
7# 1%/)$4'/# .:D)+'/# %&# "'/# 5*?/%/# $%"#T%1+%1# Y4&$'3# %&.1%# '.1'/# %<%+.'/# 51'5)'/# $%"#
+*5).*")/('#)&$4/.1)*");*$'#7#A"',*"3#5'&)%&$'#%&#1)%/A'#"*#/',%1*&?*#*")(%&.*1)*#7#%&#
A%&%1*"3#"'/#(%$)'/#7#('$'/#$%#8)$*#$%#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#"'+*"%/=
E*#$%4$*#%+'":A)+*#)&+"47%#"*#$%4$*#+")(-.)+*3#94%#%/#"*#*51'5)*+):&#)"%A?.)(*#$%#"*#
*.(:/<%1*#7#"*#+*5*+)$*$#$%#*,/'1+):&#$%#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#$%"#5"*&%.*#W/4%"'/3#
,'/94%/3#'+B*&'/J#51'8%&)%&.%#$%#"*#%D.1*++):&#7#94%(*#$%/51'5'1+)'&*$*/#$%#"'/#
+'(,4/.),"%/#<:/)"%/=#E*#+'&.*()&*+):&#*.('/<B1)+*#%/#"*#51)&+)5*"#+*4/*#$%"#%<%+.'#
español

)&8%1&*$%1'# 7# $%# "*# +'&/%+4%&.%# +1)/)/# +")(-.)+*# 94%# *<%+.*# 51)&+)5*"(%&.%# *# "'/#
54%,"'/#(-/#84"&%1*,"%/#$%"#M41=
16
 Racismo climático
justicia climática

O4&94%#"'/#)(5*+.'/#$%#"'/#%8%&.'/#+")(-.)+'/#%D.1%('/#""%A*&#*#.'$*/#"*/#5%1/'&*/3#
&'#.'$*/#%""*/#.)%&%&#"*#+*5*+)$*$#$%#%&<1%&.*1"'/#7#1%+45%1*1/%#$%#%/.'/#+'&#"*#()/(*#
<*+)")$*$=
E*# %D5%1)%&+)*# 0*# %8)$%&+)*$'# 94%# "*/# 5',"*+)'&%/# 0)/.:1)+*(%&.%# %D5"'.*$*/3#
$)/+1)()&*$*/# 7# %D+"4)$*/# 5'1# %/.14+.41*/# %+'&:()+*/# 7# /'+)*"%/# 94%# ,%&%@+)*&#
*# 5%94%2*/# B").%/# P5'1# "'# A%&%1*"# ,"*&+*/P3# /'&# $%/51'5'1+)'&*$*(%&.%# (-/#
84"&%1*,"%/#5'194%#/%#8%&#',")A*$*/#*#0*,).*1#;'&*/#$%#1)%/A'#7#*$%(-/3#+4%&.*&#+'&#
(%&'1%/#1%+41/'/#%+'&:()+'/=#O"#()/('#.)%(5'3#"*#*.%&+):&#$%#$%/*/.1%/#7#%"#,%&%@+)'#
$%#5'"?.)+*/#$%#1%+45%1*+):&3#/'&#$)/.1),4)$'/#$%#(*&%1*#$%/51'5'1+)'&*$*#%&#<*8'1#
$%#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#,"*&+*/#7#1)+*/3#5'1#/',1%#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#*<1'$%/+%&$)%&.%/3#
español

)&$?A%&*/3# +*(5%/)&*/3# ',1%1*/3# %.+=# !"# 1*+)/('# +")(-.)+'# %8)$%&+)*# 7# 5%15%.6*# %"#
"%A*$'#$%"#+'"'&)*")/('=
18
 Responsabilidades históricas /
justicia climática

responsabilidades de los grandes

contaminadores
E*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*#.)%&%#)&$4$*,"%(%&.%#1%/5'&/*,"%/#0)/.:1)+'/=#E*#<'1(*#%&#"*#94%#/%#
0*#*,'1$*$'#%/.*#$)/+4/):&#%&#"'/#-(,).'/#(4".)"*.%1*"%/#/%#0*#+%&.1*$'#6&)+*(%&.%#
%&#"*/#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#$%#"'/#!/.*$'/3#%8)$%&+)*&$'#"*/#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#0)/.:1)+*/#
$%#"'/#5*?/%/#U(-/#$%/*11'""*$'/V3#$'&$%#"'/#!/.*$'/#R&)$'/#$%#X'1.%#O(B1)+*#'/.%&.*#
%"#51)(%1#"4A*13#/%A4)$'#5'1#!41'5*#7#'.1'/#5*?/%/#)&$4/.1)*");*$'/=#!/.'/#5*?/%/#0*&#
4.)");*$'#%"#+'&/4('#$%#+'(,4/.),"%/#<:/)"%/#&'#/:"'#5*1*#$%/*11'""*1#/4#)&$4/.1)*3#
/)&'#5*1*#%/.*,"%+%1#1%"*+)'&%/#+'"'&)*"%/3#+'&.1'"*1#%"#*++%/'#*#1%+41/'/#7#A%&%1*1#
A*&*&+)*/=
M)&# %(,*1A'3# 5*1*# %8).*1# (*&)94%?/('/3# %/.%# *&-")/)/# $%,%# /%1# +'(5"%(%&.*$'#
.'(*&$'#%&#+4%&.*#"*/#$%/)A4*"$*$%/#%#)&%94)$*$%/#*"#)&.%1)'1#$%#"'/#!/.*$'/=#!&#%/.%#
/%&.)$'3#&'#/%#54%$%#0*,"*1#$%#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#0)/.:1)+*/#/)#&'#/%#0*,"*#.*(,)B&#$%#
"*/#)&A%&.%/#A*&*&+)*/#94%#"*/#+'15'1*+)'&%/#.1*&/&*+)'&*"%/#P56,")+*/#7#51)8*$*/P3#
"*/#'")A*194?*/#7#"*/#B").%/#@&*&+)%1*/#0*&#"'A1*$'3#7#$%#"*#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$#$%#*+.'1%/#
5'"?.)+'/#7#.'(*$'1%/#$%#$%+)/)'&%/#94%#0*&#5%1().)$'#7#%&+4,)%1.'#%"#$%/5'>'3#"*#
$%/.14++):&#$%#"*#&*.41*"%;*#7#"*#84"&%1*+):&#$%#$%1%+0'/3#%$)@+*&$'#4&#/)/.%(*#$%#
)(54&)$*$=#O"#()/('#.)%(5'3#&'#/%#"%#54%$%#*.1),4)1#*#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#)&$?A%&*/#
7#',1%1*/3#'#*#()A1*&.%/#$%/5'/%?$'/#%&#%"#X'1.%3#"*#$%4$*#+")(-.)+*#+'&#%"#(4&$'=#
español

O/?#+'('#%&#%"#M41#%D)/.%&#B").%/#+47*#+*1*+.%1?/.)+*#51'P)(5%1)*")/.*#+'&.1),47%&#$%#
<'1(*#)(5'1.*&.%#*"#+*"%&.*()%&.'#A"',*"=
20
 Sur Global / Norte Global
justicia climática

!/#+*$*#8%;#(-/#<1%+4%&.%#%/+4+0*1#0*,"*1#$%#M41#F"',*"=#Y4+0*/#8%+%/#/%#4.)");*#$%#
(*&%1*#+'&.1*$)+.'1)*#7#+'&<4/*=#M%#4/*#5'1#%>%(5"'#*"A4&*/#8%+%/#5*1*#0*+%1#1%<%1%&+)*#
%D+"4/)8*(%&.%# *"# /41# A%'A1-@+'# '# 5*1*# 1%%(5"*;*1# "*# $%&'()&*+):&# $%# 5*?/%/# %&#
$%/*11'""'3#7#'.1*/3#5*1*#0*,"*1#$%#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#(-/#84"&%1*,"%/3#/)&#)(5'1.*1#%"#"4A*1#
%&#%"#94%#/%#%&+4%&.1%&=#L'1#"'#.*&.'3#%/#)(5'1.*&.%#*8*&;*1#0*+)*#4&*#$%@&)+):&#94%#
5%1().*#4&*#%"*,'1*+):&#&*11*.)8*#$%"#.B1()&'#94%#+'&.1),47*#*#4&#+*(,)'#/)/.B()+'=
!D)/.%#%"#1)%/A'#$%#94%#%"#+'&+%5.'#M41#F"',*"#/%*#4.)");*$'#5*1*#$)<4()&*1#7#'+4".*1#"*/#
$%/)A4*"$*$%/#%#)&>4/.)+)*/#*"#)&.%1)'1#$%#"'/#U5*?/%/#$%"#/41V=#!/.%#+'&+%5.'#&'#54%$%#
0*+%1# 1%<%1%&+)*# *# "*/# '")A*194?*/3# %(51%/*1)'/3# .%11*.%&)%&.%/3# *$()&)/.1*$'1%/# 7#
1%51%/%&.*&.%/#$%#"*/#.1*&/&*+)'&*"%/#$%#4&#5*?/#$%"#UM41V#'#%&#U8?*/#$%#$%/*11'""'V=
M41# F"',*"# %&.'&+%/3# /%# 1%@%1%# %D+"4/)8*(%&.%# *# 5',"*+)'&%/# "'+*"%/3# +'(4&)$*$%/#
)&$?A%&*/3#+*(5%/)&*/#7#'1A*&);*+)'&%/#.%11).'1)*"%/3#94%#/'&#8?+.)(*/#$%#"'/#)(5*+.'/#
$%"#+*5).*")/('3#%"#5*.1)*1+*$'3#%"#+'"'&)*")/('3#"*#8)'"%&+)*#%/.14+.41*"#7#"*#*5")+*+):&#
$%# 5'"?.)+*/# $%# $%/*11'""'# %D.1*+.)8)/.*=# Z# *# 5',"*+)'&%/# 84"&%1*,"%/3# $%/5"*;*$*/3#
/*+1)@+*$*/3# +'&.*()&*$*/3# 5%1/%A4)$*/3# *(%$1%&.*$*/# 7# *(%&*;*$*/# 5'1# "*/#
+'15'1*+)'&%/3#%"#/)/.%(*#@&*&+)%1'#7#"'/#!/.*$'/=#Q%#%/.*#(*&%1*3#5'$%('/#%&+'&.1*1#
+'(4&)$*$%/#$%"#M41#F"',*"#%&#!/.*$'/#R&)$'/#'#%&#!41'5*3#94%#+4(5"%&#+'&#%/.*/#
()/(*/#+'&$)+)'&%/=
L'1# %"# +'&.1*1)'3# %"# X'1.%# F"',*"# $%,%# 0*+%1# 1%<%1%&+)*# *# "'/# !/.*$'/3# )&/.).4+)'&%/#
<1'&.%1);*/3#+'15'1*+)'&%/3#B").%/3#'")A*194?*/#*A1')&$4/.1)*"%/#7#@&*&+)%1*/C#)&$)8)$4'/#%#
español

)&/.).4+)'&%/#94%#<*+)").*&#'#/%#,%&%@+)*&#$%#"*#%D5"'.*+):&3#/*94%'#7#*+*5*1*()%&.'#$%#
"*#1)94%;*=#Q%#%/.*#(*&%1*#5'$%('/#%&+'&.1*1#*"#X'1.%#F"',*"#%&#5*?/%/#$%"#/41=
22
 Transición justa desde y para los
justicia climática

pueblos

T1*&/)+):&#G4/.*#%/#4&#+'&+%5.'#%&#+'&/.*&.%#+*(,)'#7#$)/54.*3#.'(*&$'#$)/.)&.*/#
<'1(*/#$%/$%#/4/#'1?A%&%/#P%&#%"#/)&$)+*")/('P#0*/.*#"*#<%+0*=#Y4+0*/#'1A*&);*+)'&%/#
(4".)"*.%1*"%/3# +'15'1*+)'&%/# 7# !/.*$'/# 0*&# %(5%;*$'# *# )&+"4)1"'# $%# (*&%1*#
$%(*A:A)+*# 5*1*# $)/<1*;*1# "*/# <*"/*/# /'"4+)'&%/# '# >4/.)@+*1# "*# 5%1(*&%&+)*# $%#
4&# ('$%"'# $%# $%/*11'""'# 94%# &'/# %/.-# %&8)*&$'# $%# (*&%1*# )&%D'1*,"%# *"# +'"*5/'#
+")(-.)+'=#O"#()/('#.)%(5'3#"*#.1*&/)+):&#>4/.*#&'#$%,%#+'&<4&$)1/%#+'&#%"#U$%1%+0'#
*"#$%/*11'""'V3#&)#$%,%#/%1#>4/.)@+*.)8'#5*1*#%8).*1#4&*#.1*&/<'1(*+):&#51'<4&$*#$%#"*#
/'+)%$*$#7#"*#%+'&'(?*=
Q%/$%# 4&*# 5%1/5%+.)8*# $%# G4/.)+)*# H")(-.)+*3# "*# .1*&/)+):&# >4/.*# $%,%# 5'&%1# %&# %"#
+%&.1'#$%#"*#$)/+4/):&3#"*#51'.%++):&#7#>4/.)+)*#5*1*#"*#&*.41*"%;*#7#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#
7#5',"*+)'&%/#$%#.%11).'1)'/#94%#0)/.:1)+*(%&.%#0*&#/)$'#)(5*+.*$'/#5'1#8)'"%&.*/#
5'"?.)+*/#$%#$%/*11'""'#%D.1*+.)8)/.*=#E*#.1*&/)+):&#>4/.*#%/#%"#+*()&'#/',1%#%"#+4*"#/%#
español

.1*&/).*#0*+)*#4&#+*(,)'#/)/.B()+'#51'<4&$'3#$%/$%#"'/#54%,"'/#7#5*1*#"'/#54%,"'/#
7#"*#&*.41*"%;*=
24
 Falsas Soluciones

26
 Agricultura Climáticamente Inteligente - ACI
falsas soluciones

(CSA por sus siglas en inglés)

!"#+'&+%5.'#"'#)&.1'$4>'#"*#KO[#%&#\]^]3#%&#%/*#8?*3#"*#O")*&;*#F"',*"#5'1#4&*#OA1)+4".41*#
H")(-.)+*(%&.%#_&.%")A%&.%#WFOHMO#%&#)&A"B/J#/%#"*&;:#'@+)*"(%&.%#$41*&.%#"*#H[L\`#
%&#&'8)%(,1%#$%"#\]^`=
H'&/.).47%# 4&*# 51'54%/.*# $%# *++)'&%/# 5*1*# .1*&/<'1(*1# 7# 1%'1)%&.*1# "'/# /)/.%(*/#
*A1?+'"*/3#+'&#%"#@&#$%#*5'7*1#*#"*/#A1*&$%/#%(51%/*/#*A1')&$4/.1)*"%/=#M%#51'('+)'&*#
+'('# 4&*# <'1(*# %@+*;# $%# A*1*&.);*1# "*# /%A41)$*$# *")(%&.*1)*# %&# %"# +'&.%D.'# $%#
4&#+")(*#+*(,)*&.%3#/)&#%(,*1A'3#/:"'#,4/+*#$%/5"*;*1#*#"*#*A1)+4".41*#+*(5%/)&*#
7<*()")*1#73#*"#()/('#.)%(5'3#*+*,*1#+'&#"'/#/*,%1%/#7#.B+&)+*/#*A1?+'"*/#.1*$)+)'&*"%/3#
%"# +4)$*$'# 7# (*&.%&)()%&.'# $%# 8*1)%$*$%/# $%# /%()""*/# +1)'""*/3# %D5%1)(%&.*$*/#
7# 51*+.)+*$*/# 5'1# +*(5%/)&'/S*/# $%/$%# .)%(5'/# ()"%&*1)'/3# *+*5*1*&$'# %"# *A4*3#
'+45*&$'# .)%11*/# 7# A%&%1*&$'# $%5%&$%&+)*# *# "'/# *A1'.:D)+'/# 7# *# "*/# /%()""*/#
.1*&/AB&)+*/#+'&.1'"*$*/#5'1#"*/#+'15'1*+)'&%/=
L'1#%/.%#('.)8'3#"'/#('8)()%&.'/#7#'1A*&);*+)'&%/#+*(5%/)&*/3#7#94)%&%/#/%#'5'&%&#
*# "*/# <*"/*/# /'"4+)'&%/# *"# +*(,)'# +")(-.)+'# "*# $%&4&+)*&3# 54%/# /:"'# *4(%&.*# "*/#
español

A*&*&+)*/# 7# %"# +'&.1'"# $%# "*# *A1')&$4/.1)*3# )A4*"(%&.%3# ,%&%@+)*# 7# 51'(4%8%# "'/#
(%1+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'=
28
 Bioenergía con Captura y
falsas soluciones

Almacenamiento de Carbono - BECCS

E*#,)'%&%1A?*#+'&#+*5.41*#7#%"#*"(*+%&*()%&.'#$%#+*1,'&'#Wa!HHM#5'1#/4/#/)A"*/#%&#
)&A"B/J#%/#4&#51'+%/'#94%#+'&/)/.%#%&#94%(*1#,)'(*/*#*#A1*&#%/+*"*#5*1*#A%&%1*1#
%&%1A?*# 7# "4%A'3# (%$)*&.%# 5"*&.*+)'&%/# <'1%/.*"%/# +'(%1+)*"%/3# %")()&*1# $%# "*#
*.(:/<%1*#%"#%D+%/'#$%#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#51'$4+)$'#5'1#%/.*#*+.)8)$*$=
!/.*#51'54%/.*#.*(,)B&#)&+"47%#"*#51'('+):&#$%#'.1*/#.%+&'"'A?*/#(-/#*1.)@+)*"%/#$%#
+*5.41*#7#*"(*+%&*()%&.'#$%#+*1,'&'#94%3#(%$)*&.%#A1*&$%/#*5*1*.'/3#51%.%&$%&#
*,/'1,%1#%"#H[\#5*1*#1%)&7%+.*1"'#%&#%"#/4,/4%"'3#'#%&#%"#<'&$'#$%#"'/#'+B*&'/#W8B*/%#
A%')&A%&)%1?*J=#L'1#.*&.'3#%/#4&*#0%11*()%&.*#(-/3#51'54%/.*#5'1#"*/#+'15'1*+)'&%/#
%&#/4#/454%/.*#"4+0*#+'&.1*#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*=
L*1*#"*/#'1A*&);*+)'&%/#94%#51'(4%8%&#"*#>4/.)+)*#+")(-.)+*3#/%#.1*.*#$%#4&*#$)/.1*++):&#
1)%/A'/*3#&'#8*")$*$*3#+'/.'/*#7#5%")A1'/*#94%#&'/#$%/8?*#$%#"*#1%$4++):&#P1%*"3#41A%&.%#
7#$1-/.)+*P#$%#"*/#%()/)'&%/3#1%94%1)$*#5*1*#%8).*1#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*=
E*/# +'15'1*+)'&%/# $%# "'/# +'(,4/.),"%/# <:/)"%/# /%# 0*&# %/(%1*$'# %&# 51%/%&.*1# %/.*#
51'54%/.*#+'('#4&*#<:1(4"*#(-A)+*#5*1*#%&<1%&.*1#%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'3#/)(5"%(%&.%#
5'194%#"%/#5%1().%#/%A4)1#',.%&)%&$'#A*&*&+)*/#*#5*1.)1#$%#"*#$%/.14++):&#$%#&4%/.1'/#
%+'/)/.%(*/# 7# +'(4&)$*$%/=# !/.*/# %(51%/*/3# 7# A',)%1&'/# 94%# "*/# *8*"*&3# %/.-&#
*5'/.*&$'# .'$'# 5*1*# %")()&*1# %"# H[\# +'&# %/.%# .)5'# $%# A%')&A%&)%1?*3# +47*# %@+*+)*#
%/.-#%&#%&.1%$)+0'3#'#+'&#.%+&'"'A?*/#)&(*$41*/#7#*11)%/A*$*/3#%&#8%;#$%#)&8%1.)1#%&#
%&%1A?*/#")(5)*/3#%+'":A)+*/#7#94%#<*8'1%;+*&#"*#/',%1*&?*#%&%1AB.)+*3#4#'.1*/#8?*/#5*1*#
")().*1#"*#51'$4++):&#$%#A*/%/#$%#%<%+.'#)&8%1&*$%1'3#94%#%/#"'#94%#$%#8%1$*$#0*+%#
español

<*".*#5*1*#<1%&*1#"*#%(%1A%&+)*#7#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*3#.*"%/#+'('#$%>*1#"'/#+'(,4/.),"%/#
<:/)"%/#%&#%"#/4,/4%"'#7#<1%&*1#%"#%D.1*+.)8)/('#$%51%$*$'1=
30
 Carbono neutralidad
falsas soluciones

E*/#%(51%/*/#7#"'/#A',)%1&'/3#51'(4%8%&#"*#U+*1,'&'#&%4.1*")$*$V#+'('#4&#/454%/.'#
+*(,)'#1*$)+*"#94%#"'A1*1?*#""%A*1#*#4&#,*"*&+%#%&#%"#94%#/%#%")()&*#"*#()/(*#+*&.)$*$#
$%#A*/%/#$%#%<%+.'#)&8%1&*$%1'#94%#/%#%().%#*"#A%&%1*1#4&*#*+.)8)$*$#$%.%1()&*$*#
U%&#"*#(%$)$*#94%#/%*#5'/),"%V=
M%A6&#%/.%#/454%/.'3#+*$*#.'&%"*$*#$%#H[\#<:/)"#%().)$*#%/.*1?*#/)%&$'#)A4*"*$*#+'&#
4&*#.'&%"*$*#94%#%/#*,/'1,)$*#5'1#5"*&.*/3#'+B*&'/3#/4%"'/#'#1'+*/=#M)&#%(,*1A'3#%/.*#
51%/4&+):&#&'#$)/.)&A4%#94%#0*7#$'/#.)5'/#$%#+*1,'&'3#*94%"#94%#8)%&%#$%#"'/#<:/)"%/#
94%#/%#0*&#(*&.%&)$'#,*>'#.)%11*#5'1#()""'&%/#$%#*2'/3#7#*94%"#94%#+)1+4"*#%&#%"#+)+"'#
&*.41*"#$%"#+*1,'&'#%&#"*#.1'5'/<%1*#'#$'&$%#/%#A%&%1*#"*#8)$*=#a*>'#%/.*#8)/):&3#5*1*#
*"+*&;*1#%"#',>%.)8'#$%#+*1,'&'#&%4.1*")$*$3#/%#$%,%#0*+%1#()""'&%/#$%#5"*&.*+)'&%/#
$%#-1,'"%/3#5*1*#U+'(5%&/*1V#+'&#%"#+*1,'&'#*"(*+%&*$'#%&#"*#8%A%.*+):&#%D)/.%&.%3#
%&# "'/# 04(%$*"%/3# %&# "'/# /4%"'/3# %&# "'/# '+B*&'/3# '# (%$)*&.%# 51'7%+.'/# $%# a!HHM3##
%&.1%#'.1*/#51'54%/.*/=
!/.%# <*"/'# $)/+41/'# $%# "*# U+*1,'&'# &%4.1*")$*$V3# /)# ,)%&# &'# .)%&%# &)&A6&# */)$%1'#
+)%&.?@+'3#%&#"*#51-+.)+*3#+'&.1),47%#*#5%15%.4*1#"*#+1%%&+)*#%&#"*#/*"8*+):&#.%+&'":A)+*3#
7#$)/()&47%#"*#/%&/*+):&#$%#41A%&+)*#%&#.'1&'#*#"*#&%+%/)$*$#$%#%(5%;*1#*#$%>*1#
$%# %D.1*%1# 0)$1'+*1,41'/# <:/)"%/# $%"# /4,/4%"'=# E*/# +'15'1*+)'&%/# ,4/+*&# U94%(*1#
*0'1*3#+'(5%&/*1#$%/54B/V3#'#"'#94%#%/#"'#()/('#U5*A*1#5*1*#+'&.*()&*1V3#"'#94%#0*#
51'8'+*$'#94%#"*/#%()/)'&%/#$%#+*1,'&'#/)A*&#*4(%&.*&$'=#T*(,)B&#0*#*+%"%1*$'#"*#
$%/.14++):&#$%"#(4&$'#&*.41*"3#*"#*4(%&.*1#"*#$%<'1%/.*+):&#7#%"#%&'1(%#1)%/A'#$%#
español

%"%8*1#*6&#(-/#"*#.%(5%1*.41*#$%"#5"*&%.*=
X)&A6&#('$%"'#5%.1'$%5%&$)%&.%#7#%&%1A?8'1'#54%$%#/%1#+*1,'&'#&%4.1*"=
32
 Descarbonizar
falsas soluciones

UQ%/+*1,'&);*1V#*54&.*#P$%#(*&%1*#1%.:1)+*P#*#"*/#*++)'&%/#94%#5%1().%&#+'&.)&4*1#
+'&#%"#('$%"'#$%#+1%+)()%&.'#%+'&:()+'#+'&#(%&'/#%()/)'&%/#$%#H[\=#M)&#%(,*1A'3#
$%,)%1*# 1%<%1)1/%# *# %")()&*1# %"# +'&/4('# $%# "'/# +'(,4/.),"%/# <:/)"%/# 94%# 5'/%%&#
+*1,'&'# %&# /4# %/.14+.41*# ('"%+4"*1# 7# +47*# +'(,4/.):&# "),%1*# +'&.*()&*&.%/#
94%# *<%+.*&# "*# /*"4$# $%# "*/# 5%1/'&*/# 7# "'/# %+'/)/.%(*/3# +'('# "'/# A*/%/# $%# %<%+.'#
)&8%1&*$%1'#94%#+*4/*&#+*"%&.*()%&.'#+%1+*#$%#"*#/45%1@+)%#.%11%/.1%#)(5*+.*&$'#
/',1%#%"#+")(*#*#%/+*"*#A"',*"=#!"#(-/#*,4&$*&.%#$%#%/.'/#A*/%/3#'1)A)&*$'#5'1#"*/#
*+.)8)$*$%/#04(*&*/3#%/#%"#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#WH[\J=
español

34
 Emisiones netas cero
falsas soluciones

H*$*#8%;#+'&#(*7'1#<1%+4%&+)*#/%#%/+4+0*#*#.'(*$'1%/#$%#$%+)/):&#7#<4&+)'&*1)'/#
A4,%1&*(%&.*"%/3# '1A*&)/('/# (4".)"*.%1*"%/3# _&/.).4+)'&%/# K)&*&+)%1*/#
_&.%1&*+)'&*"%/3# [XF/# 7# *# "*/# 51'5)*/# +'15'1*+)'&%/# .1*&/&*+)'&*"%/# 4.)");*1# %"#
+'&+%5.'#U+%1'#&%.'V#'#U%()/)'&%/#&%.*/#+%1'V#+'('#%/.1*.%A)*#5*1*#"*8*1#/4#)(*A%&3#
%"4$)1#/4/#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#7#$)/.1*%1#7#+'&<4&$)1#*#"*#5',"*+):&#5*1*#%8).*1#*<1'&.*1#
/%1)*(%&.%#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*=
!"#U+%1'#&%.'V#%/+'&$%#"*#)$%*#$%#94%#/%#54%$%#/%A4)1#+'&.*()&*&$'#+'('#/)%(51%3#'#
)&+"4/'#)&+1%(%&.*1#%"#+'&/4('#$%#+'(,4/.),"%/#<:/)"%/3#U+'(5%&/*&$'V#"*/#%()/)'&%/#
$%#$)<%1%&.%/#(*&%1*/=#a*>'#%/.%#+'&+%5.'3#"*/#%()/)'&%/#/%#1%$4+%&#*#4&*#%+4*+):&#
(*.%(-.)+*3#%/#$%+)1#94%#"*/#%()/)'&%/#/4(*$*/#%&#4&#"4A*13#/%#U1%/.*&V#%&#'.1'=
!/.%# +'&+%5.'# %&+4,1%# 4&*# 5%18%1/*# 1%*")$*$I# +'&.)&4*1# +'&.*()&*&$'3# 51'('8%1#
5%")A1'/'/# %D5%1)(%&.'/# +'('# "*# A%')&A%&)%1?*3# 5"*&.*+)'&%/# 7# ('&'+4".)8'/# $%#
-1,'"%/3# 51'7%+.'/# .)5'# b!QQc# '# 5"*&%/# $%# M'"4+)'&%/# a*/*$*/# %&# "*# X*.41*"%;*#
7# A%&%1*1# A1*&$%/# &%A'+)'/# P+'('# "'/# %/94%(*/# $%# +'(%1+)'# $%# +'(5%&/*+):&#
$%# %()/)'&%/P# 5*1*# 94%# 94)%&%/# /'&# 1%/5'&/*,"%/# 0)/.:1)+'/# $%# "*# +1)/)/# +")(-.)+*#
',.%&A*&#(-/#A*&*&+)*/3#/)&#*,'1$*1#/4/#+*4/*/#%/.14+.41*"%/=
E*# *5")+*+):&# $%# %/.*/# <*"/*/# /'"4+)'&%/# &'# /:"'# *+%"%1*1-&# "*# +1)/)/# +")(-.)+*3# /)&'#
94%#)&+1%(%&.*1-&#"*/#$%/)A4*"$*$%/#%#)&>4/.)+)*/#%/.14+.41*"%/#7#+'&$%&*1-&#*#"'/#
español

54%,"'/#P0)/.:1)+*(%&.%#%D+"4)$'/#7#84"&%1*,"%/P#*#+'&$)+)'&%/#$%#8)$*#+*$*#8%;#(-/#
*$8%1/*/3#)&+1%(%&.*&$'#"*#84"&%1*,)")$*$=
36
 Geoingeniería
falsas soluciones

E*#A%')&A%&)%1?*#%/#4&*#<*"/*#7#5%")A1'/*#1%/54%/.*#*#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*#)(54"/*$*#5'1#
A',)%1&'/# 7# +'15'1*+)'&%/# 94%# 51'(4%8%&# 0)5'.B.)+'/# %/94%(*/# $%# )&.%18%&+):&#
04(*&*# *# A1*&# %/+*"*# %&# "'/# '+B*&'/3# /4%"'/# 7# *.(:/<%1*# $%# "*# .)%11*3# +'&# %"#
/454%/.'# ',>%.)8'# $%# U1%$4+)1# %"# +*(,)'# +")(-.)+'V=# a*/*$'/# %&# %/5%+4"*+)'&%/#
7#(*&)54"*&$'#%"#+'&'+)()%&.'#+)%&.?@+'#51'(4%8%&#U/'"4+)'&%/V#94%#/%#+'&8%1.)1-&#
%&#A1*&$%/#&%A'+)'/=
X'#%D)/.%#%8)$%&+)*#$%#94%#%/.*/#51'54%/.*/#/%*&#%<%+.)8*/#5*1*#%&<1%&.*1#%"#+*(,)'#
+")(-.)+'3#5%1'#/?#%D)/.%#4&*#A1*&#51%'+45*+):&#/',1%#"'/#5'.%&+)*"%/3#$%8*/.*$'1%/#
7#(*/)8'/#%<%+.'/#94%#.%&$1?*&#/',1%#%"#+")(*3#"*#&*.41*"%;*#7#"'/#(%$)'/#$%#8)$*3#
94%#)&+1%(%&.*1-&#$%#(*&%1*#$%/51'5'1+)'&*$*#"'/#)(5*+.'/#P(4+0'/#)11%8%1/),"%/P##
%&#%"#5"*&%.*#7#%&#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#"'+*"%/3#5*1.)+4"*1(%&.%#$%"#M41#A"',*"=
E*#A%')&A%&)%1?*#5"*&.%*#*,'1$*1#"'/#/?&.'(*/#$%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'3#5%1'#)A&'1*#/4/#
+*4/*/#%/.14+.41*"%/#7#*,1%#"*#5'/),)")$*$#$%#94%#/%#54%$*#+'&.)&4*1#+'&#"*#%D.1*++):&#
7#+'&/4('#$%#+'(,4/.),"%/#<:/)"%/3#*"4$)%&$'#*#94%#51'&.'#"*#04(*&)$*$#$%/*11'""*1-#
"*#.%+&'"'A?*#5*1*#%8).*1#7#1%8%1.)1#%"#+'"*5/'#+")(-.)+'=
!/.*/#.%+&'"'A?*/#0*&#1%/4".*$'#.*&#5'"B()+*/#94%#$%/$%#\]\]#%D)/.%#4&*#('1*.'1)*#
$%#"*#H'&8%&+):&#$%#Q)8%1/)$*$#a)'":A)+*#$%#"*#[XR3#94%#0*#/)$'#8)'"*$*#%&#1%5%.)$*/#
'+*/)'&%/3# +'&# 51'7%+.'/# $%# A%/.):&# $%# "*# 1*$)*+):&# /'"*1# +'&# "*# )&7%++):&# $%#
*%1'/'"%/# *# "*# %/.1*.'/<%1*3# 51'7%+.'/# $%# ,"*&94%*()%&.'# $%# &4,%/3# +*2'&*;'/# *"#
español

+)%"'#5*1*#$)/)5*1#""48)*/3#'#"*#$)/%()&*+):&#$%#()+1'+4%&.*/#$%#8)$1)'#/',1%#%"#(*1##
7#"*/#/45%1@+)%/#0%"*$*/#%&#O"*/d*=
38
 Mecanismos de compensación
falsas soluciones

E*#+'(51%&/):&#0%A%(:&)+*#$%#"*#A%/.):&#*(,)%&.*"#0*#)&/.*41*$'#4&*#&*11*.)8*#5*1*#%&.%&$%1#
7#.1*().*1#"'/#)(5*+.'/#$%#"*/#*++)'&%/#$%#'1)A%&#04(*&'#W%&.)B&$*/%#/',1%#.'$'#$%#A1*&$%/#
)&8%1/)'&%/#+*5).*")/.*/J#/',1%#"'/#%+'/)/.%(*/3#(%$)*&.%#.%'1?*/#%+'&:()+*/#"),%1*"%/3#+'('#"*#
%+'&'(?*#*(,)%&.*"=#!&#'1$%&#$%/+%&$%&.%3#%/.*/#)&.%18%&+)'&%/#$)+%&#%8).*13#51%8%&)13#().)A*13#
7#+'(5%&/*1#"'/#$*2'/#*(,)%&.*"%/=#M)#0*+%('/#4&*#*&*"'A?*#+'&#"*#8)'"%&+)*#+'.)$)*&*#94%#8)8%&#
"*/#(4>%1%/3#/%1?*#+'('#.1*.*1#$%#+'(5%&/*1"*#(%$)*&.%#1%A*"'/=
E*/#+'(5%&/*+)'&%/#/%#%/.-&#*5")+*&$'#*#$)/.)&.'/#-(,).'/3#+'('#*"#+)+"'#$%"#+*1,'&'#'#*#"*#
5B1$)$*# $%# ,)'$)8%1/)$*$=# H4*&$'# /%# 0*,"*# $%# +'(5%&/*+)'&%/3# %/# 51%+)/'# .%&%1# +"*1'# 94%#
/%# 51%.%&$%# U+'(5%&/*1V# 4&# $*2'# *(,)%&.*"3# '# +'(51*1# U+%1.)@+*$'/# $%# +'(5%&/*+):&# $%#
,)'$)8%1/)$*$V#5*1*#5'$%1#$%/.14)1#,)'$)8%1/)$*$3#%&#%"#()/('#"4A*1#'#%&#'.1'#"%>*&'=
E*/#(%A*1%51%/*/#%#0)$1'%"B+.1)+*/#*#A1*&#%/+*"*3#4&*#()&*3#4&#5';'#5%.1'"%1'3#4&*#+*11%.%1*3#
%.+=3#54%$%&#51'8'+*1#"*#$%/*5*1)+):&#$%#%/5%+)%/#8%A%.*"%/#7#*&)(*"%/=#ef4B#.*&#B.)+'#%/#0*,"*1#
$%#+'(5%&/*1#4&*#8)$*#5'1#'.1*g
E*/# +'(5%&/*+)'&%/# <4&+)'&*&# +'&# %94)8*"%&+)*/C# /)# $%/.147'# "*# ,)'$)8%1/)$*$# *94?3# 54%$'#
+'&/%18*1"*#%&#'.1'#"*$'#$'&$%#0*7#%/5%+)%/#*&)(*"%/#7#8%A%.*"%/#5*1%+)$*/C#/)#%().'#A*/%/#$%#
%<%+.'# )&8%1&*$%1'# *94?3# 54%$'# 5*A*1# 5'1# *$94)1)1# +1B$).'/# $%# +*1,'&'3# (%$)*&.%# 51'7%+.'/#
b!QQ3#%&#(%1+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'#4#'.1'/=#!&.'&+%/3#&'#/%#.1*.*#$%#%8).*1#"'/#$*2'/3#94%#/%#+'&.)&6*&#
)&.%&/)@+*&$'3#/)&'#$%#*$94)1)1#5%1()/'/#5*1*#U+'(5%&/*1V#"'/#$*2'/#+*4/*$'/=
!/.*#":A)+*3#94%#&'#+'&.1),47%#*#+4)$*1#"'/#%+'/)/.%(*/#&)#%"#+")(*#5"*&%.*1)'/3#*$%(-/#*+*11%*#
%"# 51',"%(*# $%# 94%# "*# +'&/%18*+):&# +'15'1*.)8*# %/.-# 51)8*.);*&$'# .%11).'1)'/# +'('# <4%&.%# $%#
/%18)+)'/#*(,)%&.*"%/#7#A%&%1*&$'#+%1.)@+*$'/#$%#+'(5%&/*+):&=#!/.'/#(%+*&)/('/#$%#(%1+*$'#
/45'&%&#4&*#5'/),)")$*$#5*1*#*+*5*1*1#.)%11*/3#94%#94%$*&#<4&$*(%&.*"(%&.%3#%&#(*&'/#$%#
A1*&$%/#+'&.*()&*$'1%/#'#$%#.1*&/&*+)'&*"%/#$%#"*#+'&/%18*+):&#94%#1%+),%&#<'&$'/#$%#%""*/#
español

7# '5%1*&# 1%*"(%&.%# +'('# 4&*# <*+0*$*# 5*1*# +'&.)&4*1# +'&.*()&*&$'=# O# (%&4$'# /%# +1%*&#
5%94%2*/#)/"*/#U+'&/%18*$*/V#$%/5'>*$*/#$%#+'(4&)$*$%/#"%A?.)(*#7#*&+%/.1*"(%&.%#51'5)%.*1)*/#
$%#"'/#.%11).'1)'/3#7#+47'/#/*,%1%/#7#51-+.)+*/3#0*&#5%1().)$'#51%/%18*1"'/#%&#*1('&?*=
40
 Mercados de carbono
falsas soluciones

E'/#(%1+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'#5%1().%&#*#"*/#%(51%/*/#+'(51*1#%D%&+)'&%/#,*1*.*/#$%#"*#
1%A4"*+):&#$%"#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#$%#"*/#X*+)'&%/#R&)$*/#'#$%#"'/#A',)%1&'/#&*+)'&*"%/=#
T*(,)B&#5%1().%&#*#+4*"94)%1*3#+'(51*1#+%1.)@+*$'/#94%#*@1(*&#94%#/4#+'&.*()&*+):&#
5'1#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#0*#/)$'#U&%4.1*");*$*V=#!&#5*1.%3#%/.*/#%D%&+)'&%/#7#+%1.)@+*$'/3#
/'&#<*,1)+*$'/#5'1#+'15'1*+)'&%/#'#!/.*$'/#94%#*/4(%&#7#5'&%&#%&#<4&+)'&*()%&.'#"*/#
+*5*+)$*$%/#$%#U")(5)%;*V#$%#"*#.)%11*3#'#A*/.*&#$)&%1'#%&#*+.)8)$*$%/#+*5).*")/.*/#94%#
/'&#+%1.)@+*$*/#+'('#U(%&'/#$%/.14+.)8*/#$%#"'#&'1(*"V=#Q%#%/.%#('$'3#"*/#+%&.1*"%/#
%"B+.1)+*/# $%# !41'5*# 5'1# %>%(5"'3# 54%$%&# /%A4)1# +'&.*()&*&$'# %"# *)1%# +'&# $):D)$'#
$%#+*1,'&'#()%&.1*/#+'(51%&#+%1.)@+*$'/#94%#$%(4%/.1%&#94%#%/.-&#+'"'&);*&$'#"*#
+*5*+)$*$#<'.'/)&.B.)+*#$%#"'/#,'/94%/#$%#O(B1)+*#E*.)&*3#h<1)+*#'#O/)*C#'#94%#%/.-&#
"),%1*&$'#(%&'/#(%.*&'#$%#"'#94%#$)+%&#94%#%/#&'1(*"=
E'/#(%1+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'#P94%#/%#0*&#%D.%&$)$'#5'1#.'$'#%"#(4&$'#$%/$%#"*#$B+*$*#
$%#^ii]#7#/'&#"*#51)&+)5*"#1%/54%/.*#'@+)*"#*"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'#%&#"*#*+.4*")$*$#/)A4%&#
%"#('$%"'#$%#"'/#(%1+*$'/#$%#/%18)+)'/#*(,)%&.*"%/#$%#"*/#$B+*$*/#$%#^ij]P^ii]#%&#
!/.*$'/# R&)$'/=# M%# .1*.*,*# )A4*"(%&.%# $%# %/94%(*/# &%'"),%1*"%/# 94%# 5%1().?*&# *#
"*/# %(51%/*/# *0'11*1# $)&%1'# *"# &'# .%&%1# 94%# ',%$%+%1# "*/# &4%8*/# "%7%/# *(,)%&.*"%/#
%/.*$'4&)$%&/%/#94%#%&.1*1'&#%&#8)A'1#%&#"'/#*2'/#^ik]P^ij]=
R&*# ,4%&*# 5*1.%# $%"# &4%8'# +*5).*")/('# 8%1$%# /%# ,*/*# %&# "'/# (%1+*$'/# $%# +*1,'&'3#
1%/5*"$*$'/# 5'1# "*/# 51)&+)5*"%/# %(51%/*/# ()&%1*/3# 5%.1'"%1*/3# $%# <*,1)+*+):&# (*/)8*#
$%#(*&4<*+.41*/3#.%+&'"'A?*/#$)A).*"%/3#*8)*+):&#7#.1*&/5'1.%#(*1?.)('3#%&.1%#'.1*/C#*"#
)A4*"#94%#5'1#l*""#M.1%%.3#A1*&$%/#[XF/#$%#l*/0)&A.'&#+'('#!&8)1'&(%&.*"#Q%<%&/%#
K4&$# 7# T0%# X*.41%# H'&/%18*&+7=# T'$*/# "*/# *A%&+)*/# $%# X*+)'&%/# R&)$*/# 7# %"# a*&+'#
español

Y4&$)*"3#"'/#A',)%1&'/#$%"#(4&$'#7#()"%/#$%#)&8%/.)A*$'1%/#4&)8%1/).*1)'/#%/.-&#*#<*8'1#
$%"#(%1+*$'#$%#+*1,'&'=
42
 Residuos para energía
falsas soluciones

!&# %"# (*1+'# $%# 4&# /)/.%(*# $%# A%&%1*+):&# +1%+)%&.%# $%# 1%/)$4'/# &'/# %&<1%&.*('/#
*# "*# ,6/94%$*# <1%&B.)+*# $%# /'"4+)'&%/# +'1.'5"*+)/.*/# +'('# %"# %&.%11*()%&.'# '# "*#
)&+)&%1*+):&#$%#"'/#1%/)$4'/#W7#"*#+'&8%1/):&#$%#1%/)$4'/#%&#%&%1A?*J=#!/.%#/454%/.'#
*51'8%+0*()%&.'# $%# "'/# 1%/)$4'/# 5*1*# %&%1A?*# %&# 1%*")$*$# 51'$4+%# $%/%+0'/#
.:D)+'/3# +'&.*()&*# %"# *)1%7# +'&.1),47%# *"# +*(,)'# +")(-.)+'=# E'/# +'/.'/# $%# *94%""'##
/%#%D.%1&*");*&#%&#%"#(%$)'#*(,)%&.%#7#"*/#5%1/'&*/=
E'/#)&+)&%1*$'1%/#%().%&#(-/#H[\#W5'1#(%A*8*.)'S0'1*J#94%#"*/#+%&.1*"%/#%"B+.1)+*/#
$%#+*1,:&3#A*/#&*.41*"#'#)&+"4/'#5%.1:"%'=#O$%(-/3#"*#)&+)&%1*+):&#%/#%"#(B.'$'#(-/#
+'/.'/'#5*1*#A%&%1*1#%&%1A?*#7#(*&%>*1#"'/#1%/)$4'/3#+1%*&$'#4&*#+*1A*#%+'&:()+*#
/)A&)@+*.)8*#5*1*#"*/#+)4$*$%/=
E*#)$%*#$%#94%#"'/#1%/)$4'/#$%/*5*1%+%&#'#/%#1%*51'8%+0*&#$%/*")%&.*#"'/#%/<4%1;'/#$%#
español

1%$4++):&#%&#"*#A%&%1*+):&#$%#"'/#()/('/3#7#%"#+'&/)A4)%&.%#+4)$*$'#$%#"*#&*.41*"%;*3#
+1%*&$'#5'1#%"#+'&.1*1)'#4&#)&+%&.)8'#5%18%1/'#5*1*#A%&%1*1#(-/#1%/)$4'/=
44
 Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza
falsas soluciones

- SBN

E*/# /'"4+)'&%/# ,*/*$*/# %&# "*# &*.41*"%;*# WMaXJ# /'&# U/'"4+)'&%/V# 5*1*# 94%# %"#
+*5).*")/('#54%$*#/%A4)1#%D.1*7%&$'#7#$%/.147%&$'#"*#&*.41*"%;*=#M%#"*/#""*(:#*/?#
5'1#51)(%1*#8%;#0*+)*#%"#\]]i#7#%/.-&#1%/5*"$*$*/#5'1#X*+)'&%/#R&)$*/3#5'1#%(51%/*/#
5%.1'"%1*/# +'('# M0%""3# H0%81'&3# T'.*"3# !X_# 7# aL3# '# %(51%/*/# ()&%1*/# +'('# amLC#
.*(,)B&#.1*&/&*+)'&*"%/#$%#"*#+'&/%18*+):&#+'('#"*#R_HX3#T0%#X*.41%#H'&/%18*&+7#
7#H'&/%18*.)'&#_&.%1&*.)'&*"=
H'&# "*/# MaX3# "*/# +'15'1*+)'&%/# 54%$%&# >4/.)@+*1# "*# +'&.*()&*+):&# /%2*"*&$'# 94%#
U&'# &%+%/).*&# $%>*1# "'/# +'(,4/.),"%/# <:/)"%/# %&# %"# /4%"'3# 94%# &'# &%+%/).*&# <1%&*1#
"*# *A1)+4".41*# )&$4/.1)*"3# '# $%.%&%1# "*# ()&%1?*V3# 54%/.'# 94%# P/454%/.*(%&.%P#U"'/#
-1,'"%/3# "'/# /4%"'/# 7# "'/# '+B*&'/# 54%$%&# ")(5)*1# %"# $):D)$'# $%# +*1,'&'# 94%# 8)%&%##
$%#"'/#+'(,4/.),"%/#<:/)"%/V=
M'&# .)%11*/# 94%# 51%@%1%&# /)&# "'/# 54%,"'/3# )&$?A%&*/# 7# +*(5%/)&'/3# 7# /)# %/.'# &'# %/#
5'/),"%3#94%#*+%5.%&#94%#/%#"%/#5*A4%#4&#5'+'#5'1#%"#/%18)+)'#*(,)%&.*"#94%#8%&$%&=#
E*/#MaX3#*#/4#8%;3#5%1().)1-&#%"#*+*5*1*()%&.'#$%#.)%11*/#5*1*#*/?#5'$%1#+'(5%&/*1#
español

"*/#5B1$)$*/#$%#,)'$)8%1/)$*$#'#"*#*<%+.*+):&#$%"#*A4*3#+*4/*$*/#5'1#"*#*A1)+4".41*#
)&$4/.1)*"#'#%"#%D.1*+.)8)/('=
46
 Reducción de Emisiones por
falsas soluciones

Degradación y Deforestación - REDD

R&*# $%# "*/# (4+0*/# <4&+)'&%/# %+'":A)+*/# $%# -1,'"%/# 7# *1,4/.'/3# *# (%$)$*# 94%# 8*&#
+1%+)%&$'3#%/#"*#+*5.41*#$%#+*1,'&'=#M)#4&#-1,'"#%/#$%11),*$'3#%/.%#+*1,'&'#%/#"),%1*$'#
%&# <'1(*# $%# %()/)'&%/# $%# $):D)$'# $%# +*1,'&'3# 5'1# %/.'3# "*# $%A1*$*+):&# <'1%/.*"# 7#
"*# $%<'1%/.*+):&# /'&# 4&*# )(5'1.*&.%# +'&.1),4+):&# *"# +*(,)'# +")(-.)+'=# Q41*&.%# "*#
H[L^n3#1%*");*$*#%&#a*")#%&#\]]j3#"*#H'&8%&+):&#Y*1+'#$%#X*+)'&%/#R&)$*/3#1%+'&'+):#
*#b!QQ#+'('#4&#)&/.14(%&.'#5*1*#*8*&;*1#%&#"*#"4+0*#+'&.1*#%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'3#
/)&# %(,*1A'3# %/.*# +'&+%5+):&# &'# (%>'1*# "*# /).4*+):&# %# )&+"4/'# 54%$%# +'&.1),4)1##
*#*A1*8*1"*=
E'/# (%+*&)/('/# b!QQc# &'# .1*.*&# $%# %8).*1# "*/# %()/)'&%/3# .*(5'+'# $%# %8).*1# "*#
$%<'1%/.*+):&3# /)&'# ,-/)+*(%&.%3# .1*.*&# $%# %().)1# (%&'/# $%# "'# 94%# '1)A)&*"(%&.%##
/%#5%&/*,*#%().)1#5'1#.4(,*1#"*/#/%"8*/#7#,'/94%/=
!/.*#)$%*#*+*11%*#$)/.)&.'/#51',"%(*/I
^=#E*/#/%"8*/#7#,'/94%/#/'&#8)/.*/#*5%&*/#+'('#/4()$%1'/#$%#+*1,'&'3#/'/"*7*&$'#
español

'.1*/#<4&+)'&%/#8).*"%/#5*1*#"*/#+4".41*/#7#"'/#%+'/)/.%(*/I#/)#4&#-1,'"#*5%&*/#/)18%#
5*1*#*"(*+%&*1#+*1,'&'3#%/#)A4*"#$%#8*")'/'#4&#('&'+4".)8'#<'1%/.*"#P"'/#<*('/'/#

48
falsas soluciones
$%/)%1.'/#8%1$%/3#/)&#$)8%1/)$*$3#"%/)8'/#5*1*#%"#*A4*#7#"'/#/4%"'/P#94%#4&*#/%"8*#$)8%1/*#
7#54"4"*&.%#$%#8)$*3#"*#94%#*5*1.%#$%#/4#5*5%"#%&#%"#+)+"'#$%"#+*1,'&'3#%/#)&$)/5%&/*,"%#
5*1*#"*#1%A4"*+):&#0?$1)+*3#%"#+4)$*$'#$%#"*#,)'$)8%1/)$*$3#"*#/*"4$#$%#"'/#/4%"'/3#7#(-/=
\=#!&#(4+0'/#+*/'/3#%"#<4&+)'&*()%&.'#$%#b!QQc#51)8)"%A)*#*#A1*&$%/#%(51%/*/#
+'&.*()&*&.%/#'#*#"'/#""*(*$'/#+*1,'&#+'o,'7/3#7#*#"'/#%/5%+4"*$'1%/#@&*&+)%1'/3#
54%/#4&*#/%"8*#/%#8*"'1*#+*"+4"*&$'#"*#+*&.)$*$#$%#+*1,'&'#*+4(4"*$'#%&#%""*#7#/%#
+1%*&#(%1+*&+?*/#*#5*1.)1#$%#%""'=#b!QQ#%/#4&#(%+*&)/('#+'(5"%>'=#R&*#$%#"*/#<'1(*/#
,-/)+*/#%&#94%#<4&+)'&*#%/I#4&#+'(51*$'1#$%#+*1,'&'#'<1%+%#*#4&*#+'(4&)$*$#P*#
(%&4$'#+'(4&)$*$%/#)&$?A%&*/#51'5)%.*1)*/#'#+4)$*$'1*/#$%#"*/#/%"8*/#7#,'/94%/P#
4&*# +'(5%&/*+):&# 5'1# &'# $%/.14)1# %"# .%11).'1)'# P94%# $%# .'$*/# (*&%1*/# &'# ),*&# *#
$%/.14)1#7#94%#7*#%/.*,*&#+4)$*&$'P#*#+*(,)'#$%#+%1.)@+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'#94%#/%1-&#
4/*$'/#5'1#"'/#+'&.*()&*$'1%/#'#+'('#*+.)8'#@&*&+)%1'=#L*1*#%/.'#/4%"%&#1%*");*1/%#
+'&.1*.'/3#+'&#,*/.*&.%#/%+1%.)/('#%#)&+"4/'#%&#)$)'(*/#$)/.)&.'/#*#"'/#0*,"*$'/#5'1#
"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/3#5'1#5%1)'$'/#$%#.)%(5'#$%#0*/.*#^]]#*2'/#7#51'11'A*,"%/=
n=# b!QQc# .1*&/<'1(*# "*/# 1%"*+)'&%/# +4".41*"%/# $%# "'/# 54%,"'/# +'&# "*# &*.41*"%;*#
español
&'#04(*&*=#!&#%/*#8?*3#"'/#51'7%+.'/#51)8*&#*#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#$%#/4/#1%"*+)'&%/#$%#
(%$)+)&*3#*")(%&.'3#0'A*1#7#%/5)1).4*")$*$#+'&#%"#.%11).'1)'3#*$%(-/3#54%$%&#A%&%1*1#
50
51%/)'&%/#5*1*#$%<'1%/.*13#54%/#&%+%/).*&#+1%*1#4&#1)%/A'#/',1%#"'/#%+'/)/.%(*/#%&#%"#
%/94%(*3#5'1#"'#+4*"#/%#"%#0*#$%&'()&*$'#)&+%&.)8'#5%18%1/'=
`=#E*/#/%"8*/#,*>'#+'&.1*.'/#b!QQc#/%#+'&.*,)");*&#%&#.B1()&'#$%#+1B$).'/#$%#+*1,'&'3#
94%#&'#/'&#'.1*#+'/*#94%#4&*#+*1.*#,"*&+*#5*1*#+'&.)&4*1#+'&.*()&*&$'=#L'1#%>%(5"'3#
4&*#%(51%/*#5%.1'"%1*#94%#*$94)%1%#$%.%1()&*$'#&6(%1'#$%#+1B$).'/#$%#+*1,'&'#
51'8%&)%&.%/#$%#4&*#/%"8*#94%#7*#%/.*,*#/)%&$'#+4)$*$*#5'1#<'1(*/#.1*$)+)'&*"%/3#
',.)%&%#U")+%&+)*/3#5%1()/'/#'#+%1.)@+*$'/V#5*1*#%().)13#%&#+4*"94)%1#"4A*1#$%"#(4&$'3#
4&*# +*&.)$*$# /)()"*1# $%# F*/%/# $%# !<%+.'# _&8%1&*$%1'=# Q%# %/.*# (*&%1*3# b!QQ# &'#
+'&.1),47%#*#"*#"4+0*#+'&.1*#%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'#7#*$%(-/#/45'&%#4&*#84"&%1*+):&#$%#
"'/#$%1%+0'/#.%11).'1)*"%/#$%#"'/#$4%2'/#$%#"'/#,'/94%/3#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#94%#+4)$*&#
"'/# .%11).'1)'/3# 5'194%# %&.)%&$%&# "*# +'&.1),4+):&# $%# (*&A"*1%/3# /%"8*/3# .41,%1*/3#
,'/94%/3#%.+=#*"#0%1('/'#7#+'(5"%>'#%&.1*(*$'#$%#"*#8)$*=
p=# E'/# 51'7%+.'/# .)5'# b!QQc# 8)'"*&# "'/# $%1%+0'/# $%# "*# &*.41*"%;*# 54%/.'# 94%# *"#
51'0),)1#%"#4/'#.1*$)+)'&*"#$%#"'/#,'/94%/3#)(5)$%#"*#1%+1%*+):&#$%#"*#,)'$)8%1/)$*$#7#
5'194%#5%1().%#94%#/%#/)A*#%().)%&$'#H[\3#+'&.*()&*&$'#%"#*A4*#7S'#$%/.147%&$'#"*#
,)'$)8%1/)$*$=
 Jerga Climática

52
 Acuerdo de París
jerga climática

!"# O+4%1$'# $%# L*1?/3# %/# 4&# .1*.*$'# 94%# /%# )&/+1),%# %&# "*# H'&8%&+):&# Y*1+'##
$%#"*/#X*+)'&%/#R&)$*/#M',1%#%"#H*(,)'#H")(-.)+'#WHYXRHHJ=
E*# )(5"%(%&.*+):&# $%"# O+4%1$'# $%# L*1?/# .%&$1-# A1*8%/# +'&/%+4%&+)*/# /',1%# "'/#
54%,"'/3#"'/#.%11).'1)'/3#"'/#,'/94%/3#%"#+")(*#7#/',1%#%"#5"*&%.*3#54%/#+1%*#4&#(%1+*$'#
A"',*"# $%# +*1,'&'3# 7# 51'<4&$);*# "*/# <*"/*/# /'"4+)'&%/3# 51'8'+*&$'# 94%# "*# +1)/)/#
+")(-.)+*#""%A4%#*#51'5'1+)'&%/#$%8*/.*$'1*/=
!/.%# O+4%1$'3# *+*,*# +'&# %"# 51)&+)5)'# $%# "*/# 1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/# +'(4&%/# 5%1'#
$)<%1%&+)*$*/3#.'$'#"'#94%#51'5'&%#%/#8'"4&.*1)'3#*")%&.*#.'$'#.)5'#$%#51'7%+.'/#.)5'#
b!QQc#7#.'$*/#"*/#'.1*/#<*"/*/#/'"4+)'&%/=#L'1#"'#.*&.'3#&'#%/#4&#*+4%1$'#5*1*#%&<1%&.*1#
%"# +*(,)'# +")(-.)+'3# /)&'# 4&# *+4%1$'# +'(%1+)*"# A"',*"# $%# +*1,'&'3# +47*/# (%.*/#
*$%(-/#%&#%/.*#(*.%1)*3#&)#/)94)%1*#*54&.*&#*#%8).*1#94%#"*#T)%11*#/%#/',1%+*")%&.%#
5'1#%&+)(*#$%#"'#51%8)/.'#5*1*#%8).*1#4&*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*#)11%8%1/),"%=
H'&# /4# )(5"%(%&.*+):&# &4&+*# /%# ""%A*1-# *# %&<1%&.*1# "*# +*4/*# $%"# +*"%&.*()%&.'#
A"',*"3# 94%# %/# "*# %D.1*++):&# 7# 94%(*# $%# +'(,4/.),"%/# <:/)"%/=# L'1# %/.*# 1*;:&3# "'/#
54%,"'/3# ('8)()%&.'/# 7# '1A*&);*+)'&%/# $%,%&# $%&4&+)*1"'3# 7# /%A4)1# "4+0*&$'#
%&# 1%/)/.%&+)*# <1%&.%# *"# %D.1*+.)8)/('3# "*# %D5*&/):&# $%# "*# *A1)+4".41*# 7# A*&*$%1?*#
)&$4/.1)*"%/3# "*# 41,*&);*+):&# /*"8*>%3# %"# *8*&+%# $%# )&<1*%/.14+.41*/3# "*/# %&%1A?*/#
1%&'8*,"%/#+'15'1*.)8*/3#7#%"#$%/5")%A4%#$%#"*/#<*"/*/#/'"4+)'&%/#*"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'=
español

!"#O+4%1$'#$%#L*1?/#/%#%&(*1+*#%&#4&#+'&/%&/'#U<'1;*$'V#0*+)*#4&*#.1*&/)+):&#8%1$%#
94%#,4/+*#51'('8%1#/'"4+)'&%/#$%#(%1+*$'#7#94%#/:"'#*+%"%1*&#%"#+'"*5/'=
54
 Adaptación
jerga climática

O$*5.*+):&# %/# 4&*# $%# "*/# $'/# 5*"*,1*/# /',1%# %"# +")(*# P"*# '.1*# %/# ().)A*+):&P# 94%#
%(5%;*1'&#*#4.)");*1/%#*(5")*(%&.%#%&#"*/#X*+)'&%/#R&)$*/#*"1%$%$'1#$%"#*2'#\]]]3#
5*1*# %8).*1# 0*,"*1# $%# 5'"?.)+*# 5%.1'"%1*3# +*5).*")/('# '# $%# "*# %D.1*++):&# 7# 94%(*##
$%#"'/#+'(,4/.),"%/#<:/)"%/=
E*#*$*5.*+):&3#+'('#',>%.)8'#'@+)*"#$%"#+")(*#*#&)8%"#)&.%1&*+)'&*"3#/)A&)@+*#51%5*1*1#
*"#+*5).*")/('#5*1*#4&#+")(*#+*$*#8%;#(-/#)&+)%1.'#7#*(%&*;*&.%=#O"#)A4*"#94%#+'&#
"*#().)A*+):&3#"*#)$%*#%/#94%#%"#+")(*#%/#4&*#%/5%+)%#$%#U&*.41*"%;*V#/%5*1*$*#$%#"*#
U/'+)%$*$V#7#94%#/:"'#54%$%#/%1#+'(51%&$)$*#(%>'1#5'1#"'/#+)%&.?@+'/#51'<%/)'&*"%/=#
L'1#"'#.*&.'3#+4*&$'#%"#+")(*#+*(,)%3#"'/#"?$%1%/#5'"?.)+'/#+'&/4".*1-&#*#"'/#+)%&.?@+'/#
español

/',1%# "*# (%>'1# (*&%1*# %&# 94%# "*# /'+)%$*$# /%# *>4/.%3# 5*1*# 94%# %"# +*5).*")/('#
5%.1'$%5%&$)%&.%#54%$*#+'&.)&4*1=
56
 Conferencia de las Partes - COP
jerga climática

E"*(*$*#$%#<'1(*#*,1%8)*$*#H[L#W5'1#/4#/)A"*#%&#)&A"B/J3#/'&#"*/#/%/)'&%/#$%#.1*,*>'#
%&.1%# "'/# 5*?/%/# 8)&+4"*$'/# *# "*# H'&8%&+):&# Y*1+'# $%# "*/# X*+)'&%/# R&)$*/# 5*1*# %"#
H*(,)'# H")(-.)+'# WHYXRHHJ=# O""?3# +*$*# 5*?/# %&8?*# 4&*# $%"%A*+):&# $%# <4&+)'&*1)'/#
56,")+'/# '# +'&/4".'1%/# */'+)*$'/# *# "*/# *4.'1)$*$%/# &*+)'&*"%/3# 94%# $%,%&3# 5'1#
/4# 51'5)*# '1A*&);*+):&# 5'"?.)+*3# */4()1# "*/# .*1%*/# %(*&*$*/# $%# "'/# +'(51'()/'/#
@1(*$'/#7#*+%5.*$'/#5'1#"*/#5*1.%/3#%/#$%+)13#5'1#"'/#5*?/%/=#Q%/*<'1.4&*$*(%&.%3#
"*/# $%"%A*+)'&%/# $%# "'/# 5*?/%/# $%"# &'1.%# A"',*"# /'&# @&*&+)*$*/# 5'1# %(51%/*/3#
+'15'1*+)'&%/# 7# A1%()'/# W5%.1'"%1'3# @&*&+)%1'3# $%# 5*A'# 5'1# /%18)+)'/# *(,)%&.*"%/3#
%&%1AB.)+'/J3# 7# 5'1# "'# .*&.'# 1%51%/%&.*&# /4/# )&.%1%/%/=# O/?# ()/('3# (4+0*/#
5%1/'&*/# 94%# 5*1.)+)5*&# +'('# <4&+)'&*1)'/# 56,")+'/# ,4/+*&# )(5'&%1# /4/# 51'5)*/#
*A%&$*/#+'(%1+)*"%/#&*+)'&*"%/3#5'1#"'#94%#"*#H'&<%1%&+)*#$%#"*#L*1.%/#%&#1%*")$*$#
&'# 1%51%/%&.*# )&.%1B/# %+'":A)+'3# &)# 51'(4%8%3# '# *"# (%&'/# 1%+'&'+%# "*/# +*4/*/##
$%# "*# +1)/)/# +")(-.)+*# +'('# 4&# 51',"%(*# 5"*&%.*1)'3# /)&'# 94%# )(5'&%3# *# .1*8B/##
$%#51-+.)+*/#$%#+*,)"$%'3#+'1145+):&#7#/','1&'3#/4/#51'54%/.*/#$%#+*5).*")/('#8%1$%##
7#%+'&'(?*#$%#+'(5%&/*+):&=
Q41*&.%# "*/# H[L3# 94%# /'&# (%1*/# +4(,1%/# $%# &%A'+)'/3# &4&+*# /%# 0*,"*# $%# $%>*1# %"#
5%.1:"%'# %&# %"# /4,/4%"'# &)# $%# "*/# 1%*"%/# /'"4+)'&%/# 51'54%/.*/# $%/$%# "'/# 54%,"'/3#
%/# */?# 94%# $%/$%# /4/# )&)+)'/3# /%# '1A*&);*&# $%# <'1(*# 5*1*"%"*# *# "*/# &%A'+)*+)'&%/#
'@+)*"%/3#"*/#H4(,1%/#$%#"'/#L4%,"'/3#%&#$'&$%#/%#"%8*&.*#"*#8';#$%#"*/#8?+.)(*/#$%#
español

"'/#$%/*/.1%/#+")(-.)+'/3#$%#"'/#54%,"'/#%&#1%/)/.%&+)*#7#$%#"*/#8%1$*$%1*/#/'"4+)'&%/#
*"#+*"%&.*()%&.'#A"',*"=
58
 Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas
jerga climática

sobre Cambio Climático - CMNUCC

!/#4&#.1*.*$'#<4&$*+)'&*"#$%#"*/#%/.1*.%A)*/#5'"?.)+*/#$%#"'/#!/.*$'/#<1%&.%#*#"*#+1)/)/#
+")(-.)+*=#M%#*$'5.:#%"#i#$%#(*7'#$%#^ii\#%&#X4%8*#Z'1d3#%&.1*&$'#%&#8)A'1#$'/#*2'/#
$%/54B/=#K4%#('$)@+*$*#%&#^iij#5*1*#*$)+)'&*1#%"#L1'.'+'"'#$%#q)'.'3#+'&#%"#94%#
*11*&+*&#$%#(*&%1*#'@+)*"#"'/#(%+*&)/('/#$%#(%1+*$'#$%#+*1,'&'=#E*#HYXRHH#.)%&%#
+'('#:1A*&'#/451%('#'#(-D)(*#*4.'1)$*$#*#"*#H[L#WH'&<%1%&+)*#$%#"*/#L*1.%/J=
O4&94%# "*/# %&()%&$*/# 7# *$)+)'&%/# ,4/+*&# %/.*,"%+%1# (%$)$*/# (-/# +'&.4&$%&.%/#
7# >41?$)+*(%&.%# 8)&+4"*&.%/3# "*# HYXRHH# &'# 0*# .%&)$'# "*# %@+*+)*# &)# %"# 1%/4".*$'#
%/5%1*$'3#51)&+)5*"(%&.%#5'1#"*#+*5.41*#+'15'1*.)8*#*#"*#94%#/%#0*#8)/.'#/4>%.*#73#5'1#
español

%"# +'&.1*1)'3# 0*# 1%/4".*$'# %&# 4&# %/5*+)'# $%# &%A'+)*+)'&%/# 94%# '().%# 7# 1%.*1$*# "*/#
/'"4+)'&%/#94%#/%#&%+%/).*&#$%#(*&%1*#)&(%$)*.*#7#41A%&.%#*&.%#"*/#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*/=
60
 Contribuciones Nacionales
jerga climática

Determinadas – NDC

E*/# H'&.1),4+)'&%/# Q%.%1()&*$*/# *# &)8%"# X*+)'&*"# WX*.)'&*""7# Q%.%1()&%$#

H'&.1),4.)'&/# %&# )&A"B/J# /'&# %"# &6+"%'# $%"# O+4%1$'# $%# L*1?/C# %&# %""*/# "'/# 5*?/%/#
/)A&*.*1)'/# 0*&# 51%/%&.*$'# "'/# /454%/.'/# %/<4%1;'/# 94%# 0*1-&# 5*1*# 1%$4+)1##
/4/#%()/)'&%/#$%#A*/%/#$%#%<%+.'#)&8%1&*$%1'#WF!_J=
E*/#XQH#(*1+*1-&#"*#"?&%*#,*/%#$%#+*$*#5*?/#5*1*#*11*&+*1#+'&#"'/#&%A'+)'/#$%#"*/#
+'(5%&/*+)'&%/# *# &)8%"# A"',*"=# !/.'# /%# 0*1-# (%$)*&.%# %"# 4/'# $%# U1%/4".*$'/# $%#
().)A*+):&# $%# .1*&/<%1%&+)*# )&.%1&*+)'&*"V# 94%# 8)%&%# *# /%1# "*# &4%8*# (%1+*&+?*##
%&#%"#(%1+*$'#+")(-.)+'=
O/?3# 4&# 5*?/# $%"# M41# %&# /4# XQH# 0*,1-# 51'(%.)$'# 94%# 1%$4+)1-# 4&# $%.%1()&*$'#
5'1+%&.*>%# $%# %()/)'&%/3# 5%1'# 94%3# /)# 1%+),%# 4&*# U+'&.1),4+):&V# %+'&:()+*3# %/.*#
1%$4++):&# /%1-# (*7'1=# !/.-# +"*1'# 94%# *# "'/# 5*?/%/# "%/# +'&8)%&%# )&N*1# "*/# /454%/.*/#
%()/)'&%/# <4.41*/# )&+'&$)+)'&*"%/# 5*1*# 94%# "*# $)<%1%&+)*# %&.1%# %/.*/# 7# *94%""*/#
+'&$)+)'&*$*/# *"# $)&%1'# /%*# (*7'1=# !/.*# $)<%1%&+)*# %/# "*# 94%# /%1-# 8%&$)$*# %&# "*#
<'1(*#$%#1%/4".*$'/#$%#().)A*+):&#7#5'1#%&$%3#+'('#+'(5%&/*+)'&%/#$%#+*1,'&'3##
*#'.1'/#5*?/%/#+47'/#5"*&%/#$%#1%$4++):&#&'#/'&#.*&#*(,)+)'/'/=
español

E*/#XQH#/'&#%&#1%*")$*$#4&#%(,4/.%#$)/<1*;*$'#$%#51'(%/*/#7#"'/#&4%8'/#5'1.*<'")'/#
$%#"'/#!/.*$'/#%&#"'/#&%A'+)'/#+")(-.)+'/=
62
 Mitigación
jerga climática

E*#().)A*+):&#%/#4&*#$%#"*/#$'/#5*"*,1*/#/',1%#%"#+")(*#P"*#'.1*#%/#*$*5.*+):&#94%#
%(5%;*1'&#*#4.)");*1/%#*(5")*(%&.%#%&#"*/#X*+)'&%/#R&)$*/#*"1%$%$'1#$%"#*2'#\]]]3#
5*1*# %8).*1# 0*,"*1# $%# 5'"?.)+*# 5%.1'"%1*3# +*5).*")/('# '# $%# "*# %D.1*++):&# 7# 94%(*##
$%#"'/#+'(,4/.),"%/#<:/)"%/=
E*# ().)A*+):&3# +'('# ',>%.)8'# '@+)*"# $%"# +")(*# *# &)8%"# &*+)'&*"3# /)A&)@+*# )&.%&.*1#
94%#%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'#/%*#(%&'/#(*"'=#E*#)$%*#%/#94%#%"#+")(*#%/#4&*#%/5%+)%#$%#
U&*.41*"%;*V#/%5*1*$*#$%#"*#U/'+)%$*$V#7#94%#"'/#+)%&.?@+'/#51'<%/)'&*"%/#/'&#"'/#94%#
(%>'1#%&.)%&$%&#"'/#%<%+.'/#$%"#%D+%/'#$%#('"B+4"*/#$%#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'=#Q%#%/.*#
(*&%1*3#/%#/45'&%#94%#"*#<'1(*#$%#0*+%1#94%#%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'#/%*#(%&'/#(*"'#
%/# 94%# "*/# B").%/# 5'"?.)+*/# +'&/4".%&# *# "'/# +)%&.?@+'/# /',1%# "*/# <'1(*/# (-/# ,*1*.*/#
español

$%# 1%$4+)1# %/%# %D+%/'# $%# ('"B+4"*/=# Z# */?3# +'&.)&4*1# +'&# "*# %D.1*++):&# 7# 94%(*##
$%#+'(,4/.),"%/#<:/)"%/3#*"#.)%(5'#94%#/%A4)1#$%<%&$)%&$'#*"#+*5).*")/('=
64
 Presupuesto de carbono
jerga climática

!"# +'&+%5.'# L1%/454%/.'# $%# H*1,'&'# WH*1,'&# a4$A%.# %&# )&A"B/J3# +'(%&;:# *# /%1#
*(5")*(%&.%#4.)");*$'#5'1#+)%&.?@+'/3#%+'&'()/.*/#7#A',)%1&'/#$41*&.%#"*#$B+*$*#$%#
^ii]=#!/#4&'#$%#"'/#51)&+)5*"%/#(*1+'/#4.)");*$'/#5*1*#0*,"*1#$%#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'3#
)&+"4/'#5'1#(4+0*/#'1A*&);*+)'&%/#*")*$*/=
L*1.%#$%#"*#,*/%3#94%#%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'#%/#4&#51',"%(*#+*4/*$'#5'1#"*#()A1*+):&#
$%#$%(*/)*$*/#('"B+4"*/#$%#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#*"#"4A*1#%94)8'+*$'I#"*#*.(:/<%1*=#
M%A6&# %/.*# .%'1?*3# "*# <'1(*# $%# *<1'&.*1# %"# +*(,)'# +")(-.)+'# &'# +'&/)/.%# %&# *+.4*1#
+'&.1*#%"#+*5).*")/('3#*")(%&.*$'#5'1#"'/#+'(,4/.),"%/#<:/)"%/3#/)&'#%&#+'&+%&.1*1/%#
%&#"*/#<'1(*/#$%#$%.%&%1#%/.*#()A1*+):&=#!"#51%/454%/.'#$%#+*1,'&'3#/45'&%#94%#"'/#
()%(,1'/#$%#"*/#X*+)'&%/#R&)$*/#$%,%&#""%A*1#*#*+4%1$'/#/',1%#+4-&.*/#('"B+4"*/#
$%#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#(-/#/%#5%1().)1-&#""%A*1#*#"*#*.(:/<%1*3#%/#$%+)13#+4-&.'#94%$*#
$%"#U51%/454%/.'#A"',*"#$%#+*1,'&'V3#7#*#94)B&#/%#"%#5%1().)1-#5'&%1"*/#*""?=#!&.'&+%/3#
español

*"#5*1%+%13#+4*&$'#/%#*A'.%#%/%#51%/454%/.'3#"'/#"?$%1%/#(4&$)*"%/#)&.%18%&$1-&#5*1*#
)(5%$)1#94%#"*/#('"B+4"*/#""%A4%&#*#"*#*.(:/<%1*=
66
 Responsabilidades comunes pero
jerga climática

diferenciadas
!/.*#<1*/%#$%/+1),%#4&'#$%#"'/#51)&+)5)'/#94%#*$'5.:#"*#H'&8%&+):&#Y*1+'#$%#X*+)'&%/#
R&)$*/#5*1*#%"#H*(,)'#H")(-.)+'#%&#^ii\3#94%#)(54/'#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#/',1%#"*#+1)/)/#
+")(-.)+*#*#"'/#5*?/%/#$%/*11'""*$'/=#!/.'#)(5")+*#"*#)(5'/)+):&#$%#*A%&$*/3#51'A1*(*/#
7#$%+)/)'&%/#5*1*#94%#/%#54%$*#%&<1%&.*1#%"#+*"%&.*()%&.'#A"',*"=
O@1(*1#94%#/'&#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#+'(4&%/#/)A&)@+*#*#/4#8%;#94%#"'/#5*?/%/#$%"#M41#
A"',*"3#/)#,)%&#&'#/'&#1%/5'&/*,"%/#$%"#51',"%(*3#54%$%&#+'&.1),4)1#*#5*")*1#"*/#+1)/)/#
+")(-.)+*/#%&#"*#>4/.*#(%$)$*#$%#/4#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$#$)<%1%&+)*$*=
!/#$%+)13#94%#*#"'/#5*?/%/#94%#&'#/:"'#X[#0*&#+*4/*$'#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*3#7#94%#/'&#
"'/#(-/#84"&%1*,"%/#*#"'/#$%/*/.1%/#+")(-.)+'/3#/%#"%/#)(5'&%#$%#<'1(*#)(5%1)*")/.*3#
1*+)/.*# 7# +'"'&)*"3# 1'"%/# 7# <4&+)'&%/# %&# 4&*# %/.14+.41*# $%# 8%&.*# $%# /%18)+)'/#
*(,)%&.*"%/3#(%1+*&.)");*+):&#$%#"'/#%+'/)/.%(*/#7#@&*&+)*1);*+):&#$%#"*#&*.41*"%;*3#
7#%&#"'/#5"*&%/#$%#<*"/*/#/'"4+)'&%/#*"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'=#[#*#.1*8B/#$%"#@&*&+)*()%&.'#
+")(-.)+'#+'&#+'&$)+)'&*")$*$%/3#%&$%4$*()%&.'#%#)&8%1/)'&%/=
E'/#5*?/%/#94%#5'1#/4#0)/.'1)*#7#('$%"'#%+'&:()+'#0*&#+*4/*$'#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*3#
0*&#+0*&.*>%*$'#*"#1%/.'#$%"#(4&$'#$)+)%&$'#94%#/:"'#.'(*1-&#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#
/',1%# %/.%# $%/*/.1%# /)# "'/# $%(-/# 5*?/%/# *+%5.*&# /4/# /454%/.*/#U1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#
+'(4&%/# 5%1'# $)<%1%&+)*$*/V3# )(5'&)%&$'# /4/# &%A'+)'/# 8%1$%/# 7# /4# %+'&'(?*# $%##
+'(5%&/*+):&#*"#1%/.'=
español

E*# 1%/5'&/*,)")$*$# $%"# X'1.%# )&+"47%# %"# 1%+'&'+)()%&.'# $%# "*# $%4$*# +")(-.)+*##
+'&#%"#M413#"*#()/(*#94%#$%,%#/%1#1%/*1+)$*#$%#(*&%1*#)&(%$)*.*=
68
 Vulnerabilidad
jerga climática

E*/# <:1(4"*/# 7# +'&+%5.'/# 4.)");*$'/# 5*1*# $%@&)1# 84"&%1*,)")$*$3# %8).*&# $%# (*&%1*#
)&.%&+)'&*$*#)&+'15'1*1#"*/#8)'"*+)'&%/#*#"'/#$%1%+0'/#04(*&'/3#"*/#$%/)A4*"$*$%/#'#
"'/#)(5*+.'/#1%/4".*&.%/#$%#)&$4/.1)*/#%D.1*+.)8*/3#+'('#51)&+)5*"#<*+.'1#$%#)&+1%(%&.'#
$%# "*# 84"&%1*,)")$*$# +")(-.)+*=# E*/# +'(4&)$*$%/# /'5'1.*&# %&# /4/# .%11).'1)'/3# &'#
/'"*(%&.%#"'/#)(5*+.'/#$%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'3#/)&'#94%#*$%(-/#$%#(*&%1*#$)1%+.*3#"*/#
*+.)8)$*$%/#%D.1*+.)8*/#'#+'&.*()&*&.%/#94%#51'(4%8%&#'#>4/.)@+*&#4&#U&%+%/*1)'V#
+1%+)()%&.'#%+'&:()+'=
E'/#54%,"'/#%(5',1%+)$'/3#$%/5'>*$'/#$%#.)%11*/3#.%11).'1)'/#7#$%1%+0'/#5'1#%"#/)/.%(*#
+*5).*")/.*3# %D.1*+.)8)/.*# 7# 5*.1)*1+*"# 1%/4".*&# /%1# "'/# (-/# 84"&%1*,"%/# *"# +*(,)'#
+")(-.)+'3#/)&#%(,*1A'#%&#/4/#(*&'/#%/.-&#"*/#8%1$*$%1*/#/'"4+)'&%/#*"#()/('=
español

E'/#+'&+%5.'/#$%#84"&%1*,)")$*$#7#1)%/A'#$%,%&#/%1#1%$%@&)$'/#7#+*1A*$'/#$%#&4%8'#
+'&.%&)$'#,*>'#%"#51)&+)5)'#$%#"*#>4/.)+)*#+")(-.)+*#A"',*"=
70
 Estrategias
de Corporaciones
y Estados
72
 Captura corporativa
estrategias de corporaciones y estados

y complicidad estatal

!D)/.%#4&*#)&.%&+)'&*")$*$#$%"),%1*$*#$%#"*/#+'15'1*+)'&%/#5*1*#94%#"*/#$%+)/)'&%/#94%#
/%#.'(*&#%&#$)/.)&.'/#%/5*+)'/#$%#1%A4"*+):&#&*+)'&*"#7#(4".)"*.%1*"3#%/.B&#$)/%2*$*/#
5*1*# 51'.%A%1# /4/# )&.%1%/%/# 7# */%A41%&# 94%# %"# <4&+)'&*()%&.'# $%# /4/# *+.)8)$*$%/#
%D.1*+.)8*/#7#+'&.*()&*$'1*/#+'&.)&6%&3#*/?#+'('#%"#N4>'#94%#*/%A41*#/4/#A*&*&+)*/=
L'1#'.1'#"*$'3#%D)/.%#4&#)&.%1B/#$%"),%1*$'#$%#"'/#!/.*$'/#7#.'(*$'1%/#$%#$%+)/)'&%/3#
$%# */%A41*1# "*/# )&8%1/)'&%/# $%# 51)8*$'/# 7# .1*&/&*+)'&*"%/# 5*1*# ('/.1*1# *"# 56,")+'#
%"# BD).'# $%# )&$)+*$'1%/# (*+1'%+'&:()+'/3# *"# ()/('# .)%(5'# 94%# 1%/5'&$%&# *# "'/#
)&.%1%/%/#$%#%&1)94%+)()%&.'#5%1/'&*"3#$%1)8*$'/#$%#"*#U8)*,)");*+):&V#$%#U*+.)8)$*$%/#
%+'&:()+*/V#94%#8*&#%&#$%.1)(%&.'#$%#"*#5',"*+):&#7#%"#(%$)'#*(,)%&.%=
E*#+'(5")+)$*$#%/.*.*"3#%/#%"#1%/4".*$'#$%#"*#<*".*#$%#8'"4&.*$#5'"?.)+*#$%#*8*&;*1#0*+)*#
.1*&/<'1(*+)'&%/#51'<4&$*/3#7#%"#(%;94)&'#)&.%1B/#$%#%&1)94%+)()%&.'#5%1/'&*"#*"#
94%# "'/# '5%1*$'1%/# %/.*.*"%/# /%# *+*,*&# *+'/.4(,1*&$'=# !&# (4+0'/# +*/'/# %/# (-/#
*$%+4*$'#0*,"*1#$%#+'(5")+)$*$#%/.*.*"#%&#"4A*1#$%#+*5.41*#+'15'1*.)8*#5*1*#%8).*1#
$*1#4&#(%&/*>%#5*.%1&*")/.*#7#1'(-&.)+'#$%#"'/#A',)%1&'/#$%#.41&'=
E*(%&.*,"%(%&.%3#"'/#%/5*+)'/#(4".)"*.%1*"%/#+'('#"*/#X*+)'&%/#R&)$*/3#0*&#/)$'#
+*5.41*$'/#5'1#"*/#+'15'1*+)'&%/#.1*&/&*+)'&*"%/3#"'#94%#0*#5%1().)$'#94%#"*/#+1)/)/#
*(,)%&.*"%/3#*")(%&.*1)*/3#$%#8)8)%&$*#$)A&*3#/*&).*1)*/#7#$%#/*"4$3#/%*&#+'&8%1.)$*/#
español

%&# &%A'+)'/# "4+1*.)8'/# 7# &'# %&# 41A%&+)*/# 94%# $%,%&# /%1# 1%/4%".*/# $%# (*&%1*#
)&(%$)*.*3#+'('#%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'=
74
 Derecho al desarrollo
estrategias de corporaciones y estados

!&#.*&.'#%D)/.*&#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#0)/.:1)+*/#7#$)<%1%&+)*$*/#/',1%#%"#+'"*5/'#+")(-.)+'#
%&.1%#"'/#(*"#""*(*$'/#5*?/%/#U$%/*11'""*$'/V#7#U%&#8?*/#$%#$%/*11'""'V3#"*/#*++)'&%/#7#
+'&.1),4+)'&%/#*#.'(*1#$%,%&#+'&.%(5"*1#%/.*#$)<%1%&+)*+):&=#M)&#%(,*1A'3#(4+0*/#
8%+%/#/%#4.)");*#%/.%#U$%1%+0'V#5*1*#>4/.)@+*1#5'"?.)+*/#&%<*/.*/#$%/$%#%"#54&.'#$%#8)/.*#
/'+)*"#7#%+'":A)+'=
b%/5%+.'#*"#+")(*3#/%#4/*#5*1*#%8*$)1#"*#.'(*#$%#*++)'&%/#+'&.4&$%&.%/#<1%&.%#*#"*/#
+*4/*/#$%"#+*"%&.*()%&.'#A"',*"3#()%&.1*/#94%#/%#)(5'&%&#%&#"'/#5*?/%/#U%&#8?*/#$%#
$%/*11'""'V3#*++)'&%/#94%#)&.%&/)@+*&#%"#%D.1*+.)8)/('#%&#&'(,1%#$%#$)+0'#$%1%+0'3#
español

',8)*&$'# "*# +'&.1*$)++):&# <4&$*(%&.*"# %&.1%# %"# $%/*11'""'# +*5).*")/.*# 7# "*# 8)$*3##
94%#$*#'1)A%&#*#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*#*+.4*"=
76
 Economía verde
estrategias de corporaciones y estados

!/# 4&# ('$%"'# %+'&:()+'# $%# 1%)&8%&+):&# +*5).*")/.*# *&.%# "*# %8)$%&+)*##
$%#"*#/45%1*+):&#$%#"'/#"?().%/#5"*&%.*1)'/#7#$%#"*/#+1)/)/#/'+)*"%/=#H'&/)/.%#%&#"*#<*"/*#
)$%*#P4#'D?('1'&P#$%#$%/*11'""'#/4/.%&.*,"%=#L"*&.%*#94%#%/#5'/),"%#(*&.%&%1#%"#1).('#
7#"*/#":A)+*/#$%/*11'"")/.*/#$%#+1%+)()%&.'#%+'&:()+'#+'&.)&4'3#"*/#+4*"%/#0*&#""%8*$'#
*"#(*"$%/*11'""'3#51'<4&$);*&$'#"*/#+*4/*/#%#)(5*+.'/#$%"#+'"*5/'#+")(-.)+'=#R.)");*#
<'1(*/#$%#(*1d%.)&A#+'('#%"#(*94)""*>%#8%1$%3#"*#%+'&'(?*#+)1+4"*13#"*#,)'%+'&'(?*3#
"*/# M'"4+)'&%/# a*/*$*/# %&# "*# X*.41*"%;*# 7# '.1*/=# !/.'# 1%+*%# %&# "*# A%&%1*+):&##
$%#5'"?.)+*/#5*1*#"*/#.1*&/)+)'&%/#)&>4/.*/#5*1*#"'/#54%,"'/=
español

78
 Maquillaje verde
estrategias de corporaciones y estados

!/# "*# <*"/*# %+'"'A);*+):&# $%# "*# (%1+*&.)");*+):&# $%# "*# 8)$*3# *# .1*8B/# $%# %/.1*.%A)*/#
1%.:1)+*/#7#$)/+41/)8*/#$%#<%.)+0);*+):&#$%#"*/#(%1+*&+?*/3#94%#'+4".*&#"'/#51'+%/'/#
$%# %D.%1&*");*+):&# $%# "'/# )(5*+.'/# *(,)%&.*"%/# 51'$4+.'# $%"# %D.1*+.)8)/('#
7# "*# *+4(4"*+):&# 5'1# $%/5'/%/):&3# 51'5)'/# $%# "*# 51'$4++):&# $%# (%1+*&+?*/#
%&# %"# +*5).*")/('=# M4# %/.1*.%A)*# $%# (*1d%.)&A# +'&/)/.%# %&# A%&%1*1# 54,")+)$*$#
%+'":A)+*(%&.%# %&A*2'/*=# M%# +'&'+%# +'('# %+',"*&94%'3# %+',"*&94%*()%&.'##
'# A1%%&o*/0)&A# 7# /%# %&+4%&.1*# .*(,)B&# 51%/%&.%# %&# "*# A%&%1*+):&# $%# 5'"?.)+*/#
56,")+*/#.%&$)%&.%/#*#51'('8%1#<*"/*/#/'"4+)'&%/=
español

80
 Seguridad jurídica para
estrategias de corporaciones y estados

las inversiones

H'&>4&.'# $%# &'1(*/# &*+)'&*"%/# '# /451*&*+)'&*"%/3# $%/*11'""*$*/# 5*1*# U*.1*%1V# *#

+'15'1*+)'&%/# .1*&/&*+)'&*"%/# '# )&8%1/'1%/# &*+)'&*"%/3# 7# $%# %/*# <'1(*3# */%A41*1##
94%#/4/#'5%1*+)'&%/#A%&%1%&#A*&*&+)*/#%&#4&#"*1A'#5"*;'=
!/.*/# &'1(*/# P0)/.:1)+*# 7# +')&+)$%&.%(%&.%P# /%# )(5'&%&# %&# .'$'/# "'/# 5*?/%/#
%8*$)%&$'#'#(*&)54"*&$'3#51'+%/'/#$%('+1-.)+'/#94%#/%#+'&.1*5'&%&#*#"*#8'"4&.*$#
$%# "*# 5',"*+):&# 7# 94%# /'&# <4%1.%(%&.%# 1%/)/.)$'/# 5'1# '1A*&);*+)'&%/# ',1%1*/3#
+*(5%/)&*/3#)&$?A%&*/3#%.+=
E*#/%A41)$*$#>41?$)+*#5*1*#"*/#)&8%1/)'&%/#/%#*/)%&.*#%&#%"#/*+1)@+)'#$%#$%1%+0'/#'#%&#"*#
$%/51'.%++):&#$%"#(%$)'#*(,)%&.%=#L1'+%/'/#$%#N%D),)");*+):&#"*,'1*"3#"*#%")()&*+):&#
$%"#$%1%+0'#*#"*#+'&/4".*#51%8)*#'#%"#+*(,)'#$%"),%1*$'#$%"#4/'#$%#"*#.)%11*3#>4&.'#
*# /4,/)$)'/# 7# 5%1()/'/# 5*1*# "*# %8*/):&# )(5'/).)8*# $%# *+.)8)$*$%/# )&$4/.1)*"%/##
7#%D.1*+.)8*/3#/'&#5*1.%#$%"#5*94%.%#$%#%/.*#51-+.)+*#+'(6&#$%#"'/#!/.*$'/=
L'1#%>%(5"'3#%&#(4+0'/#5*?/%/#%&#"'/#94%#/%#54%$%&#%/.*1#$*&$'#5*/'/#0*+)*#4&*#
.1*&/)+):&# %&%1AB.)+*# >4/.*3# "*/# %(51%/*/3# *5%"*&$'# *# "*# /%A41)$*$# >41?$)+*# 5*1*#
español

"*/# )&8%1/)'&%/3# %/.-&# $%(*&$*&$'# %&# .1),4&*"%/# )&.%1&*+)'&*"%/# $%# *1,).1*>%##

*#"'/#!/.*$'/#+%&.1*"%/#'#/%++)'&*"%/#7#1%+"*(*&$'#()""'&*1)*/#+'(5%&/*+)'&%/=
82
 Propuestas
y Soluciones
desde los Pueblos
84
 Agroecología
propuestas y soluciones desde los pueblos

!/#4&*#+)%&+)*3#4&#/*,%13#4&#('8)()%&.'#7#4&*#51*D)/#$%#8)$*#94%#51'5'&%#"*#4.)");*+):&#
$%#"'/#/*,%1%/#%+'":A)+'/#5*1*#"*#*+.)8)$*$#*A1?+'"*3#5%+4*1)*3#<'1%/.*"#7#$%#51'$4++):&#
$%#*")(%&.'/3#%&#4&*#1%"*+):&#+%1+*&*3#1%/5%.4'/*#7#%&#*1('&?*#+'&#"*#&*.41*"%;*3#%&#
.*&.'#+'&.%(5"*#$%#(*&%1*#)&.%A1*"3#"*#/*"4$#%+'/)/.B()+*3#"*#+'(%1+)*");*+):&#>4/.*3#
"*#51'('+):&#$%#1%$%/#7#8*"'1#*A1%A*$'=#!&#/4#8%1/):&#&'#*&.1'5'+B&.1)+*#1%51%/%&.*#
4&*#*".%1&*.)8*#$%#1%A%&%1*+):&#7#/*&*+):&#$%#"'/#.%11).'1)'/#7#1%$%/#$%#8)$*=
español

86
 Basura cero
propuestas y soluciones desde los pueblos

!"# L*&%"# _&.%1A4,%1&*(%&.*"# /',1%# H*(,)'# H")(-.)+'# 1%+'&'+%# 94%# "'/# 51'A1*(*/#
94%#1%$4+%&3#1%4.)");*&#7#1%+)+"*&#1%/)$4'/#(4&)+)5*"%/#/'&#(%$)'/#%<%+.)8'/#7#$%#*".'#
)(5*+.'#5*1*#1%$4+)1#"*/#%()/)'&%/#$%#A*/%/#$%#%<%+.'#)&8%1&*$%1'=
T'$'# "'# 94%# 51'$4+)('/# 7# +'&/4()('/# $%,%1?*# 1%A1%/*1# $%# (*&%1*# /%A41*##
*# "*# &*.41*"%;*# '# *# "*# /'+)%$*$3# 51)&+)5)'# <4&$*(%&.*"# $%# "*/# /'"4+)'&%/##
$%#,*/41*#+%1'=#r/.*/#5"*&.%*&#94%#5*1*#"'A1*1#%"#',>%.)8'#$%#4&#+*"%&.*()%&.'#A"',*"#
(-D)('# $%# ^3p'H3# /%# $%,%&# *$'5.*1# "'/# 51)&+)5)'/# $%# +'&/%18*+):&# $%# (*.%1)*"%/3#
1%$4++):&#$%#.:D)+'/3#*++%/'#7#$)/.1),4+):&#%94).*.)8*#*#"'/#1%+41/'/=#O$%(-/3#%/.*/#
/'"4+)'&%/3#94%#)&+"47%&#"*#()&)();*+):&#$%#"'/#1%/)$4'/3#%"#1%$)/%2'3#+'(5'/.*>%3#
,)'A-/3# "*# 1%/5'&/*,)")$*$# $%"# 51'$4+.'13# "*# .1*&/<'1(*+):&# $%# "'/# 0-,).'/##
$%# +'&/4('3# %"# %(5'$%1*()%&.'# $%# "*# +'(4&)$*$# 7# %"# 1%+)+"*>%3# 5'$1?*&#
)(5"%(%&.*1/%#0'7#()/('3#4.)");*&$'#"*/#)&&'8*+)'&%/#%D)/.%&.%/#7#+'&#1%/4".*$'/#
)&(%$)*.'/=#!/.'3#$%#"*#(*&'#$%#"'/#1%+)+"*$'1%/#$%#,*/%3#<'1(4"*$'1%/#$%#5'"?.)+*/##
7#51'<%/)'&*"%/#)&&'8*$'1%/3#94%#7*#%/.-&#$%('/.1*&$'#94%#4&*#51-+.)+*#'1)%&.*$*##
*#,*/41*#+%1'#%/#4&*#%/.1*.%A)*#8)*,"%=
G4&.*/3# %/.*/# %/.1*.%A)*/# 51-+.)+*/# P$%# *,*>'# 0*+)*# *11),*P# ,1)&$*&# *"A4&*/# $%# "*/#
español

(%>'1%/#/'"4+)'&%/#41,*&*/#$%/+%&.1*");*$*/#5*1*#1%$4+)1#"*#+'&.*()&*+):&#+")(-.)+*#
7#51%/%&.*&#%&'1(%/#'5'1.4&)$*$%/#5*1*#$%/*11'""*1#%+'&'(?*/#"'+*"%/#8)8*/=
88
 Decrecimiento
propuestas y soluciones desde los pueblos

!/# 4&*# 51'54%/.*# 94%# &*+%# %&# !41'5*# 7# 94%# 5"*&.%*# "*# 1%$4++):&# $%"# +'&/4('##
7# $%# "*# 51'$4++):&# +'&# %"# @&# $%# *4(%&.*1# %"# ,)%&%/.*1# 04(*&'3# "*/# +'&$)+)'&%/##
%+'":A)+*/# 7# "*# %94)$*$# %&# %"# 5"*&%.*3# 7# 94%# 5%1().%# */%A41*1# %"# ,)%&%/.*1##
$%#"*#&*.41*"%;*#7#/4/#1%+41/'/=
español

90
 Dejar el petróleo en el subsuelo
propuestas y soluciones desde los pueblos

E*#51'54%/.*#$%#Q%>*1#%"#L%.1:"%'#%&#%"#M4,/4%"'#5*1*#%&<1%&.*1#"*/#+1)/)/#$%"#+")(*3#
&*+%# )&/5)1*$*# %&# "*/# "4+0*/# "'+*"%/# $%# 1%/)/.%&+)*# *# "*/# *+.)8)$*$%/# 5%.1'"%1*/##
5*1*#51'.%A%1#"*/#.)%11*/#7#"'/#.%11).'1)'/#$%#"*#+'&.*()&*+):&#7#%"#$%/5'>'=
K4%# 51%/%&.*$*# 5'1# 51)(%1*# 8%;# %&# %"# %/+%&*1)'# )&.%1&*+)'&*"# %&# "*# H[L^]##
$%#a4%&'/#O)1%/#%"#\]]`3#5'1#5*1.%#$%#"*#b%$#_&.%1&*+)'&*"#[)"o*.+0=#L'/.%1)'1(%&.%3#
$%+%&*/#$%#'1A*&);*+)'&%/#7#('8)()%&.'/#/'+)*"%/#%&#%"#(4&$'#%&.%1'#0*&#*+'A)$'#
%/.*# 51'5'/)+):&3# *"# +1%+%1# "*# +'&+)%&+)*# $%# 94%# "*# (*&%1*# (-/# 51-+.)+*3# +'&+1%.*##
7#(%$),"%#$%#$%.%&%1#%"#+*"%&.*()%&.'#A"',*"3#%/#+%11*&$'#%&#"*#<4%&.%#"'/#A*/%/#94%#
"'#51'8'+*&I#"*#%D.1*++):&#7#+'&/4('#$%#A*/3#5%.1:"%'#7#+*1,:&=
!/.*# 51'54%/.*# /%# +'&.1*5'&%# 1*$)+*"(%&.%# *# "*/# <*"/*/# /'"4+)'&%/# 94%# /%# 0*&#
español

)(5"*&.*$'# $41*&.%# "*/# 6".)(*/# $B+*$*/# %&# "*/# &%A'+)*+)'&%/# )&.%1&*+)'&*"%/##

/',1%#+")(*3#94%#,4/+*&#5%15%.4*1#"*#5%.1'$%5%&$%&+)*=
92
 Litigio climático
propuestas y soluciones desde los pueblos

T1*/# (-/# $%# $'/# $B+*$*/# $%# 1%.1*/'3# )&%@+)%&+)*3# %D+4/*/3# +*5.41*# %# )&.%1<%1%&+)*#
+'15'1*.)8*3#7#*&.%#%"#<1*+*/'#$%#"*/#&%A'+)*+)'&%/#)&.%1&*+)'&*"%/#$%#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'3#
%"#").)A)'#+")(-.)+'#/%#5"*&.%*#+'('#4&*#14.*#*".%1&*.)8*#5*1*#"'A1*1#%&#4&#(%&'1#5"*;'#
7#$%#(*&%1*#(-/#%/5%+?@+*3#%"#+)%11%#$%#'5%1*+)'&%/#$%#)&$4/.1)*/#+'&.*()&*&.%/3#
"*#1%5*1*+):&#$%#$*2'/#7#"*#51'.%++):&#$%#$%1%+0'/#$%#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#84"&%1*$*/=
O4&94%# %/# 4&*# %/.1*.%A)*# %&# $%/*11'""'3# +'&# >41)/514$%&+)*# ")().*$*3# 7# %&# "*#
A1*&# (*7'1?*# $%# "'/# 5*?/%/# %D)/.%&# ")().*+)'&%/# %&# "*# )&$%5%&$%&+)*# $%# 5'$%1%/3##
%&# "*# 6".)(*# $B+*$*# /%# 0*&# )(54"/*$'# +*/'/# %D).'/'/# $%# ").)A)'# +")(-.)+'# %&# .'$'#
%"# (4&$'=# !/# 4&*# $%# "*/# 0%11*()%&.*/# 94%# "'/# 54%,"'/# 7# '1A*&);*+)'&%/# 54%$%&#
4.)");*1# 5*1*# 0*+%1# 1%/5'&/*,"%/# *# "'/# A1*&$%/# +'&.*()&*$'1%/# +'15'1*.)8'/##
español

7# *# "'/# A',)%1&'/3# 7# %D)A)1# "*# 51'.%++):&# $%# $%1%+0'/# $%# +'(4&)$*$%/# 84"&%1*,"%/##
'#8?+.)(*/#$%#*+.)8)$*$%/#%D.1*+.)8*/=
94
 Manejo comunitario de territorios
propuestas y soluciones desde los pueblos

!"#(*&%>'#+'(4&).*1)'#$%#"'/#.%11).'1)'/3#%/#"*#A%/.):&#7#"'/#+4)$*$'/#94%#"*/#1%$%/#
+'(4&).*1)*/#)(5"%(%&.*&#%&#"*#1%51'$4++):&#$%#"'/#+'(4&%/#7#"'/#.%11).'1)'/#5*1*##
"*#8)$*3#%&#1%"*+)'&%/#$%#)&.%1$%5%&$%&+)*#7#%+'$%5%&$%&+)*=#E*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#.)%&%&#
"'/#/*,%1%/#/',1%#"'/#.%11).'1)'/3#+'&'+%&#/4/#&%+%/)$*$%/#%#)(5"%(%&.*&#.%+&'"'A?*/#
94%# 1%/4".*&# %&# /'"4+)'&%/# 8%1$*$%1*/# 5*1*# %"# +4)$*$'3# 1%A%&%1*+):&3# 1%5*1*+):&##
7# 1%51'$4++):&# /'/.%&),"%# $%# "'/# .%11).'1)'/# $%# "'/# 94%# 0*+%&# 5*1.%=# M'&# *54%/.*/##
$%#1%/)/.%&+)*#(-/#*""-#$%#"*#+'&/%18*+):&#$%#"'/#(*"#""*(*$'/#U1%+41/'/#&*.41*"%/V#
7# "'/# %+'/)/.%(*/3# 94%# 51'5'&%&# 1%"*+)'&%/# 51'<4&$*/3# $)A&*/# 7# +1%*.)8*/##
+'&#"*#&*.41*"%;*3#5*1*#(*&.%&%1#"*#8)$*#%&#%"#5"*&%.*=
español

96
 Pérdidas, daños y reparación integral
propuestas y soluciones desde los pueblos

LB1$)$*/# 7# $*2'/# W!"##$ %&'$ '%(%)*# %&# )&A"B/J# /%# 4/*# %&# "*# RXKHHH# 5*1*# 1%<%1)1/%##
*#"'/#$*2'/#+*4/*$'/#5'1#%"#+*(,)'#+")(-.)+'3#/)&#%(,*1A'3#$%/$%#/)%(51%#0*#0*,)$'#
4&*# $)/54.*# %&.1%# "'/# 5*?/%/# 1%/5'&/*,"%/# $%"# +*"%&.*()%&.'# A"',*"# 7# "'/# 5*?/%/##
(-/#*<%+.*$'/#5'1#"*#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*3#*+%1+*#$%#"*/#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#7#"*#+'(5%&/*+):&#
5'1#"'/#$%/*/.1%/#+*4/*$'/=
m'73# "*/# &%A'+)*+)'&%/# /',1%# 5B1$)$*/# 7# $*2'/# /%# 0*&# +%&.1*$'# (-/# %&# .%(*/#
$%# )&8%/.)A*+):&# $%# "'/# )(5*+.'/# 7# $)-"'A'/# /',1%# U@&*&+)*()%&.'V# %&# "4A*1##
$%"#1%+'&'+)()%&.'#7#1%/.).4+):&#$%#"*#$%4$*#+")(-.)+*=
!&#%"#(*1+'#$%#"*#>4/.)+)*#+")(-.)+*3#1%+'&'+%1#"*/#5B1$)$*/#7#$*2'/#$%,%#/)A&)@+*1#
4&#51'+%/'#$%#U1%5*1*+):&#)&.%A1*"V3#94%#)&+'15'1%#)&$%(&);*+):&3#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#
+)8)"%/# 7# 5%&*"%/3# */?# +'('# "*# 1%/.*41*+):&# )&.%A1*"# $%# "'/# $%1%+0'/# 04(*&'/##
7# $%# "*# &*.41*"%;*3# +'&# /*.)/<*++):&# $%# "*/# 8?+.)(*/# 73# "'# (-/# )(5'1.*&.%3##
español

"*# &'# 1%5%.)+):&# $%# "'/# $*2'/# +*4/*$'/=# E'# +4*"3# *$%(-/3# $%,%# %/.*1# *>%&'##
*"#%&$%4$*()%&.'3#+'&$)+)'&*")$*$%/#7#*#"*/#<*"/*/#/'"4+)'&%/#*#"*/#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*/=
98
 Soberanía energética
propuestas y soluciones desde los pueblos

!/#4&*#5%1/5%+.)8*#94%#8*#(-/#*""-#$%"#*++%/'#*#"*#%&%1A?*3#%/.*,"%+)%&$'#%"#$%1%+0'#
*#%/.*#+'('#,)%&#+'(6&#7#5*1.%#$%#"*#8)$*#$)A&*#$%#"*/#5%1/'&*/=#_(5")+*#"*#.'(*##
$%#$%+)/)'&%/#+'"%+.)8*/#7#"*#)(5"%(%&.*+):&#$%#51'7%+.'/#$%#A%&%1*+):&3#$)/.1),4+):&#
7#+'&.1'"#$%#<4%&.%/#$%#%&%1A?*#5'1#5*1.%#$%#"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/3#1%/5%.*&$'#"'/#+)+"'/#
%+'":A)+'/# $%# "*# &*.41*"%;*3# 51'5'&)%&$'# 4&# ('$%"'# $%# A%&%1*+):&# 7# $)/.1),4+):&#
>4/.*3#/',1%#%"#+'&.1'"3#4/'#7#%<%+.'/#$%#$)+0*#%&%1A?*3#7#1%+'&@A41*&$'#/4#%/+*"*3#
51'5)%$*$3#4/'#7#A%/.):&=
H'"'+*1# %&# %"# +%&.1'# %"# )&.%1B/# $%# "*/# +'(4&)$*$%/# 7# "*# "4+0*# 5'1# "*# *4.'&'(?*# 7#
*4.'A%/.):&3# )(5")+*# .*(,)B&# "*# 1%/)/.%&+)*# *# A1*&$%/# 51'7%+.'/# $%# U$%/*11'""'V3#
1%+"*(*1# "*# $%4$*# 0)/.:1)+*# 7# <4.41*# $%# "'/# ()/('/3# 7# $%&4&+)*1# *"# /)/.%(*# *+.4*"##
94%# $%/5")%A*# "*# )&<1*%/.14+.41*# %&%1AB.)+*# <:/)"# 5*1*# U%&%1A);*1V# "*/# %/.14+.41*/#
español

5'"?.)+*/3# %+'&:()+*/3# /'+)*"%/# 7# $%# +'&.1'"# $%# "*# &*.41*"%;*# 94%# 51%$'()&*&##
%&#%"#(4&$'#7#+'&$4+%&#*"#+'"*5/'#A"',*"=
100
 Soberanía y autonomía alimentaria
propuestas y soluciones desde los pueblos

E*# M',%1*&?*# O")(%&.*1)*# %/# 4&*# &'+):&# 5"*&.%*$*# $%/$%# "*# s?*# H*(5%/)&*3#
$)/+4.)$*# %&# "*# H4(,1%# Y4&$)*"# $%# "*# O")(%&.*+):&# %&# ^iik3# 5*1*# 8)/),)");*1##
94%# "*# *")(%&.*+):&# %/# 4&# $%1%+0'# $%# "'/# 54%,"'/3# 5*?/%/# 7# 4&)'&%/# $%# 5*?/%/##
*#$%+)$)1#/4/#5'"?.)+*/#*")(%&.*1)*/#7#*A1?+'"*/=#_(5")+*#$*1#51)'1)$*$#*#"*#51'$4++):&#
*A1?+'"*#5*1*#"*#*")(%&.*+):&#$%#"'/#54%,"'/3#%"#*++%/'#*#"*#.)%11*3#/%()""*/#7#+1B$).'/3#
%"# +'&/4('# 1%/5'&/*,"%# %# )&<'1(*$'3# "*# 8*"'1*+):&# /',1%# %"# .1*,*>'# +*(5%/)&'3##
"*#$%<%&/*#$%#51%+)'/#/'")$*1)'/#*/'+)*$'/#*#4&*#51'$4++):&#+*(5%/)&*#/'/.%&),"%3#
+'&#+'&.1'"#7#51'.%++):&#5*1*#"*#51'$4++):&#+*(5%/)&*#$%#"*/#)(5'1.*+)'&%/#*A1?+'"*/##
7#*")(%&.*1)*/#$%(*/)*$'#,*1*.*/#'#"*#+'(5%.%&+)*#$%/"%*"#'#'+(,-&)=
M%# 0*,"*# $%# O4.'&'(?*# O")(%&.*1)*# +4*&$'# *$%(-/# $%# 4&*# *")(%&.*+):&#
/',%1*&*# 0*7# $)8%1/)$*$# $%# +'/('8)/)'&%/3# *4.'$%@&)+):&# 7# A%/.):&# 5"%&*# $%# "*/#
+'(4&)$*$%/# +*(5%/)&*/# 7# +'&/4()$'1%/S*/3# $%# *+4%1$'# *# 5'"?.)+*/# +'(4&%/# 94%#
español

/45%1*&#"*#$%5%&$%&+)*#<1%&.%#*#"'/#!/.*$'/#X*+):&3#%&#%/5%+)*"#*&.%#"*#+''5.*+):&##
7#/4,'1$)&*+):&#$%#"'/#!/.*$'/#<1%&.%#*#"*/#+'15'1*+)'&%/#$%"#*A1'&%A'+)'=
102
 Transición energética justa y popular
propuestas y soluciones desde los pueblos

E*# .1*&/)+):&# %&%1AB.)+*# >4/.*# 7# 5'54"*13# $%/$%# 7# 5*1*# "'/# 54%,"'/##

7# /4# 5"41)&*+)'&*")$*$3# %/# 4&# 51'+%/'# $%# +*(,)'# $%"# *+.4*"# /)/.%(*# %&%1AB.)+'3##
7# +'&/%+4%&.%(%&.%# $%"# /)/.%(*# +*5).*")/.*=# T1*&/<'1(*+):&# ,*/*$*# %&# "*#
+'&/.14++):&#+'"%+.)8*#7#$%('+1-.)+*3#94%#5%1().*#A%&%1*1#+*(,)'/#%&#"*/#+'&$)+)'&%/#
$%#51'$4++):&#7#+'&/4('#$%#"*#%&%1A?*3#5*1*#/45%1*1#"*#+1)/)/#%&%1AB.)+*#7#+")(-.)+*3#
+'('#5*1.%#$%#"*#+1)/)/#/)/.B()+*=
E*#.1*&/)+):&#%&%1AB.)+*#>4/.*#7#5'54"*1#,4/+*#+'&/.14)1#4&#&4%8'#/)/.%(*#%&%1AB.)+'#
%&#%"#94%#"*#%&%1A?*#%/#+'&/)$%1*$*#4&#$%1%+0'3#4&#,)%&#+'(6&#94%#,4/+*#/*.)/<*+%1#
"*/#$%(*&$*/#%&%1AB.)+*/#$%#"'/#54%,"'/#+'&#$)A&)$*$#%#)&+"4/):&#/'+)*"3#%&#*1('&?*#
+'&# "*# &*.41*"%;*=# Q%/$%# 4&# %&<'94%# /'+)'P%+'":A)+'# 7# 5'"?.)+'3# $)/+4.%# 7# %&<1%&.*#
"*#+'&+%&.1*+):&#$%#"*#51'5)%$*$3#"*#1)94%;*#7#%"#5'$%1#$%#"*/#<4%&.%/#%&%1AB.)+*/3#
*51'8%+0*&$'# "'/# 5'.%&+)*"%/# $%# %&%1A?*/# ")(5)*/# 7# %+'":A)+*/# *# &)8%"# "'+*"=##
R&# /)/.%(*# %&%1AB.)+'# 94%# ,4/+*# *"+*&;*1# 51'+%/'/# $%# /',%1*&?*# %&%1AB.)+*3# *#
5*1.)1# $%# "*# %")()&*+):&# $%"# +'&/4('# $%# +'(,4/.),"%/# <:/)"%/3# $%/+'"'&);*+):&3#
$%/+%&.1*");*+):&3# $%/(%1+*&.)");*+):&3# $%/5*.1)*1+*");*+):&# 7# $%/(*.%1)*");*+):&3##
%&#%"#94%#"'/#$%1%+0'/#$%#"'/#54%,"'/#7#.%11).'1)'/#7#"'/#$%1%+0'/#$%#"*#Y*$1%#T)%11*##
español

/%#+'&/.).47%&#%&#"'/#51)&+)5)'/#$%#+'(4&*");*+):&#$%#"*#%&%1A?*3#%&#"*#+'&/.14++):&##
$%#4&*#&4%8*#+4".41*#%&%1AB.)+*3#+'&#B.)+*#7#>4/.)+)*#/'+)'P*(,)%&.*"=
104
 português

106
 Apresentação
X'/# 6".)('/# *&'/3# */# *".%1*tu%/# +")(-.)+*/# .'1&*1*(P/%# 4(# .%(*# )&+'&.'1&-8%"##
$%#$)/+4//v'#%&.1%#%&.)$*$%/#&*+)'&*)/#%#(4".)&*+)'&*)/#$'/#/%.'1%/#56,")+'#%#51)8*$'=#
!"%/#$%/%&8'"8%1*(#4(*#1%.:1)+*#+'%/*#5*1*#5%1/4*$)1#*#/'+)%$*$%#w+*$*#8%;#(*)/#
*<%.*$*#5%"'/#)(5*+.'/#$*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*w#$%#94%#%/.v'#*A)&$'#$%#<'1(*#$%+)/)8*#
5*1*#%&<1%&.*1#%//*#/).4*tv'=
!//*#1%.:1)+*#B#',/+41*#5*1*#*94%"%/#94%#&v'#%/.v'#<*()")*1);*$'/#+'(#*#")&A4*A%(#
+)%&.?@+*#'4#+'(#'#<4&+)'&*(%&.'#)&.%1&'#$*/#&%A'+)*tu%/#)&.%1&*+)'&*)/=#!#B#,*/%*$'#
%(# .%1()&'"'A)*# .B+&)+*# 94%# (4).*/# 8%;%/# /%18%# 5*1*# +'&<4&$)1# '# %&.%&$)(%&.'##
$'#"%)A'#/',1%#'#51',"%(*#w%3#5'1.*&.'3#/',1%#*#(%"0'1#<'1(*#$%#*,'1$-P"'=
X*/# &%A'+)*tu%/# +")(-.)+*/3# *# *,'1$*A%(# .%(# /)$'# *# $%# 1%$4;)1# '# 51',"%(*I##
$'#('$%"'#/'+)'%+'&x()+'#94%#1%A%#*#8)$*#&'#5"*&%.*#5*1*#4(*#/)(5"%/#94%/.v'##
$%#('"B+4"*/#&*#*.('/<%1*=#!(#'4.1*/#5*"*81*/3#'#<'+'#%/.-#&*/#+'&/%94y&+)*/#$*#+1)/%#
português
$*#+)8)");*tv'#%#&v'#%(#/4*/#1*?;%/=#!&<1%&.*1#*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*#B#4(*#.*1%<*#+'(5"%D*3#
/).4*tv'# '&$%# +'&8%1A%(# (4).'/# )&.%1%//%/3# $)&z()+*/3# <*.'1%/# %# *.'1%/# 8*1)*$'/=#
H'(#%//*#$%/+4"5*3#/41A)4#4(#"BD)+'#0)5%1%/5%+)*");*$'#5*1*#'<4/+*1#*/#5'//),)")$*$%/#
108
$%#*tv'#+'"%.)8*#14('#{/#.1*&/<'1(*tu%/#41A%&.%/#94%#'#('(%&.'#*.4*"#%D)A%=
L*1*# <*+)").*1# *# +'(51%%&/v'# %# *# .'(*$*# $%# *tu%/# +'&+1%.*/# 5'1# 5*1.%##
$*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#%#'1A*&);*tu%/3#*#!"#$#%&'(#)*#$+,&89(-'+.#,#)-)0&)1#'+2-)3-"#)
456$+:#) 1"+(7$+.## 51%5*1'4# '# F"'//-1)'# $*# G4/.)t*# H")(-.)+*# *A'1*# %(# /4*/# (v'/3#
$)8)$)$'# %(# +)&+'# /%tu%/# 1%"*+)'&*$*/I# )J# G4/.)t*# H")(-.)+*I# +'('# '/# ('8)(%&.'/#
/'+)*)/#%(#.'$'#'#(4&$'#$%/%&8'"8%1*(#/4*#51:51)*#&*11*.)8*#/',1%#*#+1)/%#$)*&.%#
$*/#&*11*.)8*/#)&/.).4+)'&*)/C#))J#K*"/*/#M'"4tu%/I#*/#<%11*(%&.*/#%#(%+*&)/('/#94%#
/%18%(#5*1*#$)/.1*)1#$'#94%#1%*"(%&.%#51%+)/*('/#5*1*#.1*&/<'1(*1#*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*C#
)))J# G*1Av'# $*/# Y4$*&t*/# H")(-.)+*/I# *# .%1()&'"'A)*# .B+&)+*# *+)(*# (%&+)'&*$*C##
)8J#!/.1*.BA)*/#$*/#!(51%/*/#%#$'/#!/.*$'/I#+'('#'/#A1*&$%/#5'"4)$'1%/#,4/+*(#<4A)1#
$%#/4*/#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#%#+'&.)&4*(#5'"4)&$'#+'(#<*"/*/#/'"4tu%/C#%#8J#L1'5'/.*/##
%#M'"4tu%/#$'/#L'8'/I#+'&/.14)1#%/5%1*&t*#+'"%.)8*=
M*,%('/#94%#%/.%#51)(%)1'#%/<'1t'#&v'#B#+'(5"%.'=#Y*/3#5'1#(%)'#$%"%3#,4/+*('/#
*(5")*1#&'//'/#'"0*1%/3#+'&.1),4)1#5*1*#$%/(*/+*1*1#<*"/*/#/'"4tu%/#%3#51)&+)5*"(%&.%3#
+'(51%%&$%1#%#*(5")*1#51'5'/.*/#$%#>4/.)t*#+")(-.)+*=
109
 Justiça Climática
Mude o sistema, não o clima

110
 Colapso climático / crise climática
justiça climática

[#+")(*#/%(51%#(4$'4=#X'#%&.*&.'3#*#*.)8)$*$%#*&.1'5'Ay&)+*#('$%1&*3#,*/%*$*#
&*#%D5"'1*tv'#%#+'&/4('#$%#+'(,4/.?8%)/#<://%)/3#.%(#"%8*$'#'/#M)/.%(*/#$*#T%11*##
{#,%)1*#$'#+'"*5/'=#[#*94%+)(%&.'#A"',*"#51'8'+*#(4$*&t*/#1%5%&.)&*/3#*+%"%1*$*/#
%#)(51%8)/.*/#&'#5"*&%.*=
!//*# &'tv'# $%# +'"*5/'P+1)/%# 1%<%1%P/%# {# )&/4/.%&.*,)")$*$%# $*# 8)$*# 04(*&*##
%# &v'P04(*&*# &*# T%11*# $%8)$'# {# '1A*&);*tv'# 5*.1)*1+*"3# 1*+)/.*3# *&.1'5'+y&.1)+*3#
*&$1'+y&.1)+*3# %/5%+)/.*# %# +'"'&)*"# $'()&*&.%# $*/# %/.14.41*/# /'+)*)/# ('$%1&*/=##
[#*.4*"#/)/.%(*#'5%1*#%(#$%.1)(%&.'#$*#,)'$)8%1/)$*$%3#$*#-A4*3#$'#/'"'#%#$%#'4.1'/#
%"%(%&.'/#$*#&*.41%;*=#X'/#6".)('/#*&'/3#.*"#("'+#$",*.%&'-#.%(#*+%"%1*$'#%#*<%.*$'#
'/#+)+"'/#%+'":A)+'/3#"%8*&$'#*#(4$*&t*/#&'/#%+'//)/.%(*/#w*"A4(*/#)11%8%1/?8%)/=
português

!//*/#+1)/%/#(6".)5"*/#%#)&.%1")A*$*/#w%+'&x()+*3#/*&).-1)*3#5'"?.)+*3#*//)/.%&+)*"3#%&.1%#
'4.1*/w#*4(%&.*(#*#&%+%//)$*$%#$%#4(*#B.)+*#$*#8)$*#94%#1%'1A*&);%3#1%A%&%1%3#
1%5*1%#%#+41%#'/#"*t'/#%&.1%#*#04(*&)$*$%#%#*#&*.41%;*#5*1*#$%.%1#'#+'"*5/'=
112
 Dívida ecológica e dívida climática
justiça climática

O#$?8)$*#%+'":A)+*#B#*94%"*#94%#'/#5*?/%/#$'#X'1.%#$%8%(#*'/#5'8'/#%#*'/#5*?/%/#
$'# M4"3# 4(*# 8%;# 94%# '/# 5*?/%/# $'# X'1.%# /v'# 1%/5'&/-8%)/# 5%"'# /)/.%(*# A"',*"# $%#
51'$4tv'# %# +'&/4('# %# *# 1%/4".*&.%# $%/.14)tv'# $'# 5"*&%.*=# [# X'1.%# .%(# '# $%8%1##
$%# 5*A*1# %/.*# +'&.*=# !//*# $?8)$*# 5'$%# /%1# 1*/.1%*$*# $%/$%# '/# .%(5'/# +'"'&)*)/##
%#+'&.)&4*#+1%/+%&$'#*.B#0'>%=
K*;%(# 5*1.%# $%/.*# +'&.*# *# 1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%# 5%"'/# *.'/# $%# 5)"0*A%(# %# /*94%3#
4/4<14.'3# $%/.14)tv'3# $%8*/.*tv'# W%D.1*.)8)/('# $%# 5%.1:"%'# %# ()&B1)'# $*/# N'1%/.*/##
%# $*# ,)'$)8%1/)$*$%J# %# *# 5'"4)tv'# $*# X*.41%;*=# [# 5*//)8'# .*(,B(# )&+"4)# .1'+*/#
%+'":A)+*/# )&>4/.*/# %# $%/)A4*)/3# 5')/# *# 51'$4tv'# 5*1*# %D5'1.*tv'# w51)&+)5*"(%&.%##
$%# (*.B1)*/P51)(*/w# B# <%).*# /%(# "%8*1# %(# +'&/)$%1*tv'# '/# $*&'/# /'+)*)/# %#
*(,)%&.*)/#94%#A%1*3#+'('#1'4,'#$%#51'51)%$*$%#)&.%"%+.4*"#%#'#4/4<14.'#8)&+4"*$'/##
*'# +'&0%+)(%&.'# *&+%/.1*"# $*/# /%(%&.%/# %# 5"*&.*/C# '# 4/'# %# $%A1*$*tv'# $*# .%11*3##
$'# /'"'3# $*# -A4*# %# $'# *1# 5%"*# ('&'+4".41*C# '# $%/5%>'# $%# 1%/?$4'/# %# ")D'# .:D)+'##
%(#5*?/%/#$'#UT%1+%)1'#Y4&$'V3#%&.1%#'4.1'/#%<%).'/#$'#+*5).*")/('#A"',*"#%#)&$4/.1)*"=#
H'('#1%/4".*$'3#*#/',%1*&)*#*")(%&.*13#'/#('$'/#$%#8)$*#%#'/#(%)'/#$%#/4,/)/.y&+)*#
$*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#"'+*)/#%/.v'#%(#1)/+'=
O#$?8)$*#+")(-.)+*#<*;#5*1.%#$*#$?8)$*#%+'":A)+*=#O#$?8)$*#+")(-.)+*#1%<%1%P/%#.*&.'#
{# *51'51)*tv'# )"%A?.)(*# $*# *.('/<%1*# +'('# {# +*5*+)$*$%# $*# T%11*# $%# *,/'18%1##
português

*/#%()//u%/#$%/51'5'1+)'&*)/#$%#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#$'#4/'#$%#+'(,4/.?8%)/#<://%)/=##
O# 5'"4)tv'# *.('/<B1)+*# B# *# 51)&+)5*"# +*4/*# $'# %<%).'# %/.4<*# %# $*# +1)/%# +")(-.)+*#
1%/4".*&.%3#'#94%#*<%.*#'/#5'8'/#(*)/#84"&%1-8%)/#$'#M4"=
114
 Mudança sistêmica
justiça climática

O/# %8)$y&+)*/# +'&@1(*(3# /%(# /'(,1*# $%# $68)$*3# */# +*4/*/# %/.14.41*)/# $*# +1)/%#
+")(-.)+*=#[#+*5).*")/('#w+'('#/)/.%(*#%+'&x()+'#A"',*"#%#)&/.).4+)'&*");*$'#94%#
,4/+*#'#+1%/+)(%&.'#%+'&x()+'#%#*#+'&+%&.1*tv'#$%#1)94%;*#+'('#6&)+'#',>%.)8'w#
%/.-#$%/.14)&$'#*#8)$*#&'#5"*&%.*=
M%# 94)/%1('/# %&<1%&.*1# */# +*4/*/# %/.14.41*)/# $*# (4$*&t*# +")(-.)+*3# $%8%('/#
,4/+*1# (4$*&t*/# /)/.y()+*/=# M*,%('/# 94%# 51%+)/*('/# $%# 4(*# .1*&/)tv'# 94%#
1%%/.14.41%#&'//'/#('$%"'/#$%#'1A*&);*tv'#/'+)'%+'&x()+*#%#1%/.*41%#*#0*1('&)*##
+'(#*#X*.41%;*3#*'#(%/('#.%(5'#%(#94%#51'('8*#*#>4/.)t*#/'+)*"#%#*#%94)$*$%=
!//*# (4$*&t*# /)/.y()+*# $%8%# %")()&*1# '# +*5).*")/('# %# /4*/# 1%"*tu%/# $%# 5'$%13#
,%(# +'('# '# %D.1*.)8)/('# 51%$*.:1)'3# '# 5*.1)*1+*$'3# '# 1*+)/('3# '# +'"'&)*")/('3##
'#%/5%+)/('#%#'#+"*//)/('=#Q%8%#+'"'+*1#'#+'(4(3#'#+'"%.)8'3#'#+'(4&*"3#'#+4)$*$'#
%# */# .%)*/# $*# 8)$*# &'# +%&.1'# $*# '1A*&);*tv'# /'+)'%+'&x()+*3# $)/.1),4)&$'# 1)94%;*#
)A4*").*1)*(%&.%3#+'&/4()&$'#*5%&*/#'#94%#B#&%+%//-1)'#%#51'5'1+)'&*&$'#4(*#8)$*#
$)A&*# %/5%+)*"(%&.%# {94%"*/# 5%//'*/# 0)/.'1)+*(%&.%# (*1A)&*");*$*/3# $%/"'+*$*/#
português

%# *<%.*$*/# 5%"'# /)/.%(*=# !/.%# &'8'# ('$%"'# $%8%# 1%/5%).*1# '/# $)1%).'/# 04(*&'/#
w+'(4&)$*$%/# )&$?A%&*/# %# *&+%/.1*)/3# (4"0%1%/3# +*(5'&%/%/3# .1*,*"0*$'1%/w##
,%(#+'('#'/#$)1%).'/#$*#X*.41%;*=
116
 Pessoas deslocadas internas
justiça climática

e refugiados climáticos

Y*)/#%#(*)/#5%//'*/#%/.v'#/%&$'#<'1t*$*/#*#()A1*1#$%8)$'#*#$%/*/.1%/#%#(4$*&t*/#
1%5%&.)&*/# &'# +")(*=# O# 5'54"*tv'# $%# 5%//'*/# $%/"'+*$*/# )&.%1&*/# W$%&.1'# $%# /%4/#
5*?/%/J3# $%/"'+*$*/# %D.%1&*/# W1%<4A)*$*/J# %# *5-.1)$*/# W*94%"*/# /%(# +)$*$*&)*##
%(#94*"94%1#5*?/J#%/.-#+1%/+%&$'#%(#&6(%1'=#
L'$%('/# %&+'&.1*1# 5%//'*/# *<%.*$*/# 5%"'/# %<%).'/# 8)'"%&.'/# $*# +1)/%# +")(-.)+*# w
+'('#('&tu%/3#$%/");*(%&.'/#$%#.%11*3#/%+*/3#)&4&$*tu%/#%#<41*+u%/w#%(#94*"94%1#
"4A*1# $'# (4&$'3# 5'1B(3# '/# )(5*+.'/# /v'# $%/51'5'1+)'&*)/# %(# 5*?/%/# 84"&%1-8%)/3#
%(# +'&N).'# '4# '&$%# '/# F1*&$%/# L'"4)$'1%/# .y(# /)A&)@+*.)8*/# $?8)$*/# %+'":A)+*/##
português

'4#/'+)*)/=#!//%/#5*?/%/#1%94%1%(#(*)'1#*5')'=
L%//'*/#)$'/*/3#(4"0%1%/#%#+1)*&t*/#/v'#*/#(*)/#*<%.*$*/#%&.1%#*94%"*/#%(#/).4*tu%/#
$%#84"&%1*,)")$*$%3#$%/"'+*(%&.'#%#()A1*tv'#<'1t*$*=
118
 Racismo ambiental
justiça climática

!(,'1*#.'$*/#*/#5%//'*/#/%>*(#*<%.*$*/#5'1#%8%&.'/#+")(-.)+'/#%D.1%('/3#&%(#.'$'/#
'/#)&$)8?$4'/#.y(#+*5*+)$*$%#$%#%&<1%&.-P"'/#%#/45%1-P"'/#+'(#*#(%/(*#<*+)")$*$%=
X*tu%/# 0)/.'1)+*(%&.%# %D5"'1*$*/3# $)/+1)()&*$*/# %# %D+"4?$*/# 5'1# %/.14.41*/#
/'+)'%+'&x()+*/# 94%# <*8'1%+%(# %").%/# wA%1*"(%&.%# ,1*&+*/w# /v'# (4).'# (*)/#
84"&%1-8%)/#5'1#/%1%(#',1)A*$*/#*#8)8%1#%(#-1%*/#$%#*".'#1)/+'#%#+'(#(%&'/#1%+41/'/#
@&*&+%)1'/=# O'# (%/('# .%(5'3# */# 5'"?.)+*/# $%# *>4$*# %# 1%+45%1*tv'# $%# $%/*/.1%/#
português

/v'# $)/.1),4?$*/# $%# <'1(*# $%/)A4*"3# ,%&%@+)*&$'# +'(4&)$*$%/# ,1*&+*/# W%# 1)+*/J##
%(# $%.1)(%&.'# $*/# +'(4&)$*$%/# *<1'$%/+%&$%&.%/3# )&$?A%&*/3# +*(5'&%/*/3#
'5%1-1)*/#%.+=#[#1*+)/('#*(,)%&.*"#1%51'$4;#%#5%15%.4*#'#"%A*$'#$'#+'"'&)*")/('=
120
 Responsabilidade histórica /
justiça climática

responsabilidade dos grandes poluidores

R(# A145'# $%# %&.)$*$%/3# /%(# $68)$*3# $%.B(# *# 1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%# 0)/.:1)+*# 5%"*#
+1)/%# +")(-.)+*=# O/# $)/+4//u%/# &*/# &%A'+)*tu%/# (4".)"*.%1*)/# /',1%# %//%# .%(*# .y(##
/%#+%&.1*$'#*5%&*/#&*/#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#$'/#!/.*$'/3#+'(#<'+'#&*#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%#
0)/.:1)+*#$'/#5*?/%/#(*)/#$%/%&8'"8)$'/=#[/#!/.*$'/#R&)$'/#")$%1*(#%/.*#")/.*3#/%A4)$'/#
5%"*#!41'5*#%#'4.1*/#&*tu%/#)&$4/.1)*");*$*/=#!//%/#5*?/%/#%D5"'1*1*(#'/#+'(,4/.?8%)/#
<://%)/# 5*1*# $%/%&8'"8%1# /4*/# )&$6/.1)*/3# %/.*,%"%+%1# 1%"*tu%/# +'"'&)*)/3# +'&.1'"*1##
'#*+%//'#*'/#1%+41/'/#%#A%1*1#"4+1'=
X'# %&.*&.'3# 5*1*# %8).*1# /)(5")@+*tu%/3# %//*# *&-")/%# .*(,B(# $%8%# +'&/)$%1*1##
*/# $%/)A4*"$*$%/# %# )&)94)$*$%/# $%&.1'# $%# +*$*# !/.*$'=# X%//%# /%&.)$'3# *# $)/+4//v'#
$*#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%#0)/.:1)+*#$%8%#+'&/)$%1*1#'/#%&'1(%/#"4+1'/#94%#*/#+'15'1*tu%/#
.1*&/&*+)'&*)/# w56,")+*/# %# 51)8*$*/w3# */# '")A*194)*/# %# */# %").%/# @&*&+%)1*/##
.y(# $%/<14.*$'3# ,%(# +'('# *# 1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%# $'/# *.'1%/# 5'"?.)+'/# %# .'(*$'1%/##
$%# $%+)/v'# 94%# 5%1().%(# %# '+4".*(# *# $%/*51'51)*tv'3# *# $%/.14)tv'# $*# X*.41%;*##
%#*/#8)'"*tu%/#$%#$)1%).'/3#+'&/.14)&$'#4(#/)/.%(*#$%#)(54&)$*$%=#m-#%").%/#$'#M4"#
português

+4>*#5'/.41*#)(5%1)*")/.*#+'&.1),4)4#5*1*#'#*94%+)(%&.'#A"',*"=#O'#(%/('#.%(5'3##
*# $?8)$*# +")(-.)+*# &v'# $%8%# /%1# *.1),4?$*# {/# +'(4&)$*$%/# )&$?A%&*/3# +"*//%#
.1*,*"0*$'1*#'4#()A1*&.%/#5',1%/=#
122
 Sul Global / Norte Global
justiça climática

[# .%1('# UM4"# F"',*"V# %/.-# /%# .'1&*&$'# +*$*# 8%;# (*)/# +'(4(=# X'# %&.*&.'3##
B#<1%94%&.%(%&.%#4/*$'#$%#<'1(*#+'&.1*$).:1)*#%#+'&<4/*=#L'1#%D%(5"'3#{/#8%;%/3#
B#4/*$'#%D+"4/)8*(%&.%#5*1*#/%#1%<%1)1#*'#/4"#A%'A1-@+'#'4#5*1*#/4,/.).4)1#'#.%1('#
U5*?/%/# %(# $%/%&8'"8)(%&.'V=# L'1.*&.'3# B# )(5'1.*&.%# $%/%&8'"8%1# 4(*# $%@&)tv'#
94%#*>4$%#*#+'&/.14)1#*#&*11*.)8*#5*1*#*#(4$*&t*#/)/.y()+*=
!D)/.%#'#1)/+'#$%#'#51:51)'#.%1('#/%1#4/*$'#5*1*#'<4/+*1#%#',/+41%+%1#$%/)A4*"$*$%/#%#
)&>4/.)t*/#$%&.1'#$'/#5*?/%/#$'#UM4"#F"',*"V=#Xv'#/%#5'$%#5%1().)1#94%#'#.%1('#M4"#F"',*"#
/%>*#4/*$'#5*1*#/%#1%<%1)1#*'/#'")A*1+*/3#"*.)<4&$)-1)'/3#%(51%/*1)*$'#%#1%51%/%&.*&.%/#
$%#%(51%/*/#.1*&/&*+)'&*)/#$%#5*?/%/#U$'#M4"V#'4#U%(#$%/%&8'"8)(%&.'V=
L'1.*&.'3#'#UM4"#F"',*"V#$%8%#/%#1%<%1)1#*I#
*J#+'(4&)$*$%/#"'+*)/3#)&$?A%&*/3#+*(5'&%/*/#%#'1A*&);*tu%/#.%11).'1)*)/#8?.)(*/#
$'/#)(5*+.'/#$'#+*5).*")/('3#$'#5*.1)*1+*$'3#$'#+'"'&)*")/('3#$*#8)'"y&+)*#%/.14.41*"#
%#$*#5'"?.)+*#$%/%&8'"8)(%&.)/.*#%D.1*.)8)/.*C#%#
,J# 5'54"*tu%/# 84"&%1-8%)/3# #$%/"'+*$*/3# /*+1)@+*$*/3# +'&.*()&*$*/3# 5%1/%A4)$*/#
5'").)+*(%&.%3#)&.)()$*$*/#%#*(%*t*$*/#5%"*/#+'15'1*tu%/3#5%"'#/)/.%(*#@&*&+%)1'#
%#5%"'/#!/.*$'/=#
Q%//*#<'1(*3#*#$%@&)tv'#*,1*&A%#.*(,B(#*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#$'#M4"#F"',*"#&'/#!/.*$'/#
R&)$'/#%#&*#!41'5*#94%#%&<1%&.*(#%//*/#(%/(*/#+'&$)tu%/=
L'1# '4.1'# "*$'3# '# UX'1.%# F"',*"V# $%8%# /%# 1%<%1)1# *# !/.*$'/3# )&/.).4)tu%/# .%11).'1)*)/#
português

<1'&.%)1)t*/3#+'15'1*tu%/3#%").%/3#*A1'&%A:+)'/#'")A-194)+'/#%#)&/.).4)tu%/#@&*&+%)1*/3#,%(#
+'('#*#)&$)8?$4'/#%#)&/.).4)tu%/#94%#<*+)").*(#%S'4#"4+1*(#+'(#*#%D5"'1*tv'3#5)"0*A%(#
%#*+4(4"*tv'#$%#1)94%;*/=#E'A'3#5'$%('/#%&+'&.1*1#'#X'1.%#F"',*"#&'/#5*?/%/#$'#M4"=
124
 Transição justa de e para os povos
justiça climática

T1*&/)tv'#G4/.*#B#4(#+'&+%).'#%(#+'&/.*&.%#(4$*&t*#%#$)/54.*3#*//4()&$'#$)<%1%&.%/#
<'1(*/# $%/$%# /4*/# '1)A%&/# &'# /)&$)+*")/('# *.B# '# 51%/%&.%=# Y4).'/# '1A*&)/('/#
(4".)"*.%1*)/3# +'15'1*tu%/# %# !/.*$'/# 5*//*1*(# *# 4/*1# '# .%1('# $%(*A'A)+*(%&.%#
5*1*# $)/<*1t*1# %# *51%/%&.*1# <*"/*/# /'"4tu%/# '4# >4/.)@+*1# *# +'&.)&4)$*$%# $%# 4(#
('$%"'#$%#$%/%&8'"8)(%&.'#94%#&'/#+'&$4;#)&%D'1*8%"(%&.%#*'#+'"*5/'#%+'":A)+'=#
O'# (%/('# .%(5'3# *# .1*&/)tv'# >4/.*# &v'# $%8%# /%1# +'&<4&$)$*# +'(# 4(# /45'/.'#
U$)1%).'# *'# $%/%&8'"8)(%&.'V# W8%1# 8%1,%.%J3# &%(# $%8%# /%1# 4.)");*$*# 5*1*# %8).*1##
4(*#.1*&/<'1(*tv'#51'<4&$*#$*#/'+)%$*$%#%#$*#%+'&'()*=
Q*#5%1/5%+.)8*#$*#G4/.)t*#H")(-.)+*3#4(*#.1*&/)tv'#>4/.*#$%8%#+'"'+*1#&'#+%&.1'#$*#
$)/+4//v'#*#51'.%tv'#%#'/#$)1%).'/#$*#X*.41%;*3#$*/#+'(4&)$*$%/3#$'/#.%11).:1)'/#%#
português

$'/# 5'8'/# 0)/.'1)+*(%&.%# *<%.*$'/# 5%"*/# 5'"?.)+*/# 8)'"%&.*/# $%# $%/%&8'"8)(%&.'#

%D.1*.)8)/.*# 51%$*.:1)'=# O# .1*&/)tv'# >4/.*# B# '# +*()&0'# *# 5%1+'11%1# %(# $)1%tv'##
*#4(*#51'<4&$*#(4$*&t*#/)/.y()+*#$'/#5'8'/#5*1*#'/#5'8'/#%#5*1*#*#X*.41%;*=
126
 Falsas Soluções

128
 Agricultura Inteligente para o Clima
falsas soluções

O#[1A*&);*tv'#$*/#X*tu%/#R&)$*/#5*1*#OA1)+4".41*#%#O")(%&.*tv'#WKO[J#)&.1'$4;)43#
%(# \]^]3# '# .%1('# OA1)+4".41*# _&.%")A%&.%# 5*1*# '# H")(*# WHMO3# /)A"*# $'# .%1('##
%(# )&A"y/J=# Q41*&.%# *# H[L# \`3# %(# &'8%(,1'# $%# \]^`3# <')# "*&t*$*# '@+)*"(%&.%##
*#O")*&t*#F"',*"#$*#OA1)+4".41*#_&.%")A%&.%#5*1*#'#H")(*#WFOHMOJ=
O#HMO#B#4(*#51'5'/.*#$%#1%'1)%&.*tv'#$'#/)/.%(*#*A1?+'"*3#+'(#'#',>%.)8'#$%#*5')*1#
'# F1*&$%# OA1'&%A:+)'=# K')# *&4&+)*$*# +'('# 4(# ('$%"'# 5'//?8%"# 5*1*# A*1*&.)1##
*# /%A41*&t*# *")(%&.*1# &'# +'&.%D.'# $*# (4$*&t*# +")(-.)+*=# Y*/3# &*# 1%*")$*$%3# 8)/*#
$%/"'+*1# *# *A1)+4".41*# <*()")*1# %# +*(5'&%/*3# *+*,*&$'# +'(# '/# +'&0%+)(%&.'/#
%# .B+&)+*/# *A1?+'"*/# .1*$)+)'&*)/3# +'(# '/# +4)$*$'/# %# (*&4.%&tv'# $%# 8*1)%$*$%/#
$%# /%(%&.%/# &*.)8*/# A4*1$*$*/# $%/$%# .%(5'/# )(%('1)*)/=# M%# *$'.*$'3# .*"# 5"*&'#
+'&$4;)1)*#{#('&'5'");*tv'#$'#4/'#$*#-A4*3#{#'+45*tv'#$%#.%11*/3#{#$%5%&$y&+)*#
$%#51'$4.'/#.:D)+'/#*A1'94?()+'/#%#*'#4/'#$%#/%(%&.%/#A%&%.)+*(%&.%#('$)@+*$*/#
+'&.1'"*$*/#5'1#+'15'1*tu%/=
L'1# %//*/# 1*;u%/3# '/# ('8)(%&.'/# %# '1A*&);*tu%/# +*(5'&%/*/3# ,%(# +'('# .'$'/##
português

'/#94%#/%#'5u%(#{/#<*"/*/#/'"4tu%/#+")(-.)+*/3#5'/)+)'&*1*(P/%#+'&.1*#*#51'5'/.*=##
O#HMO#/:#*4(%&.*#'#"4+1'#%#+'&.1'"%#$'#F1*&$%#OA1'3#*'#(%/('#.%(5'#94%#51'('8%##
'/#(%1+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'=
130
 Bioenergia com Captura
falsas soluções

e Armazenamento de Carbono (BECCS)

O# a)'%&%1A)*# +'(# H*5.41*# %# O1(*;%&*(%&.'# $%# H*1,'&'# Wa!HHMJ# +'&/)/.%# %(3#

51)(%)1'3#51'$4;)1#%&%1A)*#5'1#(%)'#$*#94%)(*#$%#,)'(*//*#%(#"*1A*#%/+*"*#%3#$%5')/3#
+'(#'#*4D?")'#$%#(*94)&-1)'/#)&$4/.1)*)/3#%")()&*1#'#%D+%//'#$%#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#
WH[\J#$*#*.('/<%1*=
!/.*# 51'5'/.*# )&+"4)# *# +*5.41*# %# *1(*;%&*(%&.'# $%# +*1,'&'# 94%# 4/*1)*# %&'1(%/#
$)/5'/).)8'/#5*1*#*,/'18%1#'#H[\#%#1%)&>%.-P"'#%(#/4()$'41'/#$%#+*1,'&'3#+'('#'#/'"'#
%#'#'+%*&'#W8%1#F%'%&A%&0*1)*J=#!//%#51'+%//'#B#(*)/#4(*#/'"4tv'#<*"/*#51'5'/.*#
5%"*/#+'15'1*tu%/#&*#/45'/.*#"4.*#+'&.1*#'#*94%+)(%&.'#A"',*"=
L*1*# */# '1A*&);*tu%/# 94%# 51'('8%(# *# G4/.)t*# H")(-.)+*3# *# a!HHM# B# 4(*# $)/.1*tv'#
*11)/+*$*3#&v'#8*")$*$*3#+*1*#%#5%1)A'/*=#!"*#$%/8)*#*#*.%&tv'#$*#&%+%//-1)*#1%$4tv'#
$%#%()//u%/#$%#<'1(*#1%*"3#41A%&.%#%#$1-/.)+*#5*1*#%8).*1#*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*=
O/# +'15'1*tu%/# $%# +'(,4/.?8%)/# <://%)/# .%&.*1*(# )&.1'$4;)1# %/.*# 51'5'/.*# +'('#
4(*#<:1(4"*#(-A)+*#5*1*#%&<1%&.*1#*/#(4$*&t*/#+")(-.)+*/3#,4/+*&$'#"4+1*1#+'(#
*#$%/.14)tv'#$%#&'//'/#%+'//)/.%(*/#%#+'(4&)$*$%/=#!//*/#%(51%/*/3#%#'/#A'8%1&'/#
94%# */# *5:)*(3# %/.v'# *5'/.*&$'# .4$'# &%//%# .)5'# $%# A%'%&A%&0*1)*# $%# %@+-+)*#
94%/.)'&-8%"# '4# .%+&'"'A)*# <*"0*# %# *11)/+*$*=# X'# "4A*1# $)//'3# $%8%1)*(# )&8%/.)1##
%(#51'>%.'/#$%#%&%1A)*#")(5*#94%#*4(%&.*(#*#/',%1*&)*#%&%1AB.)+*#'4#,4/+*1#'4.1'/#
português

+*()&0'/#5*1*#1%$4;)1#'/#A*/%/#$%#%<%).'#%/.4<*#W5'1#%D%(5"'3#(*&.%1#'/#+'(,4/.?8%)/#
<://%)/# &'# /4,/'"'# %# *+*,*1# +'(# '# %D.1*.)8)/('# 51%$*.:1)'J=# b%$4;)1# %()//u%/##
B#'#94%#1%*"(%&.%#51%+)/*#/%1#<%).'#5*1*#$%.%1#*#%(%1Ay&+)*#+")(-.)+*=
132
 Descarbonização
falsas soluções

O# $%/+*1,'&);*tv'# <*;# *"4/v'# *# *tu%/# 94%# 5%1().%(# *# +'&.)&4*tv'# $'# ('$%"'##

$%# +1%/+)(%&.'# %+'&x()+'# )")().*$'# %3# $%# (*&%)1*# 1%.:1)+*3# %().)&$'# (%&'/#
$):D)$'# $%# +*1,'&'# WH[\J=# X'# %&.*&.'3# $%8%# /%# 1%<%1)1# {# %")()&*tv'# $'# +'&/4('##
$%# +'(,4/.?8%)/# <://%)/# +4>*# +'(,4/.v'# "),%1*# 5'"4%&.%/# 94%# *<%.*(# *# /*6$%##
$*/# 5%//'*/# %# $'/# %+'//)/.%(*/3# +'('# '/# A*/%/# $%# %<%).'# %/.4<*# 94%# *94%+%(##
*#/45%1<?+)%#$*#T%11*#%#)(5*+.*(#'#+")(*#A"',*"(%&.%=#[#H[\#B#'#(*)/#*,4&$*&.%#
$%//%/#A*/%/#A%1*$'/#5%"*#*.)8)$*$%#04(*&*=
português

134
 Emissões net zero
falsas soluções

T'(*$'1%/#$%#$%+)/v'3#*4.'1)$*$%/#$'#A'8%1&'3#'1A*&)/('/#(4".)"*.%1*)/3#_&/.).4)tu%/#
K)&*&+%)1*/# _&.%1&*+)'&*)/# W_K_/J3# [XF/# %# +'15'1*tu%/# .1*&/&*+)'&*)/# %/.v'# 4/*&$'#
+*$*#8%;#(*)/#'#.%1('#U&%.#;%1'V#'4#U%()//u%/#"?94)$*/#;%1'V#+'('#4(*#%/.1*.BA)*#
5*1*#%/8%1$%*1#/4*/#)(*A%&/#%#+'&<4&$)1#*#5'54"*tv'3#<4A)&$'#$*#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%#
$%#%&<1%&.*1#*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*#+'(#/%1)%$*$%=
[#+'&+%).'#UX%.#;%1'V#(*94)*#*#/).4*tv'#5*1*#<*;%1#'#56,")+'#*+1%$).*1#94%#'/#5'"4)$'1%/#
5'$%(#+'&.)&4*1#5'"4)&$'#+'('#$%#+'/.4(%#w'4#*.B#(%/('#*4(%&.*&$'#'#+'&/4('#
$%# +'(,4/.?8%"# <://)"w# /%#U+'(5%&/*1%(V# /4*/# %()//u%/=# !//%# ('$%"'# .1*&/<'1(*##
*/# %()//u%/# %(# 4(*# %94*tv'# (*.%(-.)+*# /)(5")/.*I# */# %()//u%/# *$)+)'&*$*/##
%(#4(*#-1%*#/v'#U%94)"),1*$*/V#5%"*#*51'51)*tv'#$'#.%11).:1)'#%(#'4.1*=
O# &'tv'# $%# &%.# ;%1'# %/+'&$%# 4(*# 1%*")$*$%# 5%18%1/*I# <4&+)'&*# +'('# 4(# 5*//%#
5*1*# +'&.)&4*1# 5'"4)&$'# %&94*&.'# /v'# 51'('8)$'/# %D5%1)(%&.'/# 5%1)A'/'/#
$%# A%'%&A%&0*1)*3# 5"*&.*tu%/# $%# ('&'+4".41*/# $%# -18'1%/3# b!QQ# %# M'"4tu%/#
a*/%*$*/#&*#X*.41%;*=#Mv'#%/94%(*/#%/5%+4"*.)8'/#94%#8)/*(#A%1*1#'4.1'/#A1*&$%/#
&%A:+)'/# w+'('# /)/.%(*/# $%# +'(B1+)'# $%# +*1,'&'w# 5*1*# *94%"%/# 94%# +*11%A*(##
*#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%#0)/.:1)+*#5%"*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*#+'&.)&4*1%(#"4+1*&$'#/%(#%&<1%&.*1#
*/#+*4/*/#%/.14.41*)/#$*#+1)/%=
O#*5")+*tv'#$%//*/#<*"/*/#/'"4tu%/#&v'#*5%&*/#*+%"%1*#*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*3#+'('#.*(,B(#
português

*51'<4&$*# */# $%/)A4*"$*$%/# %# )&>4/.)t*/# %/.14.41*)/3# +'&$%&*&$'# +'(4&)$*$%/#

0)/.'1)+*(%&.%# (*1A)&*");*$*/# #*# +'&$)tu%/# $%# 8)$*# 51'A1%//)8*(%&.%# 5)'1%/# w#
'#94%#*/#$%)D*#+*$*#8%;#(*)/#84"&%1-8%)/=
136
 Geoengenharia
falsas soluções

O# A%'%&A%&0*1)*# B# 4(*# 1%/5'/.*# <*"/*# %# 5%1)A'/*# {# +1)/%# +")(-.)+*# )(54"/)'&*$*#

5'1# A'8%1&'/# %# +'15'1*tu%/# 94%# 51'('8%(# %/94%(*/# 0)5'.B.)+'/# $%# )&.%18%&tv'#
04(*&*# %(# "*1A*# %/+*"*# &'/# '+%*&'/3# /'"'/# %# *.('/<%1*3# +'(# '# /45'/.'# ',>%.)8'#
$%# U1%$4;)1# */# (4$*&t*/# +")(-.)+*/V=# H'(# ,*/%# %(# %/5%+4"*tu%/# %# (*&)54"*tv'##
$'# +'&0%+)(%&.'# +)%&.?@+'3# *# A%'%&A%&0*1)*# "*&t*# 5/%4$'P/'"4tu%/# *51%/%&.*$*/#
+'('#'5'1.4&)$*$%/#"4+1*.)8*/#$%#&%A:+)'/=
Xv'# 0-# %8)$y&+)*/# $%# 94%# %//*/# 51'5'/.*/# /%>*(# %@+*;%/=# X'# %&.*&.'3# %D)/.%##
4(*# 51%'+45*tv'# +1%/+%&.%# /',1%# */# +'&/%94y&+)*/# 5'.%&+)*)/3# $%8*/.*$'1*/#
%# (*//)8*/# 94%# %"*/# 5'$%(# 51'8'+*1# &'# +")(*3# &*# &*.41%;*# %# &'/# (%)'/##
$%#/4,/)/.y&+)*#$*/#5%//'*/=#!//*/#51'5'/.*/#5'$%(#*4(%&.*1#$%/51'5'1+)'&*"(%&.%#
'/#)(5*+.'/#w*"A4&/#)11%8%1/?8%)/w#/',1%#'/#/)/.%(*/#.%11%/.1%/#%#+'(4&)$*$%/#"'+*)/3#
%/5%+)*"(%&.%#&'#M4"#F"',*"=
O# A%'%&A%&0*1)*# /%# 51'5u%# *# %&<1%&.*1# '/# /)&.'(*/# $*/# (4$*&t*/# +")(-.)+*/3##
(*/# )A&'1*# /4*/# +*4/*/# %/.14.41*)/# %# *,1%# */# 5'1.*/# 5*1*# *# %D.1*tv'# %# +'&/4('#
+'&.?&4'# $%# +'(,4/.?8%)/# <://%)/=# M4A%1%# 94%# *# 04(*&)$*$%# %(# ,1%8%# /%1-# +*5*;##
$%#$%/%&8'"8%1#.%+&'"'A)*/#5*1*#%8).*1#%#1%8%1.%1#'#+'"*5/'#+")(-.)+'=
!//*/# .%+&'"'A)*/# /v'# .v'# +'&.1'8%1/*/# 94%3# %(# \]\]3# *# H'&8%&tv'# $*# [XR#
/',1%# Q)8%1/)$*$%# a)'":A)+*# %/.*,%"%+%4# 4(*# ('1*.:1)*# 5*1*# *# A%'%&A%&0*1)*=##
!//*# ('1*.:1)*3# &'# %&.*&.'3# .%(# /)$'# 1%5%.)$*(%&.%# 8)'"*$*3# +'(# 51'>%.'/# +'('#
'# $%# A%1%&+)*(%&.'# $*# 1*$)*tv'# /'"*1# +'(# )&>%tv'# $%# *%1'//:)/# &*# %/.1*.'/<%1*3#
português

,1*&94%*(%&.'# $%# &48%&/3# $)/5*1'/# $%# .)1'/# $%# +*&0v'# %(# $)1%tv'# *'# +B4#
5*1*# $)//)5*1# +048*/# '4# $)//%()&*tv'# $%# ()+1'%/<%1*/# $%# 8)$1'# /',1%# '# '+%*&'##
%#%(#/45%1<?+)%/#+'&A%"*$*/#&'#O"*/+*=
138
 Mecanismos de compensação
falsas soluções

O# 8)/v'# 0%A%(x&)+*# $*# A%/.v'# *(,)%&.*"# %/.*,%"%+%4# 4(*# &*11*.)8*# 5*1*# (%$)1# %# 51'+%//*1##
'/#)(5*+.'/#$*#*.)8)$*$%#04(*&*#W51)&+)5*"(%&.%#$'/#A1*&$%/#)&8%/.)(%&.'/#+*5).*")/.*/J#/',1%#
'/# %+'//)/.%(*/# 5'1# (%)'# $%# .%'1)*/# %+'&x()+*/# "),%1*)/3# +'('# *# %+'&'()*# *(,)%&.*"=# !//*/#
)&.%18%&tu%/#$);%(#%8).*13#51%8%&)13#().)A*1#%#+'(5%&/*1#'/#$*&'/#*(,)%&.*)/3#&%//*#'1$%(=##
X*#51-.)+*3#&'#%&.*&.'3#*/#+'(5%&/*tu%/#.y(#51)'1)$*$%=
L*1*#4/*1#4(*#*&*"'A)*I#4(#(%+*&)/('#$%#+'(5%&/*tv'#B#+'('#U+'(5%&/*1V#*#8)'"y&+)*#$)-1)*#
+'&.1*#*/#(4"0%1%/#$*&$'#51%/%&.%/#*#%"*/=
O/#+'(5%&/*tu%/#%/.v'#/%&$'#)(5"%(%&.*$*/#%(#8-1)*/#-1%*/3#+'('#&'#+)+"'#$'#+*1,'&'#'4#&*#
5%1$*#$%#,)'$)8%1/)$*$%=#Q%8%#@+*1#+"*1'#94%#4(#%/94%(*#$%#+'(5%&/*tv'#/45u%#U+'(5%&/*1V#
5'1#$*&'/#*(,)%&.*)/#'4#+'(51*1#U+%1.)@+*$'/#$%#+'(5%&/*tv'#$%#,)'$)8%1/)$*$%V#5*1*#$%/.14)1#
*#,)'$)8%1/)$*$%3#&'#(%/('#"'+*"#'4#&4(#"'+*"#$)/.*&.%=
a*11*A%&/# A)A*&.%/+*/3# 4/)&*/# 0)$1%"B.1)+*/# $%# A1*&$%# %/+*"*3# ()&*/3# 5't'/# $%# 5%.1:"%'3#
1'$'8)*/#%.+=#5'$%(#"%8*1#{#%D.)&tv'#$%#%/5B+)%/#$%#5"*&.*/#%#*&)(*)/=#r#1%*"(%&.%#B.)+'#<*"*1##
%(#+'(5%&/*1#4(*#8)$*#+'(#'4.1*g
O# +'(5%&/*tv'# '5%1*# 5'1# %94)8*"y&+)*/I# /%# $%/.14?('/# *# ,)'$)8%1/)$*$%# *94)3# 5'$%('/#
+'&/%18-P"*#%(#*"A4(#'4.1'#"4A*1#'&$%#%D)/.*(#%/5B+)%/#$%#*&)(*)/#%#5"*&.*/#/%(%"0*&.%/C#
/%#"),%1*1('/#A*/%/#$%#%<%).'#%/.4<*#*94)3#5'$%('/#5*A*1#5*1*#*$94)1)1#+1B$).'/#$%#+*1,'&'#5'1#
(%)'#$%#51'>%.'/#$%#b!QQ3#(%1+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'#'4#'4.1'/=#L'1.*&.'3#&v'#/%#.1*.*#$%#%8).*1#$*&'/3#
(*/#/)(#5%1().)1#94%#%"%/#/%#)&.%&/)@94%(#*#5*1.)1#$*#',.%&tv'#$%#")+%&t*/#5*1*#U+'(5%&/-P"'/V=
E'&A%#$%#+4)$*1#$'/#%+'//)/.%(*/#%#$'#+")(*#$*#T%11*3#%//*#":A)+*#.*(,B(#"%8*&.*#*#94%/.v'#
$*#+'&/%18*tv'#+'15'1*.)8*I#.%11).:1)'/#%/.v'#/%&$'#51)8*.);*$'/#+'('#<'&.%/#$%#/%18)t'/#%#5*1*#
A%1*1#")+%&t*/#$%#+'(5%&/*tv'=#!//%/#(%+*&)/('/#$%#(%1+*$'#'<%1%+%(#*'/#F1*&$%/#L'"4)$'1%/##
português

%# %&.)$*$%/# +'&/%18*+)'&)/.*/# .1*&/&*+)'&*)/# *# '5'1.4&)$*$%# $%# +'&.1'"*1# .%11*/# +'(# @&/#

"4+1*.)8'/# +'('# 4(*# <*+0*$*# 5*1*# +'&.)&4*1# *# 5'"4)1=# Y4).*/# 8%;%/3# %"%/# +1)*(# 5%94%&*/#
)"0*/# U51'.%A)$*/V3# $%/"'+*&$'# +'(4&)$*$%/# "%A?.)(*/# %# *&+%/.1*)/# 94%# 0*1('&)'/*(%&.%#
51%/%18*1*(#'#.%11).:1)'#*.1*8B/#$%#/4*#/*,%$'1)*#%#51-.)+*/=
140
 Mercados de carbono
falsas soluções

[/# (%1+*$'/# $%# +*1,'&'# 5%1().%(# 94%# %(51%/*/# *$94)1*(# )/%&tu%/# ,*1*.*/# $*/#
X*tu%/#R&)$*/#'4#$%#A'8%1&'/#5*1*#1%A4"*(%&.*1#/4*/#%()//u%/#%D+%$%&.%/#$%#$):D)$'##
$%#+*1,'&'#WH[\J=#!//%/#(%1+*$'/#5%1().%(#94%#94*"94%1#5%//'*#+'(51%#4(#+%1.)@+*$'#
%#1%)8)&$)94%#94%#/4*#%()//v'#$%#H[\#<')#U&%4.1*");*$*V=#!//*/#)/%&tu%/#%#*4.'1);*tu%/#
/v'#<*,1)+*$*/#%(#5*1.%#5'1#+'15'1*tu%/#%#!/.*$'/#94%#/%#$%$)+*(#*#*.)8)$*$%/#94%#
*"%A*(#U")(5*1V#*#T%11*#'4#94%#)&8%/.%(#%(#*.)8)$*$%/#+*5).*")/.*/#+%1.)@+*$*/#+'('#
U(%&'/# $%/.14.)8*/# 94%# '# &'1(*"V=# L'1# %D%(5"'3# */# 4/)&*/# $%# %&%1A)*# &*# !41'5*#
5'$%(#+'&.)&4*1#5'"4)&$'#*#*.('/<%1*#+'(#H[\#/%#+'(51*1%(#+%1.)@+*$'/#('/.1*&$'##
94%# %/.v'# +'"'&);*&$'# *# +*5*+)$*$%# <'.'//)&.B.)+*# $%# N'1%/.*/# &*# O(B1)+*# E*.)&*3#
h<1)+*#'4#h/)*C#'4#94%#%/.v'#"),%1*&$'#(%&'/#(%.*&'#$'#94%#$);%(#/%1#&'1(*"=
[/#(%1+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'#/%#%/5*"0*1*(#5'1#.'$'#'#(4&$'#$%/$%#*#$B+*$*#$%#^ii]##
%#*A'1*#/v'#*#51)&+)5*"#1%/5'/.*#'@+)*"#{#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*=#K'1*(#%"*,'1*$'/#*#5*1.)1#$'#
('$%"'#*(%1)+*&'#$%#(%1+*$'/#$%#/%18)t'/#$%#+'&/4".'1)*#*(,)%&.*"#$'/#*&'/#^ij]w
^ii]=# !/.v'# 1%"*+)'&*$'/# *'/# %/94%(*/# &%'"),%1*)/# 94%# 5%1().)1*(# {/# +'15'1*tu%/#
%+'&'();*1# $)&0%)1'# 5%"'# $%/+4(51)(%&.'# $*/# "%A)/"*tu%/# *(,)%&.*)/# &'1.%P
*(%1)+*&*/#94%#%&.1*1*(#%(#8)A'1#&'/#*&'/#^ik]#%#^ij]=
F1*&$%#5*1.%#$'#&'8'#+*5).*")/('#8%1$%#B#,*/%*$'#%(#(%1+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'3#94%#/v'#
*5')*$'/#5%"*/#%(51%/*/#"?$%1%/#&'/#/%.'1%/#$%#()&%1*tv'3#5%.1:"%'3#(*&4<*.41*#%(#
(*//*3#.%+&'"'A)*#$)A).*"3#*8)*tv'#%#.1*&/5'1.%#(*1?.)('3#,%(#+'('#5'1#l*""#M.1%%.#%#
[XF/#$%#l*/0)&A.'&#+'('#K4&$'#$%#Q%<%/*#O(,)%&.*"#W!&8)1'&(%&.*"#Q%<%&/%#K4&$J#
português

%#T0%#X*.41%#H'&/%18*&+7=#T'$*/#*/#*Ay&+)*/#$*/#X*tu%/#R&)$*/#%#'#a*&+'#Y4&$)*"3#
A'8%1&'/# $%# .'$'# '# (4&$'# %# ()"0*1%/# $%# 5%/94)/*$'1%/# 4&)8%1/).-1)'/# /v'# *# <*8'1##
$'/#(%1+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'=
142
 Neutralidade de carbono
falsas soluções

!(51%/*/# %# A'8%1&'/# 51'('8%(# *#U&%4.1*")$*$%# $'# +*1,'&'V# +'('# 4(*# /45'/.*#

U(4$*&t*# 1*$)+*"V# 94%# %94)"),1*1)*# */# %()//u%/# $%# A*/%/# $%# %<%).'# %/.4<*# U#
&*#(%$)$*#$'#5'//?8%"V=#
O#51'5'/)tv'#/45u%#94%#+*$*#.'&%"*$*#%().)$*#$%#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#WH[\J#/%>*#)A4*"#
*#4(*#.'&%"*$*#*,/'18)$*#5'1#5"*&.*/3#'+%*&'/3#/'"'/#%#1'+0*/=#X'#%&.*&.'3#)A&'1*##
*#$)/.)&tv'#%&.1%#'/#$')/#.)5'/#$%#+*1,'&'I#4(#A%1*$'#5%"*#%D5"'1*tv'#$%#+'(,4/.?8%)/#
<://%)/#%&.%11*$'/#5'1#()"0u%/#$%#*&'/#%#'4.1'#51%/%&.%#&'#+)+"'#&*.41*"#$'#+*1,'&'#
&*# .1'5'/<%1*3# '&$%# *# 8)$*# +'(%t*=# M',# %//*# 8)/v'3# 5*1*# *"+*&t*1# *# &%4.1*")$*$%##
$%#+*1,'&'3#()"0u%/#$%#-18'1%/#$%8%(#/%1#5"*&.*$*/#w5'1#(%)'#$%#51'>%.'/#a!HHM##
%# '4.1'/w# 5*1*#U+'(5%&/*1V# '# %D+%//'# $%# H[\# %().)$'# *&4*"(%&.%# %# *1(*;%&-P"'##
&*#8%A%.*tv'3#;'&*/#6()$*/3#/'"'/#%#'+%*&'/=
!(,'1*#%//*#&*11*.)8*#$%#&%4.1*")$*$%#$%#+*1,'&'#&v'#.%&0*#<4&$*(%&.'#+)%&.?@+'3#
&*# 51-.)+*3# 5%15%.4*# *# +1%&t*# $%# 94%# *# .%+&'"'A)*# 8*)# &'/# U/*"8*1V# %# *(%&);*##
'# /%&.)(%&.'# $%# 41Ay&+)*# %(# .'1&'# $*# &%+%//)$*$%# $%# )&.%11'(5%1# *# %D.1*tv'##
$%#+'(,4/.?8%)/#<://%)/=#O/#+'15'1*tu%/#,4/+*(#U94%)(*1#*A'1*3#+'(5%&/*1#$%5')/V#
W'43#%(#'4.1*/#5*"*81*/3#U5*A*1#5*1*#5'"4)1VJ#%3#*//)(3#*/#%()//u%/#$%#H[\#+'&.)&4*(#
*# *4(%&.*1=# _//'# .*(,B(# *+%"%1'4# *# $%/.14)tv'# $'# (4&$'# &*.41*"# *4(%&.*&$'##
português

'#$%/(*.*(%&.'#w%#*#.%(5%1*.41*#$'#5"*&%.*=
X%&04(#('$%"'#5%.1'$%5%&$%&.%#%#+'(#*".'#+'&/4('#$%#%&%1A)*#<://)"#5'$%#/%1#
&%4.1'#%(#+*1,'&'=
144
 Soluções Baseadas na Natureza (SBN)
falsas soluções

O/#M'"4tu%/#a*/%*$*/#&*#X*.41%;*#WMaXJ#/v'#U/'"4tu%/V#5*1*#'#+*5).*")/('#+'&.)&4*1#
%D.1*)&$'# %# $%/.14)&$'# *# X*.41%;*=# [# .%1('# <')# 4/*$'# 5%"*# 51)(%)1*# 8%;# 5'1# 8'".*##
$%# \]]i=# O/# MaX# /v'# *5')*$*/# 5%"*/# X*tu%/# R&)$*/3# +'15'1*tu%/# 5%.1'"?<%1*/#
+'('# M0%""3# H0%81'&3# T'.*"3# !X_# %# aL3# ()&%1*$'1*/# +'('# *# amL# %# '1A*&);*tu%/##
$%#+'&/%18*tv'#+'('#*#R&)v'#_&.%1&*+)'&*"#5*1*#*#H'&/%18*tv'#$*#X*.41%;*#WR_HXJ3#
T0%#X*.41%#H'&/%18*&+7#%#H'&/%18*tv'#_&.%1&*+)'&*"#WH_J=
L'1# (%)'# $*/# MaX3# */# %(51%/*/# 5'$%(# >4/.)@+*1# /4*# 5'"4)tv'3# *"%A*&$'# 94%#
U&v'# 0-# &%+%//)$*$%# $%# $%)D*1# +'(,4/.?8%)/# <://%)/# &'# /'"'C# &v'# 0-# &%+%//)$*$%##
$%# )&.%11'(5%1# *# *A1)+4".41*# )&$4/.1)*"# %# *# ()&%1*tv'V# 5'194%3# /45'/.*(%&.%3#
U-18'1%/3# /'"'/# %# '+%*&'/# 5'$%(# ")(5*1# '# $):D)$'# $%# +*1,'&'# WH[\J# 94%# 8%(##
$*#94%)(*#$%#+'(,4/.?8%)/#<://%)/V=
Y4).*/#$%//*/#+'15'1*tu%/#51%<%1%(#.%11*/#/%(#+'(4&)$*$%/3#/%(#5'8'/#)&$?A%&*/#
'4#+*(5'&%/%/=#[&$%#)//'#&v'#B#5'//?8%"3#*/#+'15'1*tu%/#51'+41*(#5*A*1#+%&.*8'/#
português

5'1#/%4/#/%18)t'/#*(,)%&.*)/=#O/#MaX#.*(,B(#5%1().%(#*#*51'51)*tv'#$%#.%11*/#5*1*#
+'(5%&/*1#*#5%1$*#$%#,)'$)8%1/)$*$%#'4#*#5'"4)tv'#$*#-A4*#1%/4".*&.%/#$*#*A1)+4".41*#
)&$4/.1)*"#'4#$*#()&%1*tv'=
146
 Resíduos para energia
falsas soluções

!(# 4(# /)/.%(*# 94%# A%1*# +*$*# 8%;# (*)/# 1%/?$4'/3# $%5*1*('P&'/# +'(# 4(*#
,4/+*# <1%&B.)+*# 5'1# /'"4tu%/# $%# +41.'# 51*;'3# +'('# %&.%11*1# '4# )&+)&%1*1# 1%/?$4'/##
W%#*#+'&8%1/v'#$%#1%/?$4'/#%(#%&%1A)*J=#!//%#4/'#$%#")D'#5*1*#A%1*1#%&%1A)*#51'$4;#
/4,51'$4.'/# .:D)+'/3# 5'"4)# '# *1# %# +'&.1),4)# 5*1*# *# (4$*&t*# +")(-.)+*=# [/# +4/.'/##
/v'#%D.%1&*");*$'/#5*1*#*/#5%//'*/#%#5*1*#'#(%)'#*(,)%&.%=
_&+)&%1*$'1%/# %().%(# (*)/# H[\# W5'1# (%A*o*..P0'1*J# $'# 94%# +*18v'3# A-/# &*.41*"##
'4# :"%'# 94%)(*$'# &*/# 4/)&*/# $%# %&%1A)*=# O"B(# $)//'3# *# )&+)&%1*tv'# B# '# (B.'$'#
(*)/# +*1'# $%# A%1*1# %&%1A)*# %# (*&4/%)'# $%# 1%/?$4'/3# +1)*&$'# 4(# <*1$'# %+'&x()+'#
/)A&)@+*.)8'#5*1*#*/#+)$*$%/=
português

O#)$%)*#$%#94%#'/#1%/?$4'/#$%/*5*1%+%(#'4#/v'#1%4.)");*$'/#$%/%&+'1*>*#'/#%/<'1t'/#
5*1*# 1%$4;)1# '# $%/5%1$?+)'# %# $%/%/.)(4"*# '# +4)$*$'# +'(# *# &*.41%;*3# +1)*&$'##
4(#)&+%&.)8'#5%18%1/'#5*1*#A%1*1#(*)/#1%/?$4'/=
148
 Redução de Emissões por Desmatamento
falsas soluções

e Degradação Florestal (REDD)

R(*#$*/#(4).*/#<4&tu%/#*(,)%&.*)/#$*/#-18'1%/#%#*1,4/.'/3#{#(%$)$*#94%#+1%/+%(3##
B#*#+*5.41*#$%#+*1,'&'=#f4*&$'#4(*#N'1%/.*#B#$%114,*$*3#%//%#+*1,'&'#B#"),%1*$'#
&*#<'1(*#$%#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#WH[\J3#$%#('$'#94%#'#$%/(*.*(%&.'#%#*#$%A1*$*tv'#
N'1%/.*"# )(54"/)'&*(# *# (4$*&t*# +")(-.)+*=# Q41*&.%# *# H[L# ^n3# 94%# <')# 1%*");*$*#
%(# a*")# %(# \]]j3# *# H'&8%&tv'Pf4*$1'# $*/# X*tu%/# R&)$*/# /',1%# *# Y4$*&t*##
$'#H")(*#1%+'&0%+%4#'#b!QQ#+'('#4(#)&/.14(%&.'#$%#+'(,*.%#{#(4$*&t*#$'#+")(*=#
_&<%");(%&.%3#%/.*#+'&+%5tv'#5)'1'4#*#/).4*tv'#%(#8%;#$%#(%"0'1-P"*=
[/# (%+*&)/('/# $%# b!QQ# &v'# .%&.*(# %8).*1# %()//u%/# '4# '# +1%/+)(%&.'##
$'# $%/(*.*(%&.'=# a*/)+*(%&.%3# '# ('$%"'# *"%A*# %().)1# (%&'/# H[\# $'# 94%#
'1)A)&*"(%&.%#.%1)*#/)$'#%().)$'#5%"'#$%/(*.*(%&.'=
!//*#)$%)*#"%8*#*#8-1)'/#51',"%(*/#$)<%1%&.%/I
^=#K"'1%/.*/#5*//*(#*#/%1#8)/.*/#*5%&*/#+'('#/4()$'41'/#$%#+*1,'&'3#&%A")A%&+)*&$'#
/4*/#'4.1*/#<4&tu%/#8).*)/#5*1*#'/#%+'//)/.%(*/#%#+4".41*/I#/%#4(*#-18'1%#/:#/%18%#5*1*#
português

*1(*;%&*1#+*1,'&'3#%&.v'#4(*#('&'+4".41*#N'1%/.*"#WN'1%/.*#5"*&.*$*#+'(#4(*#
6&)+*#%/5B+)%#$%#-18'1%3#$%/51'8)$*#$%#$)8%1/)$*$%J#5*//*1)*#*#/%1#5%1+%,)$*#+'('#.v'#
8*")'/*#94*&.'#4(*#N'1%/.*#()/.*#%#8)8*=#M:#94%#*#N'1%/.*#,)'$)8%1/*#+4(51%#(4).'#
150
falsas soluções
*"B(#$%#/%4#5*5%"#&'#+)+"'#$'#+*1,'&'3#B#)&$)/5%&/-8%"#5*1*#(*&.%1#*#,)'$)8%1/)$*$%#
$%#()+1''1A*&)/('/#%#/%1%/#4&)+%"4"*1%/3#<4&A'/3#5"*&.*/#%#*&)(*)/3#1%A4"*1#'/#N4D'/#
$%#-A4*3#A*1*&.)1#*#/*6$%#$'#/'"'3#%&.1%#'4.1'/=
\=# !(# (4).'/# +*/'/3# 51'>%.'/# $%# b!QQ# <*8'1%+%(# A1*&$%/# %(51%/*/# 5'"4)$'1*/##
%# %/5%+4"*$'1%/# @&*&+%)1'/3# 5')/# '# 8*"'1# $%# 4(*# N'1%/.*# B# +*"+4"*$'# $%# *+'1$'##
+'(#*#94*&.)$*$%#$%#+*1,'&'#*1(*;%&*$'=#R(#+'(51*$'1#$%#+1B$).'/#$%#+*1,'&'#
'<%1%+%# 4(*# +'(5%&/*tv'# %(# $)&0%)1'# 5*1*# 4(*# +'(4&)$*$%# w(4).*/# 8%;%/3#
+'(4&)$*$%/#)&$?A%&*/#'4#+'(4&)$*$%/#.1*$)+)'&*)/#A4*1$)v/#$%#N'1%/.*/w#5*1*#&v'#
$%/.14?1%(#/4*/#.%11*/=#O+'&.%+%#94%#%"%/#>-#&v'#5"*&%>*8*(#$%/.14)1#%#>-#%/.*8*(#
51%/%18*&$'=#!(#.1'+*3#'#+'(51*$'1#1%+%,%#")+%&t*/#$%#+*1,'&'#94%#5'$%(#/%1#4/*$*/#
5'1#5'"4)$'1%/#'4#+'('#*.)8'/#@&*&+%)1'/=#K1%94%&.%(%&.%3#*//)&*(#+'&.1*.'/#94%#
5'$%(#/%1#/%+1%.'/#'4#(%/('#%/+1).'/#%(#"?&A4*/#&v'#<*"*$*/#5%"*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#
%&8'"8)$*/#5'1#5%1?'$'/#$%#*.B#^]]#*&'/3#+'(#5'//),)")$*$%#$%#51'11'A*tv'=
português
n=#L1'>%.'/#$%#b!QQ#.1*&/<'1(*(#*/#1%"*tu%/#+4".41*)/#%&.1%#'/#5'8'/#%#*#&*.41%;*=#
!//%/#+'&.1*.'/#51)8*(#*/#+'(4&)$*$%/#$%#/4*/#1%"*tu%/#*&+%/.1*)/#+'(#*#(%$)+)&*#
%#'/#*")(%&.'/#$*#N'1%/.*3#/4*/#+*/*/#%#%/5)1).4*")$*$%#+'(#'#.%11).:1)'=#O"B(#$)//'3#
152
%//%/#5'$%(#A%1*1#4(#)&+%&.)8'#5%18%1/'#$%#51%//v'#5*1*#$%/(*.*1#>-#94%#'#%/94%(*#
$%5%&$%#$*#+1)*tv'#$%#1)/+'/#5*1*#'/#%+'//)/.%(*/=
`=#[/#+'&.1*.'/#$%#b!QQ#*8*")*(#*/#N'1%/.*/#%(#.%1('/#$%#+1B$).'/#$%#+*1,'&'3#
94%#/v'#4/*$'/#5%"'/#+'(51*$'1%/#+'('#4(*#+*1.*#,1*&+*#5*1*#+'&.)&4*1#5'"4)&$'=#
L'1#%D%(5"'3#4(*#%(51%/*#$%#5%.1:"%'#94%#+'(51*#4(#+%1.'#&6(%1'#$%#+1B$).'/##
$%#+*1,'&'#$%#4(*#N'1%/.*#51%/%18*$*#4/*&$'#(B.'$'/#.1*$)+)'&*)/#',.B(#U")+%&t*/3#
*4.'1);*tu%/#'4#+%1.)@+*tu%/V#5*1*#%().)1#4(*#94*&.)$*$%#$%#A*/%/#$%#%<%).'#%/.4<*#
%(#94*"94%1#"4A*1#$'#(4&$'=#L'1.*&.'3#@+*#+"*1'#94%#'#%/94%(*#b!QQ#&v'#*>4$*##
*#+'(,*.%1#*#(4$*&t*#+")(-.)+*#(*/3#&*#8%1$*$%3#+'&/.).4)#4(*#8)'"*tv'#$'/#$)1%).'/#
.%11).'1)*)/# $'/# 8%1$*$%)1'/# $'&'/# $*# N'1%/.*3# $*/# +'(4&)$*$%/# 94%# +4)$*(# $'/#
.%11).:1)'/3#94%#%&.%&$%(#*#+'&.1),4)tv'#%//%&+)*"#$'/#(*&A4%;*)/3#/%"8*/3#.41<%)1*/3#
N'1%/.*/#%#.'$'/#'/#/%1%/#)&.%1")A*$'/#&%//*#+'(5"%D*#.%)*#$*#8)$*#&*#T%11*=
p=# [/# 51'>%.'/# $%# b!QQ# 8)'"*(# '/# $)1%).'/# $*# &*.41%;*3# 5')/# *# ,)'$)8%1/)$*$%##
&v'#5'$%#/%1#1%+1)*$*#%(#N'1%/.*/#5"*&.*$*/#$%#('&'+4".41*/#$%#4(*#6&)+*#%/5B+)%3#
94%#.*(,B(#51'8'+*(#*#+'&.*()&*tv'#$*/#-A4*/=
153
 Jargões das
Mudanças Climáticas

154
 Acordo de Paris
jargões das mudanças climáticas

[#O+'1$'#$%#L*1)/#B#4(#.1*.*$'#&%A'+)*$'#/',#'/#*4/5?+)'/#$*#H'&8%&tv'Pf4*$1'#
$*/# X*tu%/# R&)$*/# /',1%# *# Y4$*&t*# $'# H")(*# WHfXRYHJ# w.*(,B(# +'&0%+)$*#
5%"*# /)A"*# RXKHHH3# $'# '1)A)&*"# %(# )&A"y/# /&-0*'$ 1%0-"&#$ 2.%(*3".4$ 5"&6*&0-"&$$
"&$5!-(%0*$57%&)*=
O# )(5"%(%&.*tv'# $'# O+'1$'# $%# L*1)/# .1*1-# A1*8%/# +'&/%94y&+)*/# 5*1*# '/# 5'8'/##
%#/%4/#.%11).:1)'/3#N'1%/.*/3#+")(*#%#*#51:51)*#T%11*I#%/.*,%"%+%#4(#(%1+*$'#A"',*"##
$%#+*1,'&'#%#*5'/.*#%(#<*"/*/#/'"4tu%/3#%/+*"*&$'#*#+1)/%#*#51'5'1tu%/#$%8*/.*$'1*/=
[# O+'1$'# *+*,*# +'(# '# 51)&+?5)'# $%# b%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/# H'(4&/3# (*/# Q)<%1%&+)*$*/#
WHaQbJ=#T'$*/#*/#/4*/#(%$)$*/#/v'#,*/%*$*/#&*#+''5%1*tv'#8'"4&.-1)*=#_(54"/)'&*#
51'>%.'/#+'('#b!QQ#%#'4.1*/#/'"4tu%/#<*"/*/=#!(#/4(*3#&v'#B#4(#.1*.*$'#5*1*#%&<1%&.*1#
*/#(4$*&t*/#+")(-.)+*/3#(*/#/)(#4(#*+'1$'#A"',*"#$%#+'(B1+)'#$%#+*1,'&'=#M4*/#
(%$)$*/#&%(#/%94%1#.%&.*(#(*&.%1#'#*94%+)(%&.'#$*#T%11*#*,*)D'#$'/#*4(%&.'/##
$%#.%(5%1*.41*#&%+%//-1)'/#5*1*#%8).*1#4(*#+*.-/.1'<%#+")(-.)+*#)11%8%1/?8%"=
O#)(5"%(%&.*tv'#$'#O+'1$'#$%#L*1)/#&4&+*#*,'1$*1-#*#+*4/*#$'#*94%+)(%&.'3#94%#
B#*#%D.1*tv'#%#94%)(*#$%#+'(,4/.?8%)/#<://%)/=#L'1#%/.*#1*;v'3#5%//'*/3#('8)(%&.'/#
%# '1A*&);*tu%/# $%8%(# $%&4&+)*1# %# +'&.)&4*1# 1%/)/.)&$'# *'# %D.1*.)8)/('# ()&%1*"3#
{# %D5*&/v'# $*# *A1)+4".41*# %# 5%+4-1)*# )&$4/.1)*"3# {# %D5*&/v'# 41,*&*# $%/'1$%&*$*##
%#$%/+'&.1'"*$*3#{/#)&<1*%/.14.41*/#)&/4/.%&.-8%)/#%#{/#<*"/*/#/'"4tu%/#+")(-.)+*/=
português

[#O+'1$'#$%#L*1)/#'5%1*#$%&.1'#$%#4(*#+'&/.14tv'#$%#+'&/%&/'#U<'1t*$'V#%(#$)1%tv'#
*# 4(*# .1*&/)tv'# 8%1$%# +%&.1*");*$*# %(# (%+*&)/('/# $%# (%1+*$'# w# '# 94%# *5%&*/#
*+%"%1*1-#'#+'"*5/'=
156
 Adaptação
jargões das mudanças climáticas

O$*5.*tv'#B#4(*#$*/#$4*/#5*"*81*/#+")(-.)+*/#P*#'4.1*#B#().)A*tv'P#94%#+'(%t'4#
*# /%1# *(5"*(%&.%# 4.)");*$*# 5%"*/# X*tu%/# R&)$*/# 5'1# 8'".*# $'/# *&'/# \]]]3##
5*1*# %8).*1# <*"*1# %(# 5'"?.)+*# 5%.1'"?<%1*3# +*5).*")/('# '4# %D.1*tv'# %# 94%)(*##
$%#+'(,4/.?8%)/#<://%)/=#
O# *$*5.*tv'3# +'('# ',>%.)8'# +")(-.)+'# )&.%1&*+)'&*"# '@+)*"3# /)A&)@+*# 51%5*1*1##
'#+*5).*")/('#5*1*#4(#+")(*#+*$*#8%;#(*)/#)(51%8)/?8%"#%#8'"-.)"=#T*"#+'('#*+'&.%+%#
+'(#*#().)A*tv'#W8%1#8%1,%.%J3#*#)$%)*#B#94%#'#+")(*#B#4(*#%/5B+)%#$%#U&*.41%;*V#
/%(# 1%"*tv'# +'(# *# U/'+)%$*$%V# 94%# /:# 5'$%# /%1# .'.*"(%&.%# +'(51%%&$)$'# 5'1#
português

+)%&.)/.*/# 51'@//)'&*)/=# L'1.*&.'3# '/# "?$%1%/# 5'"?.)+'/# +'&/4".*1v'# %//%/# +)%&.)/.*/#

/',1%# */# (%"0'1%/# (*&%)1*/# $%# *>4/.*1# *# /'+)%$*$%# {/# (4$*&t*/# +")(-.)+*/##
5*1*#94%#'#+*5).*")/('#$%5%&$%&.%#$'#5%.1:"%'#5'//*#+'&.)&4*1=
158
 Conferência das Partes (COP)
jargões das mudanças climáticas

O/# H'&<%1y&+)*/# $*/# L*1.%/# WH[L/J# /v'# */# /%//u%/# $%# .1*,*"0'# $'/# 5*?/%/P(%(,1'##
$*#H'&8%&tv'Pf4*$1'#$*/#X*tu%/#R&)$*/#/',1%#*#Y4$*&t*#$'#H")(*=#X%"*/3#+*$*#5*?/#
%&8)*#4(*#$%"%A*tv'#$%#<4&+)'&-1)'/#$'#A'8%1&'#'4#/%4/#1%51%/%&.*&.%/#94%#$%8%(#
*//4()1# */# .*1%<*/# $%+'11%&.%/# $'/# +'(51'()//'/# @1(*$'/# %# *+%).'/# 5%"*/# L*1.%/#
W'4#/%>*3#5%"'/#5*?/%/J=#_&<%");(%&.%3#*/#$%"%A*tu%/#$'/#5*?/%/#$'#X'1.%#F"',*"#/v'#
@&*&+)*$*/#5'1#+'15'1*tu%/#")A*$*/#*'/#/%.'1%/#5%.1'"?<%1'3#@&*&+%)1'#%#%&%1AB.)+'#
%3# 5'1.*&.'3# 1%51%/%&.*(# %//%/# )&.%1%//%/=# Q%# <'1(*# /)()"*13# (4).*/# 5%//'*/# 94%#
5*1.)+)5*(#+'('#<4&+)'&-1)'/#$%#A'8%1&'#,4/+*(#51'('8%1#/4*/#51:51)*/#*A%&$*/#
+'(%1+)*)/# &*+)'&*)/=# Q%/.%# ('$'3# */# H[L/# &v'# 1%51%/%&.*(# &%(# 51'('8%(##
'/#)&.%1%//%/#*(,)%&.*)/3#.*(5'4+'#1%+'&0%+%(#*/#+*4/*/#$*/#(4$*&t*/#+")(-.)+*/#
+'('# 4(# 51',"%(*# A"',*"=# !(# 8%;# $)//'3# )(5u%(# 5'"?.)+*/# $%# +*5).*")/('# 8%1$%##
%#+'(5%&/*tu%/#$%#+*1,'&'#5'1#(%)'#$%#"',,73#+'1145tv'#%#+'%1tv'=
O/# H[L/# /v'# /)(5"%/(%&.%# +654"*/# $%# &%A:+)'/=# X4&+*# /v'# $)/+4.)$*/# */# /'"4tu%/#
1%*)/#51'5'/.*/#5%"'/#5'8'/#%#&%(#*#&%+%//)$*$%#$%#(*&.%1#'#5%.1:"%'#&'#/4,/'"'=##
r# 5'1# )//'# 94%# $%/$%# */# 51)(%)1*/# &%A'+)*tu%/# '@+)*)/# /v'# 1%*");*$*/##
português

*/# /%//u%/# 5*1*"%"*/# $*# H654"*# $'/# L'8'/3# '&$%# */# 8?.)(*/# $%# $%/*/.1%/# +")(-.)+'/##
%# */# +'(4&)$*$%/# 94%# 1%/)/.%(# {/# <*"/*/# /'"4tu%/# %D51%//*(# /4*/# /'"4tu%/# 1%*)/##
5*1*#'#*94%+)(%&.'#A"',*"=
160
 Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas
jargões das mudanças climáticas

sobre Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC)

O# H'&8%&tv'Pf4*$1'# $*/# X*tu%/# R&)$*/# /',1%# *# Y4$*&t*# $'# H")(*# WHfXRYHJ#

w.*(,B(# +'&0%+)$*# 5%"*# /)A"*# RXKHHH3# $'# '1)A)&*"# %(# )&A"y/# /&-0*'$ 1%0-"&#$
2.%(*3".4$5"&6*&0-"&$"&$5!-(%0*$57%&)*w#B#4(#.1*.*$'#<4&$*(%&.*"#5*1*#*#1%/5'/.*#
5'"?.)+*#$'/#!/.*$'/#{#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*=#K')#*$'.*$'#%(#i#$%#(*)'#$%#^ii\#%(#X'8*#
Z'1d#%#%&.1'4#%(#8)A'1#$')/#*&'/#(*)/#.*1$%=#K')#('$)@+*$'#%(#^iij#+'(#*#*$)tv'##
$'# L1'.'+'"'# $%# f4)'.'3# 94%# "*&t'4# '@+)*"(%&.%# '/# (%+*&)/('/# $'# (%1+*$'##
$%#+*1,'&'=#O#H[L#B#'#:1Av'#'4#*4.'1)$*$%#/451%(*#$*#HfXRYH=
!(,'1*#/4*/#%(%&$*/#%#*$).*(%&.'/#,4/94%(#%/.*,%"%+%1#&'1(*/#(*)/#+'&.4&$%&.%/#
português

%# (%$)$*/# >41)$)+*(%&.%# 8)&+4"*.)8*/3# *# HfXRYH# &v'# .%(# +'11%/5'&$)$'# {/#

%D5%+.*.)8*/3#51)&+)5*"(%&.%#$%8)$'#{#+*5.41*#+'15'1*.)8*=#!(#8%;#$)//'3#.'1&'4P/%#
4(#%/5*t'#$%#&%A'+)*tv'#5*1*#,"'94%*1#%#*.1*/*1#*/#/'"4tu%/#+")(-.)+*/#41A%&.%/=
162
 Contribuições Nacionalmente
jargões das mudanças climáticas

Determinadas (NDCs)

O/#H'&.1),4)tu%/#X*+)'&*"(%&.%#Q%.%1()&*$*/#w+'&0%+)$*/#+'('#XQH/3#/)A"*#5*1*#
'# .%1('# %(# )&A"y/# 1%0-"&%!!8$ 9*0*.(-&*'$ 5"&0.-:+0-"&#w# /v'# '# +%&.1'# $'# O+'1$'##
$%#L*1)/#%#1%<%1%(P/%#*'/#/45'/.'/#%/<'1t'/#94%#'/#5*?/%/#/)A&*.-1)'/#+'(,)&*(#<*;%1#
5*1*#1%$4;)1#/4*/#%()//u%/#$%#A*/%/#$%#%<%).'#%/.4<*=
O/#XQH/#$%@&%(#*#")&0*#$%#,*/%#$%#+*$*#5*?/#&'/#%/94%(*/#A"',*)/#$%#+'(5%&/*tv'#
$%# +*1,'&'=# O/# .1*&/*tu%/# 4/*(# *# &'8*# (%1+*$'1)*# $'# (%1+*$'# +")(-.)+'3##
'/#Ub%/4".*$'/#$%#Y).)A*tv'#$%#T1*&/<%1y&+)*/#_&.%1&*+)'&*)/V#+'&0%+)$'/#5%"*#/)A"*#
_TY[/#W$'#)&A"y/3#;&0*.&%0-"&%!!8$<.%&#=*..*'$>-0-)%0-"&$?+0@"(*#J=#
K4&+)'&*# *//)(I# 4(# 5*?/# $'# M4"# F"',*"# 51'(%.%# &*# /4*# XQH# 94%# 1%$4;)1-# 4(#
$%.%1()&*$'# 5%1+%&.4*"# $%# %()//u%/3# (*/# 94%3# /%# 1%+%,%1# 4(*# U+'&.1),4)tv'#
%+'&x()+*V3#5'$%#1%$4;)1#(*)/=#_//'#)&+%&.)8*#'#5*?/#*#)&N*+)'&*1#/4*#/45'/.*#<4.41*#
%()//v'# )&+'&$)+)'&*"3# 5*1*# *4(%&.*1# *# $)<%1%&t*# %&.1%# %//*/# %()//u%/# %# *94%"*/#
+'&$)+)'&*$*/3# '4# /%>*3# */# 94%# $%5%&$%(# $%# $)&0%)1'=# !//*# $)<%1%&t*# B# 8%&$)$*##
&*#<'1(*#$%#_TY[/#%3#5'1.*&.'3#+'('#+'(5%&/*tu%/#$%#+*1,'&'#5*1*#'4.1'/#5*?/%/#
português

+'(#5"*&'/#$%#1%$4tv'#(%&'/#*(,)+)'/'/=
O/#XQH/#/v'#4(*#(%&.)1*#$)/<*1t*$*#$%#51'(%//*C#/v'#*/#&'8*/#+*1.%)1*/#$%#&%A:+)'/#
$'/#!/.*$'/#&*/#&%A'+)*tu%/#+")(-.)+*/=
164
 Mitigação
jargões das mudanças climáticas

H'('#U*$*5.*tv'V3#().)A*tv'#B#4(#.%1('#*(5"*(%&.%#4.)");*$'#5%"*/#X*tu%/#R&)$*/#
$%/$%#\]]]#5*1*#%8).*1#$)/+4.)1#*#5'"?.)+*#$'#5%.1:"%'3#$'#+*5).*")/('#%#$*#%D.1*tv'##
%#94%)(*#$%#+'(,4/.?8%)/#<://%)/=
H'('#',>%.)8'#'@+)*"#$*#5'"?.)+*#+")(-.)+*#%(#&?8%"#&*+)'&*"3#*#().)A*tv'#/)A&)@+*#
.%&.*1# .'1&*1# *# (4$*&t*# +")(-.)+*# U(%&'/# 14)(V=# O# )$%)*# B# 94%# '# +")(*# B# 4(*#
%/5B+)%# $%# U&*.41%;*V# /%(# 1%"*tv'# +'(# *# U/'+)%$*$%V# %# 94%# *5%&*/# +)%&.)/.*/#
51'@//)'&*)/#5'$%(#%&.%&$%1#+'(5"%.*(%&.%#'/#%<%).'/#$%#4(#%D+%//'#$%#('"B+4"*/##
$%# $):D)$'# $%# +*1,'&'# WH[\J# &*# *.('/<%1*=# L'1.*&.'3# *# (%"0'1# (*&%)1*# 5%"*# 94*"#
*/# %").%/# 5'"?.)+*/# 5'$%(# A*1*&.)1# 94%# *# (4$*&t*# +")(-.)+*# /%>*# U(%&'/# 14)(V##
português

B#+'&/4".*&$'#%//%/#%/5%+)*")/.*/#/',1%#*/#(*&%)1*/#(*)/#,*1*.*/#$%#1%$4;)1#'#%D+%//'##
$%# ('"B+4"*/# w%&94*&.'# +'&.)&4*# *# %D.1*)1# %# 94%)(*1# +'(,4/.?8%)/# <://%)/##
%#*#$%<%&$%1#'#+*5).*")/('=
166
 Orçamento de carbono
jargões das mudanças climáticas

[# .%1('# U'1t*(%&.'# $%# +*1,'&'V# %&.1'4# &'# "BD)+'# $'/# +)%&.)/.*/3# %+'&'()/.*/##
%#A'8%1&'/#&*#$B+*$*#$%#^ii]=#r#4(*#$*/#51)&+)5*)/#%D51%//u%/#4/*$*/#&'#>*1Av'##
$*#(4$*&t*#+")(-.)+*=
O# 51%()//*# /4,>*+%&.%# B# 94%# *# (4$*&t*# +")(-.)+*# B# 4(# 51',"%(*# +*4/*$'# 5%"*#
()A1*tv'#$%#('"B+4"*/#$%#$):D)$'#$%#+*1,'&'#WH[\J#5*1*#'#"4A*1#%11*$'I#*#*.('/<%1*=#
Q%#*+'1$'#+'(#%//*#":A)+*3#*#(%"0'1#(*&%)1*#$%#%&<1%&.*1#*#(4$*&t*#+")(-.)+*#&v'#
B# +'(,*.%1# '# +*5).*")/('# ('8)$'# 5%"*# 94%)(*# $%# +'(,4/.?8%)/# <://%)/3# (*/# /)(#
$%.%1# %//*# ()A1*tv'# $%# H[\=# [# +'&+%).'# $%# 4(# '1t*(%&.'# $%# +*1,'&'# /4A%1%# 94%##
'/# (%(,1'/# $*# [XR# $%8%(# +0%A*1# *# 4(# *+'1$'# /',1%# *# 94*&.)$*$%# (-D)(*# $%#
H[\#94%#/%1-#5%1().)$*#*.)&A)1#*#*.('/<%1*#5*1*3#+'(#,*/%#&%//%#U'1t*(%&.'#A"',*"##
português

$%#+*1,'&'V3#$%+)$)1#94*&.'#1%/.*#%#94%(#.%1-#5%1()//v'#5*1*#4/-P"'=#O#)$%)*#+'&.)&4*#
*//)(I# 94*&$'# '# .*"# '1t*(%&.'# *+*,*13# '/# "?$%1%/# (4&$)*)/# @&*"(%&.%# )&.%18)1v'##
5*1*#)(5%$)1#94%#(*)/#('"B+4"*/#$%#H[\#+0%A4%(#{#*.('/<%1*=
168
 Responsabilidade Comum,
jargões das mudanças climáticas

mas Diferenciada (CBDR)

O# b%/5'&/*,)")$*$%# H'(4(3# (*/# Q)<%1%&+)*$*# w.*(,B(# +'&0%+)$*# 5%"*# /)A"*# HaQb3#
$'# '1)A)&*"# %(# )&A"y/# 5"(("&$ A+0$ 9-B*.*&0-%0*'$ C*#,"&#-:-!-08w# 1%<%1%P/%# *# 4(# $'/#
51)&+?5)'/# *$'.*$'/# 5%"*# H'&8%&tv'Pf4*$1'# $*/# X*tu%/# R&)$*/# /',1%# *# Y4$*&t*# $'#
H")(*#$%#^ii\3#94%#*.1),4)#*#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%#5%"*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*#*'/#5*?/%/#$'#X'1.%#
F"',*"=#X%//*#8)/v'3#'#X'1.%#F"',*"#.%(#*#',1)A*tv'#$%#51'('8%1#*A%&$*/3#51'A1*(*/##
%#.'(*1#$%+)/u%/#5*1*#%&<1%&.*1#*#(4$*&t*#$'#+")(*=
[# +'&+%).'# /)A&)@+*# 94%# '/# 5*?/%/# $'# M4"# F"',*"3# %(,'1*# &v'# /%>*(# 1%/5'&/-8%)/#
5%"'# 51',"%(*3# 5'$%(# *>4$*1# *# *(%&);*1# *# +1)/%# +")(-.)+*# $%# *+'1$'# +'(# /4*/#
1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#$)<%1%&+)*$*/=
!(# '4.1*/# 5*"*81*/3# '/# 5*?/%/# 94%# X|[# +*4/*1*(# *# +1)/%# +")(-.)+*# %# /v'# '/# (*)/#
84"&%1-8%)/# #*'/# $%/*/.1%/# +")(-.)+'/# /v'# +'(5%")$'/# w$%# <'1(*# )(5%1)*")/.*3# 1*+)/.*##
%#+'"'&)*"w#*#*//4()1#5*5B)/#%#<4&tu%/#%(I
*J# 4(*# %/.14.41*# $%# 8%&$*/# $%# /%18)t'/3# +'(%1+)*");*tv'# $%# %+'//)/.%(*/##
%#@&*&+%)1);*tv'#$*#X*.41%;*C#
,J#5"*&'/#5*1*#<*"/*/#/'"4tu%/#+")(-.)+*/3#%#
+J# 4(# /)/.%(*# $%# @&*&+)*(%&.'# +")(-.)+'# +'(# 8-1)*/# +'&$)+)'&*")$*$%/3# $?8)$*/##
%#)&8%/.)(%&.'/#&%+%//-1)'/=
O94%"%/#5*?/%/#+4>*#0)/.:1)*#%#('$%"'#%+'&x()+'#+*4/*1*(#*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*#+0*&.*A%*1*(#
'#1%/.'#$'#(4&$'3#$%+"*1*&$'#94%#/:#*//4()1v'#*#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%#5*1*#%/.%#$%/*/.1%#/%#
'/#'4.1'/#5*?/%/#*+%).*1%(#/4*/#U1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#+'(4&/3#(*/#$)<%1%&+)*$*/V3#)(5'&$'#
português

/%4/#&%A:+)'/#U8%1$%/V#%#%+'&'()*#,*/%*$*#%(#+'(5%&/*tu%/#*#.'$'/#'/#'4.1'/=
O#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%#$'#X'1.%#F"',*"#)&+"4)#1%+'&0%+%1#/4*#$?8)$*#+")(-.)+*#+'(#'#M4"#w#
94%#$%8%#/%1#5*A*#)(%$)*.*(%&.%=
170
 Vulnerabilidade
jargões das mudanças climáticas

O# 84"&%1*,)")$*$%# {/# (4$*&t*/# +")(-.)+*/# B# )&.%&+)'&*"(%&.%# $%@&)$*# 4/*&$'#

<:1(4"*/# %# &6(%1'/# 94%# %8).*(# )&+'15'1*1# 8)'"*tu%/# $%# $)1%).'/# 04(*&'/3#
$%/)A4*"$*$%/# '4# )(5*+.'/# $*/# )&$6/.1)*/# %D.1*.)8)/.*/# +'('# <*.'1%/P+0*8%##
&'# *A1*8*(%&.'# $%//*# +'&$)tv'=# H'(4&)$*$%/# *'# 1%$'1# $'# (4&$'# +*11%A*(#
'/# )(5*+.'/# &v'# *5%&*/# $*/# (4$*&t*/# +")(-.)+*/3# (*/# .*(,B(# $*/# *.)8)$*$%/#
%D.1*.)8)/.*/# ()&%1*)/# %# 5'"4%&.%/# 94%# /%# >4/.)@+*(# +'('# U&%+%//-1)*/V##
5*1*#'#+1%/+)(%&.'#%+'&x()+'=
O/#+'(4&)$*$%/#%(5',1%+)$*/3#$%/5'>*$*/#$%#/4*/#.%11*/3#.%11).:1)'/#%#$)1%).'/#5%"'#
/)/.%(*# +*5).*")/.*3# %D.1*.)8)/.*# %# 5*.1)*1+*"3# /v'# */# (*)/# 84"&%1-8%)/# #{/# (4$*&t*/#
português

+")(-.)+*/=#X'#%&.*&.'3#/v'#%"*/#94%#A4*1$*(#*/#/'"4tu%/#1%*)/#5*1*#*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*=
[/# +'&+%).'/# $%# 84"&%1*,)")$*$%# %# 1)/+'# $%8%(# /%1# 1%$%@&)$'/# %# 1%//)A&)@+*$'/3##
$%#*+'1$'#+'(#'/#51)&+?5)'/#$*#>4/.)t*#+")(-.)+*#A"',*"=
172
 Estratégias
Corporativas
e Estatais
174
 Captura corporativa
estratégias corporativas e estatais

e cumplicidade governamental

O/# +'15'1*tu%/# .1*,*"0*(# $%"),%1*$*# %# )&.%&+)'&*"(%&.%# 5*1*# A*1*&.)1# 94%##

*/#$%+)/u%/#.'(*$*/#%(#%/5*t'/#1%A4"*.:1)'/#&*+)'&*)/#%#(4".)"*.%1*)/#/%>*(#<%).*/#
5*1*# 51'.%A%1# /%4/# )&.%1%//%/3# 5%1().)&$'# *.)8)$*$%/# 5'"4)$'1*/# %# *//%A41*&$'##
'#N4D'#+'&/.*&.%#$%#"4+1'/=
Q*#(%/(*#<'1(*3#'/#!/.*$'/#%#'/#.'(*$'1%/#$%#$%+)/v'#.y(#)&.%1%//%#%(#51'.%A%1#
'/# )&8%/.)(%&.'/# $%# %(51%/*/# 51)8*$*/# %# .1*&/&*+)'&*)/3# (%$)$'/# 5'1# )&$)+*$'1%/#
(*+1'%+'&x()+'/=# !"%/# .*(,B(# .y(# )&.%1%//%# %(# $%<%&$%1# /%4/# 51:51)'/# A*&0'/#
@&*&+%)1'/3# $%1)8*$'# $*#U8)*,)")$*$%V# $%#U*.)8)$*$%/# %+'&x()+*/V# 94%# 51%>4$)+*(##
*/#5%//'*/#%#'#(%)'#*(,)%&.%=
O#+4(5")+)$*$%#$'#A'8%1&'#+'(#*/#+'15'1*tu%/#1%N%.%#*#<*".*#$%#8'&.*$%#5'"?.)+*#5*1*#
%<%.4*1#(4$*&t*/#51'<4&$*/3#,%(#+'('#'/#)&.%1%//%/#(%/94)&0'/#$%#%&1)94%+)(%&.'#
5%//'*"# *# 94%# <4&+)'&-1)'/# $'# A'8%1&'# %/.v'# *+'/.4(*$'/=# !(# (4).'/# +*/'/3##
*# U+4(5")+)$*$%# $'# A'8%1&'V# B# 4(# .%1('# (*)/# *51'51)*$'# $'# 94%# U+*5.41*#
+'15'1*.)8*V3# 5*1*# %8).*1# 5*//*1# 4(*# (%&/*A%(# 1'(z&.)+*# '4# 5*.%1&*")/.*# /',1%##
'#A'8%1&'#%(#%D%1+?+)'=
_&<%");(%&.%3# %/5*t'/# (4".)"*.%1*)/# +'('# */# X*tu%/# R&)$*/# <'1*(# +''5.*$'/#
português

5'1# +'15'1*tu%/=# _//'# 5%1().)4# 94%# */# +1)/%/# $%# +")(*3# *")(%&.*tv'3# 0*,).*tv'3#
/*&%*(%&.'# %# /*6$%# /%# .'1&*//%(# 94%/.u%/# $%# &%A:+)'/3# %(# 8%;# $%# %(%1Ay&+)*/##
*#/%1%(#1%/'"8)$*/#)(%$)*.*(%&.%=
176
 Direito ao desenvolvimento
estratégias corporativas e estatais

!&94*&.'# */# $)<%1%&t*/# %&.1%# '# X'1.%# F"',*"# %# '# M4"# F"',*"# <'1%(# $%/+1).*/# +'('#
$)<%1%&t*/#%&.1%#5*?/%/#U$%/%&8'"8)$'/V#%#U%(#$%/%&8'"8)(%&.'V3#*/#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#
0)/.:1)+*/# %# $)<%1%&+)*$*/# 5%"*# +1)/%# +")(-.)+*# %&.1%# '/# $')/# A145'/# %&8'"8%1v'#
'# +'&+%).'# $%# U$)1%).'# *'# $%/%&8'"8)(%&.'V# $'# 94*"# '# M4"# %/.-# /%&$'# 51)8*$'=##
X'#%&.*&.'3#%//%#U$)1%).'V#B#<1%94%&.%(%&.%#4/*$'#5*1*#>4/.)@+*1#5'"?.)+*/#%+'":A)+*/##
/'+)*"(%&.%#$%/*/.1'/*/=
X'#94%#$);#1%/5%).'#*'#+")(*3#%//%#/45'/.'#U$)1%).'#*'#$%/%&8'"8)(%&.'V#B#4/*$'#5*1*#
%8).*1# *tu%/# $%+)/)8*/# 5*1*# %&<1%&.*1# */# +*4/*/# $'# *94%+)(%&.'# A"',*"=# [/# 5*?/%/#
português

U%(#$%/%&8'"8)(%&.'V#%/.v'#*A4%&.*&$'#4(#%D.1*.)8)/('#)&.%&/'#%(#&'(%#$%//%#
U$)1%).'V3#%&94*&.'#*#+'&.1*$)tv'#<4&$*(%&.*"#%&.1%#'#$%/%&8'"8)(%&.'#+*5).*")/.*##
%#*#8)$*#94%#"%8'4#{#*.4*"#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*#B#)A&'1*$*=
178
 Economia verde
estratégias corporativas e estatais

O#U%+'&'()*#8%1$%V#/%#%/<'1t*#5*1*#1%)&8%&.*1#'#+*5).*")/('#$)*&.%#$*/#%8)$y&+)*/##
$%# &'//*/# +1)/%/# 5"*&%.-1)*/# %# /'+)*)/=# b%5%.%# *# <*"/*# )$%)*# $%# $%/%&8'"8)(%&.'#
/4/.%&.-8%"=# O@1(*# 94%# B# 5'//?8%"# (*&.%1# '# 1).('# %# *# ":A)+*# $'# +1%/+)(%&.'#
%+'&x()+'# )&@&).'# w4(*# @"'/'@*# 94%# >-# *51'<4&$'4# */# +*4/*/# %# '/# )(5*+.'/# $'#
+'"*5/'# +")(-.)+'=# R.)");*# %/.1*.BA)*/# $%# (*1d%.)&A# +'('# A1%%&o*/0)&A3# %+'&'()*#
+)1+4"*13#,)'%+'&'()*3#MaX3#%&.1%#'4.1*/=#_//'3#5'1#/4*#8%;3#"%8*#*#5'"?.)+*/#)&>4/.*/#
5*1*#*/#+'(4&)$*$%/=
português

180
 Maquiagem verde
estratégias corporativas e estatais

Y*94)*A%(# 8%1$%# B# *# <*"/*# U%+'"'A);*tv'V# $*# (%1+*&.)");*tv'# $*# 8)$*=##

r#4(*#%/.1*.BA)*#1%.:1)+*#94%#<%.)+0);*#*/#(%1+*$'1)*/#+'('#U8%1$%/V#w%/+'&$%&$'##
'/#)(5*+.'/#*(,)%&.*)/#%D.%1&*");*$'/#$'#%D.1*.)8)/('#51%$*.:1)'#%#$*#*+4(4"*tv'#
5'1# $%/*51'51)*tv'# 94%# +*1*+.%1);*(# '/# ,%&/# 51'$4;)$'/# /',# '# +*5).*")/('=##
O# (*94)*A%(# 8%1$%# +'&/)/.%# %(# 51'('8%1# 51'5*A*&$*# %&A*&'/*# 5*1*# +'&8%&+%1#
'# 56,")+'# *# +'(51*1# 51'$4.'/# /45'/.*(%&.%# %+'":A)+'/=# H'&0%+)$*# .*(,B(#
+'('#U).**&3%#7-&)V# '4# %+',1*&94%*(%&.'3# B# )A4*"(%&.%# 4/*$*# &*# <'1(4"*tv'##
$%#5'"?.)+*/#94%#51'('8%(#/'"4tu%/#<*"/*/=
português

182
 Segurança jurídica para investimentos
estratégias corporativas e estatais

O#M%A41*&t*#G41?$)+*#5*1*#_&8%/.)(%&.'/#B#4(#+'&>4&.'#$%#1%A4"*(%&.*tu%/#&*+)'&*)/#
%# )&.%1&*+)'&*)/# <%).*/# 5*1*# U*.1*)1V# +'15'1*tu%/# .1*&/&*+)'&*)/# %# )&8%/.)$'1%/#
&*+)'&*)/# 5*1*# $%.%1()&*$'/# 5*?/%/# '4# "'+*)/# %# A*1*&.)1# "4+1'# $%# "'&A'# 51*;'##
5*1*#/4*/#'5%1*tu%/=
m)/.'1)+*(%&.%3# %//*/# 1%A4"*(%&.*tu%/# /%(51%# <'1*(# )(5'/.*/# ,41"*&$'##
%# (*&)54"*&$'# 51'+%//'/# $%('+1-.)+'/# %# *&4"*&$'# */# +'&/.).4)tu%/# &*+)'&*)/#
+'&.1*# *# 8'&.*$%# $'# 5'8'=# !"%/# .y(# %&<1%&.*$'# 1%/)/.y&+)*# <%).*# 5'1# '1A*&);*tu%/##
$%#.1*,*"0*$'1%/3#+'(4&)$*$%/#+*(5'&%/*/3#A145'/#)&$?A%&*/#%#'4.1'/=
!//%/#1%A4"*(%&.'/#$%5%&$%(#$%#/*+1)@+*1#'/#$)1%).'/#$*/#5%//'*/#'4#$%#$%/<*;%1#
*/# 51'.%tu%/# *(,)%&.*)/=# L1'('8%(# %(51%A'/# &v'# $%+"*1*$'/3# 5%1$*# $'# $)1%).'#
{# +'&/4".*# 51B8)*# %# (4$*&t*/# $%/.14.)8*/# &'# 4/'# $*# .%11*3# *"B(# $%# /4,/?$)'/##
%# *4.'1);*tu%/# 5*1*# /'&%A*tv'# $%# )(5'/.'/# %(# .'1&'# $%# *.)8)$*$%/##
)&$4/.1)*)/#%#%D.1*.)8*/=
L'1#%D%(5"'3#(4).'/#5*?/%/#5'$%1)*(#%/.*1#$*&$'#A1*&$%/#5*//'/#%(#$)1%tv'#*#4(*#
.1*&/)tv'# %&%1AB.)+*# >4/.*=# X'# %&.*&.'3# */# +'15'1*tu%/# %/.v'# +'"'+*&$'# ',/.-+4"'/#
português

&'# +*()&0'# $%# .*)/# (%$)$*/3# 4/*&$'# *# /%A41*&t*# >41?$)+*# 5*1*# )&8%/.)(%&.'/#
5*1*# 51'+%//*1# .*)/# 5*?/%/# %(# .1),4&*)/# $%# *1,).1*A%(# )&.%1&*+)'&*)/# 5'1# ()"0u%/##
%(#+'(5%&/*tv'#5'1#0)5'.B.)+'/#U"4+1'/#5%1$)$'/V=
184
 Propostas
e Soluções
dos Povos
186
 Agroecologia
propostas e soluções dos povos

O#*A1'%+'"'A)*#B#4(*#+)y&+)*3#4(#+'&>4&.'#$%#/*,%1%/3#4(#('8)(%&.'#%#4(*#51-D)/#
94%# *5")+*# '# +'&0%+)(%&.'# %+'":A)+'# &*/# -1%*/# $%# 51'$4tv'# *A1?+'"*3# 5%+4-1)*3#
N'1%/.*"#%#&*#51'$4tv'#$%#*")(%&.'/=#Y*&.B(#4(*#1%"*tv'#%/.1%).*3#1%/5%).'/*#%#%(#
0*1('&)*# +'(# *# X*.41%;*3# )&+'15'1*&$'# /*6$%# %(# .'$'# '# %+'//)/.%(*3# +'(B1+)'#
>4/.'3# 1%$%/# <'1.*"%+)$*/# %# 8*"'1# *A1%A*$'=# !(# /4*# 8%1/v'# &v'# *&.1'5'+y&.1)+*3##
*# *A1'%+'"'A)*# 1%51%/%&.*# 4(*# *".%1&*.)8*# $%# 1%A%&%1*tv'# %# +41*# $%# .%11*/##
%#.%)*/#$%#8)$*=
português

188
 Desperdício zero
propostas e soluções dos povos

[#L*)&%"#_&.%1A'8%1&*(%&.*"#/',1%#Y4$*&t*/#H")(-.)+*/#1%+'&0%+%#'/#51'A1*(*/#94%#
1%$4;%(3#1%4.)");*(#%#1%+)+"*(#'#")D'#(4&)+)5*"#+'('#%@+*;%/#%#$%#*".'#)(5*+.'#5*1*#
1%$4;)1#*/#%()//u%/#$%#A*/%/#$%#%<%).'#%/.4<*=
[# 51)&+?5)'# <4&$*(%&.*"# $*/# /'"4tu%/# $%# $%/5%1$?+)'# ;%1'# B# 1%.'1&*1# $%# <'1(*#
/%A41*#{#&*.41%;*#'4#{#/'+)%$*$%#.4$'#'#94%#51'$4;)('/#%#+'&/4()('/=#L1%+)/*('/#
*$'.*1# 51)&+?5)'/# $%# +'&/%18*tv'# $%# (*.%1)*"3# 1%$4tv'# $%# 1%/?$4'/# .:D)+'/3# *+%//'##
%#$)/.1),4)tv'#%94).*.)8*#$%#1%+41/'/#5*1*#*.)&A)1#*#(%.*#$'#O+'1$'#$%#L*1)/#$%#(*&.%1#
'#*94%+)(%&.'#A"',*"#*,*)D'#$%#^3p}H=#O"B(#$)//'3#%//*/#/'"4tu%/3#)&+"4)&$'#1%$4tv'#
$%# 1%/?$4'/3# 1%$%/%&0'3# +'(5'/.*A%(3# ,)'A-/3# 1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%# $'# 51'$4.'13#
.1*&/<'1(*tv'#$%#0-,).'/#$%#+'&/4('3#%(5'$%1*(%&.'#+'(4&).-1)'#%#1%+)+"*A%(#
5'$%1)*(# /%1# )(5"%(%&.*$'/# 0'>%# 4/*&$'# )&'8*tu%/# %D)/.%&.%/# P# +'(# 1%/4".*$'/#
)(%$)*.'/=#b%+)+"*$'1%/#$%#,*/%3#<'1(4"*$'1%/#$%#5'"?.)+*/#%#51'@//)'&*)/#)&'8*$'1%/#
>-#$%('&/.1*1*(#94%#'#$%/5%1$?+)'#;%1'#B#4(*#%/.1*.BA)*#8)-8%"=
português

G4&.*/3#%//*/#%/.1*.BA)*/#51-.)+*/#$%#,*)D'#5*1*#+)(*#<'1&%+%(#*"A4(*/#$*/#(%"0'1%/#
/'"4tu%/# $%/+%&.1*");*$*/# 41,*&*/# 5*1*# 1%$4;)1# *# 5'"4)tv'# +")(-.)+*# %# *51%/%&.*(#
%&'1(%/#'5'1.4&)$*$%/#5*1*#'#$%/%&8'"8)(%&.'#$%#%+'&'()*/#"'+*)/#8),1*&.%/=
190
 Decrescimento
propostas e soluções dos povos

[# $%+1%/+)(%&.'3# +'&+%).'# '1)A)&-1)'# &*# !41'5*3# 1%<%1%P/%# {# 1%$4tv'# $'# +'&/4('##

%# 51'$4tv'# +'(# '# ',>%.)8'# $%# (%"0'1*1# '# ,%(P%/.*1# 04(*&'3# */# +'&$)tu%/#
%+'":A)+*/#%#*#%94)$*$%#%(#.'$'#'#(4&$'3#>4&.*(%&.%#+'(#'#,%(P%/.*1#$*#X*.41%;*##
%#/%4/#1%+41/'/=
português

192
 Deixar os combustíveis fósseis
propostas e soluções dos povos

no subsolo

[#*5%"'#5*1*#(*&.%1#'/#+'(,4/.?8%)/#<://%)/#&'#/'"'#W'4#U$%)D*1#'#5%.1:"%'#&'#/'"'~VJ#
5*1*#%&<1%&.*1#*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*#B#)&/5)1*$*#&*#1%/)/.y&+)*#"'+*"#%#"4.*/#+'&.1*#*#%D.1*tv'#
$%#5%.1:"%'3#*#@(#$%#51'.%A%1#.%11*/3#.%11).:1)'/#%#5'8'/#$*#5'"4)tv'#%#$%/*51'51)*tv'=
[# +'&+%).'# <')# )&.1'$4;)$'# 5%"*# 51)(%)1*# 8%;# &'# +%&-1)'# A"',*"# 5%"'# ',/%18*.:1)'#
[)"o*.+0#_&.%1&*.)'&*"#%(#\]]`3#$41*&.%#*#H[L#^]#%(#a4%&'/#O)1%/=#Q%/$%#%&.v'3#
$%;%&*/# $%# '1A*&);*tu%/# %# ('8)(%&.'/# /'+)*)/# %(# .'$'# '# (4&$'# *,1*t*1*(##
*# )$%)*3# +'&/+)%&.);*&$'# 94%# *# (*&%)1*# (*)/# 51-.)+*3# +'&+1%.*# %# (%&/41-8%"##
$%# 1%.*1$*1# '# *94%+)(%&.'# A"',*"# B# +'1.-P"'# &*# <'&.%I# *# %D.1*tv'# %# '# +'&/4('##
$%#A-/3#5%.1:"%'#%#+*18v'=
português

!//*# %/.1*.BA)*# +'&.1*/.*# &).)$*(%&.%# +'(# */# <*"/*/# /'"4tu%/# 94%# /%# @1(*1*(# %(#
&%A'+)*tu%/# +")(-.)+*/# )&.%1&*+)'&*)/# &*/# 6".)(*/# $B+*$*/3# ,4/+*&$'# 5%15%.4*1##
*#$%5%&$y&+)*#$'#5%.1:"%'=
194
 Gestão comunitária dos territórios
propostas e soluções dos povos

[# .%1('# 1%<%1%P/%# {# A%/.v'# %# +4)$*$'# 94%# */# 1%$%/# +'(4&).-1)*/# 51'5'1+)'&*(#

5*1*#/4/.%&.*1#*#8)$*3#*#.%11*#%#'/#,%&/#+'(4&/3#%(#1%"*tu%/#$%#)&.%1$%5%&$y&+)*##
%&.1%# */# 5%//'*/# %# *#T%11*=# O/# +'(4&)$*$%/# .y(# /*,%$'1)*# /',1%# /%4/# .%11).:1)'/I#
+'&0%+%(# /4*/# &%+%//)$*$%/# %# )(5"%(%&.*(# .%+&'"'A)*/# 94%# A%1*(# /'"4tu%/#
1%*)/# 5*1*# +4)$*$'/# /4/.%&.-8%)/3# 1%A%&%1*tv'3# 1%5*1'# %# +1%/+)(%&.'=# !//%# B# 4(#
*.'#$%#1%/)/.y&+)*#94%#8*)#*"B(#$%#+'&/%18*1#'/#W(*"#1'.4"*$'/J#U1%+41/'/#&*.41*)/V##
%#%+'//)/.%(*/3#*,1*&A%&$'#1%"*tu%/#51'<4&$*/3#$)A&*/#%#+1)*.)8*/#+'(#*#X*.41%;*#
5*1*#51%/%18*1#*#8)$*#&*#T%11*=
português

196
 Litígio sobre mudanças climáticas
propostas e soluções dos povos

Q%5')/#$%#(*)/#$%#$4*/#$B+*$*/#$%#*.1*/'3#)&%@+-+)*3#$%/+4"5*/3#+*5.41*#+'15'1*.)8*#
%# )&.%1<%1y&+)*# 5'"?.)+*3# >4&.*(%&.%# +'(# '# <1*+*//'# $*/# &%A'+)*tu%/# +")(-.)+*/#
)&.%1&*+)'&*)/3#'#").?A)'#+")(-.)+'#'<%1%+%#4(#+*()&0'#*".%1&*.)8'=#T%(#'#5'.%&+)*"##
$%# <'1t*1# )&$6/.1)*/# 5'"4)$'1*/# *# +%//*1# /4*/# '5%1*tu%/3# <'1&%+%1# 1%5*1*tu%/# 5'1#
$*&'/# %# /*"8*A4*1$*1# '/# $)1%).'/# $%# +'(4&)$*$%/# 84"&%1-8%)/# w%(# 4(# +41.'##
%/5*t'#$%#.%(5'=
!//*# %/.1*.BA)*# *)&$*# %/.-# %(# $%/%&8'"8)(%&.'3# .%(# >41)/514$y&+)*# ")().*$*##
%# 0-# ")().%/# *'# /%4# 5'$%1# &*# A1*&$%# (*)'1)*# $'/# 5*?/%/=# O5%/*1# $)//'3# &*# 6".)(*#
$B+*$*3#.)8%('/#+*/'/#,%(P/4+%$)$'/#$%#").?A)'/#+")(-.)+'/#%(#.'$'#'#(4&$'=#L%//'*/##
português

%# '1A*&);*tu%/# 5'$%(# 4/-P"'# +'('# 4(*# <%11*(%&.*# 5*1*# 1%/5'&/*,)");*1# A1*&$%/#

5'"4)$'1%/# P# .*&.'# +'15'1*tu%/# %# A'8%1&'/# w%# %D)A)1# /*"8*A4*1$*/# 5*1*# '/# $)1%).'/##
$%#+'(4&)$*$%/#84"&%1-8%)/###%#8?.)(*/#$'#%D.1*.)8)/('#51%$*.:1)'=
198
 Perdas e danos e reparação abrangente
propostas e soluções dos povos

O# H'&8%&tv'Pf4*$1'# $*/# X*tu%/# R&)$*/# /',1%# *# Y4$*&t*# $'# H")(*# 4/*# '# .%1('#
U5%1$*/# %# $*&'/V# 5*1*# /%# 1%<%1)1# *'/# $*&'/# +*4/*$'/# 5%"*/# (4$*&t*/# $'# +")(*=##
X'#%&.*&.'3#'/#5*?/%/#(*)/#1%/5'&/-8%)/#5%"'#*94%+)(%&.'#A"',*"#%#'/#(*)/#*<%.*$'/#
5%"*#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*#/%(51%#$)/+'1$*1*(#/',1%#*#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%#%#*#+'(5%&/*tv'#
$%8)$*#5'1#.*)/#$*&'/=
m'>%# %(# $)*3# */# &%A'+)*tu%/# /',1%# 5%1$*/# %# $*&'/# /%# +'&+%&.1*(# &*# 5%/94)/*##
$%#)(5*+.'/#%#$)-"'A'/#/',1%#U@&*&+)*(%&.'V#%(#8%;#$%#1%+'&0%+)(%&.'#%#1%/.).4)tv'#
$*#$?8)$*#+")(-.)+*=
Q%&.1'# $*# %/.14.41*# $%# >4/.)t*# +")(-.)+*3# 5%1$*/# %# $*&'/# $%8%(# /%1# 4(# 51'+%//'##
$%# U1%5*1*tu%/# *,1*&A%&.%/V# 94%# )&+"4*# )&$%&);*tv'3# 1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%# +)8)"##
%#+1)()&*"3#*//)(#+'('#1%/.*41*tv'#$'/#$)1%).'/#$'/#/%1%/#04(*&'/#%#$*#X*.41%;*=##
português

_/.'# .1*;# >4/.)t*# 5*1*# */# 8?.)(*/# %3# (*)/# )(5'1.*&.%3# A*1*&.%# 94%# .*)/# $*&'/##
&v'#/%#1%5).*(=#O$%(*)/3#$%8%#/%1#51'.%A)$'#$%#51'5'/.*/#94%#*4(%&.%(#*#$?8)$*3#
*$)+)'&%(#+'&$)+)'&*")$*$%/#'4#51'('8*(#<*"/*/#/'"4tu%/#+")(-.)+*/=
200
 Soberania energética
propostas e soluções dos povos

!//*# *,'1$*A%(# 8*)# *"B(# $'# /)(5"%/# *+%//'# {# %&%1A)*3# %/.*,%"%+%&$'# '# $)1%).'##
{# %&%1A)*# +'('# 4(# ,%(# +'(4(# %# +'(5'&%&.%P+0*8%# $%# 4(*# 8)$*# $)A&*=##
O# /',%1*&)*# %&%1AB.)+*# %&8'"8%# *# .'(*$*# $%# $%+)/v'# +'(5*1.)"0*$*##
%# *# )(5"%(%&.*tv'# +'(4&).-1)*# $%# 51'>%.'/# 5*1*# A%1*tv'3# $)/.1),4)tv'# %# +'&.1'"%##
$%#%&%1A)*#94%#1%/5%).*(#'/#+)+"'/#%+'":A)+'/#$*#&*.41%;*=#r#4(#('$%"'#$%#51'$4tv'#
%#$)/.1),4)tv'#>4/.*#$%#%&%1A)*3#+'(#%94)$*$%#&'#+'&.1'"%3#4/'#%#%<%).'/#$*#%&%1A)*#
51'$4;)$*3#1%+'&@A41*&$'#/4*#%/+*"*3#51'51)%$*$%3#4/'#%#A%/.v'=
H%&.1*");*1# &'/# )&.%1%//%/# +'(4&).-1)'/# %# &*# "4.*# 5%"*# *4.'&'()*# %# *4.'A%/.v'#
.*(,B(# /)A&)@+*# 1%/)/.)1# *# A1*&$%/# 51'>%.'/# $%#U$%/%&8'"8)(%&.'V3# 1%)8)&$)+*&$'#
*# $?8)$*# 5*//*$*# %# <4.41*# $%# .*)/# 51'>%.'/3# %# $%&4&+)*&$'# '# /)/.%(*# *.4*"##
português

94%# $%/%&+*$%)*# )&<1*%/.14.41*# $%# %&%1A)*# ('8)$*# *# +'(,4/.?8%)/# <://%)/# 5*1*#

U*")(%&.*1V# '/# )&.%1%//%/# $'# 5'$%1# 5'"?.)+'3# %+'&x()+'# %# $%# +'&.1'"%# $*# &*.41%;*##
94%#%/.v'#"%8*&$'#*'#+'"*5/'#A"',*"=
202
 Soberania alimentar e autonomia
propostas e soluções dos povos

O# /',%1*&)*# *")(%&.*1# B# 4(# +'&+%).'# +4&0*$'# 5%"*# s)*# H*(5%/)&*# %# $)/+4.)$'##

&*#H654"*#Y4&$)*"#$%#O")(%&.*tv'#$%#^iik=#L'/.4"*#94%#'/#5'8'/3#5*?/%/#%#A145'/#
$%#5*?/%/#.y(#'#$)1%).'#$%#$%.%1()&*1#/4*/#51:51)*/#5'"?.)+*/#*")(%&.*1%/#%#*A1?+'"*/=#
L1)'1);*#*#51'$4tv'#*A1?+'"*#94%#*")(%&.*#*/#5%//'*/C#'#*+%//'#{#.%11*3#{/#/%(%&.%/#
%# *'/# %(51B/.)('/C# '# +'&/4('# 1%/5'&/-8%"# %# )&<'1(*$'C# '# 1%/5%).'# 5%"'# .1*,*"0'#
$'/# *A1)+4".'1%/C# %# 51%t'/# >4/.'/# 5*1*# 4(*# 51'$4tv'# /4/.%&.-8%"=# T*(,B(# )&+"4)#
+'&.1'"%/# %# 51'.%tu%/# 5*1*# +*(5'&%/%/# +'&.1*# )(5'1.*tu%/# *A1?+'"*/# %# *")(%&.'/#
*1.)@+)*"(%&.%#,*1*.'/3#+'&+'11y&+)*#$%/"%*"#%#$4(5)&A=
O#*4.'&'()*#*")(%&.*1#1%+'&0%+%#94%3#*"B(#$*#/',%1*&)*#*")(%&.*13#%D)/.%(#$)8%1/'/#
5'&.'/# $%# 8)/.*3# *4.'$%.%1()&*tv'# %# ('$%"'/# $%# A%/.v'# %&.1%# */# +'(4&)$*$%/#
português

+*(5'&%/*/#%#+'(4&)$*$%/#$%#+'&/4()$'1%/=#O#&'tv'#%/.-#$%#*+'1$'#+'(#*/#5'"?.)+*/#
+'(4&*)/# 94%# .1*&/+%&$%(# *# $%5%&$y&+)*# $'/# !/.*$'/P&*tv'3# %/5%+)*"(%&.%##
%(#<*+%#$*#+''5.*tv'#%#/4,'1$)&*tv'#$'/#A'8%1&'/#5%"*/#+'15'1*tu%/#$'#*A1'&%A:+)'=
204
 Transição energética justa
propostas e soluções dos povos

e centrada nas pessoas

R(*#.1*&/)tv'#%&%1AB.)+*#>4/.*#%#+%&.1*$*#&*/#5%//'*/#B#4(#51'+%//'#$%#(4$*&t*##
$'#*.4*"#/)/.%(*#%&%1AB.)+'#w%3#5'1.*&.'3#$'#/)/.%(*#+*5).*")/.*w#5*1*#4(#/)/.%(*#
94%# 5'//*# /%1# +'&/)$%1*$'# $'/# 5'8'/# %# 5*1*# '/# 5'8'/=# M)A&)@+*# *# .1*&/<'1(*tv'#
,*/%*$*# &*# .'(*$*# $%# $%+)/v'# +'"%.)8*# %# $%('+1-.)+*3# 5%1().)&$'# (4$*&t*/##
&*#<'1(*#+'('#*#%&%1A)*#B#51'$4;)$*#%#+'&/4()$*3#5*1*#/45%1*1#*/#+1)/%/#%&%1AB.)+*##
%#+")(-.)+*#94%#+'(5u%(#&'//*#+1)/%#/)/.y()+*#A"',*"=
R(*# .1*&/)tv'# %&%1AB.)+*# >4/.*# %# +%&.1*$*# &*/# 5%//'*/# ,4/+*# +'&/.14)1# 4(# &'8'#
/)/.%(*#%&%1AB.)+'#&'#94*"#*#%&%1A)*#B#+'&/)$%1*$*#4(#$)1%).'#%#4(#,%(#+'(4(#
94%#*.%&$*#{/#%&%1AB.)+*/#$%(*&$*/#$*/#5%//'*/#+'(#$)A&)$*$%#%#)&+"4/v'#/'+)*"3#
%(# 0*1('&)*# +'(# *# X*.41%;*=# Q%# 4(*# 5%1/5%+.)8*# /'+)'%+'":A)+*# %# 5'"?.)+*3##
*,'1$*# *# +'&+%&.1*tv'# $%# 51'51)%$*$%3# 1)94%;*# %# 5'$%1# $*/# <'&.%/# $%# %&%1A)*3#
*51'8%).*&$'# '# 5'.%&+)*"# $*# %&%1A)*# ")(5*# %# %+'":A)+*# %(# &?8%"# "'+*"=# L1'+41*#
%/.*,%"%+%1# 4(# /)/.%(*# %&%1AB.)+'# ,*/%*$'# &*# /',%1*&)*# %&%1AB.)+*3# )&+"4)&$'##
*# %")()&*tv'# $'# +'&/4('# $%# +'(,4/.?8%)/# <://%)/3# *# $%/+'"'&);*tv'3##
*#$%/+%&.1*");*tv'3#*#$%/(%1+*&.)");*tv'3#*#$%/5*.1)*1+*");*tv'#%#*#$%/(*.%1)*");*tv'=#
português

[/# $)1%).'/# $'/# 5'8'/# %# .%11).:1)'/# %# '/# $)1%).'/# $*# Yv%# T%11*# /v'# ,*/%*$'/# %(#
51)&+?5)'/# $%# %&%1A)*# +'(4&*"3# +'&/.14)&$'# 4(*# &'8*# +4".41*# $%# %&%1A)*3##
+'(#B.)+*#%#>4/.)t*#/'+)'*(,)%&.*"=
206
 english

208
 Introduction

_&#1%+%&.#7%*1/3#+")(*.%#+0*&A%#0*/#,%+'(%#*&#)&%/+*5*,"%#.'5)+#'<#$)/+4//)'&#*('&A# T'#*)$#4&$%1/.*&$)&A#*&$#+'&+1%.%#*+.)'&P.*d)&A#,7#+'((4&).)%/#*&$#'1A*&);*.)'&/3#
&*.)'&*"# *&$# (4".)&*.)'&*"# %&.).)%/# )&# .0%# 54,")+# *&$# 51)8*.%# /%+.'1/=# T0%7# 0*8%# .0%# E*.)&# O(%1)+*&# *&$# H*1),,%*&# L"*.<'1(# <'1# H")(*.%# G4/.)+%# 0*/# 51%5*1%$# .0)/#
$%8%"'5%$# +'0%/)8%# 10%.'1)+# .'# 5%1/4*$%# *# /'+)%.7)&+1%*/)&A"7# *€%+.%$# ,7# .0%# 1"+(#$-)456$+.-);"&66#'/#&'o#)&#7'41#0*&$/=#T0)/#F"'//*17#)/#$)8)$%$#)&.'#@8%#/%+.)'&/#
)(5*+./#'<#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/.0*.#.0%7#*1%#*+.)&A#$%+)/)8%"7#.'#*$$1%//#.0)/#/).4*.)'&= 1%"*.)&A# .'# )J# H")(*.%# >4/.)+%I# 0'o# /'+)*"# ('8%(%&./# o'1"$o)$%# 0*8%# $%8%"'5%$#
.0%)1#'o&#&*11*.)8%/#*,'4.#.0%#+1)/)/#)&#.0%#<*+%#'<#)&/.).4.)'&*"#&*11*.)8%/C#))J#K*"/%#
T0)/# 10%.'1)+# )/# ',/+41%# <'1# .0'/%# 4&<*()")*1# o).0# /+)%&.)@+# "*&A4*A%# '1# .0%# )&&%1#
/'"4.)'&/I#.0%#.''"/#*&$#(%+0*&)/(/#.0*.#/%18%#.'#$)/.1*+.#<1'(#o0*.#o%#1%*""7#&%%$#
o'1d)&A/#'<#)&.%1&*.)'&*"#&%A'.)*.)'&/=#O&$#).#)/#,*/%$#'&#.%+0&)+*"#.%1()&'"'A7#.0*.#
.'#.1*&/<'1(#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/C#)))J#H")(*.%#+0*&A%#>*1A'&I#.0%#.%+0&)+*"#.%1()&'"'A7#
'<.%&#/%18%/#.'#+'&<4/%#.0%#"*75%1/'&/#4&$%1/.*&$)&A#'<#.0%#)//4%*&$#.0%1%<'1%3#
(%&.)'&%$#*,'8%C#)8J#M.1*.%A)%/#'<#+'15'1*.)'&/#*&$#/.*.%/I#0'o#,)A#5'""4.%1/#/%%d#.'#
'<#0'o#,%/.#.'#*$$1%//#).=
%8*$%#.0%)1#1%/5'&/),)").)%/#*&$#d%%5#5'""4.)&A#4/)&A#<*"/%#/'"4.)'&/C#*&$#8J#L%'5"%/#
_&# +")(*.%# &%A'.)*.)'&/3# .0%# *551'*+0# 0*/# ,%%&# .'# 1%$4+%# .0%# 51',"%(I# <1'(# .0%# 51'5'/*"/#*&$#/'"4.)'&/I#.'#,4)"$#+'""%+.)8%#0'5%=
/'+)'%+'&'()+#('$%"#.0*.#A'8%1&/#")<%#'&#.0%#5"*&%.3#.'#*#/)(5"%#(*..%1#'<#('"%+4"%/#
l%#*1%#*o*1%#.0*.#.0)/#@1/.#%€'1.#)/#&'.#%D0*4/.)8%=#a4.#.01'4A0#).3#o%#/%%d#.'#,1'*$%&#
)&#.0%#*.('/50%1%=#_&#'.0%1#o'1$/3#.0%#<'+4/#)/#'&#.0%#+'&/%94%&+%/#'<#+)8)");*.)'&/#
'41#8)%o5')&./3#+'&.1),4.%#.'#4&(*/d)&A#<*"/%#/'"4.)'&/3#*&$3#*,'8%#*""3#4&$%1/.*&$#
+1)/)/#)&/.%*$#'<#)./#1''./=#H'&<1'&.)&A#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/#)/#*#+'(5"%D#+0*""%&A%#o0%1%#
*&$#*(5")<7#51'5'/*"/#<'1#+")(*.%#>4/.)+%=
(*&7# 8*1)%$# )&.%1%/./3# $7&*()+/3# <*+.'1/3# *&$# *+.'1/# +'&8%1A%=# R/)&A# .0)/# %D+4/%3##
english

*#075%1P/5%+)*");%$#"%D)+'&#0*/#*1)/%&#.'#',<4/+*.%#.0%#5'//),)").)%/#'<#+'""%+.)8%#*+.)'&#
<'1#.0%#41A%&.#.1*&/<'1(*.)'&/#.0%#+411%&.#('(%&.#$%(*&$/=
210 211
 Climate Justice
Change the system, not the climate

212
 Climate collapse / climate crisis
climate justice

T0%#+")(*.%#0*/#*"o*7/#+0*&A%$=#m'o%8%13#('$%1&#*&.01'5'A%&)+#*+.)8).73#1''.%$#
)&# <'//)"P<4%"P,*/%$# %&%1A7# +'&/4(5.)'&3# 0*/# +*4/%$# .0%# +'""*5/%# '<# .0%# !*1.0/#
/7/.%("%*$)&A# .'# /4$$%&3# *++%"%1*.%$3# *&$# 4&<'1%/%%&# +0*&A%/# )&# .0%# +")(*.%##
$4%#.'#A"',*"#o*1()&A=
T0)/#&'.)'&#'<#+'""*5/%S+1)/)/#1%<%1/#.'#.0%#4&/4/.*)&*,)").7#'<#04(*&#*&$#&'&04(*&#
")<%#'&#!*1.0#$4%#.'#.0%#$'()&*&.#5*.1)*1+0*"3#1*+)/.3#*&.01'5'+%&.1)+3#*&$1'+%&.1)+3#
/5%+)%/)/.# *&$# +'"'&)*"# '1A*&);*.)'&# '<# ('$%1&# /'+)*"# /.14+.41%/3# .'# .0%# $%.1)(%&.#
'<# ,)'$)8%1/).73# o*.%13# /')"3# *&$# '.0%1# %"%(%&./# '<# &*.41%=# _&# 1%+%&.# 7%*1/3##
.0)/# 0*/# *++%"%1*.%$# *&$# *€%+.%$# %+'"'A)+*"# +7+"%/3# "%*$)&A# .'# +0*&A%/##
)&#%+'/7/.%(/#/'(%#)11%8%1/),"%=
T0%/%#(4".)5"%3#")&d%$#+1)/%/%+'&'()+3#0%*".03#5'").)+*"3#*&$#+*1%3#*('&A#(*&7#
english

'.0%1/0%)A0.%&# .0%# &%%$# <'1# *&# *551'*+0# .'# ")<%# .0*.# 1%'1A*&);%/3# 1%A%&%1*.%/3#
1%5*)1/3#*&$#0%*"/#.0%#,'&$/#,%.o%%&#04(*&).7#*&$#X*.41%#.'#0*".#.0%#+'""*5/%=
214
 Ecological debt and climate debt
climate justice

!+'"'A)+*"#$%,.#)/#.0%#$%,.#.0*.#+'4&.1)%/#'<#.0%#X'1.0#'o%#.0%#5%'5"%#*&$#+'4&.1)%/#
'<# .0%# M'4.0=# L*7)&A# ).# )/# .0%# X'1.0/# $4.7# .'# '41# 5"*&%.3# .'# +'&<1'&.# )./# A1*$4*"#
$%/.14+.)'&#.01'4A0#51'$4+.)'&#*&$#+'&/4(5.)'&#/7/.%(/=#T0)/#$%,.#+*&#,%#.1*+%$#
,*+d#.'#+'"'&)*"#.)(%/#*&$#+'&.)&4%/#A1'o)&A#.'#.0)/#$*7=
O+./#'<#5"4&$%1)&A3#4/4<14+.3#$%/.14+.)'&3#$%8*/.*.)'&#W')"#*&$#()&)&A#%D.1*+.)8)/(#
'<# <'1%/./# *&$# ,)'$)8%1/).7J3# *&$# 5'""4.)'&# '<# X*.41%# )&+41# 5*1.# '<# .0)/# $%,.=##
R&<*)1# %+'"'A)+*"# %D+0*&A%# 0*/# )&+"4$%$# A''$/# <'1# %D5'1.# 51)(*1)"7# 1*o#
(*.%1)*"/##,%)&A#51'$4+%$#o).0'4.#1%A*1$#<'1#/'+)*"#*&$#%&8)1'&(%&.*"#$*(*A%C#
.0%<.# '<# )&.%""%+.4*"# 51'5%1.7# *&$# *&+%/.1*"# d&'o"%$A%# '<# /%%$/# *&$# 5"*&./C##
.0%#$%A1*$*.)'&#'<#"*&$3#/')"3#o*.%13#*&$#*)1#,7#('&'+4".41%#5"*&.*.)'&/C#.0%#$4(5)&A#
'<#14,,)/0#*&$#.'D)+#o*/.%#)&#‚T0)1$#l'1"$#+'4&.1)%/C#*&$#'.0%1#*/5%+./#'<#A"',*"#*&$#
)&$4/.1)*"#+*5).*")/(=#O/#*#1%/4".3#"'+*"#+'((4&).)%/#<''$#/'8%1%)A&.73#o*7/#'<#")<%3#
*&$#")8%")0''$/#*1%#)&#>%'5*1$7=
H")(*.%# $%,.# )/# 5*1.# '<# %+'"'A)+*"# $%,.=# H")(*.%# $%,.# 1%<%1/# .'# .0%# )""%A).)(*.%#
*551'51)*.)'&#'<#.0%#*.('/50%1%#*&$#.0%#!*1.0/#+*5*+).7#.'#*,/'1,#H[\#%()//)'&/#
<1'(# $)/51'5'1.)'&*.%# <'//)"# <4%"# %D.1*+.)'&# *&$# +'(,4/.)'&=# O)1# 5'""4.)'&##
english

)/#.0%#51)(*17#+*4/%#'<#.0%#A1%%&0'4/%#%€%+.#*&$#.0%#1%/4".)&A#+")(*.%#+1)/)/3#o0)+0#
*€%+./#.0%#('/.#84"&%1*,"%#5%'5"%/#'<#.0%#M'4.0=
216
 Environmental racism
climate justice

O".0'4A0#%8%17#5%1/'&#)/#*€%+.%$#,7#%D.1%(%#+")(*.%#%8%&./3#&'.#%8%17#)&$)8)$4*"#0*/#
.0%#*,)").7#.'#<*+%#*&$#'8%1+'(%#.0%(#o).0#.0%#/*(%#%*/%=
m)/.'1)+*""7#%D5"').%$#&*.)'&/3#$)/+1)()&*.%$#*A*)&/.#*&$#%D+"4$%$#,7#/'+)'P%+'&'()+#
/.14+.41%/# <*8'1)&A# *# /(*""# &4(,%1# '<# %").%/# WA%&%1*""7# o0).%# 5%'5"%J3# 0*8%# ,%%&#
/0'o&#.'#,%#%D+%//)8%"7#84"&%1*,"%#*/#.0%7#*1%#',")A%$#.'#")8%#)&#0)A0P1)/d#*1%*/#*&$#
0*8%#<%o%1#@&*&+)*"#1%/'41+%/=#O.#.0%#/*(%#.)(%3#$)/*/.%1#*)$#*&$#$)/*/.%1#1%+'8%17#
5'")+)%/# *1%# 4&%8%&"7# $)/.1),4.%$3# ,%&%@.)&A# 1)+0# o0).%# +'((4&).)%/# '8%1# a"*+d3#
english

_&$)A%&'4/3#5%*/*&.3#*&$#o'1d%1#+'((4&).)%/3#*('&A#'.0%1/=#!&8)1'&(%&.*"#1*+)/(#
1%8%*"/#*&$#5%15%.4*.%/#.0%#"%A*+7#'<#+'"'&)*")/(=
218
 Global South / Global North
climate justice

T0%#.%1(#UF"',*"#M'4.0V#)/#,%+'()&A#)&+1%*/)&A"7#+'(('&=#Z%.#).#)/#'<.%&#4/%$#)&#*#
+'&.1*$)+.'17#*&$#+'&<4/)&A#(*&&%1=#K'1#%D*(5"%3#).#)/#/'(%.)(%/#4/%$#%D+"4/)8%"7##
.'#1%<%1#.'#*#(%1%"7#A%'A1*50)+#M'4.0#'1#.'#1%5"*+%#.0%#.%1(#‚$%8%"'5)&A#+'4&.1)%/=#
[.0%1# .)(%/3# ).# *""4$%/# .'# .0%# ('/.# 84"&%1*,"%# +'((4&).)%/3# 1%A*1$"%//# '<# .0%)1#
A%'A1*507=# T0%1%<'1%3# ).# )/# )(5'1.*&.# .'# $%8%"'5# *# $%@&).)'&# .0*.# 0%"5/# ,4)"$##
.0%#&*11*.)8%#<'1#/7/.%()+#+0*&A%=
T0%1%#)/#.0%#1)/d#.0*.#.0%#.%1(#)./%"<#(*7#,%#4/%$#.'#,"41#*&$#',/+41%#)&%94*").)%/##
*&$#)&>4/.)+%/#o).0)&#.0%#+'4&.1)%/#'<#.0%#F"',*"#M'4.0=#T0%#+'&+%5.#+*&&'.#,%#*""'o%$#
.'# 1%<%1# .'# '")A*1+0/3# ,4/)&%//5%'5"%3# "*&$'o&%1/3# (*&*A%1/3# *&$# 1%51%/%&.*.)8%/##
'<#.1*&/&*.)'&*"#+'15'1*.)'&/#<1'(#UM'4.0%1&V#'1#U$%8%"'5)&AV#+'4&.1)%/=
_&/.%*$3# ‚F"',*"# M'4.0# /0'4"$# 1%<%1# .'# *J# "'+*"# +'((4&).)%/3# _&$)A%&'4/# A1'45/3#
5%*/*&./3#*&$#.%11).'1)*"#'1A*&);*.)'&/#.0*.#*1%#8)+.)(/#'<#.0%#)(5*+./#'<#+*5).*")/(3#
5*.1)*1+073# +'"'&)*")/(3# /.14+.41*"# 8)'"%&+%3# *&$# %D.1*+.)8)/.# $%8%"'5(%&.# 5'")+7C#
*&$#,J#84"&%1*,"%#5'54"*.)'&/#$)/5"*+%$3#/*+1)@+%$3#5'""4.%$3#5'").)+*""7#5%1/%+4.%$3#
)&.)()$*.%$3# *&$# .01%*.%&%$# ,7# +'15'1*.)'&/3# .0%# @&*&+)*"# /7/.%(3# *&$# M.*.%/=#
T0%1%<'1%3# .0)/# $%@&).)'&# %&+'(5*//%/# F"',*"# M'4.0# +'((4&).)%/# )&# .0%# R=M=##
*&$#!41'5%#.0*.#%D5%1)%&+%#.0%/%#+'&$).)'&/#*/#o%""=
[&#.0%#'.0%1#0*&$3#‚F"',*"#X'1.0#/0'4"$#1%<%1#.'#M.*.%/3#.%11).'1)*"#,'1$%1#)&/.).4.)'&/3#
+'15'1*.)'&/3# %").%/3# '")A*1+0)+# *A1),4/)&%//%/3# *&$# @&*&+)*"# )&/.).4.)'&/# */# o%""# */#
)&$)8)$4*"/#*&$#%&.).)%/#.0*.#<*+)").*.%#*&$S'1#51'@.#<1'(#.0%#%D5"').*.)'&3#5"4&$%1)&A3#
english

*&$# 0'*1$)&A# '<# o%*".0=# T0)/# $%@&).)'&# %&+'(5*//%/# F"',*"# X'1.0# %&.).)%/# .0*.#
0*55%&#.'#,%#507/)+*""7#"'+*.%$#)&#M'4.0%1&#+'4&.1)%/=
220
 Historical responsibility /
climate justice

responsibility of big polluters

O# 0*&$<4"# '<# %&.).)%/# 4&$'4,.%$"7# 0'"$# 0)/.'1)+*"# 1%/5'&/),)").7# <'1# .0%# +")(*.%#
+1)/)/=# Q)/+4//)'&/# )&# (4".)"*.%1*"# &%A'.)*.)'&/# '&# .0)/# .'5)+# 0*8%# +%&.%1%$# /'"%"7#
'&# .0%# 1%/5'&/),)").)%/# '<# M.*.%/3# <'+4/)&A# '&# .0%# 0)/.'1)+*"# 1%/5'&/),)").7# '<# .0%#
('/.# $%8%"'5%$# +'4&.1)%/=# T0%# R=M=# "%*$/# .0)/# ")/.3# <'""'o%$# ,7# !41'5%# *&$# '.0%1#
)&$4/.1)*");%$# &*.)'&/=#T0%/%# +'4&.1)%/# 0*8%# %D5"').%$# <'//)"# <4%"/# .'# $%8%"'5# .0%)1#
)&$4/.173#%/.*,")/0#+'"'&)*"#1%"*.)'&/3#+'&.1'"#1%/'41+%#*++%//3#*&$#A%&%1*.%#51'@.=
m'o%8%13# .'# *8')$# '8%1/)(5")<7)&A3# .0)/# *&*"7/)/# (4/.# *"/'# +'&/)$%1# )&%94*").)%/#
*&$# )&%94).)%/# o).0)&# %*+0# M.*.%=#T04/3# $)/+4//)'&# '<# 0)/.'1)+*"# 1%/5'&/),)").7# (4/.#
+'&/)$%1# .0%# %&'1('4/# 51'@./# .0*.# 54,")+# *&$# 51)8*.%# .1*&/&*.)'&*"# +'15'1*.)'&/3#
'")A*1+0)%/3# *&$# @&*&+)*"# %").%/# 0*8%# %&>'7%$3# */# o%""# */# .0%# 1%/5'&/),)").7##
'<#5'").)+*"#*+.'1/#*&$#$%+)/)'&P(*d%1/#o0'#0*8%#*""'o%$#*&$#+'&+%*"%$#$)/5'//%//)'&3#
$%/.14+.)'&# '<# X*.41%3# *&$# 8)'"*.)'&/# '<# 1)A0./3# ,4)"$)&A# *# /7/.%(# '<# )(54&).7=##
O.#.0%#/*(%#.)(%3#+")(*.%#$%,.#(4/.#&'.#,%#*/+1),%$#.'#_&$)A%&'4/#+'((4&).)%/3#
english

o'1d%1/3#'1#$)/5'//%//%$#()A1*&./=#O&$#.0%1%#*1%#%").%/#)&#.0%#M'4.0#o0'/%#)(5%1)*")/.#
/.*&+%#+'&.1),4.%/#.'#A"',*"#o*1()&A=
222
 Internally Displaced People (IDPs)
climate justice

and climate refugees

Y'1%# *&$# ('1%# 5%'5"%# *1%# ,%)&A# <'1+%$# .'# ()A1*.%# $4%# .'# $)/*/.%1/# '1# /4$$%&#
+")(*.%#+0*&A%=#L%'5"%#$)/5"*+%$#o).0)&#.0%)1#+'4&.17#W)&.%1&*""7#$)/5"*+%$#5%'5"%3#
'1#_QL/J3#5%'5"%#$)/5"*+%$#%D.%1&*""7#W1%<4A%%/J3#*&$#/.*.%"%//#5%'5"%#W.0'/%#o).0'4.#
+).);%&/0)5#)&#*&7#+'4&.17J#*1%#A1'o)&A#)&#&4(,%1=
O""# *1'4&$# .0%# A"',%3# 5%'5"%# *1%# %D5%1)%&+)&A# .0%# %€%+./# '<# .0%# +")(*.%# +1)/)/##
W")d%# ('&/''&/3# "*&$/")$%/3# $1'4A0.3# N''$)&A3# *&$# 0411)+*&%/J=# a4.# .0%# )(5*+./##
*1%# $)/51'5'1.)'&*.%# )&# 84"&%1*,"%# +'4&.1)%/3# +'4&.1)%/# )&# +'&N)+.3# '1# +'4&.1)%/##
o0%1%# ,)A# 5'""4.%1/# 0'"$# )(5'1.*&.# %+'"'A)+*"# '1# /'+)*"# $%,./=# T0%/%# +'4&.1)%/##
1%94)1%#A1%*.%1#/455'1.=
english

_&# /).4*.)'&/# '<# 84"&%1*,)").73# $)/5"*+%(%&.3# *&$# <'1+%$# ()A1*.)'&3# %"$%1/3# o'(%&3#
*&$#+0)"$1%&#*1%#('/.#*€%+.%$=
224
 Just transition for and by the people
climate justice

G4/.# .1*&/).)'&# )/# *&# %8%1P+0*&A)&A# *&$# $)/54.%$# +'&+%5.3# .*d)&A# $)€%1%&.# <'1(/#
<1'(# )./# '1)A)&/# )&# "*,'41# 4&)'&/# .'# .0%# 51%/%&.=# Y*&7# (4".)"*.%1*"# '1A*&);*.)'&/3#
+'15'1*.)'&/3# *&$# M.*.%/# 0*8%# ,%A4&# .'# 4/%# .0%# .%1(# $%(*A'A)+*""7# .'# $)/A4)/%#
<*"/%#/'"4.)'&/#'1#>4/.)<7#.0%#+'&.)&4*.)'&#'<#*#$%8%"'5(%&.#('$%"#.0*.#)/#"%*$)&A#
4/# )&%D'1*,"7# .'o*1$# %+'"'A)+*"# +'""*5/%=# G4/.# .1*&/).)'&# (4/.# &'.# ,%# +'&<4/%$#
o).0# *# /455'/%$#‚1)A0.# .'# $%8%"'5(%&.# W/%%# ,%"'oJ# '1# 4/%$# .'# *8')$# *# 51'<'4&$#
.1*&/<'1(*.)'&#'<#/'+)%.7#*&$#.0%#%+'&'(7=
K1'(#*#+")(*.%#>4/.)+%#5%1/5%+.)8%3#*#>4/.#.1*&/).)'&#(4/.#+%&.%1#51'.%+.)'&#'<#*&$#
>4/.)+%# <'1# X*.41%# *&$# <'1# +'((4&).)%/# *&$# 5%'5"%/# 0)/.'1)+*""7# *€%+.%$# ,7# .0%#
english

8)'"%&.#5'").)+/#'<#%D.1*+.)8)/.#$%8%"'5(%&.=#G4/.#.1*&/).)'&#)/#.0%#5*.0#o%#.*d%#.'o*1$#
51'<'4&$#/7/.%()+#+0*&A%#<'1#*&$#,7#5%'5"%#*&$#X*.41%=
226
 Systemic change
climate justice

T0%# '8%1o0%"()&A# %8)$%&+%# '<# .0%# )(5*+.# '<# +")(*.%# +0*&A%# +'&@1(/##
.0%#/.14+.41*"#+*4/%/#'<#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/#,%7'&$#$'4,.=#H*5).*")/(#*/#*&#%+'&'()+##
*&$#'1A*&);*.)'&*"#/7/.%(3#A"',*"#*&$#)&/.).4.)'&*");%$3#.0*.#/%%d/#%+'&'()+#A1'o.0#
*&$#o%*".0#+'&+%&.1*.)'&#*/#)./#'&"7#',>%+.)8%)/#$%/.1'7)&A#")<%#'&#!*1.0=
_<#o%#*1%#.'#*$$1%//#.0%#/.14+.41*"#+*4/%/#'<#+")(*.%#+0*&A%3#o%#(4/.#/%%d#/7/.%()+#
+0*&A%=#T0'4A0#o%#(*7#&'.#7%.#+"%*1"7#/%%#.0%#$%.*)"/#'<#o0*.#.0)/#(%*&/3#o%#d&'o#
o%#&%%$#*#.1*&/).)'&#.0*.#1%/.14+.41%/#'41#('$%"/#'<#/'+)*"#'1A*&);*.)'&#*&$#1%/.'1%/#
0*1('&7#o).0#X*.41%3#o0)"%#*$8*&+)&A#/'+)*"#>4/.)+%#*&$#%94).7=
M4+0# /7/.%()+# +0*&A%# (4/.# %1*$)+*.%# +*5).*")/(# *&$# )./# 5'o%1# 1%"*.)'&/3# */# o%""#
*/# %D.1*+.)8)/(3# 5*.1)*1+073# 1*+)/(3# +'"'&)*")/(3# /5%+)%/)/(3# *&$# +"*//)/(=# _.# (4/.#
54.#.0%#+'(('&3#.0%#+'""%+.)8%3#.0%#+'((4&*"3#+*1%3#*&$#o%,/#'<#")<%#*.#.0%#+'1%#
'<# /'+)'P%+'&'()+# '1A*&);*.)'&3# $)/.1),4.)&A# o%*".0# %94*""73# +'&/4()&A# '&"7#
o0*./# &%+%//*173# *&$# 51'8)$)&A# *# <4"@"")&A# ")<%%/5%+)*""7# .'# .0'/%# 0)/.'1)+*""7#
(*1A)&*");%$3# $)/5"*+%$3# *&$# )(5*+.%$# ,7# .0%# /7/.%(# '<# o%*".0# *++4(4"*.)'&=##
english

T0)/# &%o# ('$%"# (4/.# 1%/5%+.# .0%# 04(*&# 1)A0./# '<# _&$)A%&'4/# *&$# *&+%/.1*"#
+'((4&).)%/3#o'(%&3#5%*/*&./3#*&$#o'1d%1/3#*/#o%""#*/#.0%#1)A0./#'<#X*.41%=
228
 False Solutions

230
 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture
false solutions

and Storage (BECCS)

a!HHM# +'&/)/./# '<# @1/.# 51'$4+)&A# %&%1A7# ,7# (%*&/# '<# ,41&)&A# ,)'(*//# *.# *# "*1A%#
/+*"%3#*&$#.0%&3#o).0#.0%#0%"5#'<#)&$4/.1)*"#(*+0)&%173#%")()&*.)&A#.0%#%D+%//#H[\#
<1'(#.0%#*.('/50%1%=
T0)/# 51'5'/*"# )&+"4$%/# +*1,'&# +*5.41%# *&$# /.'1*A%3# o0)+0# /%%d/# .'# 4/%# 04A%#
$%8)+%/# .'# *,/'1,# H[\# *&$# 1%)&>%+.# ).# )&# +*1,'&# /)&d/# /4+0# */# /')"# *&$# .0%# '+%*&##
W/%%#F%'%&A)&%%1)&AJ=#T0)/#51'+%//#)/#'<.%&#51'5'/%$#,7#+'15'1*.)'&/#)&#.0%)1#/'+*""%$#
@A0.#*A*)&/.#A"',*"#o*1()&A=
K'1# '1A*&);*.)'&/# .0*.# 51'('.%# +")(*.%# >4/.)+%3# a!HHM# )/# *# 1)/d73# )&8*")$3# +'/."73##
*&$#$*&A%1'4/#$)/.1*+.)'&#.0*.#$)8%1./#*..%&.)'&#<1'(#.0%#1%*"#*&$#$1*/.)+#1%$4+.)'&#
'<#%()//)'&/#41A%&."7#&%%$%$#.'#*8')$#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/=
K'//)"# <4%"# +'15'1*.)'&/# 0*8%# .1)%$# .'# )&.1'$4+%# .0)/# 51'5'/*"# */# *# (*A)+# <'1(4"*##
.'#*$$1%//#+")(*.%#+0*&A%3#/%%d)&A#.'#51'@.#<1'(#.0%#$%/.14+.)'&#'<#'41#%+'/7/.%(/#
*&$# +'((4&).)%/=# T0%/%# ,4/)&%//%/3# *&$# .0%# A'8%1&(%&./# .0*.# ,*+d# .0%(3##
*1%# ,%..)&A# %8%17.0)&A# '&# .0)/# .75%# '<# A%'%&A)&%%1)&A# '<# 94%/.)'&*,"%# %ƒ+*+7##
'1# N*o%$# *&$# 1)/d7# .%+0&'"'A73# )&/.%*$# '<# )&8%/.)&A# )&# +"%*&# %&%1A7# 51'>%+./#
.0*.# )&+1%*/%# %&%1A7# /'8%1%)A&.7# '1# 541/4)&A# '.0%1# 5*.0/# .'# 1%$4+%# A1%%&0'4/%##
english

A*/#%()//)'&/#W%=A=3#d%%5)&A#<'//)"#<4%"/#)&#.0%#A1'4&$#*&$#/.'55)&A#%D.1*+.)8)/(Jw
o0*.#)/#.14"7#&%%$%$#.'#0*".#.0%#+")(*.%#%(%1A%&+7=
232
 Carbon markets
false solutions

H*1,'&# (*1d%./# *""'o# +'15'1*.)'&/# .'# 541+0*/%# +0%*5# %D%(5.)'&/# <1'(# R=X=##
'1#&*.)'&*"P"%8%"#H[\#%()//)'&/#1%A4"*.)'&/=#T0%7#*""'o#*&7'&%#.'#,47#*#+%1.)@+*.%#
+"*)()&A#.0*.#.0%)1#H[\#5'""4.)'&#0*/#,%%&#‚&%4.1*");%$=#T0%/%#%D%(5.)'&/#*&$#5%1()./#
*1%#)//4%$#)&#5*1.#,7#+'15'1*.)'&/#*&$#M.*.%/#.0*.#%&A*A%#)&#*+.)8).)%/#.0*.#/455'/%$"7#
‚+"%*&#.0%#!*1.0#'1#.0*.#)&8%/.#)&#+*5).*")/.#*+.)8).)%/#+%1.)@%$#*/#U"%//#$%/.14+.)8%#.0*&#
&'1(*"V=#L'o%1#5"*&./#)&#!41'5%3#<'1#%D*(5"%3#+*&#+'&.)&4%#5'""4.)&A#*)1#o).0#H[\#
)<#.0%7#,47#+%1.)@+*.%/#.0*.#/0'o#.0*.#.0%7#*1%#+'"'&);)&A#.0%#50'.'/7&.0%.)+#+*5*+).7#
'<#<'1%/./#)&#E*.)&#O(%1)+*3#O<1)+*3#'1#O/)*#'1#.0*.#.0%7#*1%#1%"%*/)&A#"%//#(%.0*&%##
.0*&#o0*.#.0%7#/*7#)/#&'1(*"=
H*1,'&# (*1d%./# 0*8%# /51%*$# *""# '8%1# .0%# o'1"$# /)&+%# .0%# ^ii]/# *&$# *1%# &'o##
.0%#51)(*17#'ƒ+)*"#1%/5'&/%#.'#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/=#T0%7#,4)"$#'&#.0%#X'1.0#O(%1)+*&#
('$%"#'<#%&8)1'&(%&.*"#/%18)+%#(*1d%./#'<#.0%#^ij]/#w#^ii]/3#o0)+0#*""'o%$#@1(/#
.'#/*8%#('&%7#,7#&'.#+'(5"7)&A#o).0#.0%#R=M=#%&8)1'&(%&.*"#"%A)/"*.)'&#.0*.#+*(%#
)&.'#<'1+%#)&#.0%#^ik]/#*&$#^ij]/=
Y4+0# '<# .0%# &%o# A1%%&# +*5).*")/(# )/# ,*/%$# '&# +*1,'&# (*1d%./3# o0)+0# *1%# ,*+d%$##
,7#"%*$)&A#@1(/#)&#.0%#()&)&A3#')"3#(*//#(*&4<*+.41)&A3#$)A).*"#.%+0&'"'A73#*8)*.)'&3#
*&$#(*1).)(%#.1*&/5'1.#)&$4/.1)%/#*/#o%""#*/#,7#l*""#M.1%%.#*&$#l*/0)&A.'&#XF[/#
")d%#.0%#!&8)1'&(%&.*"#Q%<%&/%#K4&$#*&$#T0%#X*.41%#H'&/%18*&+7=#O""#R=X=#*A%&+)%/#
english

*&$# .0%#l'1"$# a*&d3# A'8%1&(%&./# *1'4&$# .0%# o'1"$3# *&$# .0'4/*&$/# '<# 4&)8%1/).7#
1%/%*1+0%1/#*1%#)&#<*8'1#'<#+*1,'&#(*1d%./=
234
 Carbon neutrality
false solutions

a4/)&%//%/# *&$# A'8%1&(%&./# 51'('.%# ‚+*1,'&# &%4.1*").7# */# *# /455'/%$# ‚1*$)+*"#

+0*&A%#.0*.#o'4"$#,*"*&+%#'4.#A1%%&0'4/%#A*/#%()//)'&/#U.'#.0%#%D.%&.#5'//),"%=V
T0)/# 51'5'/).)'&# /455'/%/# .0*.# %*+0# .'&&%# '<# <'//)"P'1)A)&# H[\# )/# %94*"# .'# *# .'&&%#
*,/'1,%$#,7#5"*&./3#'+%*&/3#/')"#*&$#1'+d=#a4.#.0)/#%94*.)'&)A&'1%/#.0%#$)/.)&+.)'&#
,%.o%%&# .o'# .75%/# '<# +*1,'&I# '&%# %D.1*+.%$# <1'(# <'//)"/# ,41)%$# <'1# ()"")'&/##
'<# 7%*1/# *&$# .0%# '.0%1# 51%/%&.# )&# .0%# &*.41*"# +*1,'&# +7+"%# )&# .0%# .1'5'/50%1%3#
o0%1%#")<%#,%A)&/=#R&$%1#.0)/#8)/)'&3#.'#*+0)%8%#+*1,'&#&%4.1*").73#()"")'&/#'<#.1%%/#
(4/.#,%#5"*&.%$#.'#‚+'(5%&/*.%#<'1#+'&.)&4%$#)&$4/.1)*"#%()//)'&/3#/455"%(%&.)&A##
.0%#+*1,'&#+411%&."7#/.'1%$#)&#8%A%.*.)'&3#o%."*&$/3#/')"3#*&$#'+%*&/=#O".%1&*.)8%"73#
a!HHM#*&$#'.0%13#/)()"*1#51'>%+./#+*&#,%#%/.*,")/0%$=
!8%&# .0'4A0# .0)/# +*1,'&P&%4.1*").7# &*11*.)8%# 0*/# &'# /+)%&.)@+# <'4&$*.)'&3##
).# 5%15%.4*.%/# .0%# ,%")%<# .0*.# .%+0&'"'A7# o)""# U/*8%V# 4/# *&$# %*/%/# .0%# <%%")&A##
'<# 41A%&+7# *1'4&$# .0%# &%%$# .'# 0*".# <'//)"# <4%"# %D.1*+.)'&=# H'15'1*.)'&/# /%%d# .'#
‚,41&#&'o3#'€/%.#"*.%1#W'13#)&#'.0%1#o'1$/3#51'()/%#.'#‚5*7#.'#5'""4.%#*.#/'(%#.)(%##
)&# .0%# <4.41%J=# Y%*&o0)"%3# +*1,'&# %()//)'&/# +'&.)&4%# .'# )&+1%*/%=##
T0)/#0*/#*++%"%1*.%$#.0%#$%/.14+.)'&#'<#.0%#&*.41*"#o'1"$#,7#)&+1%*/)&A#$%<'1%/.*.)'&
english

*&$#.0%#.%(5%1*.41%#'<#.0%#5"*&%.=
X'#')"P$%5%&$%&.#*&$#0)A0P%&%1A7P+'&/4()&A#('$%"#+*&#,%#+*1,'&#&%4.1*"=
236
 Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
false solutions

T0%# K''$# *&$# OA1)+4".41%# [1A*&);*.)'&# '<# .0%# R&).%$# X*.)'&/# WKO[J# )&.1'$4+%$##
.0)/# .%1(# )&# \]^]3# *&$# .0%# F"',*"# O"")*&+%# <'1# H")(*.%P/(*1.# OA1)+4".41%# WFOHMOJ##
o*/#'ƒ+)*""7#"*4&+0%$#*.#H[L\`#)&#X'8%(,%1#\]^`=
HMO#)/#*#51'5'/*"#.'#.1*&/<'1(#*&$#1%'1)%&.#.0%#*A1)+4".41*"#/7/.%(3#o).0#.0%#A'*"##
'<#51'55)&A#45#04A%#*A1),4/)&%//#)&$4/.1)%/=#HMO#0*/#,%%&#*$8%1.)/%$#*/#*&#%€%+.)8%#
o*7#.'#A4*1*&.%%#<''$#/%+41).7#)&#*#+0*&A)&A#+")(*.%=#a4.#)&#1%*").73#).#*)(/#.'#$)/5"*+%#
<*()"7# *&$# 5%*/*&.# <*1()&A# *&$# 4&$%1()&%# .1*$).)'&*"# *A1)+4".41*"# d&'o"%$A%##
*&$# .%+0&)94%/# )&+"4$)&A# +*1%# <'1# *&$# (*)&.%&*&+%# '<# *# 8*1)%.7# '<# 07,1)$# /%%$/#
$%8%"'5%$#*&$#51*+.)+%$#,7#5%*/*&.#+'((4&).)%/#/)&+%#.)(%#)((%('1)*"=#HMO#"%*$/#
.'#.0%#('&'5'");*.)'&#'<#o*.%1#4/%3#.0%#'++45*.)'&#'<#"*&$/3#*&$#$%5%&$%&+7#'&#.'D)+#
*A1'+0%()+*"/#*&$#A%&%.)+*""7#%&A)&%%1%$#/%%$/#+'&.1'""%$#,7#+'15'1*.)'&/=
K'1#.0%/%#1%*/'&/3#5%*/*&.#('8%(%&./#*&$#'1A*&);*.)'&/3#*/#o%""#*/#*""#o0'#'55'/%#
english

<*"/%#+")(*.%#/'"4.)'&/3#0*8%#$%&'4&+%$#HMO=#HMO#'&"7#)&+1%*/%/#.0%#51'@.#*&$#+'&.1'"#
'<#a)A#OA#*&$3#/)(4".*&%'4/"73#,%&%@./#*&$#51'('.%/#+*1,'&#(*1d%./=
238
 Decarbonisation
false solutions

Q%+*1,'&)/*.)'&#*""4$%/#.'#*+.)'&/#.0*.#*""'o#.0%#('$%"#'<#")()."%//#%+'&'()+#A1'o.0#
.'#+'&.)&4%o).0#<%o%1#H[\#%()//)'&/=#m'o%8%13#).#/0'4"$#1%<%1#.'#%")()&*.)&A#.0%#
+'&/4(5.)'&# '<# <'//)"# <4%"/# o0'/%# ('"%+4"*1# /.14+.41%# )/# +*1,'&,*/%$# *&$# o0'/%#
+'(,4/.)'&#1%"%*/%/#5'""4.*&./#.0*.#*€%+.#5%'5"%/#0%*".0#*&$#%+'/7/.%(/3#")d%#.0%#
A1%%&0'4/%#A*/%/#o*1()&A#!*1.0/#/41<*+%#*&$#)(5*+.)&A#.0%#+")(*.%#A"',*""7=#H[\#
)/#.0%#('/.#*,4&$*&.#'<#.0%/%#A*//%/#'1)A)&*.)&A#<1'(#04(*&#*+.)8).7=
english

240
 Geoengineering
false solutions

F%'%&A)&%%1)&A# )/# *# <*"/%# *&$# $*&A%1'4/# 1%/5'&/%# .'# .0%# +")(*.%# +1)/)/# $1)8%&# ,7#
A'8%1&(%&./#*&$#+'15'1*.)'&/=#_.#1%<%1/#.'#075'.0%.)+*"#/+0%(%/#<'1#"*1A%/+*"%#04(*&#
)&.%18%&.)'&# )&# '+%*&/3# /')"3# *&$# .0%# *.('/50%1%3# o).0# .0%# ',>%+.)8%# '<#U1%$4+)&A#
+")(*.%# +0*&A%=V# F%'%&A)&%%1)&A# 51'('.%/# ‚/'"4.)'&/# ,*/%$# '&# /5%+4"*.)'&# *&$#
(*&)54"*.)'&#'<#/+)%&+%#.0*.#51'()/%#.'#A1'o#)&.'#51'@.*,"%#,4/)&%//#'55'1.4&).)%/=
T0%1%# )/# &'# %8)$%&+%# .0*.# .0%/%# 51'5'/*"/# o)""# ,%# %€%+.)8%=# m'o%8%13# .0%1%# )/#
A1'o)&A# +'&+%1&# *,'4.# .0%# 5'.%&.)*"# $%8*/.*.)&A# *&$# (*//)8%# +'&/%94%&+%/# .0%7#
o'4"$#0*8%#'&#.0%#+")(*.%3#X*.41%3#*&$#5%'5"%/#")8%")0''$/=#T0%/%#51'5'/*"/#o'4"$#
$)/51'5'1.)'&*.%"7# )&+1%*/%# .0%# )(5*+./w/'(%# )11%8%1/),"%w'&# !*1.0# *&$# "'+*"#
+'((4&).)%/3#%/5%+)*""7#.0'/%#<1'(#.0%#F"',*"#M'4.0=
F%'%&A)&%%1)&A#51'5'/%/#.'#*$$1%//#.0%#/7(5.'(/#'<#+")(*.%#+0*&A%3#,4.#)A&'1%/#
)./# /.14+.41*"# +*4/%/3# *&$# '5%&/# .0%# $''1# .'# +'&.)&4%$# <'//)"# <4%"# %D.1*+.)'&# *&$#
+'&/4(5.)'&=#_.#/4AA%/./#.0*.#04(*&d)&$#o)""#/''&#$%8%"'5#.0%#.%+0&'"'A7#.'#*8')$#
*&$#1%8%1/%#+")(*.%#+'""*5/%=
T0%/%#.%+0&'"'A)%/#0*8%#51'8%&#/'#+'&.1'8%1/)*"#.0*.#.0%#R=X=#H'&8%&.)'&#'&#a)'"'A)+*"#
Q)8%1/).7# %/.*,")/0%$# *# ('1*.'1)4(# '&# A%'%&A)&%%1)&A# )&# \]\]=# T0%# ('1*.'1)4(#
0*/# ,%%&# 1%5%*.%$"7# 8)'"*.%$3# .01'4A0# 51'>%+./# ")d%# (*&*A)&A# /'"*1# 1*$)*.)'&# ,7#
)&>%+.)&A# *%1'/'"/# )&.'# .0%# /.1*.'/50%1%3# o0).%&)&A# +"'4$/3# @1)&A# /4,/.*&+%/# )&.'#
english

.0%#/d7#.'#$)//)5*.%#1*)&3#'1#$)/.1),4.)&A#A"*//#()+1',%*$/#)&#.0%#'+%*&#*&$#'&#<1';%&##
/41<*+%/#)&#O"*/d*=
242
 Nature Based Solutions (NBSs)
false solutions

X*.41%P,*/%$# /'"4.)'&/# WXaMJ# *1%# ‚/'"4.)'&/# *""'o)&A# +*5).*")/(# .'# +'&.)&4%#

%D.1*+.)&A#<1'(#*&$#$%/.1'7)&A#X*.41%=#T0%#.%1(#o*/#@1/.#4/%$#*1'4&$#\]]i=#XaM#
*1%# ,*+d%$# ,7# .0%# R&).%$# X*.)'&/3# ')"# +'15'1*.)'&/# ")d%# M0%""3# H0%81'&3#T'.*"3# !X_3#
*&$#aL3#()&)&A#@1(/#")d%#amL3#*&$#+'&/%18*.)'&#'1A*&);*.)'&/#")d%#_RHX3#T0%#X*.41%#
H'&/%18*&+73#*&$#H'&/%18*.)'&#_&.%1&*.)'&*"=
T01'4A0# XaM3# +'15'1*.)'&/# +*&# >4/.)<7# .0%)1# 5'""4.)'&3# +"*)()&A# .0*.# .0%1%# )/##
U&'#&%%$#.'#"%*8%#<'//)"#<4%"/#)&#.0%#A1'4&$#*&$#&'#&%%$#.'#0*".#)&$4/.1)*"#*A1)+4".41%##
'1# ()&)&AV# ,%+*4/%3# /455'/%$"73# U.1%%/3# /')"# *&$# '+%*&/# +*&# +"%*&# 45# .0%# H[\#
.0*.#+'(%/#<1'(#<'//)"#<4%"/=V
T0%/%# +'15'1*.)'&/# 51%<%1# "*&$# /.1)55%$# '<# +'((4&).)%/3# _&$)A%&'4/# 5%'5"%/#
*&$# 5%*/*&./=# l0%1%# .0)/# )/# &'.# 5'//),"%3# +'15'1*.)'&/# /%%d# .'# 5*7# 5%&&)%/##
<'1# .0%)1# ‚%&8)1'&(%&.*"# /%18)+%/=# XaM/# *""'o# .0%# *551'51)*.)'&# '<# .0%/%# "*&$/##
english

.'#+'(5%&/*.%#<'1#.0%#"'//#'<#,)'$)8%1/).7#'1#o*.%1#5'""4.)'&#*/#*#1%/4".#'<#)&$4/.1)*"##
*A1)+4".41%#'1#%D.1*+.)8)/(=
244
 Net zero emissions
false solutions

Q%+)/)'&P(*d%1/3# A'8%1&(%&.# 'ƒ+)*"/3# (4".)"*.%1*"# '1A*&)/(/3# _&.%1&*.)'&*"#

K)&*&+)*"# _&/.).4.)'&/# W_K_/J3# XF[/3# *&$# .1*&/&*.)'&*"# +'15'1*.)'&/# *1%# )&+1%*/)&A"7#
4/)&A# .0%# .%1(#‚&%.# ;%1'# '1#‚&%.# ;%1'# %()//)'&/# */# *# /.1*.%A7# .'# A1%%&o*/0# .0%)1#
)(*A%3#%/+*5%#*++'4&.*,)").73#*&$#$)/.1*+.#*&$#+'&<4/%#.0%#54,")+#/'#.0*.#.0%7#+*&#
+'&.)&4%#.'#*8')$#/%1)'4/"7#*$$1%//)&A#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/=
‚X%.#;%1'#+'&+%*"/#.0%#,%")%<#.0*.#5'""4.%1/#+*&#+'&.)&4%#5'""4.)&A#*/#4/4*"'1#%8%&#
)&+1%*/%#.0%)1#<'//)"#<4%"#+'&/4(5.)'&,7#U'€/%..)&AV#.0%)1#%()//)'&/#)&#$)€%1%&.#
o*7/=# T0)/# ('$%"# .41&/# %()//)'&/# )&.'# *# /)(5")/.)+# %94*.)'&I# %()//)'&/# *$$%$##
)&#'&%#*1%*#*1%#‚,*"*&+%$#,7#*551'51)*.)'&#'<#.%11).'17#)&#*&'.0%1=
T0%#&'.)'&#'<#&%.#;%1'#+'&+%*"/#*#5%18%1/%#1%*").7I#+'&.)&4)&A#5'""4.)'&3#$*&A%1'4/#
A%'%&A)&%%1)&A#%D5%1)(%&./3#.1%%#5"*&.*.)'&/#*&$#'.0%1#('&'+4".41%/3#*&$#51'>%+./#
")d%#b!QQc#'1#X*.41%#a*/%$#M'"4.)'&/#WXaMJ*""#.'#A%&%1*.%#,)A#,4/)&%//3#/'#.0*.#
.0'/%#o0'#,%*1#0)/.'1)+*"#1%/5'&/),)").7#<'1#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/#+*&#+'&.)&4%#.'#51'@.#
o).0'4.#*$$1%//)&A#.0%#/.14+.41*"#+*4/%/#'<#.0%#+1)/)/=
O55"7)&A# .0%/%# <*"/%# /'"4.)'&/# o)""# &'.# '&"7# *++%"%1*.%# .0%# +")(*.%# +1)/)/C# ).# o)""#
*"/'# )&+1%*/%# )&%94*").)%/# *&$# /.14+.41*"# )&>4/.)+%/3# *&$# %8%&# +'&$%(&# 0)/.'1)+*""7#
english

(*1A)&*");%$#*&$#84"&%1*,"%#+'((4&).)%/#.'#51'A1%//)8%"7#o'1/%#")8)&A#+'&$).)'&/3#
)&+1%*/)&A#.0%)1#84"&%1*,)").7=
246
 Offset mechanisms
false solutions

T0%#o0).%#/451%(*+)/.#8)%o#'<#%&8)1'&(%&.*"#(*&*A%(%&.#0*/#%/.*,")/0%$#*#&*11*.)8%#
.'# 4&$%1/.*&$# *&$# (%*/41%# .0%# )(5*+./# '<# 04(*&# *+.)8).7# W51)(*1)"7# "*1A%# +*5).*")/.#
)&8%/.(%&.J# '&# %+'/7/.%(/# .01'4A0# "),%1*"# %+'&'()+# .0%'1)%/# /4+0# */# %&8)1'&(%&.*"#
%+'&'()+/=#T0%/%#)&.%18%&.)'&/#$%/+1),%$#)&#.0)/#&*11*.)8%#+"*)(#.'#*8')$3#51%8%&.3#().)A*.%#
*&$#'€/%.#%&8)1'&(%&.*"#$*(*A%3#)&#.0*.#'1$%1=#_&#51*+.)+%3#0'o%8%13#'€/%./#.*d%#51)'1).7=
T'# 4/%# *&# *&*"'A7I# *&# '€/%.# (%+0*&)/(# )/# ")d%# "*8)/0)&A# o'(%&# o).0# A)<./# .'#‚'€/%.##
$*)"7#8)'"%&+%#*A*)&/.#.0%(=
[€/%./#*1%#,%)&A#)(5"%(%&.%$#)&#8*1)'4/#*1%&*/#")d%#.0%#+*1,'&#+7+"%#'1#,)'$)8%1/).7#
"'//=#_.#/0'4"$#,%#+"%*1#.0*.#*&#'€/%.#/+0%(%#/455'/%/#.'#‚+'(5%&/*.%#<'1#%&8)1'&(%&.*"#
$*(*A%# '1# *""'o# ,4/)&%//%/# .'# ,47# ‚,)'$)8%1/).7# '€/%.# +%1.)@+*.%/# .'# %&*,"%# .0%(##
.'#$%/.1'7#,)'$)8%1/).7#)&#.0%)1#'o&#"'+*.)'&/#'1#<*1#*o*7=
Y%A*$*(/3# "*1A%P/+*"%# 07$1'%"%+.1)+# 5'o%1# 5"*&./3# ()&%/3# ')"# o%""/3# 0)A0o*7/3# *&$#
('1%#+*&#"%*$#.'#.0%#%D.)&+.)'&#'<#/5%+)%/#'<#8%A%.*.)'&#*&$#*&)(*"/=#_/#).#1%*""7#%.0)+*"##
.'#/5%*d#'<#'€/%..)&A#'&%#")<%#o).0#*&'.0%1g
[€/%..)&A#'5%1*.%/#4/)&A#%94)8*"%&+%/I#)<#o%#$%/.1'7#,)'$)8%1/).7#0%1%3#o%#+*&#+'&/%18%#).#
)&#/'(%#'.0%1#5"*+%#o0%1%#.0%1%#*1%#/)()"*1#*&)(*"#*&$#8%A%.*.)'&#/5%+)%/C#)<#o%#1%"%*/%#
A1%%&0'4/%#A*/%/#0%1%3#o%#+*&#5*7#.'#*+94)1%#+*1,'&#+1%$)./3#.01'4A0#b!QQ#51'>%+./3#+*1,'&#
(*1d%./3#'1#%"/%o0%1%=#m%&+%3#.0%#(%.0'$#)/#&'.#$%/)A&%$#.'#51%8%&.#$*(*A%3#,4.#1*.0%1##
.'#*""'o#).#.'#)&.%&/)<73#o0)"%#',.*)&)&A#5%1()./#.'#‚'€/%.#).=
K*1# <1'(# +*1)&A# <'1# !*1.0/# %+'/7/.%(# *&$# +")(*.%3# .0)/# "'A)+# *"/'# 1*)/%/# .0%# )//4%##
'<#+'15'1*.%#+'&/%18*.)'&I#.%11).'1)%/#*1%#,%)&A#51)8*.);%$#*/#/'41+%/#'<#%&8)1'&(%&.*"#
/%18)+%/#*&$#.'#A%&%1*.%#'€/%.#5%1()./=#T0%/%#(*1d%.#(%+0*&)/(/#'€%1#,)A#5'""4.%1/#
*&$# .1*&/&*.)'&*"# +'&/%18*.)'&# %&.).)%/# .0%# '55'1.4&).7# .'# +'&.1'"# "*&$/# <'1# 51'@.# */##
english

*#<*+*$%#<'1#+'&.)&4)&A#.'#5'""4.%=#T0%7#'<.%&#+1%*.%#").."%#‚51'.%+.%$#)/"*&$/#.0*.#$)/5"*+%#
"%A).)(*.%#*&$#*&+%/.1*"#+'((4&).)%/#o0'#0*1('&)'4/"7#51%/%18%#.0%#"*&$=
248
 Waste-to-energy
false solutions

_&# *# /7/.%(# .0*.# A%&%1*.%/# )&+1%*/)&A# *('4&./# '<# o*/.%3# o%# *1%# <*+%$# o).0##
*# <1*&.)+# /%*1+0# <'1# /0'1.P.%1(# /'"4.)'&/# /4+0# */# ,417)&A# '1# )&+)&%1*.)&A# o*/.%##
W*&$# .0%# +'&8%1/)'&# '<# o*/.%# .'# %&%1A7J=# T0)/# 4/%# '<# .1*/0# <'1# %&%1A7# 51'$4+%/#
.'D)+#,751'$4+./3#5'""4.%/#.0%#*)13#*&$#+'&.1),4.%/#.'#+")(*.%#+0*&A%=#T0%#+'/./#*1%#
%D.%1&*");%$#'&.'#5%'5"%#*&$#.0%#%&8)1'&(%&.=
_&+)&%1*.'1/# %().# ('1%# H[\# W5%1# (%A*o*..P0'41J# .0*&# 5'o%1# 5"*&./# @1%$##
,7#+'*"3#&*.41*"#A*/3#'1#')"=#_&#*$$).)'&3#)&+)&%1*.)'&#)/#.0%#('/.#%D5%&/)8%#(%.0'$#
'<# A%&%1*.)&A# %&%1A7# *&$# 0*&$")&A# o*/.%3# +1%*.)&A# *# /)A&)@+*&.# %+'&'()+##
,41$%&#<'1#+).)%/=
english

T0%# )$%*# .0*.# o*/.%# $)/*55%*1/# '1# )/# 1%4/%$# $)/+'41*A%/# %€'1./# .'# 1%$4+%# o*/.%##
*&$#$)/+'41*A%/#+*1%#<'1#&*.41%3#+1%*.)&A#*#5%18%1/%#)&+%&.)8%#.'#A%&%1*.%#('1%#o*/.%=
250
 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
false solutions

and Forest Degradation (REDD)

[&%# '<# .0%# (*&7# %&8)1'&(%&.*"# <4&+.)'&/# '<# .1%%/# *&$# ,4/0%/3# */# .0%7# A1'o3##
)/#+*5.41)&A#+*1,'&=#l0%&#*#.1%%#)/#+4.#$'o&3#.0)/#+*1,'&#)/#1%"%*/%$#)&#.0%#<'1(#'<#H[\#
%()//)'&/=#a%+*4/%#'<#.0)/3#<'1%/.#$%A1*$*.)'&#*&$#$%<'1%/.*.)'&#*1%#*#d%7#+'&.1),4.)'&#
.'#+")(*.%#+0*&A%=#Q41)&A#H[L^n#)&#a*")#)&#\]]j3#.0%#R&).%$#X*.)'&/#H")(*.%#H0*&A%#
H'&<%1%&+%#1%+'A&);%$#b!QQ#*/#*&#)&/.14(%&.#.'#@A0.#+")(*.%#+0*&A%=#R&<'1.4&*.%"73#
.0)/#+'&+%5.#0*/#o'1/%&%$#.0%#/).4*.)'&#1*.0%1#.0*&#)(51'8)&A#).=
b!QQc#(%+0*&)/(/#$'#&'.#*..%(5.#.'#*8')$#%()//)'&/#'1#$%<'1%/.*.)'&C#.0%7#'&"7#
/%%d#.'#,1)&A#*,'4.#*#/).4*.)'&#o0)+0#1%/4"./#)&#<%o%1#%()//)'&/#.0*&#o%1%#51%$)+.%$#
.'#0*55%&#'.0%1o)/%#.01'4A0#$%<'1%/.*.)'&#'1#$%A1*$*.)'&=
T0)/#)$%*#"%*$/#.'#/%8%1*"#$)€%1%&.#51',"%(/I
^=# K'1%/./# ,%+'(%# 8)%o%$# (%1%"7# */# +*1,'&# /)&d/3# &%A"%+.)&A# .0%)1# '.0%1# 8).*"#
<4&+.)'&/#<'1#+4".41%/#*&$#%+'/7/.%(/I#)<#*#.1%%#)/#'&"7#4/%<4"#.'#/.'1%#+*1,'&3#.0%&##
*#('&'+4".41%#<'1%/.#W*"/'#d&'o&#*/#*#A1%%&#$%/%1.3#$%8')$#'<#$)8%1/).7#*&$#0*;*1$'4/#
<'1#o*.%1#*&$#/')"J#)/#*/#8*"4*,"%#*/#*#()D%$P/5%+)%/#*&$#")8%"7#<'1%/.#.0*.3#,%7'&$#
english

)./#1'"%#)&#.0%#+*1,'&#+7+"%3#)/#)&$)/5%&/*,"%#<'1#1%A4"*.)&A#o*.%1#N'o/3#(*)&.*)&)&A#
,)'$)8%1/).73#*&$#%&/41)&A#/')"#0%*".03#*('&A#'.0%1/=
252
false solutions

\=# _&# (*&7# +*/%/3# b!QQc# 51)8)"%A%/# "*1A%# 5'""4.)&A# ,4/)&%//%/# *&$# @&*&+)*"#
/5%+4"*.'1/3#/)&+%#.0%#8*"4%#'<#*#<'1%/.#)/#+*"+4"*.%$#*++'1$)&A#.'#.0%#*('4&.#'<#+*1,'&#
).#0*/#/.'1%$=#O#,47%1#'<#+*1,'&#+1%$)./#'€%1/#*#+'((4&).7#W'<.%&#_&$)A%&'4/#'o&%1/#
'1#+*1%.*d%1/#'<#<'1%/./J#'€/%.#('&%7#<'1#&'.#$%/.1'7)&A#.0%)1#"*&$/o0)+0#.0%7#
o%1%#&'.#5"*&&)&A#.'#$%/.1'7#*&$#o%1%#*"1%*$7#51%/%18)&A=#_&#%D+0*&A%3#.0%#,47%1#
1%+%)8%/#+*1,'&#5%1()./#.0*.#+*&#,%#4/%$#,7#5'""4.%1/#'1#*/#*#@&*&+)*"#*//%.=#H'&.1*+./#
(*7#,%#/%+1%.#'1#%8%&#o1)..%&#)&#"*&A4*A%/#&'.#/5'd%&#,7#.0%#+'((4&).)%/#)&8'"8%$=#
T0%7#+*&#,%#8*")$#<'1#5%1)'$/#45#.'#^]]#7%*1/3#o).0#.0%#5'//),)").7#'<#%D.%&/)'&=
n=#b!QQc#.1*&/<'1(/#+4".41*"#1%"*.)'&/#,%.o%%&#5%'5"%/#*&$#&'&P04(*&#X*.41%=#
T0%/%# 51'>%+./# $%51)8%# +'((4&).)%/# '<# .0%)1# 1%"*.)'&/0)5/# o).0# (%$)+)&%3# <''$3#
0'(%#*&$#/5)1).4*").7#o).0#.0%)1#.%11).'17=#Y'1%'8%13#b!QQc#+*&#+1%*.%#51%//41%#<'1#
$%<'1%/.*.)'&3#/)&+%#.0%#/7/.%(#1%")%/#'&#+1%*.)&A#1)/d#.'#.0%#%+'/7/.%(/#o).0)&#).#
*#5%18%1/%#)&+%&.)8%=
`=#b!QQc#+'&.1*+./#*//%//#<'1%/./#)&#.%1(/#'<#+*1,'&#+1%$)./3#(*d)&A#.0%(#&'.0)&A#
english
(%.0'$/# ',.*)&/# U")+%&/%/3# 5%1()./3# '1# +%1.)@+*.)'&/V# .'# %().# *# /)()"*1# *('4&.##
'<#A1%%&0'4/%#A*/%/#*&7o0%1%#)&#.0%#o'1"$=#T0%1%<'1%3#).#)/#+"%*1#.0*.#b!QQ#$'%/#&'.#
0%"5#@A0.#+")(*.%#+0*&A%3#*&$3#)&#<*+.3#).#+'&/.).4.%/#*#8)'"*.)'&#'<#.%11).'1)*"#1)A0./##
'<# .0%# .14%# 'o&%1/# '<# .0%# <'1%/.3# .0%# +'((4&).)%/# .0*.# +*1%# <'1# .0%# "*&$3##
o0'#4&$%1/.*&$#.0%#%//%&.)*"#+'&.1),4.)'&#'<#(*&A1'8%/3#>4&A"%/3#5%*."*&$/3#<'1%/./3#
*&$#'.0%1/#.'#.0%#,%*4.7#*&$#+'(5"%D).7#'<#")<%#'&#!*1.0=
p=# b!QQc# 51'>%+./# 8)'"*.%# .0%# 1)A0./# '<# &*.41%I# .0%7# 51'0),).# .1*$).)'&*"# 4/%##
'<# <'1%/./3# )(5%$%# .0%# 1%+1%*.)'&# '<# ,)'$)8%1/).73# *&$# *""'o# <'1# +'&.)&4%$##
H[\#%()//)'&/3#+'&.*()&*.)&A#o*.%1#*&$#$%/.1'7)&A#,)'$)8%1/).7=

('1%#.0*&#+*1.%#,"*&+0%#.'#+'&.)&4%#5'""4.)&A=#K'1#%D*(5"%3#*&#')"#@1(#.0*.#,47/##
*#+%1.*)&#&4(,%1#'<#+*1,'&#+1%$)./#<1'(#*#<'1%/.#*"1%*$7#51%/%18%$#4/)&A#.1*$).)'&*"#
254 255
 Climate Change
Jargon

256
 Adaptation
climate change jargon

O"'&A# o).0# ().)A*.)'&3# *$*5.*.)'&# )/# *# .%1(# .0*.# 0*/# ,%%&# 4/%$# o)$%"7# ,7# .0%##
R&).%$# X*.)'&/# /)&+%# \]]]# .'# *8')$# $)/+4//)&A# .0%# 5'").)+/# '<# ')"3# +*5).*")/(3##
*&$#<'//)"#<4%"#%D.1*+.)'&#*&$#+'(,4/.)'&=
O/# *&# 'ƒ+)*"# )&.%1&*.)'&*"# A'*"# '<# +")(*.%# *+.)'&3# *$*5.*.)'&# (%*&/# 51%5*1)&A#
+*5).*")/(#<'1#*&#)&+1%*/)&A"7#4&51%$)+.*,"%#*&$#8'"*.)"%#+")(*.%=#O/#o).0#().)A*.)'&#
W/%%#,%"'oJ3#.0%#)$%*#)/#.0*.#.0%#+")(*.%#)/#*#d)&$#'<#U&*.41%V#4&1%"*.%$#.'#U/'+)%.7V##
*&$#+*&#'&"7#,%#<4""7#4&$%1/.''$#,7#51'<%//)'&*"#/+)%&.)/./=#O/#.0%#+")(*.%#+0*&A%/3#
english

.0%#)$%*#A'%/3#5'").)+*"#"%*$%1/#o)""#51)8)"%A%#.0%#8)%o/#'<#.0%/%#/+)%&.)/./#'&#.0%#,%/.#
o*7/#<'1#/'+)%.)%/#.'#*$>4/.#/'#.0*.#')"P$%5%&$%&.#+*5).*")/(#+*&#+'&.)&4%=
258
 Carbon budget
climate change jargon

X'o#*#o)$%"7#4/%$#.%1(3#U+*1,'&#,4$A%.V#%&.%1%$#.0%#"%D)+'&#'<#/+)%&.)/./3#%+'&'()/./#
*&$# A'8%1&(%&./# )&# .0%# ^ii]/=# _.# )/# '&%# '<# .0%# 51)(*17# .%1(/# 4/%$# )&# +")(*.%##
+0*&A%#>*1A'&=
T0%# 4&$%1"7)&A# 51%()/%# )/# .0*.# +")(*.%# +0*&A%# )/# *# 51',"%(# +*4/%$# ,7# ()A1*.)'&##
'<#H[\#('"%+4"%/#.'#.0%#o1'&A#5"*+%I#.0%#*.('/50%1%=#O++'1$)&A#.'#.0)/#"'A)+3#.0%#
,%/.#o*7#.'#*$$1%//#+")(*.%#+0*&A%#)/#&'.#.'#.*+d"%#<'//)"P<4%"%$#+*5).*")/(3#,4.#1*.0%1##
.'# 0*".# .0)/# H[\# ()A1*.)'&=# T0%# +'&+%5.# '<# *# +*1,'&# ,4$A%.# /4AA%/./# .0*.# R=X=#
(%(,%1/# (4/.# *11)8%# *.# *&# *A1%%(%&.# '&# 0'o# (4+0# ('1%# H[\# o)""# ,%# *""'o%$##
.'#1%*+0#.0%#*.('/50%1%=#_&#'.0%1#o'1$/3#.0%7#(4/.#$%+)$%#0'o#(4+0#'<#.0%#‚A"',*"#
+*1,'&# ,4$A%.# 1%(*)&/# *&$# o0'# o)""# ,%# 5%1()..%$# .'# 4/%# ).=# l0%&# .0*.# ,4$A%.##
english

14&/# '4.3# .0%# )$%*# A'%/3# o'1"$# "%*$%1/# o)""# @&*""7# )&.%18%&%# .'# /.'5# *&7# ('1%##
H[\#('"%+4"%/#<1'(#1%*+0)&A#.0%#*.('/50%1%=
260
 Common but Differentiated
climate change jargon

Responsibility (CBDR)
HaQb# 1%<%1/# .'# '&%# '<# .0%# 51)&+)5"%/# *$'5.%$# ,7# .0%# R&).%$# X*.)'&/# K1*(%o'1d#
H'&8%&.)'&#'&#H")(*.%#H0*&A%#)&#^ii\3#o0)+0#5"*+%/#1%/5'&/),)").7#<'1#.0%#+")(*.%#
+1)/)/# '&# F"',*"# X'1.0# +'4&.1)%/# Wd&'o&# */# UO&&%D# ^V# +'4&.1)%/J=# [&# .0)/# 8)%o3##
.0%# F"',*"# X'1.0# 0*/# ',")A*.)'&/# .'# *$8*&+%# *A%&$*/# *&$# (*d%# $%+)/)'&/# .0*.#
%€%+.)8%"7#*$$1%//#+")(*.%#+0*&A%=
T0%# +'&+%5.# (%*&/# .0*.# F"',*"# M'4.0# +'4&.1)%/3# *".0'4A0# &'.# 1%/5'&/),"%##
<'1# .0%# 51',"%(3# +*&# 0%"5# .'# *""%8)*.%# +")(*.%# +1)/%/# )&# ")&%# o).0# .0%)1##
$)€%1%&.)*.%$#1%/5'&/),)").7=
_&# '.0%1# o'1$/3# +'4&.1)%/# .0*.# 0*8%# X[T# +*4/%$# .0%# +")(*.%# +1)/)/# *&$# *1%# .0%#
('/.# 84"&%1*,"%# .'# +")(*.%# $)/*/.%1/# *1%# +'(5%""%$)&# *&# )(5%1)*")/.)+3# 1*+)/.##
*&$#+'"'&)*"#<*/0)'&.'#.*d%#'&#1'"%/#*&$#<4&+.)'&/#)&#*J#*#/.14+.41%#'<#%&8)1'&(%&.*"#
/%18)+%# /*"%/3# +'((%1+)*");*.)'&# '<# %+'/7/.%(/3# *&$# @&*&+)*");*.)'&# '<# X*.41%3##
,J#5"*&/#<'1#<*"/%#+")(*.%#/'"4.)'&/3#*&$#+J#*#/7/.%(#'<#+")(*.%#@&*&+%#o).0#8*1)'4/#
+'&$).)'&*").)%/3#$%,.3#*&$#1%94)1%$#)&8%/.(%&./=
T0'/%#+'4&.1)%/#o0'/%#0)/.'17#*&$#%+'&'()+#('$%"#0*8%#+*4/%$#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/#
0*8%#,"*+d(*)"%$#.0%#1%/.#'<#.0%#o'1"$3#$%+"*1)&A#.0%7#o)""#'&"7#.*d%#1%/5'&/),)").7#
<'1# .0)/# $)/*/.%1# )<# .0%# '.0%1# +'4&.1)%/# *++%5.# .0%)1# U+'(('&# ,4.# $)€%1%&.)*.%$#
1%/5'&/),)").)%/3V# )(5'/)&A# .0%)1# UA1%%&V# ,4/)&%//# *&$# '€/%.P,*/%$# %+'&'(7##
'&#%8%17'&%#%"/%=
english

T0%#F"',*"#X'1.0#/0'4"$#)&/.%*$#*+d&'o"%$A%#<4""7#)./#+")(*.%#$%,.#.'#.0%#M'4.0#
o0)+0#(4/.#,%#1%5*)$#)((%$)*.%"7=
262
 Conference of the Parties (COP)
climate change jargon

T0%# H'&<%1%&+%/# '<# .0%# L*1.)%/# WH[L/J# *1%# .0%# o'1d)&A# /%//)'&/# '<# .0%# +'4&.17#
L*1.)%/#.'#.0%#R&).%$#X*.)'&/#K1*(%o'1d#H'&8%&.)'&#'&#H")(*.%#H0*&A%#WRXKHHHJ=#
!*+0# +'4&.17# /%&$/# *# $%"%A*.)'&# '<# A'8%1&(%&.# 'ƒ+)*"/# '1# .0%)1# 51'D)%/# o0'# *1%#
1%/5'&/),"%# <'1# *$8*&+)&A# .0%# +'(().(%&./# /)A&%$# *&$# *$'5.%$# ,7# .0%# L*1.)%/##
W.0*.#)/3#.0%#+'4&.1)%/J=#R&<'1.4&*.%"73#F"',*"#X'1.0#+'4&.17#$%"%A*.)'&/#*1%#A%&%1*""7#
,'.0# <4&$%$# *&$# *$8)/%$# ,7# ,4/)&%//%/3# +'15'1*.)'&/3# *&$# 4&)'&/# *+1'//# .0%# ')"3#
@&*&+%3#%&8)1'&(%&.*"#/%18)+%/3#*&$#%&%1A7#/%+.'1/3#*&$#'&#.0%#o0'"%#1%51%/%&.#.0%)1#
)&.%1%/./=# M)()"*1"73# (*&7# 'ƒ+)*"/# /%%d# .'# *$8*&+%# .0%)1# 'o&# &*.)'&*"# +'((%1+)*"#
*A%&$*/=# a%+*4/%# '<# .0)/3# .0%# H[L/# &%).0%1# 1%51%/%&.# &'1# 51'('.%# %&8)1'&(%&.*"#
)&.%1%/./#&'1#*+d&'o"%$A%#.0%#+*4/%/#'<#+")(*.%#+0*&A%#*/#*#A"',*"#51',"%(=#b*.0%13#
.0%7# )(5'/%# 5'")+)%/# <'1# A1%%&# +*5).*")/(# *&$# +*1,'&# '€/%./# .01'4A0# "',,7)&A3#
+'1145.)'&3#*&$#+'%1+)'&=
H[L/#*1%#/)(5"7#,4/)&%//#/4(()./C#d%%5)&A#')"#)&#.0%#A1'4&$#*&$#.0%#5%'5"%/#1%*"#
/'"4.)'&/# *1%# &%8%1# $)/+4//%$=# T0*./# o073# /)&+%# .0%# %*1")%/.# 'ƒ+)*"# &%A'.)*.)'&/3#
english

*+.)8)/./#0*8%#0%"$#5*1*""%"#L%'5"%/#M4(()./3#o0%1%#8)+.)(/#'<#+")(*.%#$)/*/.%1/#*&$#
+'((4&).)%/#1%/)/.)&A#<*"/%#/'"4.)'&/#+*&#*$8'+*.%#1%*"#/'"4.)'&/#.'#A"',*"#o*1()&A=
264
 Mitigation
climate change jargon

O/#*&#'ƒ+)*"#A'*"#'<#&*.)'&*"P"%8%"#+")(*.%#5'")+73#().)A*.)'&#(%*&/#(*d)&A#+")(*.%#
+0*&A%#U"%//#,*$=V#T0%#)$%*#)/#.0*.#.0%#+")(*.%#)/#*#d)&$#'<#‚&*.41%#4&1%"*.%$#.'#‚/'+)%.7#
*&$# .0*.# '&"7# 51'<%//)'&*"# /+)%&.)/./# +*&# <4""7# 4&$%1/.*&$# .0%# %€%+./# '<# *&# %D+%//#
'<#H[\#('"%+4"%/=#[&#.0)/#8)%o3#.0%#,%/.#o*7#5'").)+*"#%").%/#+*&#%&/41%#.0*.#+")(*.%#
+0*&A%#)/#U"%//#,*$V#.0*&#).#()A0.#'.0%1o)/%#,%#)/#,7#+'&/4".)&A#o).0#.0%/%#%D5%1./#
'&#.0%#+0%*5%/.#o*7/#'<#1%$4+)&A#.0%#%D+%//#'<#H[\#('"%+4"%/o0)"%#+'&.)&4)&A##
.'#%D.1*+.#*&$#,41&#<'//)"#<4%"/#*&$#.'#$%<%&$#+*5).*")/(=
english

266
 Nationally Determined Contributions
climate change jargon

(NDCs)

X*.)'&*""7# Q%.%1()&%$# H'&.1),4.)'&/# WXQH/J# *1%# .0%# +'1%# '<# .0%# L*1)/# OA1%%(%&.=#
T0%7# 1%<%1# .'# .0%# /455'/%$# %€'1./# .0*.# /)A&*.'17# +'4&.1)%/# o)""# (*d%# .'# 1%$4+%##
.0%)1#A1%%&0'4/%#A*/#%()//)'&/=
T0%#XQH/#/%.#%*+0#+'4&.17/#,*/%")&%#<'1#"*4&+0)&A#+*1,'&#'€/%.#/+0%(%/#o'1"$o)$%=#
T0)/#o)""#,%#*+0)%8%$#,7#.0%#4/%#'<#_&.%1&*.)'&*""7#T1*&/<%11%$#Y).)A*.)'&#[4.+'(%/#
W_TY[/J3#&%o#A''$/#)&#.0%#+")(*.%#(*1d%.=
_.#o'1d/#")d%#.0)/I#O#+'4&.17#<1'(#.0%#F"',*"#M'4.0#51'()/%/#)&#)./#XQH#.0*.#).#o)""#
1%$4+%#)./#%()//)'&/#,7#*#+%1.*)&#5%1+%&.*A%,4.#.0*.#).#+*&#)&+1%*/%#.0*.#1%$4+.)'&##
)<# '€%1%$# *&# %+'&'()+# ‚+'&.1),4.)'&=# T0)/# )&+%&.)8);%/# +'4&.1)%/# .'# )&N*.%# .0%)1#
/455'/%$#<4.41%#%()//)'&/#)&#'1$%1#.'#)&+1%*/%#.0%#$)€%1%&+%#,%.o%%&#.0%/%#%()//)'&/#
*&$# .0%# 1%$4+%$# %()//)'&/# .0*.# $%5%&$# '&# )&>%+.)'&/# '<# ('&%7=#T0)/# $)€%1%&+%# )/#
/'"$#)&#.0%#<'1(#'<#_TY[/3#*&$#+'&/%94%&."73#*/#+*1,'&#'€/%./3#.'#'.0%1#+'4&.1)%/##
o).0#"%//#*(,).)'4/#1%$4+.)'&#5"*&/=
english

XQH/# *1%# *# ")%# $)/A4)/%$# */# *# 51'()/%C# .0%7# *1%# M.*.%/# &%o# ,4/)&%//# 5'1.<'")'/##
)&#+")(*.%#&%A'.)*.)'&/=
268
 United Nations Framework Convention
climate change jargon

on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

T0%# RXKHHH# )/# *# <'4&$*.)'&*"# .1%*.7# <'1# .0%# 5'").)+*"# 1%/5'&/%# ,7# M.*.%/# .'# .0%#
+")(*.%#+1)/)/=#_.#o*/#*$'5.%$#'&#i#Y*7#^ii\#*&$#%&.%1%$#)&.'#<'1+%#.o'#7%*1/#"*.%1=##
_.# o*/# ('$)@%$# )&# ^iij# o).0# .0%# *$$).)'&# '<# .0%# q7'.'# L1'.'+'"3# o0)+0# 'ƒ+)*""7#
d)+d/.*1.%$# +*1,'&# (*1d%.# (%+0*&)/(/=# T0%# H[L# )/# .0%# RXKHHH/# /451%(%# '1A*&##
'1#*4.0'1).7=
O".0'4A0# )./# *(%&$(%&./# *&$# *$$).)'&/# /%%d# .'# %/.*,")/0# ('1%# <'1+%<4"# *&$#
"%A*""7# ,)&$)&A# (%*/41%/3# .0%# RXKHHH# 0*/# &'.# ")8%$# 45# .'# %D5%+.*.)'&/3# (*)&"7#
english

$4%#.'#+'15'1*.%#+*5.41%=#_&/.%*$3#).#0*/#,%+'(%#*#&%A'.)*.)&A#/5*+%#<'1#,"'+d)&A##
*&$#$%"*7)&A#.0%#41A%&.#+")(*.%#/'"4.)'&/#o%#&%%$=
270
 The Paris Agreement
climate change jargon

T0%#L*1)/#OA1%%(%&.#)/#*#.1%*.7#&%A'.)*.%$#4&$%1#.0%#*4/5)+%/#'<#.0%#R&).%$#X*.)'&/#
K1*(%o'1d#H'&8%&.)'&#'&#H")(*.%#H0*&A%#WRXKHHHJ=
_(5"%(%&.*.)'&#'<#.0%#L*1)/#OA1%%(%&.#o)""#0'"$#A1*8%#+'&/%94%&+%/#<'1#5%'5"%/3#
"*&$3# <'1%/./3# +")(*.%# *&$# .0%# !*1.0# )./%"<I# ).# %/.*,")/0%/# *# A"',*"# +*1,'&# (*1d%.##
*&$#$'4,"%/#$'o&#'&#<*"/%#/'"4.)'&/3#%/+*"*.)&A#.0%#+1)/)/#.'#$%8*/.*.)&A#51'5'1.)'&/=
T0%#OA1%%(%&.#%&$/#.0%#+'(('&#,4.#$)€%1%&.)*.%$#1%/5'&/),)").7#WHaQbJ#51)&+)5"%=#
O""#)./#(%*/41%/#*1%#,*/%$#'&#8'"4&.*17#+''5%1*.)'&=#_.#,''/./#51'>%+./#")d%#b!QQc#
*&$#(*&7#'.0%1#<*"/%#/'"4.)'&/=#_&#/4(3#).#)/#&'.#*#.1%*.7#.'#*$$1%//#+")(*.%#+0*&A%3#
,4.# 1*.0%1# *# A"',*"# +*1,'&# .1*$%# *A1%%(%&.=# _./# (%*/41%/# $'# &'.# %8%&# *..%(5.##
.'# d%%5# !*1.0/# o*1()&A# ,%"'o# .0%# .%(5%1*.41%# )&+1%*/%/# &%+%//*17# .'# *8')$#
)11%8%1/),"%#+")(*.%#+*.*/.1'50%=
_(5"%(%&.*.)'&# '<# .0%# L*1)/# OA1%%(%&.# o)""# &%8%1# *$$1%//# .0%# +*4/%# '<# A"',*"#
o*1()&A.0%# %D.1*+.)'&# *&$# ,41&)&A# '<# <'//)"# <4%"/=# K'1# .0)/# 1%*/'&3# 5%'5"%3#
('8%(%&./3#*&$#'1A*&);*.)'&/#(4/.#$%&'4&+%#*&$#+'&.)&4%#1%/)/.)&A#%D.1*+.)8)/(3#
.0%# %D5*&/)'&# '<# )&$4/.1)*"# *A1)+4".41%# *&$# ")8%/.'+d# 51'$4+.)'&3# 14&*o*7#
$%8%"'5(%&.#*&$#41,*&#/51*o"3#4&/4/.*)&*,"%#)&<1*/.14+.41%3#+'15'1*.%#1%&%o*,"%#
%&%1A73#*&$#<*"/%#+")(*.%#/'"4.)'&/=
T0%# L*1)/# OA1%%(%&.# '5%1*.%/# o).0)&# *# <1*(%o'1d# '<# ‚<'1+%$# +'&/%&/4/#
english

.'o*1$# *# A1%%&# .1*&/).)'&# +%&.1%$# '&# (*1d%.# (%+0*&)/(/o0)+0# o)""# '&"7##

*++%"%1*.%#.0%#+'""*5/%=
272
 Vulnerability
climate change jargon

s4"&%1*,)").7# .'# +")(*.%# +0*&A%# )/# )&.%&.)'&*""7# $%@&%$# 4/)&A# .%1(/# *&$# @A41%/#
.0*.# *8')$# )&+'15'1*.)&A# 04(*&# 1)A0./# 8)'"*.)'&/3# )&%94*").)%/3# '1# .0%# )(5*+./##
'<# %D.1*+.)8)/.# )&$4/.1)%/# */# d%7# <*+.'1/# )&# )&+1%*/%$# 84"&%1*,)").7=# H'((4&).)%/#
*1'4&$#.0%#o'1"$#,%*1#.0%#)(5*+./#&'.#>4/.#'<#+")(*.%#+0*&A%3#,4.#*"/'#'<#%D.1*+.)8%#
*&$#5'""4.)&A#*+.)8).)%/#.0*.#*1%#>4/.)@%$#*/#‚&%+%//*17#<'1#%+'&'()+#A1'o.0=
_(5'8%1)/0%$# +'((4&).)%/3# $)/5'//%//%$# '<# .0%)1# "*&$/3# .%11).'1)%/3# *&$# 1)A0./# ,7##
.0%# +*5).*")/.3# %D.1*+.)8)/.3# 5*.1)*1+0*"# /7/.%(3# *1%# .0%# ('/.# 84"&%1*,"%# .'# +")(*.%#
+0*&A%=#Z%.#.0%7#0'"$#1%*"#/'"4.)'&/#.'#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/=
english

T0%#+'&+%5./#'<#84"&%1*,)").7#*&$#1)/d#(4/.#,%#1%$%@&%$#*&$#A)8%&#&%o#(%*&)&A/3##
)&#")&%#o).0#A"',*"#+")(*.%#>4/.)+%#51)&+)5"%/=
274
 Strategies
of Corporations
and States
276
 Corporate capture
strategies of corporations and states

and government complicity

H'15'1*.)'&/# $%"),%1*.%"7# *&$# )&.%&.)'&*""7# o'1d# .'# %&/41%# .0*.# $%+)/)'&/# (*$%##
)&#&*.)'&*"#*&$#(4".)"*.%1*"#1%A4"*.'17#/5*+%/#*1%#$%/)A&%$#.'#51'.%+.#.0%)1#)&.%1%/./#
*&$# *""'o# .0%)1# %D.1*+.)8)/.# *&$# 5'""4.)&A# *+.)8).)%/# .'# +'&.)&4%.04/# /%+41)&A##
.0%)1#/.%*$7#N'o#'<#51'@./=
a7# .0%# /*(%# .'d%&3# M.*.%/# *&$# $%+)/)'&P(*d%1/# 0*8%# *&# )&.%1%/.# )&# 51'.%+.)&A#
.0%# )&8%/.(%&./# '<# 51)8*.%# *&$# .1*&/&*.)'&*"# +'15'1*.)'&/3# */# (%*/41%$##
,7# (*+1'%+'&'()+# )&$)+*.'1/=#T0%7# *"/'# 0*8%# *# /.*d%# )&# .0%)1# 'o&# @&*&+)*"# A*)&3#
o0)+0#)/#$%1)8%$#<1'(#%+'&'()+#*+.)8).)%/#.0*.#0*1(#5%'5"%#*&$#.0%#%&8)1'&(%&.=
F'8%1&(%&.# +'(5")+).7# o).0# +'15'1*.)'&/# 1%N%+./# *# "*+d# '<# 5'").)+*"# o)""# .'# %€%+.#
51'<'4&$#.1*&/<'1(*.)'&/#*/#o%""#*/#.0%#5%..7#)&.%1%/./#'<#5%1/'&*"#%&1)+0(%&.#.0*.#
A'8%1&(%&.#'ƒ+)*"/#*1%#4/%$#.'=#_&#(*&7#+*/%/3#‚A'8%1&(%&.#+'(5")+).7#)/#*#('1%#
*551'51)*.%# .%1(# .0*&# U+'15'1*.%# +*5.41%3V# )&# .0*.# ).# *8')$/# /%&$)&A# *# 1'(*&.)+##
'1#5*.%1&*")/.)+#(%//*A%#*,'4.#.0%#A'8%1&(%&.#)&#'ƒ+%=
M*$"73# (4".)"*.%1*"# /5*+%/# ")d%# .0%# R&).%$# X*.)'&/# 0*8%# ,%%&# +*5.41%$##
,7#.1*&/&*.)'&*"#+'15'1*.)'&/=#T0)/#0*/#*""'o%$#.0%#+1)/%/#'<#+")(*.%3#<''$3#0'4/)&A3#
english

/*&).*.)'&3# *&$# 0%*".0# .'# ,%+'(%# 51'@.*,"%# ,4/)&%//%/# 1*.0%1# .0*&# %(%1A%&+)%/##
.'#,%#1%/'"8%$#)((%$)*.%"7=
278
 Green economy
strategies of corporations and states

T0%#‚A1%%&#%+'&'(7#/.1)8%/#.'#1%)&8%&.#+*5).*")/(#)&#.0%#<*+%#'<#%8)$%&+%#'<#5"*&%.*17#
*&$#/'+)*"#+1)/%/=#_.#1%5%*./#.0%#<*"/%#)$%*#'<#/4/.*)&*,"%#$%8%"'5(%&.=#_.#+"*)(/#.0*.#
).# )/# 5'//),"%# .'# (*)&.*)&# .0%# 5*+%# *&$# 1*.)'&*"%# '<# )&@&).%# %+'&'()+# A1'o.0#
*#50)"'/'507#.0*.#0*/#*"1%*$7#$%%5%&%$#.0%#+*4/%/#*&$#)(5*+./#'<#+")(*.%#+'""*5/%=#
_.#4/%/#(*1d%.)&A#/.1*.%A)%/#")d%#A1%%&o*/0)&A3#.0%#+)1+4"*1#%+'&'(73#,)'%+'&'()+/3#
*&$#XaM3#*('&A#'.0%1/=#T0)/#)&#.41&#"%*$/#.'#4&>4/.#5'")+)%/#<'1#+'((4&).)%/=
english

280
 Greenwashing
strategies of corporations and states

F1%%&o*/0)&A# )/# .0%# <*"/%# U%&8)1'&(%&.*"P)@+*.)'&V# '<# .0%# +'(('$)@+*.)'&# '<#

")<%=# _.# )/# *# 10%.'1)+*"# /.1*.%A7# .0*.# <%.)/0);%/# A''$/# */#‚A1%%&# o0)"%# +'&+%*")&A#
.0%# %D.%1&*");%$# %&8)1'&(%&.*"# )(5*+./# '<# %D.1*+.)8)/(# *&$# *++4(4"*.)'&# ,7#
$)/5'//%//)'&# .0*.# +0*1*+.%1);%# A''$/# 51'$4+%$# 4&$%1# +*5).*")/(=# F1%%&o*/0)&A#
+'&/)/./# '<# $%+%5.)8%# *$8%1.)/)&A# .0*.# *..%(5./# .'# +'&8)&+%# .0%# 54,")+# .'# ,47#
/455'/%$"7# %&8)1'&(%&.*""7P<1)%&$"7# 51'$4+./=# F1%%&o*/0)&A3# *"/'# d&'o&# */##
.0%#UA1%%&#/0%%&3V#)/#*"/'#<'4&$#)&#5'")+7(*d)&A#.0*.#51'('.%/#<*"/%#/'"4.)'&/=
english

282
 Legal security for investments
strategies of corporations and states

T0)/#.%1(#1%<%1/#.'#*#/%.#'<#&*.)'&*"#*&$#)&.%1&*.)'&*"#1%A4"*.)'&/#$%8%"'5%$#.'#*..1*+.#
.1*&/&*.)'&*"#+'15'1*.)'&/#*&$#&*.)'&*"#)&8%/.'1/#.'#5*1.)+4"*1#+'4&.1)%/#'1#"'+*.)'&/#
*&$#A4*1*&.%%#"'&AP.%1(#51'@.#<'1#.0%)1#'5%1*.)'&/=
m)/.'1)+*""73#.0%/%#1%A4"*.)'&/#0*8%#*"o*7/#,%%&#)(5'/%$#.01'4A0#+)1+4(8%&.)&A#*&$#
(*&)54"*.)&A# $%('+1*.)+# 51'+%//%/# *&$# '8%114")&A# &*.)'&*"# +'&/.).4.)'&/# *A*)&/.#
.0%# o)""# '<# .0%# 5%'5"%=#T0%7# 0*8%# ,%%&# 1%/)/.%$# ,7# o'1d%1# '1A*&);*.)'&/3# 5%*/*&.#
+'((4&).)%/3#_&$)A%&'4/#A1'45/3#*&$#'.0%1/=
T0%/%#1%A4"*.)'&/#1%"7#'&#/*+1)@+)&A#5%'5"%/#1)A0./#'1#*&$#4&$')&A#%&8)1'&(%&.*"#
51'.%+.)'&/=# T0%7# 51'('.%# 4&1%5'1.%$# %(5"'7(%&.3# "'//# '<# .0%# 1)A0.# .'# 51)'1#
+'&/4".*.)'&3#*&$#$%/.14+.)8%#+0*&A%/#)&#"*&$#4/%3#*"'&A#o).0#/4,/)$)%/#*&$#5%1()./#
<'1#.*D#%8*/)'&#<'1#)&$4/.1)*"#*&$#%D.1*+.)8%#*+.)8).)%/=
K'1# %D*(5"%3# (*&7# +'4&.1)%/# *1%# .0%'1%.)+*""7# +*5*,"%# '<# .*d)&A# ,)A# /.%5/#
.'o*1$# *# >4/.# %&%1A7# .1*&/).)'&C# 0'o%8%13# +'15'1*.)'&/# *1%# .01'o)&A# ',/.*+"%/#
)&# .0%# o*7# '<# /4+0# (%*/41%/# ,7# 4/)&A# "%A*"# /%+41).7# <'1# )&8%/.(%&./# .'# /4%#
english

.0%/%# +'4&.1)%/# )&# )&.%1&*.)'&*"# *1,).1*.)'&# +'41./# <'1# ()"")'&/# )&# +'(5%&/*.)'&##
<'1#075'.0%.)+*"‚"'/.#51'@./=
284
 Right to development
strategies of corporations and states

O/# "'&A# .0%# $)€%1%&+%/# ,%.o%%&# .0%# F"',*"# X'1.0# *&$# .0%# F"',*"# M'4.0##
*1%#$%/+1),%$#*/#.0%#$)€%1%&+%#,%.o%%&#‚$%8%"'5%$#*&$#‚$%8%"'5)&A3#.0%#0)/.'1)+*"#
*&$#$)€%1%&.)*.%$#1%/5'&/),)").)%/#<'1#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/#,%.o%%&#.0%#.o'#o)""#)&8'"8%#
.0%#+'&+%5.#'<#*#‚1)A0.#.'#$%8%"'5(%&.#'<#o0)+0#.0%#M'4.0#)/#,%)&A#$%51)8%$=#m'o%8%13#
.0)/#‚1)A0.#)/#<1%94%&."7#4/%$#.'#>4/.)<7#%+'"'A)+*""7P#*&$#/'+)*""7P$)/*/.1'4/#5'")+)%/=
l).0#1%/5%+.#.'#+")(*.%3#.0)/#/455'/%$#‚1)A0.#.'#$%8%"'5(%&.#)/#,%)&A#4/%$#.'#*8')$#
.*d)&A#$%+)/)8%#*+.)'&#.'#*$$1%//#.0%#+*4/%/#'<#A"',*"#o*1()&A=#‚Q%8%"'5)&A#+'4&.1)%/#
*1%#%&$41)&A#)&.%&/%#%D.1*+.)8)/(#)&#.0%#&*(%#'<#.0)/#‚1)A0.3#o0)"%#.0%#<4&$*(%&.*"#
english

+'&.1*$)+.)'&# ,%.o%%&# +*5).*")/.# $%8%"'5(%&.# *&$# ")<%# .0*.# 0*/# "%$# .'# .0%# +411%&.#
+")(*.%#+1)/)/#)/#)A&'1%$=
286
 Peoples’
Proposals
and Solutions
288
 Agroecology
peoples’ proposals and solutions

OA1'%+'"'A7# )/# *# /+)%&+%3# *# /%.# '<# d&'o"%$A%/3# *# ('8%(%&.3# *&$# *# 51*D)/# .0*.#
*55")%/#%+'"'A)+*"#d&'oP0'o#)&#.0%#@%"$/#'<#*A1)+4".41*"3#")8%/.'+d3#<'1%/.#*&$#<''$#
51'$4+.)'&=# _.# (*)&.*)&/# +"'/%3# 1%/5%+.<4"# 1%"*.)'&/0)5/# '<# 0*1('&7# o).0# X*.41%3##
*&$#)&.%A1*.%/#%+'/7/.%(Po)$%#0%*".03#<*)1#.1*$%3#/.1%&A.0%&%$#&%.o'1d/3#*&$#*$$%$#
8*"4%=# _&# )./# &'&P*&.01'5'+%&.1)+# 8%1/)'&3# *A1'%+'"'A7# 1%51%/%&./# *&# *".%1&*.)8%##
<'1#1%A%&%1*.)&A#*&$#0%*")&A#"*&$/#*&$#o%,/#'<#")<%=
english

290
 Climate change litigation
peoples’ proposals and solutions

O<.%1#('1%#.0*&#.o'#$%+*$%/#'<#$%"*73#)&%€%+.)8%&%//3#%D+4/%/3#*&$#+'15'1*.%#+*5.41%#
*&$#5'")+7#)&.%1<%1%&+%3#*"'&A#o).0#.0%#<*)"41%#'<#)&.%1&*.)'&*"#+")(*.%#&%A'.)*.)'&/3#
+")(*.%#").)A*.)'&#'€%1/#*&#*".%1&*.)8%#5*.0=#_.#0*/#.0%#5'.%&.)*"#.'#<'1+%#5'""4.)&A#
)&$4/.1)%/# .'# +%*/%# '5%1*.)'&/3# 51'8)$%# 1%5*1*.)'&/# <'1# $*(*A%/3# *&$# /*<%A4*1$##
.0%#1)A0./#'<#84"&%1*,"%#+'((4&).)%/)&#*#/0'1.#5%1)'$#'<#.)(%=
T0)/# /.1*.%A7# )/# /.)""# 4&$%1# $%8%"'5(%&.3# 0*/# ")().%$# >41)/514$%&+%3# *&$# .0%1%# *1%#
")()./#.'#)./#5'o%1#)&#.0%#8*/.#(*>'1).7#'<#+'4&.1)%/=#Q%/5).%#.0)/3#)&#.0%#"*/.#$%+*$%3#
.0%1%#0*8%#,%%&#/4++%//<4"#+*/%/#'<#+")(*.%#").)A*.)'&#*""#*1'4&$#.0%#o'1"$=#L%'5"%#
*&$#'1A*&);*.)'&/#+*&#4/%#).#*/#*#.''"#.'#0'"$#,)A#5'""4.%1/,'.0#+'15'1*.)'&/#*&$#
english

A'8%1&(%&./*++'4&.*,"%3#*&$#.'#$%(*&$#/*<%A4*1$/#<'1#.0%#1)A0./#'<#84"&%1*,"%#
+'((4&).)%/#*&$#8)+.)(/#'<#%D.1*+.)8)/(=
292
 Community land management
peoples’ proposals and solutions

T0)/# .%1(# 1%<%1/# .'# .0%# (*&*A%(%&.# *&$# +*1%# .0*.# +'((4&).7# &%.o'1d/# 51'8)$%##
.'#/4/.*)&#")<%3#"*&$3#*&$#.0%#+'(('&/3#)&#1%"*.)'&/0)5/#'<#)&.%1$%5%&$%&+%#,%.o%%&#
5%'5"%# *&$# !*1.0=# H'((4&).)%/# 0'"$# o)/$'(# *,'4.# .0%)1# .%11).'1)%/I# .0%7# *1%#
*+94*)&.%$#o).0#.0%)1#&%%$/#*&$#)(5"%(%&.#.%+0&'"'A)%/#.0*.#7)%"$#1%*"#/'"4.)'&/##
<'1#/4/.*)&*,"%#+*1%3#1%A%&%1*.)'&3#1%5*)13#*&$#A1'o.0=#H'((4&).7#"*&$#(*&*A%(%&.#
)/# *&# *+.# '<# 1%/)/.*&+%# .0*.# A'%/# ,%7'&$# +'&/%18)&A# W5''1"7# "*,%"%$J# ‚&*.41*"#
1%/'41+%/#*&$#%+'/7/.%(/3#%(,1*+)&A#51'<'4&$3#$)A&)@%$3#*&$#+1%*.)8%#1%"*.)'&/0)5/##
o).0#X*.41%#.'#51%/%18%#")<%#'&#!*1.0=
english

294
 Degrowth
peoples’ proposals and solutions

Q%A1'o.03# *# +'&+%5.# '1)A)&*.)&A# )&# !41'5%3# 1%<%1/# .'# 1%$4+)&A# +'&/4(5.)'&##

*&$# 51'$4+.)'&# o).0# .0%# A'*"# '<# )(51'8)&A# 04(*&# o%"<*1%3# %+'"'A)+*"# +'&$).)'&/3##
*&$#%94).7#o'1"$o)$%3#*"'&A#o).0#.0%#o%""P,%)&A#'<#X*.41%#*&$#)./#1%/'41+%/=
english

296
 Energy sovereignty
peoples’ proposals and solutions

T0)/#*551'*+0#A'%/#,%7'&$#/)(5"7#%&%1A7#*++%//3#%/.*,")/0)&A#.0%#1)A0.#.'#%&%1A7##
*/# *# +'(('&# A''$# *&$# d%7# +'(5'&%&.# '<# *# $)A&)@%$# ")<%=# !&%1A7# /'8%1%)A&.7#
)&8'"8%/#/0*1%$#$%+)/)'&P(*d)&A#*&$#+'((4&).7P,*/%$#)(5"%(%&.*.)'&#'<#51'>%+./##
<'1# %&%1A7# A%&%1*.)'&3# $)/.1),4.)'&3# *&$# +'&.1'"# .0*.# 1%/5%+.# .0%# %+'"'A)+*"# +7+"%/##
'<# X*.41%=# _.# )/# *# ('$%"# '<# >4/.# %&%1A7# 51'$4+.)'&# *&$# $)/.1),4.)'&3# o).0# <*)1&%//##
)&# .0%# +'&.1'"3# 4/%3# *&$# %€%+./# '<# .0%# %&%1A7# 51'$4+%$3# 1%+'&@A41)&A# )./# /+*"%3#
'o&%1/0)53#4/%3#*&$#(*&*A%(%&.=
H%&.%1)&A#+'((4&).)%/#)&.%1%/./#*&$#.0%#@A0.#<'1#*4.'&'(7#*&$#/%"<P(*&*A%(%&.#
*"/'#(%*&/#1%/)/.)&A#(*//)8%#‚$%8%"'5(%&.#51'>%+./3#1%+"*)()&A#.0%#5*/.#*&$#<4.41%#
$%,.# '<# /4+0# 51'>%+./3# *&$# $%&'4&+)&A# .0%# +411%&.# /7/.%(# .0*.# 4&"%*/0%/# <'//)"P
english

<4%"%$#%&%1A7#)&<1*/.14+.41%#.'#5'o%1#.0%#51%$'()&*&.#5'").)+*"3#%+'&'()+3#/'+)*"3##
*&$#&*.41%P+'&.1'"")&A#/.14+.41%/#.0*.#*1%#"%*$)&A#.'#A"',*"#+'""*5/%=
298
 Food sovereignty and autonomy
peoples’ proposals and solutions

K''$#/'8%1%)A&.7#)/#*#+'&+%5.#+')&%$#,7#s)*#H*(5%/)&*#*&$#$)/+4//%$#*.#.0%#l'1"$#
K''$#M4(().#'<#^iik=#_.#5'/)./#.0*.#5%'5"%/3#+'4&.1)%/3#*&$#A1'45/#'<#+'4&.1)%/#0*8%#
.0%# 1)A0.# .'# $%.%1()&%# .0%)1# 'o&# <''$# *&$# *A1)+4".41*"# 5'")+)%/=# K''$# /'8%1%)A&.7#
51)'1).);%/# *A1)+4".41*"# 51'$4+.)'&# .0*.# <%%$/# 5%'5"%C# *++%//# .'# "*&$3# /%%$/3##
*&$#"'*&/C#1%/5'&/),"%#*&$#)&<'1(%$#+'&/4(5.)'&C#1%/5%+.#<'1#.0%#o'1d#'<#<*(%1/C#
*&$#<*)1#51)+)&A#<'1#/4/.*)&*,"%#51'$4+.)'&=#_.#*"/'#)&+"4$%/#+'&.1'"/#*&$#51'.%+.)'&/#
<'1# 5%*/*&.# <*1(%1/# *A*)&/.# *1.)@+)*""7# +0%*5# *A1)+4".41*"# *&$# <''$# )(5'1./3##
4&<*)1#+'(5%.).)'&3#*&$#$4(5)&A=
K''$# *4.'&'(7# 1%+'A&);%/# .0*.3# ,%7'&$# <''$# /'8%1%)A&.73# .0%1%# *1%# $)8%1/%#
o'1"$8)%o/3# /%"<P$%.%1()&*.)'&3# *&$# (*&*A%(%&.# ('$%"/# *('&A# 5%*/*&.#
+'((4&).)%/#*&$#+'((4&).)%/#'<#+'&/4(%1/=#T0%#&'.)'&#)/#)&#")&%#o).0#+'((4&*"#
english

5'")+)%/# .0*.# .1*&/+%&$# $%5%&$%&+%# '&# &*.)'&P/.*.%/3# %/5%+)*""7# )&# .0%# <*+%##
'<#A'8%1&(%&.#+''5.*.)'&#*&$#/4,'1$)&*.)'&#,7#*A1),4/)&%//#+'15'1*.)'&/=
300
 Just, people-centered energy
peoples’ proposals and solutions

transition

O#>4/.3#5%'5"%P+%&.%1%$#%&%1A7#.1*&/).)'&#)/#*#51'+%//#'<#+0*&A)&A#.0%#+411%&.#%&%1A7#
/7/.%(*&$3#.0%1%<'1%3#.0%#+*5).*")/.#/7/.%(#)&.'#'&%#.0*.#+*&#,%#+'&/)$%1%$##
'<# *&$# ,7# .0%# 5%'5"%=# _.# (%*&/# .1*&/<'1(*.)'&# ,*/%$# '&# +'""%+.)8%3# $%('+1*.)+#
$%+)/)'&P(*d)&A3# *""'o)&A# +0*&A%/# )&# 0'o# %&%1A7# )/# 51'$4+%$# *&$# +'&/4(%$3##
.'#'8%1+'(%#.0%#%&%1A7#*&$#+")(*.%#+1)/)/#.0*.#(*d%#45#'41#A"',*"#/7/.%()+#+1)/)/=
O# >4/.3# 5%'5"%P+%&.%1%$# %&%1A7# .1*&/).)'&# /%%d/# .'# ,4)"$# *# &%o# %&%1A7# /7/.%(#
)&#o0)+0#%&%1A7#)/#+'&/)$%1%$#*#1)A0.#*&$#*#+'(('&#A''$#.0*.#(%%./#.0%#%&%1A7#
$%(*&$/#'<#.0%#5%'5"%#o).0#$)A&).7#*&$#/'+)*"#)&+"4/)'&3#)&#0*1('&7#o).0#X*.41%=#
K1'(# *# /'+)'P%+'"'A)+*"# *&$# 5'").)+*"# 5%1/5%+.)8%3# ).# *$$1%//%/# .0%# +'&+%&.1*.)'&##
'<#'o&%1/0)53#o%*".03#*&$#5'o%1#'<#%&%1A7#/'41+%/3#0*1&%//)&A#.0%#5'.%&.)*"#'<#+"%*&3#
%+'"'A)+*"# %&%1A7# *.# .0%# "'+*"# "%8%"=# _.# /%%d/# .'# %/.*,")/0# *&# %&%1A7# /7/.%(# 1''.%$##
)&#%&%1A7#/'8%1%)A&.73#)&+"4$)&A#$%+'"'&);*.)'&3#$%+%&.1*");*.)'&3#$%+'(('$)@+*.)'&3#
$%5*.1)*1+0*");*.)'&#*&$#$%(*.%1)*");*.)'&#*/#o%""#*/#.0%#%")()&*.)'&#'<#<'//)"#<4%"#
+'&/4(5.)'&3#)&#o0)+0#.0%#1)A0./#'<#5%'5"%/#*&$#.%11).'1)%/#*&$#.0%#1)A0./#'<#Y'.0%1#
english

!*1.0#*1%#,*/%$#'&#51)&+)5"%/#'<#+'((4&*"#%&%1A73#,4)"$)&A#*#&%o#%&%1A7#+4".41%3#
o).0#/'+)'P%&8)1'&(%&.*"#%.0)+/#*&$#>4/.)+%=
302
 Keeping fossil fuels in the ground
peoples’ proposals and solutions

T0%#+*""#.'#d%%5#<'//)"#<4%"/#)&#.0%#A1'4&$#W'1#U"%*8%#.0%#')"#)&#.0%#/')"~VJ#.'#*$$1%//#
.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/#)/#)&/5)1%$#,7#"'+*"#1%/)/.*&+%#*&$#/.14AA"%/#*A*)&/.#')"#%D.1*+.)'&3#
)&#'1$%1#.'#51'.%+.#"*&$/3#.%11).'1)%/3#*&$#5%'5"%/#<1'(#5'""4.)'&#*&$#$)/5'//%//)'&=
T0%# +'&+%5.# o*/# @1/.# )&.1'$4+%$# '&# .0%# A"',*"# /.*A%# ,7# [)"o*.+0# _&.%1&*.)'&*"##
)&# \]]`# *.# H[L^]# )&# a4%&'/# O)1%/=# M)&+%# .0%&3# $';%&/# '<# /'+)*"# '1A*&);*.)'&/# *&$#
/'+)*"#('8%(%&./#o'1"$o)$%#0*8%#%(,1*+%$#.0%#)$%*3#1*)/)&A#*o*1%&%//#.0*.#.0%#
('/.#51*+.)+*"3#+'&+1%.%3#*&$#(%*/41*,"%#o*7#.'#/"'o#A"',*"#o*1()&A#)/#.'#+4.#).#'€##
*.#.0%#/'41+%I#.0%#%D.1*+.)'&#*&$#+'&/4(5.)'&#'<#A*/3#')"3#*&$#+'*"=
T0)/# /.1*.%A7# +'&.1*/./# /0*15"7# o).0# .0%# <*"/%# /'"4.)'&/# .0*.# 0*8%# .*d%&# 0'"$##
english

)&#)&.%1&*.)'&*"#+")(*.%#&%A'.)*.)'&/#'8%1#.0%#"*/.#<%o#$%+*$%/#.0*.#/%%d#.'#5%15%.4*.%#
')"#$%5%&$%&+7=
304
 Loss and damage
peoples’ proposals and solutions

and comprehensive reparation

T0%# RXKHHH# 4/%/# .0%# .%1(# U"'//# *&$# $*(*A%V# .'# 1%<%1# .'# .0%# 0*1(/# +*4/%$# ,7#
+")(*.%# +0*&A%=# m'o%8%13# .0%# +'4&.1)%/# ('/.# 1%/5'&/),"%# <'1# A"',*"# o*1()&A# *&$#
.0'/%#('/.#*€%+.%$#,7#.0%#+")(*.%#+1)/)/#0*8%#*"o*7/#$)/*A1%%$#*,'4.#1%/5'&/),)").7##
*&$#+'(5%&/*.)'&#'o%$#<'1#.0)/#$*(*A%=
T0%/%# $*7/3# &%A'.)*.)'&/# '8%1# "'//# *&$# $*(*A%# <'+4/# '&# 1%/%*1+0)&A# )./# )(5*+./#
*&$#'&#$)*"'A4%/#*,'4.#‚@&*&+)&A#)&/.%*$#'<#*+d&'o"%$A%(%&.#'<#*&$#1%/.).4.)'&##
<'1#+")(*.%#$%,.=
l).0)&# .0%# +")(*.%# >4/.)+%# <1*(%o'1d3# "'//# *&$# $*(*A%# (4/.# ,%# *# 51'+%//##
'<# ‚+'(51%0%&/)8%# 1%5*1*.)'&/# .0*.# )&+"4$%/# )&$%(&)@+*.)'&3# +)8)"# *&$# +1)()&*"#
")*,)").73#1%/.'1*.)'&#'<#.0%#1)A0./#'<#04(*&#,%)&A/#*&$#X*.41%3#>4/.)+%#<'1#8)+.)(/3#*&$3#
('/.#)(5'1.*&."73#A4*1*&.%%/#.0*.#0*1(/#o)""#&'.#,%#1%5%*.%$=#T0)/#51'+%//#(4/.#,%#
english

/0)%"$%$#<1'(#51'5'/*"/#.0*.#o'4"$#)&+1%*/%#$%,.3#*$$#+'&$).)'&*").)%/3#'1#51'('.%#
<*"/%#+")(*.%#/'"4.)'&/=
306
 Zero waste
peoples’ proposals and solutions

T0%#_&.%1A'8%1&(%&.*"#L*&%"#'&#H")(*.%#H0*&A%#1%+'A&);%/#51'A1*(/#.0*.#1%$4+%3#
1%4/%3#*&$#1%+7+"%#(4&)+)5*"#o*/.%#*/#%€%+.)8%#*&$#0)A0P)(5*+.#(%.0'$/#<'1#1%$4+)&A#
A1%%&0'4/%#A*/#%()//)'&/=
T0%# <4&$*(%&.*"# 51)&+)5"%# '<# ;%1'# o*/.%# /'"4.)'&/# )/# .0*.# o%# /0'4"$# /*<%"7# 1%.41&#
%8%17.0)&A# o%# 51'$4+%# *&$# +'&/4(%# .'# &*.41%# '1# /'+)%.7=# l%# &%%$# .'# *$'5.#
51)&+)5"%/# '<# (*.%1)*"# +'&/%18*.)'&3# .'D)+# o*/.%# 1%$4+.)'&3# *&$# %94).*,"%# *++%//#
.'# *&$# $)/.1),4.)'&# '<# 1%/'41+%/# .'# *+0)%8%# .0%# L*1)/# OA1%%(%&./# A'*"# '<# d%%5)&A#
A"',*"#o*1()&A#,%"'o#^=p}H=#Y'1%'8%13#.0%/%#/'"4.)'&/3#)&+"4$)&A#o*/.%#1%$4+.)'&3#
1%$%/)A&3#+'(5'/.)&A3#,)'A*/3#51'$4+%1#1%/5'&/),)").73#.1*&/<'1(*.)'&#'<#+'&/4(5.)'&#
0*,)./3#+'((4&).7#%(5'o%1(%&.3#*&$#1%+7+")&A3#+'4"$#,%#)(5"%(%&.%$#.'$*7#4/)&A#
%D)/.)&A#)&&'8*.)'&/o).0#)((%$)*.%#1%/4"./=#F1*//1''./#1%+7+"%1/#*&$#)&&'8*.)8%#
5'")+7(*d%1/# *&$# 51*+.).)'&%1/# 0*8%# *"1%*$7# $%('&/.1*.%$# .0*.# ;%1'# o*/.%##
)/#*#8)*,"%#/.1*.%A7=
T'A%.0%13#.0%/%#51*+.)+*"3#,'..'(P45#/.1*.%A)%/#51'8)$%#/'(%#'<#.0%#,%/.#$%+%&.1*");%$#
english

41,*&#/'"4.)'&/#<'1#1%$4+)&A#+")(*.%#5'""4.)'&#*&$#51%/%&.#%&'1('4/#'55'1.4&).)%/#
<'1#$%8%"'5)&A#8),1*&.#"'+*"#%+'&'()%/=
308
 índice . español índice . português
456$+.+#)1"+(7$+.# H'&<%1%&+)*#$%#"*/#L*1.%/#P#H[L3#p„ 456$+:#)1"+(7$+.# H'&.1),4)tu%/#X*+)'&*"(%&.%#Q%.%1()&*$*/#WXQH/J3#^k`#
H*(,)'#/)/.B()+'3#^] H'&.1),4+)'&%/#X*+)'&*"%/#Q%.%1()&*$*/#w#XQH3#k\ H'"*5/'#+")(-.)+'#S#+1)/%#+")(-.)+*3#^^\ H'&8%&tv'Pf4*$1'#$*/#X*tu%/#R&)$*/##
H'"*5/'#+")(-.)+'#S#+1)/)/#+")(-.)+*3#^\ H'&8%&+):&#Y*1+'#$%#"*/#X*+)'&%/#R&)$*/## Q?8)$*#%+'":A)+*#%#$?8)$*#+")(-.)+*3#^^` /',1%#Y4$*&t*#$'#H")(*#WHfXRYHJ3#^k\
Q%/5"*;*$D/#S#1%<4A)*$D/#+")(-.)+'/#'#*(,)%&.*"%/3#^` /',1%#H*(,)'#H")(-.)+'#P#HYXRHH3#k] Y4$*&t*#M)/.y()+*3#^^k Y).)A*tv'3#^kk
Q%4$*#%+'":A)+*#7#$%4$*#+")(-.)+*3#^k Y).)A*+):&3#k` L%//'*/#$%/"'+*$*/#)&.%1&*/#%#1%<4A)*$'/#H")(-.)+'/3#^^„ [1t*(%&.'#$%#+*1,'&'3#^k„
b*+)/('#+")(-.)+'3#^„ L1%/454%/.'#$%#+*1,'&'3#kk b*+)/('#*(,)%&.*"3#^\] b%/5'&/*,)")$*$%#H'(4(3#(*/#Q)<%1%&+)*$*#WHaQbJ3#^j]
b%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#0)/.:1)+*/#S#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#$%# b%/5'&/*,)")$*$%/#+'(4&%/#5%1'#$)<%1%&+)*$*/3#k„ b%/5'&/*,)")$*$%#0)/.:1)+*#S#1%/5'&/*,)")$*$%## s4"&%1*,)")$*$%3#^j\
"'/#A1*&$%/#+'&.*()&*$'1%/3#\] s4"&%1*,)")$*$3#j] $'/#A1*&$%/#5'"4)$'1%/3#^\\ ?6$'#$C>+#6)1&'3&'#$+D#6)-)?6$#$#+6
M41#F"',*"#S#X'1.%#F"',*"3#\\ ?6$'#$->+#6)0-)1&'3&'#.+&,-6)/)?6$#0&6 M4"#F"',*"#S#X'1.%#F"',*"3#^\` H*5.41*#+'15'1*.)8*#%#+4(5")+)$*$%#A'8%1&*(%&.*"3#^jk
T1*&/)+):&#>4/.*#$%/$%#7#5*1*#"'/#54%,"'/3#\` H*5.41*#+'15'1*.)8*#7#+'(5")+)$*$#%/.*.*"3#j` T1*&/)tv'#>4/.*#$%#%#5*1*#'/#5'8'/3#^\k Q)1%).'#*'#$%/%&8'"8)(%&.'3#^j„
<#"6#6)=&"5.+&,-6 Q%1%+0'#*"#$%/*11'""'3#jk <#"6#6)=&"5:@-6 !+'&'()*#8%1$%3#^„]
OA1)+4".41*#+")(-.)+*(%&.%#)&.%")A%&.%#P#OH_#WHMO#5'1# !+'&'(?*#s%1$%3#j„ OA1)+4".41*#_&.%")A%&.%#5*1*#'#H")(*3#^n] Y*94)*A%(#8%1$%3#^„\
/4/#/)A"*/#%&#)&A"B/J3#\„ Y*94)""*>%#8%1$%3#„] a)'%&%1A)*#+'(#H*5.41*#%#O1(*;%&*(%&.'## M%A41*&t*#>41?$)+*#5*1*#)&8%/.)(%&.'/3#^„`
a)'%&%1A?*#+'&#+*5.41*#7#*"(*+%&*()%&.'#$%# M%A41)$*$#>41?$)+*#5*1*#"*/#)&8%1/)'&%/3#„\ $%#H*1,'&'#Wa!HHMJ3#^n\ !'&3&6$#6)-)=&"5:@-6)A&6)!&D&6
+*1,'&'#P#a!HHM3#n] !'&35-6$#6)/)=&"5.+&,-6)0-60-)"&6)!5-2"&6 Q%/+*1,'&);*tv'3#^n` OA1'%+'"'A)*3#^„„
H*1,'&'#&%4.1*")$*$3#n\ OA1'%+'"'A?*3#„k !()//u%/#&%.#;%1'3#^nk Q%+1%/+)(%&.'3#^i\
Q%/+*1,'&);*13#n` a*/41*#+%1'3#„„ F%'%&A%&0*1)*3#^n„ Q%)D*1#'/#+'(,4/.?8%)/#<://%)/#&'#/4,/'"'3#^i`
!()/)'&%/#&%.*/#+%1'3#nk Q%+1%+)()%&.'3#i] Y%+*&)/('/#$%#H'(5%&/*tv'3#^`] Q%/5%1$?+)'#;%1'3#^i]
F%')&A%&)%1?*3#n„ Q%>*1#%"#5%.1:"%'#%&#%"#/4,/4%"'3#i\ Y%1+*$'/#$%#H*1,'&'3#^`\ F%/.v'#+'(4&).-1)*#$'/#.%11).:1)'/3#^ik
Y%+*&)/('/#$%#+'(5%&/*+):&3#`] E).)A)'#+")(-.)+'3#i` X%4.1*")$*$%#$%#+*1,'&'3#^`` E).?A)'#/',1%#(4$*&t*/#+")(-.)+*/3#^i„
Y%1+*$'/#$%#+*1,'&'3#`\ Y*&%>'#+'(4&).*1)'#$%#.%11).'1)'/3#ik b%/?$4'/#5*1*#%&%1A)*3#^`„ L%1$*/#%#$*&'/#%#1%5*1*tv'#*,1*&A%&.%3#\]]
b%$4++):&#$%#!()/)'&%/#5'1#Q%A1*$*+):&## LB1$)$*/3#$*2'/#7#1%5*1*+):&#)&.%A1*"3#i„ b%$4tv'#$%#!()//u%/#5'1#Q%/(*.*(%&.'## M',%1*&)*#*")(%&.*1#%#*4.'&'()*3#\]`
7#Q%<'1%/.*+):&#P#b!QQ3#`„ M',%1*&?*#%&%1AB.)+*3#^]] %#Q%A1*$*tv'#K"'1%/.*"#Wb!QQJ3#^p] M',%1*&)*#%&%1AB.)+*3#\]\
b%/)$4'/#5*1*#%&%1A?*3#`` M',%1*&?*#7#*4.'&'(?*#*")(%&.*1)*3#^]\ M'"4tu%/#a*/%*$*/#&*#X*.41%;*#WMaXJ3#^`k T1*&/)tv'#%&%1AB.)+*#>4/.*#%#+%&.1*$*#&*/#5%//'*/3#\]k
M'"4+)'&%/#a*/*$*/#%&#"*#X*.41*"%;*#P#MaX3#`k T1*&/)+):&#!&%1AB.)+*#G4/.*#7#L'54"*13#^]` 4#'>@-6)A#6)B50#,:#6)1"+(7$+.#6
4-'>#)1"+(7$+.# O+'1$'#$%#L*1)/3#^pk
O+4%1$'#$%#L*1?/3#p` O$*5.*tv'3#^p„
O$*5.*+):&3#pk H'&<%1y&+)*#$*/#L*1.%/#WH[LJ3#^k]
310 311
 index . english créditos / credits
1"+(#$-)456$+.- H'&<%1%&+%#'<#.0%#L*1.)%/#WH[LJ3#\k` !"#$%&'#()"*$+&%,#(,-("%(.*$+'/'%(0"'12+'/%!"#$%&'"()"*+*,"
H")(*.%#+'""*5/%#S#+")(*.%#+1)/)/3#\^` Y).)A*.)'&3#\kk -$./&01('"2'34""
!+'"'A)+*"#$%,.#*&$#+")(*.%#$%,.3#\^k X*.)'&*""7#Q%.%1()&%$#H'&.1),4.)'&/#WXQH/J3#\k„ 5%1"1/&1%61")%73)"-/1718'391":17&%'19)3&01%1";"()/"<13&.)"2'3"/1"#$=7&0&1"</&9>7&01";")/"
!&8)1'&(%&.*"#1*+)/(3#\^„ T0%#L*1)/#OA1%%(%&.3#\j\ 23';)07'"?3@'3)?A$1!"0'%"12';'"()"<'32'317)"?00'$%71.&/&7;"
F"',*"#M'4.0#S#F"',*"#X'1.03#\\] R&).%$#X*.)'&/#K1*(%o'1d#H'&8%&.)'&## B&=)C'"A3>D0'4"?/&%)"<')/E'"
m)/.'1)+*"#1%/5'&/),)").7#S#1%/5'&/),)").7## '&#H")(*.%#H0*&A%#WRXKHHHJ3#\j] F"G(&HI)=
'<#,)A#5'""4.%1/3#\\\ s4"&%1*,)").73#\j`
_&.%1&*""7#Q)/5"*+%$#L%'5"%#W_QL/J#*&$#+")(*.%# =$'#$->+-6)&%)1&'3&'#$+&,6)#,0)=$#$-6 !"#$$2&'#()"*$+&%,#(,%(.*$+'3%(0"'12+'/%!"#$%E'"*+*,"
1%<4A%%/3#\\` H'15'1*.%#+*5.41%#*&$#A'8%1&(%&.#+'(5")+).73#\j„ -$./&01('"2'34""
G4/.#.1*&/).)'&#<'1#*&$#,7#.0%#5%'5"%3#\\k F1%%&#!+'&'(73#\„] 591"2130)3&1"(1"-/1718'391":17&%'19)3&01%1";"()/"<13&.)"2'3"/1"#$=7&0&1"</&9>7&01"0'9"'"
M7/.%()+#+0*&A%3#\\„ F1%%&o*/0)&A3#\„\ 23'J)7'"?3@'3)?A$1!"0'9"12'&'"(1"<'32'317)"?00'$%71.&/&7;"
<#"6-)=&"5$+&,6 E%A*"#/%+41).7#<'1#)&8%/.(%&./3#\„` -3'J)7'"A3>D0'4"?/&%)"<')/E'"
a)'%&%1A7#o).0#H*1,'&#H*5.41%#*&$#M.'1*A%#Wa!HHMJ3#\n\ b)A0.#.'#$%8%"'5(%&.3#\„k
F"G(&HI)=
H*1,'&#(*1d%./3#\n` !-&3"-6F)!'&3&6#"6)#,0)=&"5$+&,6
H*1,'&#&%4.1*").73#\nk OA1'%+'"'A73#\i]
H")(*.%PM(*1.#OA1)+4".41%#WHMOJ3#\n„ )""*$+&%+-,(0"'1%+-(.*$+'/-(!"#$$%&4!"#$%)"*+*,"
H")(*.%#+0*&A%#").)A*.)'&3#\i\
Q%+*1,'&)/*.)'&3#\`] -$./&=E)(".;4"
H'((4&).7#"*&$#(*&*A%(%&.3#\i`
F%'%&A)&%%1)&A3#\`\ Q%A1'o.03#\ik ?"2137%)3=E&2".)7K))%"-/1718'391":17&%'19)3&01%1";"()/"<13&.)"2'3"/1"#$=7&0&1"</&9>7&01"
X*.41%#a*/%$#M'"4.)'&/#WXaM/J3#\`` !&%1A7#/'8%1%)A&.73#\i„ 1%("7E)"?3@'3)?A$1"23'J)07!"K&7E"=$22'37"83'9"<'32'317)"?00'$%71.&/&7;"
X%.#;%1'#%()//)'&/3#\`k K''$#/'8%1%)A&.7#*&$#*4.'&'&73#n]] B)=&A%4"?/&%)"<')/E'"
[€/%.#(%+0*&)/(/3#\`„ G4/.3#5%'5"%P+%&.%1%$#%&%1A7#.1*&/).)'&3#n]\ F"G(&HI)=
b%$4+)&A#!()//)'&/#<1'(#Q%<'1%/.*.)'&## q%%5)&A#<'//)"#<4%"/#)&#.0%#A1'4&$3#n]`
*&$#K'1%/.#Q%A1*$*.)'&#Wb!QQJ3#\p\ E'//#*&$#$*(*A%#*&$#+'(51%0%&/)8%#1%5*1*.)'&3#n]k
l*/.%P.'P!&%1A73#\p] %1'#o*/.%3#n]„
1"+(#$-)1E#,>-)4#'>&, arvoreagua.org
O$*5.*.)'&3#\p„
H*1,'&#,4$A%.3#\k] @arvoresertecnologico @aguasualinda
H'(('&#,4.#Q)€%1%&.)*.%$#b%/5'&/),)").7#WHaQbJ3#\k\ @arvoreagua
312 313