UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS

FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

STATISTICAL REPORT

Coordinating professor, Student,

Erika Marin Ilie Iustina

May, 2022
 Contents

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 4

SECTION I – Raw data analysis for the chosen variables............................................................................ 5

1.1. Central tendency indicators ........................................................................................................... 7

1.2. Indicators of variation ................................................................................................................... 8

1.3. Empirical Rule ............................................................................................................................ 10

SECTION II: Frequency distribution construction analysis ....................................................................... 11

2.1. Intervals....................................................................................................................................... 11

2.2. Indicators of variation ................................................................................................................. 13

2.3. Indicators of variations for frequency distribution...................................................................... 15

2.4. Explaining the differences between the ungrouped data series and the grouped one ................. 16

SECTION III: Constructing the confidence interval for the population mean ........................................... 17

3.1. Standard error of the mean .......................................................................................................... 17

3.2. The marginal error ...................................................................................................................... 17

3.3. The confidence interval ............................................................................................................... 17

SECTION IV: Regression and Correlation Analysis .................................................................................. 18

Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 21

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 22

2
Table of Figures

Figure 1 – Raw data | Source : Eurostat Database ..................................................................... 5

Figure 2. Rounded data | Source: Eurostat Database ................................................................. 6
Figure 3 - Empirical Rule applied on number of immigrants | Source for data used in
calculations: Eurostat Database .................................................................................................... 11
Figure 4 - Empirical Rule applied on GDP | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat
Database ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 5 - Data frequency distribution for number of immigrants | Source for data used in
calculations: Eurostat Database .................................................................................................... 12
Figure 6 - Data frequency distribution for GDP | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat
Database ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 7 - GDP HISTOGRAM | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database ...... 13
Figure 8 - Number of immigrants HISTOGRAM | Source for data used in calculations:
Eurostat Database.......................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 9 - Comparison table | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database........... 16
Figure 10 - Scatter plot - relationship between the variables | Source for data used in
calculations: Eurostat Database .................................................................................................... 18
Figure 11 - Regression Statistics Table | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat
Database ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 12 - Predicted GDP Table | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database ... 20

3
INTRODUCTION

This report is aimed at obtaining a statistical analysis of the relationship between the two
variables X and Y, whether or not they affect each other. The X variable was the independent
variable and the Y variable was the dependent variable.
To determine the measurements for variability, the measures of range, standard deviation,
variance and median were used to provide useful information for interpretation.
1. The X variable – is represented by the number of immigrants recorded in 2018 in every
country that was a member of the European Union at that time
2. The Y variable – is represented by the GDP recorded during the same year done on the
same sample of countries.
Therefore, the goal of this paper is to analyze if the number of immigrants a country welcomes
does affect the GDP of the country in question on the course of a year.

4
SECTION I – Raw data analysis for the chosen variables

No. Country Immigrants GDP

crt.
1 Austria 105,633 385,424.0
2 Belgium 137,860 460,091.7
3 Bulgaria 29,559 56,224.7
4 Croatia 26,029 52,688.8
5 Cyprus 23,442 21,612.6
6 Czechia 65,910 210,927.8
7 Denmark 64,669 302,328.7
8 Estonia 17,547 25,817.7
9 Finland 31,106 233,468.0
10 France 387,158 2,363,306.0
11 Germany 893,886 3,367,860.0
12 Greece 119,489 179,557.7
13 Hungary 82,937 136,073.4
14 Ireland 97,712 326,042.8
15 Italy 332,324 1,771,391.2
16 Latvia 10,909 29,153.6
17 Lithuania 28,914 45,514.8
18 Luxembourg 24,644 60,362.2
19 Malta 26,444 12,957.1
20 Netherlands 194,306 773,987.0
21 Poland 214,083 497,842.3
22 Portugal 43,170 205,184.1
23 Romania 172,578 204,496.9
24 Slovakia 7,253 89,430.0
25 Slovenia 28,455 45,864.2
26 Spain 643,684 1,203,259.0
27 Sweden 132,602 470,673.1
28 United Kingdom 603,953 2,420,897.2

Figure 1 – Raw data | Source : Eurostat Database

5
 No. Country Immigrants (In thousands) GDP (In thousand million euro)
crt.
1 Austria 106 385.4
2 Belgium 138 460.1
3 Bulgaria 30 56.2
4 Croatia 26 52.7
5 Cyprus 23 21.6
6 Czechia 66 210.9
7 Denmark 65 302.3
8 Estonia 18 25.8
9 Finland 31 233.5
10 France 387 2,363.3
11 Germany 894 3,367.9
12 Greece 119 179.6
13 Hungary 83 136.1
14 Ireland 98 326.0
15 Italy 332 1,771.4
16 Latvia 11 29.2
17 Lithuania 29 45.5
18 Luxembourg 25 60.4
19 Malta 26 13.0
20 Netherlands 194 774.0
21 Poland 214 497.8
22 Portugal 43 205.2
23 Romania 173 204.5
24 Slovakia 7 89.4
25 Slovenia 28 45.9
26 Spain 644 1,203.3
27 Sweden 133 470.7
28 United Kingdom 604 2,420.9

Figure 2. Rounded data | Source: Eurostat Database

For the sake of simplicity and better understanding of the analysis, the raw data is going to be
rounded. The data we will therefore use for the following analysis is the data from Figure 2.

6
1.1. Central tendency indicators
Average:
∑𝒙𝒊
̅=
𝒙
𝒏
I calculate the sum for each variable and the result are 4546 thousand immigrants and 15952
million euro respectively. Replacing these sums in the formula above, we can calculate the
average for each variable:

4546
Immigrants: 𝑥̅ = = 162 thousands of immigrants
28
15952
GDP: 𝑥̅ = = 570 thousand million euro
28

We can conclude that in 2018 the average number of immigrants was 162 thousand and the
average GDP was 570 thousand million euro.

Median:
𝒏𝒊 + 𝒏𝒋
𝑴ⅇ =
𝟐
In order to calculate the median, the data of each variable needs to be sorted from smallest to
largest and then find the position of the median (middle position ni if there is an odd number in
the sample or the two middle positions ni and nj if there is an even number in the sample). Given
the even number (28) of countries, the median will be the average of the two middle values.
66+83
Immigrants: 𝑀𝑒 = = 75 thousands of immigrants
2
205+211
GDP: 𝑀𝑒 = = 208 thousand million euro
2

From these results, we can conclude that half the countries welcomed a maximum of 75 thousand
immigrants, while the other half equal or more than 75 thousand immigrants in 2018. Moreover,
half the countries had a GDP less or equal to 208 thousand million euro and the other half equal
or more the 208 thousand million euro.

Mode:
It represents the values that repeats itself more than once. For the number of immigrants, the
mode is Mo = 26. For the GDP data series, the mode cannot be computed because in this
ungrouped data there is no variable that appears more than once.

7
Absolute range:
𝑹 = 𝒙𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒙𝒎𝒊𝒏
Immigrants: 𝑅 = 894 − 7 = 887 thousands of immigrants
GDP: 𝑅 = 3368 − 13 = 3355 thousand million euro
The difference between the biggest and smallest values of the number of immigrants is 887.
Likewise, regarding the GDP, the difference is 3366.

Relative range:
𝒙𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒙𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑹% = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
̅
𝒙
887
Immigrants: 𝑅% = 162 = 546% thousands of immigrants
3355
GDP: 𝑅% = = 589% thousand million euro
570

The data for the GDP in 2018 is slightly more heterogeneous than the data representing the
number of immigrants in 2018.

1.2. Indicators of variation

*Dispersion (Variance):
̅) 𝟐
𝜮(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
𝝈𝟐 =
𝒏
In order to calculate the dispersion, I first have to calculate the sum of the individual deviations
( ⅆ𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ ) and then square it for each country in the simple data series. Afterwards I can
calculate the sum of the resulted squares. After this, I am left with the following results:
Immigrants: 1,309,003
GDP: 20,169,477
I then apply the formula for the dispersion for each found result:
Immigrants: 𝝈𝟐 = 46,750
GDP: 𝝈𝟐 = 720,338
_________
*Due to the nature of the way it is calculated (squaring the values) the dispersion does not have a
unit of measure. It becomes a variable that helps when computing the standard deviation (𝜎).

8
Standard deviation:
̅) 𝟐
𝜮(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
𝝈=√
𝒏

Immigrants: 𝝈 = √46,750 = 216 thousands of immigrants

GDP: 𝝈 = √720,338 = 849 thousand million euro

On average, it can be concluded that:

- The number of Immigrants can be with 216 thousand immigrants bigger or smaller than
the average number of immigrants of 162 thousand immigrants computed using the data
from 2018;
- Likewise, the GDP can be with 849 thousand million euro bigger or smaller than the
average GDP of 579 thousand million euro computed using the same sample of data
series from 2018.

Coefficient of variation:
𝝈
𝑪𝑽 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
̅
𝒙

216
Immigrants: 𝐶𝑉 = 162 ∗ 100 = 133% thousands of immigrants >35%
849
GDP: 𝐶𝑉 = 570 ∗ 100 = 149% thousand million euro >35%

It can be concluded that the data for the GDP is more heterogenous than the data for the number
of immigrants in 2016. The average therefore is not representative.
Absolute skewness
̅ − 𝑴ⅇ
𝒂𝒔 = 𝒙
Number of Immigrants: as = 87.87
GDP: as = 361.73

9
Pearson’s coefficient of skewness
̅ − 𝑴𝒐
𝒙
𝑪𝒂𝒔 =
𝝈
Skewness can be measured using several methods; however, Pearson mode skewness and
Pearson median skewness are the two frequently used methods. The Pearson mode skewness is
used when a strong mode is exhibited by the sample data. If the data includes multiple modes or
a weak mode, Pearson's median skewness is used.
For the data representing the number of Immigrants there is a weak mode and for the GDP data
there is no mode. Therefore, we will use the Pearson’s median skewness:
̅ − 𝑴ⅇ)
𝟑 ∗ (𝒙
𝑪𝒂𝒔 =
𝝈
We have the following results:
Number of Immigrants: 1.2 > 0 => the distribution is positively skewed or skewed to the left,
therefore, the mode (Mo) is on the left side of the mean

GDP: 1.3 > 0 => the distribution is positively skewed or skewed to the left,
therefore, the mode (Mo) is on the left side of the mean

1.3. Empirical Rule

I made the histogram for every variable and then I apply the empirical rule for the distribution
68%: [𝑥̅ − 𝜎, 𝑥̅ + 𝜎]
95%: [𝑥̅ − 2𝜎, 𝑥̅ + 2𝜎]
99.7%: [𝑥̅ − 3𝜎, 𝑥̅ + 3𝜎]

10
 a. Number of Immigrants:
No. of for the current
Lower limit Upper limit countries data
68% of data -53.85 378.58 25 89%
95,4% of data -270.07 594.80 26 93%
99,7% of data -486.29 811.02 27 96%
Figure 3 - Empirical Rule applied on number of immigrants | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database

Using this information, we can see how many countries are between each upper and lower limit.
For one standard deviation we have 25/28 (89%) countries, for two standard deviations we have
26/28 (93%) countries and for three standard deviations we have 27/28 (96%) countries.

b. GDP:
No. of for the current
Lower limit Upper limit countries data
68% of data -279.00 1,418.46 24 86%
95,4% of data -1127.73 2,267.18 25 89%
99,7% of data -1976.45 3,115.91 27 96%
Figure 4 - Empirical Rule applied on GDP | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database

Using this information, we can see how many countries are between each upper and lower limit.
For one standard deviation we have 24/28 (86%) countries, for two standard deviations we have
25/28 (89%) countries and for three standard deviations we have 27/28 (96%) countries.

In both data sets, the only outlier is Germany, as it exceeds the upper limits for three standard
deviations. In the final chapter of this paper, we will analyze the regression and correlation with
and without Germany and compare the results.

SECTION II: Frequency distribution construction analysis

2.1. Intervals
In order to analyze the frequency distribution for the extracted data, we first have to group the
data into equal intervals. This require completing the following steps:
a. Calculate the data range – the difference between the largest and the smallest value:

Immigrants: 𝑅 = 894 − 7 = 887 thousands of immigrants

GDP: 𝑅 = 3368 − 13 = 3355 thousand million euro

11
 b. Determine the number of classes/intervals (usually between 5 and 15 classes).

2^r>N
2^r>28 => r=5 => number of classes = 5

c. Compute the Class interval (width)

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 887
Immigrants: 𝑘 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = = 177.4 ~170
5

No of Class
Intervals countries midpoint 𝒙𝒊 ∗ 𝒏𝒊 ̅
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅)𝟐
(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐 ∗ 𝒏𝒊
(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
(𝒏𝒊 ) (𝒙𝒊 )
0-170 20 85 1700 -97.14 9,436.73 188,734.69
170-340 4 255 1020 72.86 5,308.16 21,232.65
340-510 1 425 425 242.86 58,979.59 58,979.59
510-680 2 595 1190 412.86 170,451.02 340,902.04
>680 1 765 765 582.86 339,722.45 339,722.45
Total 28 2125 5100 1,214.29 583,897.96 949,571.43
Figure 5 - Data frequency distribution for number of immigrants | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 3355
GDP: 𝑘 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = = 671 ~ 500
5

No of countries Class
Intervals 𝒙𝒊 ∗ 𝒏𝒊 ̅
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐
(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐 ∗ 𝒏𝒊
(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
(𝒏𝒊 ) midpoint (𝒙𝒊 )
0-500 22 250 5500 -321.43 103,316.33 2,272,959.18
500-1000 1 750 750 178.57 31,887.76 31,887.76
1000-1500 1 1250 1250 678.57 460,459.18 460,459.18
1500-2000 1 1750 1750 1178.57 1,389,030.61 1,389,030.61
>2000 3 2250 6750 1678.57 2,817,602.04 8,452,806.12
Total 28 6250 16000 3392.857143 4,802,295.92 12,607,142.86
Figure 6 - Data frequency distribution for GDP | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database

12
 25

20
Number of countries

15

10

0
<170 170-340 340-510 510-680 >680
Number of Immigrants
Figure 8 - Number of immigrants HISTOGRAM | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database

25

20
Number of countries

15

10

0
<500 500-1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 >2000
GDP
Figure 7 - GDP HISTOGRAM | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database

2.2. Indicators of variation

Average
∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝑛𝑖
𝑥̅ =
∑ 𝑛𝑖
We compute the sum for immigrants and GDP (the calculations can be found in Figure 5 and 6).
The results are used in the formula written above. Therefore, we end up with the following
results:
5100
Immigrants: 𝑥̅ = 28
= 182.14 thousands of immigrants

13
 16000
GDP: 𝑥̅ = = 571.43 thousand million euro
28

Median

𝑀𝑒
0.5(𝑛 + 1) − ∑𝑀𝑒−1 𝑛𝑖
𝑀𝑒 = 𝑥0 + 𝐾 ∗
𝑛𝑀𝑒
0.5(28+1)−0
Immigrants: 𝑀𝑒 = 0 + 170 ∗ = 123.25 thousands of immigrants
20

0.5(28+1)−0
GDP: 𝑀𝑒 = 0 + 500 ∗ = 329.54 thousand million euro
22

The median for each variable can be found in the first interval. This shows a significant
asymmetry in the data distribution of the countries, the first interval for both of the variables
including a large number of countries from the data series.
Furthermore, we can predict that the skewness will most likely be to the left side of the graph
and that the countries from the last interval are most likely outliers.

Mode
∆1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑥0 + 𝐾 𝑀𝑜 ∗
∆1 + ∆2
First of all, we establish, for each data set, the interval with the highest frequency:
Immigrants: 0 − 170
GDP: 0 − 500
Afterwards, we ca compute the Mode using the formula written above:
20
Immigrants: 𝑀𝑜 = 0 + 170 ∗ 20+16 = 94.4 thousands of immigrants
22
GDP: 𝑀𝑒 = 0 + 500 ∗ 22+21 = 255.8 thousand million euro

As in the case of the median, the mode can be found in the first interval for each variable. This
further emphasis the asymmetry in data distribution and that the countries from the last interval
are possible outliers.

14
 2.3. Indicators of variations for frequency distribution
*Variance

2
∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 ∗ 𝑛𝑖
𝜎 =
∑ 𝑛𝑖
949,571.43
Immigrants: 𝜎 2 = = 33913.3
28
12,607,142.86
GDP: 𝜎2 = = 450255.1
28

______________
*Due to the nature of the way it is calculated (squaring the values) the dispersion does not have a
unit of measure. It becomes a variable that helps when computing the standard deviation (𝜎).

Standard deviation

∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 ∗ 𝑛𝑖
𝜎=√ = √𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
∑ 𝑛𝑖

Immigrants: 𝜎 = 184.1 thousands of immigrants

GDP: 𝜎 = 671 thousand million euro
On average, it can be concluded that:
- The number of Immigrants can be with 184.1 thousand immigrants bigger or smaller
than the average number of immigrants of 182.14 thousand immigrants computed using
the data from 2018;
- Likewise, the GDP can be with 671 thousand million euro bigger or smaller than the
average GDP of 571.43 thousand million euro computed using the same sample of data
series from 2018.

Coefficient of variation
𝝈
𝑪𝑽 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
̅
𝒙
Immigrants: 𝐶𝑉 = 101% thousands of immigrants >35%
GDP: 𝐶𝑉 = 117% thousand million euro >35%
Both coefficients of variation are significantly bigger than 35% meaning that the data series is
not homogeneous and that the average is not representative. It can also be noted that the data
series for the GDP variable is slightly more heterogenous than that of the number of immigrants.
15
Coefficient of skewness
̅ − 𝑴𝒐
𝒙
𝑪𝒂𝒔 =
𝝈
Immigrants: 𝐶𝑎𝑠 = 0.48 thousands of immigrants >0.3
GDP: 𝐶𝑎𝑠 = 0.47 thousand million euro >0.3

Both coefficients are positive and bigger than 0.3, meaning that the data series has a significant
asymmetry and, therefore, the central tendency indicators are not representative.

2.4. Explaining the differences between the ungrouped data series and the grouped one

Results of ungrouped data (RAW data

Results of grouped data (intervals)
series) Indicator
No. of immigrants GDP No of immigrants GDP
162 570 Average 182 57
75 208 Median 123 329
26 N/A Mode 94 256
546% 589% Rel. Range -- --
887 3,355 Abs. Range -- --
46,750 720,338 Variance 33,913 450,255
216 849 St. deviation 184 671
Coefficient
133% 149% 101% 117%
of variations
Figure 9 - Comparison table | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database

Comparing the two large columns of the Figure 9, we can see that most of the indicator values
from the ungrouped data series are slightly bigger than the values of the grouped data. This
means that the Raw data is more heterogeneous than the grouped data series.

16
SECTION III: Constructing the confidence interval for the population
mean
3.1. Standard error of the mean
n=28
N=195
Calculating if f is needed: 20*n>N  560 > 38  TRUE  f is needed

𝑁−𝑛 195−28
𝑓 = √𝑁−1 = √ 195−1 = 0.93 - is the same for both variables

𝜎
Immigrants: 𝜎𝑥̅ = ∗ 𝑓 = 40.8 ∗ 0.93 = 38 thousands of immigrants
√𝑛
𝜎
GDP: 𝜎𝑥̅ = ∗ 𝑓 = 168.9 ∗ 0.93 = 157 thousand million euro
√𝑛

3.2. The marginal error

We know that z=1.96 and that the confidence level is 0.9545
𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼 ∗ 𝜎𝑥̅
2

Immigrants: 𝐸 = 76.44 thousands of immigrants

GDP: 𝐸 = 307.72 thousand million euro

3.3. The confidence interval

𝑥̅ − 𝐸 < 𝜇 < 𝑥̅ + 𝐸
Immigrants: 85 < 162 < 238.44
GDP: 262.28 < 570 < 877.72
To conclude, it can be said, with 95% confidence that the number of immigrants from all
countries in the sample data ranges from 85 thousand to 238.44 thousand immigrants and that the
value of the GDP for all countries can be found between 262.28 thousand million and 877.72
thousand million euro.

17
SECTION IV: Regression and Correlation Analysis

Between the variables that I have selected, the number of immigrants is the independent variable
and the GDP is the dependent one. The former influences the latter in a positive way: if one
increases, so does the other.
First, we sort the columns of Figure 2, beginning with the independent variable (xi = number of
immigrants) and then the dependent one (yi = GDP). After, we make the regression graph and
find the regression equation:

4000

3500
y = 0.2351x + 28.421
R² = 0.8518
3000
number of immigrants (thousand)

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
GDP (thousand million euro)

Figure 10 - Scatter plot - relationship between the variables | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database

18
In order to estimate the parameters of the linear regression function f(x) = a + bx, the following
normal equations system is written: (the calculations are extracted from the corresponding excel
sheet).

𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = ∑ 𝑦𝑖
28𝑎 + 4546𝑏 = 15952 𝑎 = 0.2351
{ ={ ={
2
𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝑦𝑖 4546𝑎 + 2047681𝑏 = 7333431 𝑏 = 28.421

 The equation becomes: y = 0.2351x + 28.421

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.922939191
R Square 0.851816751
Adjusted R Square 0.846117395
Standard Error 339.0487492
Observations 28
Figure 11 - Regression Statistics Table | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database

There is a positive/direct relationship between the number of immigrants and the GDP as the
slope b>0. In other words, there is a tendency for the GDP to change in the same direction with
0.2351 euro for a change of the exports with one unit. The intercept (a = 28421) is the value of
the GDP when the number of immigrants is null. A has no economic significance.
The coefficient of determination r=D=0.92 => 92% (Data analysis function, regression excel
function was used in order to compute this result).
The coefficient of determination indicated that the linear regression function catches 0.92% of
the total variation of the GDP in 2018.
For the predicted values, I substituted every xi into the equation. The predicted values are used to
verify and validate the independent variable.
For finding the residual values, I substituted form the independent variable its predicted value.
The residual values are used in order to compare how close are the predictions to the real values
of the yi variable:

19
 GDP (In
Immigrants Predicted GDP
thousand
Observation Country (In (In thousand Residuals
million
thousands) million euro)
euro)
1 Austria 106 385.4 365.45 19.95
2 Belgium 138 460.1 481.37 -21.27
3 Bulgaria 30 56.2 90.15 -33.95
4 Croatia 26 52.7 75.66 -22.96
5 Cyprus 23 21.6 64.79 -43.19
6 Czechia 66 210.9 220.55 -9.65
7 Denmark 65 302.3 216.93 85.37
8 Estonia 18 25.8 46.68 -20.88
9 Finland 31 233.5 93.77 139.73
10 France 387 2,363.30 1383.37 979.93
11 Germany 894 3,367.90 3219.97 147.93
12 Greece 119 179.6 412.55 -232.95
13 Hungary 83 136.1 282.14 -146.04
14 Ireland 98 326 336.47 -10.47
15 Italy 332 1,771.40 1184.13 587.27
16 Latvia 11 29.2 21.32 7.88
17 Lithuania 29 45.5 86.52 -41.02
18 Luxembourg 25 60.4 72.03 -11.63
19 Malta 26 13 75.66 -62.66
20 Netherlands 194 774 684.23 89.77
21 Poland 214 497.8 756.68 -258.88
22 Portugal 43 205.2 137.24 67.96
23 Romania 173 204.5 608.16 -403.66
24 Slovakia 7 89.4 6.83 82.57
25 Slovenia 28 45.9 82.90 -37.00
26 Spain 644 1,203.30 2314.35 -1111.05
27 Sweden 133 470.7 463.26 7.44
United
28 604 2,420.90 2169.45 251.45
Kingdom
Figure 12 - Predicted GDP Table | Source for data used in calculations: Eurostat Database

For the coefficient of correlation (Pearson), I used the formula:

𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌)
𝑟=
𝜎𝑥 ∗ 𝜎𝑦

 r = 0.61
The coefficient of correlation is a positive number (0.61) , closer to 1, which determines that
there is a positive direct and strong relationship between the number of immigrants and the gross
domestic product of a country.

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Conclusions

This paper’s aim was to give a deeper understanding of the relationship between the number of
immigrants and the GDP. Therefore, after running various and vigorous analyses on the two
variables, it can be said that, generally, the GDP of a country is positively influenced by the
number of immigrants as the coefficient of determinations and Pearson’s coefficient of
correlation suggest. This confirms the assumptions made at the beginning of the paper that the
number of immigrants does indeed influence the GDP, as the immigrants, if they become part of
the labor force, become part of the GDP via the goods they produce and then the country exports.

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Bibliography

Tușa E. (2005). Statistics for Economists. BucharestȘ Editura ASE

Tables retrieved from calculations done on excel on the dataset from the Eurostat Database

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