sinagoghe, che prevedeva la centralità della parola nel rito. Tale centralità era
presente anche nella liturgia musicale cristiana (musica, grammatica della). La
cantillazione (cioè la lettura intonata di testi sacri quali l'Epistola o il
Vangelo nella Messa), la salmodia (cioè il canto declamato dei salmi della Bibbia),
o lo jubilus (gioioso vocalizzo che si ritrova nell'Alleluia della messa) sono
tutte forme di intonazione della parola provenienti dal rito della sinagoga. In
particolare la salmodia presentò vari modi di esecuzione. Tra questi si
differenziarono più nettamente la salmodia antifonica, nella quale il versetto del
salmo veniva intonato da due gruppi corali; la salmodia responsoriale, nella quale
si alternavano il solista e il coro; la salmodia direttaneo-solistica, nella quale
il salmo veniva eseguito interamente dal solista.
Secondo la tradizione papa Gregorio Magno, alla fine del 6° secolo, riformò la
liturgia della Chiesa romana e raccolse le melodie che da lui prendono il nome. In
realtà il canto gregoriano nacque dall'opera di unificazione di varie tradizioni
avviata tra l'8° e il 9° secolo in Francia dai re carolingi Pipino il Breve e
Carlomagno. Con il Sacro Romano Impero si determinò infatti una fusione tra il
canto cristiano praticato in Francia, detto gallicano, e quello romano. Tale
fusione diede vita al canto gregoriano, diffusosi poi in Europa occidentale e
rientrato a Roma con le discese degli imperatori Ottoni (nella seconda metà del 10°
secolo).
Nel corso del 9° e 10° secolo, l'esigenza di arricchire i testi e le melodie dei
canti portò allo sviluppo di forme poetico-musicali indipendenti e perfino a
drammatizzazioni di passi del Vangelo, rispettivamente denominate tropi, sequenze e
drammi liturgici.
The early Christian chant was influenced by the Jewish chant practiced in the
synagogues, which provided for the centrality of the word in the rite. This
centrality was also present in the Christian musical liturgy (music, grammar of
the). The cantillation (i.e. the intoned reading of sacred texts such as the
Epistle or the Gospel in the Mass), the psalmody (i.e. the recited song of the
psalms of the Bible), or the jubilus (joyful vocalization found in the Alleluia of
the Mass) are all forms of intonation of the word coming from the rite of the
synagogue. In particular, the psalmody presented various ways of performing. The
antiphonic psalmody, in which the verse of the psalm was sung by two choral groups,
differed more clearly; the responsorial psalmody, in which the soloist and the
choir alternated; the direct-solo psalmody, in which the psalm was performed
entirely by the soloist.
In 313, with the promulgation of the edict of Milan, the emperor Constantine
granted Christians the freedom of worship. This act contributed to the definition
of the Christian liturgy and the musical forms connected to it. In the 4th century,
thanks to the impulse of St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, began to spread the hymns,
songs in praise of God. Unlike the psalms, the poetic text of the hymns is not
taken from the Bible, but is freely invented. The intonation of the text is
syllabic (ie a sound corresponds to each syllable) and strophic, so the same melody
is repeated the same for each verse.
Between the 6th and 7th centuries the development of monasticism favored the
definition of the liturgy of the Office of the Hours. In the Middle Ages, in fact,
the monk's life alternated between prayer and work and was divided into eight
prayer appointments: morning (before dawn); laudi (after dawn); hour before (at 6
in the morning); third (9 am); sixth (12 o'clock); ninth (3 pm); vespers (5 pm) and
compline (8 pm). During these moments of prayer the monks intoned psalms, hymns,
responsories (songs in which the verse sung by the celebrant is answered by a
choral refrain).
At the same time, the periods of the liturgical year (Advent, Christmas, Lent,
Easter, Ascension, Pentecost) and the musical liturgy of the mass were established.
The latter included the series of chants from the Proper of the Mass (Introito,
Graduale, Alleluia, Tratto, Offertorio, Communion), whose texts varied according to
the liturgical period, and the chants of the Ordinary of the Mass (Kyrie, Gloria,
Credo, Sanctus and Benedictus, Agnus Dei), with texts that did not vary during the
liturgical year.
According to tradition, Pope Gregory the Great, at the end of the 6th century,
reformed the liturgy of the Roman Church and collected the melodies that take their
name from him. In reality, Gregorian chant was born from the work of unification of
various traditions initiated between the 8th and 9th centuries in France by the
Carolingian kings Pepin the Short and Charlemagne. With the Holy Roman Empire a
fusion was determined between the Christian chant practiced in France, called
Gallican, and the Roman one. This fusion gave birth to Gregorian chant, which then
spread to Western Europe and returned to Rome with the descents of the Ottoni
emperors (in the second half of the 10th century).
Among the fundamental transformations that took place in the Carolingian age, the
birth of the neumatic musical writing (from the Greek neumatic "sign"), which
served to fix in writing the songs that were previously handed down orally, should
be remembered.
During the 9th and 10th centuries, the need to enrich the texts and melodies of the
songs led to the development of independent poetic-musical forms and even to
dramatizations of passages from the Gospel, respectively called tropes, sequences
and liturgical dramas.