,ay;-1

eLfw;fspd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;

ek;Kila gz;ila tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s

%yq;fshf ,Ug;gtw;Ws; eLfw;fs; ek;Kila Kd;Ndhh;fspd;

gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. vdNt eLfw;fisg;

gw;wp Ma;T nra;J tuyhw;iw mwpe;J ngUik ngWtJ ekJ

flikahFk;. mjpYk; fpU\;zfphp khtl;lk; eLfw;fs; kpFe;j

,lkhfj; jpfo;fpwJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. Mifahy;

,t;tha;tpy; fpU\;zfphp khtl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; eLfw;fs;

gw;wpa Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.1

ahUf;F eLfw;fs;

tPuh;fs; ehl;ilf; fhf;fNth> muridf; fhf;fNth>

Ciuf; fhf;fNth> jiytidf; fhf;fNth Nghhpy; vjphpfis

mopj;J caph; ePj;jdh;. MePiu fth;jypy; tPud; vjphpiaf;

nfhd;W Mepiuia kPl;L tPu kuzkile;jhd;. fhl;L

tpyq;Ffs; CUf;Fs; te;J njhy;iy nfhLj;jd. mJ

kl;Lky;yhky; gaph;fisAk; fhy;eilfisAk; mopj;jd.

mr;rkaq;fspy; tPud; gd;wpiaAk; GypiaAk; Fj;jp

1
Basith Assarani P, Herostone of Krishnagiri District in Indian state of Tamil Nadu, International Journal of
Science and Technology, www.sphert.org

14
tPukuzkile;jhd;. ,th;fSf;Ff; fy;ypy; rpiytbj;J

fy;ntl;Lg; nghwpj;J mij el;L topgl;ldh;. murdpd;

ed;ikf;fhfTk; jiytd; ntw;wp ngw Ntz;bAk; xU

tPud; nja;tj;jplk; jd;Dila clypy; xd;gJ ,lq;fspy;

rijia mhpe;J jiyiaAk; ntl;bg; gilj;jhd;. ,jw;F

etfz;lk; mhpj;jy; vd;W ngah;. etfz;lj;jpw;F eLfy;

vLf;fg;gl;lJ. xU tPud; jd;Dila jiyia xU %q;fpypd;

Kidapy; fl;b mjd; kWKidiag; g+kpapy; el;L jd;Dila

fOj;jpy; thshy; ntl;bf; nfhs;fpwhd;.

,t;thW tPud; jd;Dila jiyia tpUg;gf; flTSf;F

mspj;jhd;. mjw;Fj; „J}q;Fjiy nfhLj;jy;‟ vd;W ngah;

tPukuzkile;j tPuDld; mtDila kidtpAk; mtDld;

vhpAk; jPapy; gha;ths;. ,UtUf;Fk; Nrh;j;J rpiy

vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;Fj; „jPg;gha;ej

; hs; fy;‟ vd;W ngah;.

nry;yg; gpuhzpfs; ,we;Jtpl;lhy; mjw;F eLfy; elg;gl;ld.

njhWg;g+rypy; tPukuzkile;j tPuDf;F eLfy; elg;gl;lJ2.

,we;j Kd;Ndhh;fs; jq;fspd; toptUgth;fSf;Fj; Jd;g

Neuq;fspy; cWJizahf ,Ug;gJ kl;Lky;yhky; ey;y

1. g+q;Fd;wd;> uh.nrq;fk; eLfw;fspy; njUg+ry; njhy;Fbfs;> murpay; vk;.gpy;

Ma;NtL> ghujpahh; gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> g.80
15
ez;gh;fshfTk; jpfo;tjhf Kd;Ndhh;fs; ed;gpdh; Mifahy;

,we;jth;fis kpfTk; gagf;jpNahL gy tiffspy; mlf;fk;

nra;jdh3;.

,we;jth;fSf;Ff; Fj;Jf;fy; eLk; tof;fk; te;j gpd;dh;

ngUq;fw;rpd;dq;fs; mikf;Fk; tof;fk;. mUfpy; eLfy; eLk;

tof;fk; epiyngw;wJ. fpU\;zfphp khtl;lk; Gtp mikg;gpy;

FwpQ;rpAk; Ky;iyAk; ,ize;j epyg;gug;ghFk;. ePh;tsk;

Fd;wp Gy;ntsp epiwe;j epykhfj; jpfo;ej

; pUf;fpwJ. Nka;rr
; y;

epyk; fhdk; vdg;gl;lJ. Nfhtyh;fSk;> ,ilah;fSk;

fhy;eilfis Nka;j;jdh;. Mifahy; fhy;eil tsh;g;G

Xq;fpapUe;jJ. MapDk; Nka;eJ

; nfhz;Nl nry;tjhy;

Nka;rr
; y; epyk; MFk;. Nka;rr
; y; epyg; gw;whf; Fiwahy;

Nka;rr
; y; epyg;gug;igg; gpbg;gjpy; Nka;g;gth;fSf;Fs;

Nghuhl;lk; Vw;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mjd;topNa Mjid fth;jy;

Vw;gl;lJ. MapDk; nry;tkhjyhy; vjphpapd; nry;tk;

FiwfpwJ.

Nghuhl;lk; mf;fth;jypd; (kPl;lypy;) tPuh;fs; tPu

kuzkile;jdh;. mijNa njhW g+ry; vd;wdh;.

njhWg+rypy; caph; ePj;j kwth;fSf;Ff; fy;ypy; mtUila

2. South Indian Memorial Stones, Manoo Pathippakkam, Thanjavur, 2000.

16
cUtKk; vjw;fhf caph; ePj;jhh; vd;Wk; nghwpj;J el;L

topgl;ldh;. ,d;Wk; topgl;L tUfpd;wdh;. eLfw;fs;

Ntbag;gd; Nfhtpy; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. eLfw;fis

Ntld;fy;> Ntbag;gd;fy;> Iadhug;gd;fy;> fpU\;zhug;gd;fy;>

kpdhug;gd;fy;> rd;dpahrpf;fy;> MQ;rNdah;fs;> Kj;jd;fy;>

ghl;ld;fy; vd;w ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

jkpo;ehl;bd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy; Vuhskhd eLfw;fs;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ,lk; jkpo;ehl;bd; fpU\;zfphp

khtl;lk;> jUkGhp khtl;lk; kw;Wk; jpUtz;zhkiy> NtY}h;

khtl;lq;fspd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpfshFk;. ,q;Ff;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l te;Js;s kpfTk; njhd;ikahdit

ghg;ghk;ghb (,Usg;gl;b) vd;w Chpy; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

,q;Ff; Nfhtpy;fistpl eLfw;fNs Vuhskhf Vw;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j khtl;lj;jpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpahd

Cj;jq;fiu tl;lj;jpy; tl;nlOj;J fy;ntl;Lfs; nghwpj;j

eLfw;fs; gy fpilj;Js;sd. ,J nrq;fk; tl;lj;jpd;

gf;fj;J tl;lkhFk;. gz;ila fhyj;jpy; xd;Wf; nfhd;W

njhlh;Gw;w ,lq;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd.

eLfw;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;T ,.cy;l;r; (1895) Kjy; [p.tp.

Mrhhpah (1924) N[.gp. Xn[y; (1931)> thy;]; (1937) xapl;vl;

17
(1976)10 <uhfj; Jtq;fpdhYk; ,j;jiyg;gpy; Ma;T ehl;lkhfj;

Jtq;fhjpUe;jJ jkpo;ehL muR njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;

Jiwapdh; jUkGhp kw;Wk; tlhw;fhL khtl;lj;jpd; Nkw;Fg;

gFjpfspy; eLfw;fisj; jPtpukhf Ma;T nra;jdh;. mjd;

tpisthf “tPuf;fw;fs; fUj;juq;fk; (1974) eil ngw;wNjhL>

nrq;fk; eLfw;fs; (1972) vd;w E}Yk; jUkGhp

fy;ntl;Lfs; vd;w E}Yk; ntspaplg;gl;ld. “jkpo;ehl;bd;

eLfw;fs;” vd;w Mq;fpy E}iy eld fhrpehjd; vOjpdhh;.

Mh;. re;jpuNrfu nyl;b vd;gth; “tPuh;fs;> topghLfs; kw;Wk;

eLfw;fs;” (1994) vd;w Mq;fpy E}iy ntspapl;lhh;. ,e;jf;

fl;Liuahrphpah; jk;Kila Mq;fpy E}yhd “NtY}h; muR

mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; fw;rpiyfs;” (1996) vd;gjpy; tlhw;fhL

khtl;lj;jpypUe;J Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l gy eLfw;fisg; gw;wp

tpthpj;Js;shh;. Mrphpah; g. ntq;fNlrd; vd;gth; “tlhw;fhL

mk;Ngj;fhh; kw;Wk; rk;Gtuhah; khtl;lq;fspy; eLfw;fspd; rpw;g

mikg;Gfs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; (1997) Ma;T nra;J GJjpy;ypapy;

cs;s NeU mwf;fl;lisf;F mspj;jhh;4. Nguhrphpah; fh.

,uhrd; “njd;dpae;jpa eLfw;fs;” vd;w Mq;fpy Ma;T E}y;

4
U.Nj. JsrpgpUe;jh> fpU\;zfphp khtl;l tuyhW fl;Liuj; njhFg;G> jUkGhp>
2007> g.59.

18
2000-y; ntspapl;lhh;. gpd;dh; mt;tg;nghOJ gy eLfw;fs;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L Mtzk; ,jopYk; ehspjo;fspYk; kw;Wk;

E}y;fspYk; ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. vdNt jw;nghOJ

eLfw;fs; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; kpfTk; ehl;lk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

eLfw;fspy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpait 90% ngUq; fw;fhyg;

gz;ghl;blq;fspNyh mUfpNyh fhzg;gLtij Nehf;fpdhy;

,tw;NwhL eLfq;fs; njhlh;Gilait vdyhk;. ngUk;ghyhd

eLfw;fs; fpof;F Nehf;fpAk; ePh;epiy mUfpYk; my;yJ

Ciutpl;L J}uj;jpYk; JUQ;ry; kuj;jbapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rpy eLfw;fis mit Kjypy; elg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J

ngah;j;J NfhtpypYk; NfhtpyUfpYk; Chpd; mUfpYk;

el;Ls;sdh;5.

Mdhy; tl;nlOj;Js;s eLfw;fs; mjd; Kjy;

,lj;jpNyNa cs;sd vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. fh.,uhrd;

X#h; tl;lk; ehnfz;lghisaj;jpy; mUfpYs;s Ch;fspypUe;J

Nrfhpj;j eLfw;fis el;Ls;sdh;. mq;F XNu E}w;whz;Lf;

fhyfl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j 32 eLfw;fs; cs;sd. mNj Nghy

Fbahj;jk; tl;lk; %q;fpy;gl;L vd;w Chpy; mt;t+hpd; gy

5
Rajan.K. South Indian Memorial Stones, Manoo Pathippakkam, Thanjavur, 2000 p.44
19
,lq;fspypUe;J vl;L eLfw;fisf; nfhz;L te;J CuUfpy;

murkuj;jbapy; thpirahf el;Ls;sdh6;.

fp.gp. 800 – 900 fhyfl;lj;jpy; eLfw;fs; elg;gltpy;iy.

mjw;Ff; fhuzk; epiyaw;w murpay; epiy> mt;thW

$Wtijtpl kf;fs; mikjpahf tho;eJ

; s;sjhy; g+ry;

Vw;gltpy;iy. eLfy; ehl;lg;gltpy;iy vdyhk;. eLfw;fspy;

,Ue;J fy;ntl;Lfspd; %yk; rpy nra;jpfis mwpa mtw;iw

,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

Kw;gFjp eLfw;fs; fhl;Ltd

 fp.gp. 796 tiu ee;jpth;kd; fhyk; tiu tl;nlOj;Jg;
gad;gl;lJ.

 eLfw;fs; njhW g+rYf;Nf Vw;gl;ldh;.

 kd;dhpd; Ml;rpahz;L vOj;jpy; kl;Lk; cs;sd.

 fy;ntl;L RUf;fkhfTk; Nfhtpira vd;Wk;

Jtq;FfpwJ

 ehLk; CUk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

 rpw;gq;fs; xNu jl;Lld; vspikahfr; nrJf;fg;

gl;bUe;jhYk; fq;fh;fspd; eLfw;fspy; ,uz;L jl;Lr;
rpw;gq;fisg; ghh;f;fyhk7;.
6
NkyJ
7
jp.Rg;gpukzpad;> jkpofj; njhy;ypaYk; tuyhWk; (jf^h; gFjp) nrd;id 2009 g.g.
141-142

20
 gpw;gFjp eLfw;fs; fhl;Ltd

 jkpo; vOj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld

 fy;ntl;Lfs; tphpthdit

 tpyq;Ffisf; nfhs;sy;> etfz;lk; Mfpait mjpf

mstpy; elg;gl;ld.

 Ml;rpahz;Lfs; vz;zpYk;> vOj;jpYk;

nghwpf;fg;gl;ld.

 ];t];jp=Ald; fy;ntl;Lfs; Jtq;fpd.

 Nfhl;lk;> tsehL> kz;lyk; Mfpad fy;ntl;Lfspy;

,lk; ngw;wd.

 eLfw; rpw;gq;fs; mjpf tpthpg;ghapd8

ehl;Lg; gphpTfs;

fpU\;zfphp khtl;l eLfq;fspy; fp.gp. 8-k; E}w;whz;L

Kjy; ehl;Lg; gphpTfs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. Cj;jq;fiu tl;lk;

uhkfpU\;zk;gjpapy; cs;s eLfy; Nfht+h; tl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j

nul;ba+h; eLfy; Ntzhl;ilf; $WfpwJ. ,Nj tl;lj;jpy;

,Uf;Fk; tujd;gl;b ej;jNkL eLfy; Gwkiy ehl;ilr;

rpyCud;fPo; fe;jt thz;zjp miuah; Mz;lhh; vd;wdh;.

8
NkyJ

21
 Cj;jq;fiu tl;lk;> jl;lf;fy; eLfy;yhdJ tpf;fpuk

Nrho ehL vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. fpU\;zfphp tl;lk; re;J}h;

eLfw;fs; nts;shs ehl;ilAk; Gwkiy ehl;ilAk; vapy;

ehl;ilAk; gw;wp gfph;fpd;wd. fpU\;zfphp tl;lk;

gPkhz;lg;gs;spapypUe;J Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L fpUl;bzfphp muR

mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; cs;s eLfy;ypd; fy;ntl;L ,d;drhf

ehL vd;w ehl;ilj; njhptpf;fpwJ9.

eLfw;fspy; rpw;g mikjp

xU gf;fj;jpy; tl;nlOj;Jg; nghwpg;Gk; my;yJ

eLfy;ypd; ghjpapy; fy;ntl;Lk; ghjpapy; rpw;gKk; ,lk;ngw;wd.

tPudpd; ,lJifapy; tpy; my;yJ ths; gpbj;J tyJ ifapy;

ths; gpbj;jpUf;fpd;whd;. tPudpd; cUtk; Nghh; Kfj;jpy;

tpiuAk; epiyapy; nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. tlf;Fg; ghh;j;j

Kfk; rq;fg; ghlypy; “tlf;fpypUe;J caph;ePj;jy;” thpia

ekf;F epidTgLj;JfpwJ.

tPudpd; clypy; gy mk;Gfs; gha;eJ

; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

tp[aefu Ml;rpf; fhyj;J eLfw;fspy; tPudpd; fOj;jpy;

9
U.Nj. JsrpgpUe;jh> fpU\;zfphp khtl;l tuyhW fl;Liuj; njhFg;G> jUkGhp>
2007> g.68.

22
Muq;fSk; ,Lg;gpy; mofpa eiffSk; myq;fhpf;fpd;wd.

jiy myq;fhuKk; NtWgLfpd;wd. gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy;

nfhz;il gpd;gf;fk; rha;eJ

; k; tp[a efu Nguurpd; NghJ

jiyapd; nfhz;il nrq;Fj;jhfTk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

fPohil cs;sJ. gy;yth;fhy tPuDf;F ,Lg;gpy;

fl;lg;gl;Ls;s Milapd; Kid njhilfSf;filapy;

njhq;Ftijf; fhzyhk;. tPuDf;F vjphpy; gifth;fs; rpwpa

cUtkhfj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sdh;. fhy;eilfSk; tpyq;FfSk;

Fj;Jtpsf;Fk; nfz;bAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd10.

NkYyff; fhl;rp

NkYyff; fhl;rp rq;f fhy kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

GwKJfplhtPud; kuzkile;jhy; mtd; NkYyif milfpwhd;

njhWkPl;lypy; tPukuzkile;jtDk; NkYyifr; Nrh;fpwhd;.

NkYyff; fhl;rp eLfw;fspy; nrJf;fg;gLk; tof;fk; Nkiy

fq;fh;fspd; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J vdyhk;. fq;f kd;dDf;Fr;

rkhj Nfhtpy; vLf;fg;gl;l Cuhd NtY}h; tl;lk; Nrho

tuj;jpy; NkYff; fhl;rpia tpthpf;Fk; ,uz;L eLfw;fs;

cs;sd.22 ,tw;iwg; Nghd;w fpU\;zfphp tl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j

10
R. Nagasamy, Seminar on Herostones State Dept of Archaology Govt. of TamilNadu
Madras 1974 p.17

23
fhj;jhbFg;gj;jpypUe;J %d;W eLfw;fs; fpU\;zfphp muR

mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpw;Fs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt> ,t;tif

eLfq;fisr; rpwg;Gilajhff; fUj Ntz;bAs;sJ.

tuyhw;iwAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; mwpa eLfw;fs; nghpJk;

gad;gLfpd;wd.

mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; tPL vd;Dk; ehd;F cWjpg;

ghLfisj; jkpoh; kugpy; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,tw;wpy; tPL NgW

vd;gijr; Rth;f;fk; ngWjy; vd;Wk;> tpz;Z}h; GFjy; vd;Wk;

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wfpd;wd. nghJ eyj;jpw;fhf caph;

Jwe;jth;fspd; epidthf vOg;gg;gl;litNa eLfw;fs; vd;Wk;

epidTf;fw;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy; rpy

gFjpfspYk;> jkpofj;jpd; gy gFjpfspYk; mjpf mstpy;

eLfw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

njhz;il kz;lj;jpYk;> nfhq;F kz;lyj;jpYk;

mghpkpjkhf eLfw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ nrq;fk;>

jUkGhp tlMw;fhL Mfpa gFjpfspd; eLfw;fs; mjpf

mstpy; cs;sd. ,e;j mhpatif eLfw;fs; Rkhh; 2000

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; tho;ej

; ngUq;fw;fhy kf;fspd; r%fr;

24
#o;epiy tho;f;if Kiw> gz;ghL Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp

mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w xd;whFk11;.

jUkGhp gFjpfspy; fy;tl;lq;fs; eLfw;fs;>

Fj;Jf;fw;fs;> jhop Nghd;w tiffisr; rhh;e;j ngUq;fw;fhy

<kr;rpd;dq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,e;j <kr;rpd;dq;fspy; 90

rjtpfpjk; fy;tl;l tifiar; rhh;ej

; it. fy;tl;lq;fs;

tifiar; rhh;e;j <kr;rpd;dq;fs; fpilf;fpd;w ngUk;ghyhd

,lq;fspy; eLfw;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,f;fhuzj;jhy;

fy;tl;ltifia <kr;rpd;dkhfr; nfhz;l kf;fSk; eLfy;

vLf;Fk; tof;fj;ijf; nfhz;l kf;fSk; xNu r%fg; gphpitr;

Nrh;e;jth;fshf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W czu KbfpwJ. fy;tl;l

<kr;rpd;d tiffs; fp.K. 300-f;Fk; fp.gp. 300-f;Fk;

,ilg;gl;lJ vd;W njhy;nghUspayhsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;.

vdNt ,it rq;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ vd;W czu Kbfpd;wJ.

eLfw;fs; fp.gp. 5-k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wd. vdNt

fy;tl;l <kr;rpd;dj;ij tof;fkhff; nfhz;l kf;fs;

eLfw;fspd; %jhijah;fs; vd;W $wyhk;. fy;tl;l tif

<kr;rpd;dq;fs; vLf;Fk; Kiw epd;w gpd;> eLfw;fs; mjd;

njhlh;r;rpahf vOg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,Nj

11
NkyJ g.g. 72-76

25
fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba kz;lyj;jpy; jhopfspy; Gijf;Fk; tof;fk;

mjpfk; fhzg;gl;ljhy; eLfw;fs; vJTk; vOg;gg;gltpy;iy.

vdNt jhopfis <kr;rpd;dq;fshff; nfhz;l kf;fs; eLfy;

vLf;Fk; gof;fk; ,y;yhjth;fshff; fhzg;gl;lhh;fs;

fy;tl;lq;fspypUe;J eLfw;fspd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ12.

eLfw;fs; vOg;gf; fhuzq;fs;:

nghJthfg; ngUk;ghyhd eLfw;fs; murDf;fhfg; Nghh;

nra;J caph; ePj;jth;fSf;F vOg;gg;gl;ld. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy

Mfpa epyq;fspy; eLfw;fs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,g;gFjpapd; ,ilNa tho;ej

; kf;fs; gphpnjhU FOitr;

Nrh;e;j kf;fspd; fhy;eilfisf; fth;e;J nrd;wdh;. mtw;iw

kPl;gjw;F Vw;gl;l g+ry;fspy; caph;ej

P ;jth;fSf;F eLfy;

vLj;jdh;. ,jid MePiu fth;jy;> MePiu kPl;ly; vd

,yf;fpaq;fs; Ritgl tpthpf;fpd;wd.

nfhba tpyq;fNshL Nghuhb caph; ePj;jth;fSf;fhfTk;

eLfw;fs; vLf;fg;gl;ld. mth;fSf;F vLf;fg;gLk; eLfw;fspy;

12
Natana Kasinathan, Hero Stones in Tamilnadu, Madras, 1978, pp.1-2.

26
mth;fs; NjtNyhf kfspuhy; tuNtw;fg;gl;L mioj;Jr;

nry;yg;gLk; rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;ld.

ngUk;ghyhd eLfw;fspy; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;l eLfw;fspy; cs;s tPuh;fspd; cUtq;fs;

mstpy; rpwpaitahfTk;> gilg;Gr; rpw;gq;fs; ntspauhkYk;

nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy eLfw;fs; thptbtj;jpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tPudpd; cUtq;fSld; Gdpjr; rpd;dq;fshf

nfd;b> fz;zhb Nghd;witfSk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nghpajhfTk; rz;ilf; fhl;rpfSlDk; nrJf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf;

fhzyhk;. tp[a efu kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpy; nghpa tifr;

fy;ypy; tPuh;fspd; cUtq;fs; tbf;fg;gl;ld13.

kd;dDf;fhd eLfy;

gy;yt kd;dd; rpk;ktp\;Ztpd; fhyj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;l

eLfy;jhd; kd;didg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisf; nfhz;l

fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;l eLfy; MFk;. nrq;fk; gFjpapy;

eLfy;ypy; ngz;fspd; khdj;ijf; fhf;f caph; Jwe;j

kapyhl;bf; fk;gdpd; fij nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gj;jhk;

E}w;whz;Ltiu eLfw;fspy; nrhh;f;fk; mile;j nra;jpNah

13
Kidth;. jp. kNdhd;kzp> jp. nry;tehafp> njhy;ypay;> nrd;id 2013
g.g. 158-159

27
NjtNyhfk; gw;wpa fUj;JfNs fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Nfusj;jpy; jhd; ,j;jifa fUj;Jfisf;

nfhz;l eLfy; Kiw 10-k; E}w;whzby; GFj;jg;gl;lJ.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; (gy;yt> Nrho kd;dh; fhyj;jpy;) ,we;j mur

FLk;g tPuh;fSf;fhff; Nfhtpy;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. Gy;gs;sp

(Pul palli) vd;Dk; %d;W mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;l eLfy;

mikg;Gfs; fh;ehlfk;> kfhuh\;buk; Nghd;w gFjpfspy;

Fg;jh;fs; kw;Wk; uh\;Gu$h;fspd; fhyq;fspy;

vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sd14.

eLfy; topghl;bd; Njhw;wk;

fw;fis milahskhf eLtjhy; “eLfy;” vdg;gl;lJ

,k;Kiw xU tifapy; rptnewpapy; ypq;fj;ij eLtJ

Nghd;wjhFk;. eLfy; ehl;Lg;Gw KiwahfTk; gs;spg;

gilNfhapy; (kd;dh;fs; ,we;j ,lj;jpy; fy;el;L Nfhapy;

vOg;Gjy;) murghzpahfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. rq;f fhyj;jpy;

jd;dhy; ,ad;wtiuapy; Nghh; Ghpe;J caph;tpl;l tPudJ

cliyg; Gijj;j ,lj;jpy; my;yJ vhpj;j ,lj;jpy; xU

fy;iy eLth; mf;fy;ypy; mtdJ cUtj;ijAk;> ngaiuAk;

,d;dNghhpy; ,t;thW Nghh;Ghpe;J khz;lhd; vd;w tptuj;ijAk;

14
NkyJ g.160

28
nghwpg;gh;. ,f;fy;Ny eLfy; vdg;gLk; fw;Fitfshy;

%lg;gl;l eLfy; “fw;gJf;if” vd;Dk; ngahpy;

miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Nghhpy; <LgLk; tPuh;fs; ntw;wpthif #b

tuNtz;Lnkd;W mth;jk; kidtpkhh;fs; jk; Fb Kd;Ndhhpd;

eLfy; Kd; mkh;eJ

; topgl;ldh;. ed;dDila kiyfs; kPJ

,j;jifa eLfw;fs; mjpfstpy; ,Ue;jd. mt;topahfr;

nrd;w $j;jh; ghzh; Nghd;Nwhh; aho; thrpj;J mj;jifa

eLfy; tPuh;fis topgl;Lr; nrd;wdh;15;.

eLfy; vLg;G tpoh MWtifg;gLk; mit

1. fw;fhz;ly;

2. fhy;Nfhs;

3. fy;iy ePh;g;gLj;Jjy;

4. fy;iy eLjy;

5. tud; ngah; nray; nghwpj;jy;

6. fhy; nfhz;l nja;tj;jpw;F rpwg;G nra;J tho;j;Jjy;

nrq;Fl;Ltd; fz;zfpf;F Nfhapy; vLj;jik ,Nj
kugpdjhFk;16;.

15
(,y. fzgjpKUfd;> jkpofj;jpy; eLfy;> rjp-fy; topghL> (fl;Liu)
16
NkyJ

29
eLfy; tzf;fj;jpd; nghUs;

“jha;ehl;bd; nghUl;L Nghhpl;L caph;ej

P ;j tPuj;jkpoDf;F

epidTf;fy;iy el;L mt;tPuid Nghw;Wjy;” mtid

rhd;whff; nfhz;L kw;w jkpoh; elf;fKayy;> mtdJ Gfo;

cyfk; cs;sTk; epyTf! vd;gdNtahFk;. tPuh;fs;

kl;Lky;yhJ> tpyq;Ffspd; epidthff; $l eLfw;fs;

elg;gl;ld. fhisfspd; epidthf elg;gl;l eLfw;fs;

fh;ehlfh khepyk;> Jk;$h; khtl;lj;jpy; mjpfstpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpofj;jpy; ney;iy khtl;lk; fq;if

nfhz;lhDf;F mUfpYs;s Fg;Gf;Fwpr;rp vd;Dkplj;jpy;

gRf;$l;lk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ,j;jifa eLfw;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd17.

gj;jpdpj; nja;t topghL

cld;fl;il Vwpa ngz;fs; gj;jpdpj; nja;tkhfTk;

tzq;fg;gl;ldh;. Nfhtyid ,oe;j fz;zfp kJiuia

tpl;Lg; Gwg;gl;L itiff;fhiu topNa MNttkhfr; nrd;whs;.

gpd;dh; tU\ehL kiytopahf RUspkiyapd; Nkw;Fj;

njhlh;r;rpahd kq;fyNjtp kiyf;F tUfpwhs;. fz;zfp>

17
jp.Rg;gpukzpad;.> Op.cit g.g. 157-158

30
nja;tkhd ,lk; ,JNtahFk;. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;

fz;zfpapd; epidthf ,t;tplj;jpy; Nfhapiy cUthf;fpdhd;.

gj;jpdpj; nja;t topghl;bd; guty;

Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd;> kq;fyNjtp Nfhl;lj;jpw;F te;J

fz;zfpapd; rpwg;ig czh;e;J jpUg;gzp nra;jNjhL

kl;Lky;yhJ gpbkz; vLj;Jr;nrd;W jQ;irapy; gj;jpdpj;

nja;t topghl;ilj; njhlq;fp itj;jhd;. ,f;Nfhapy; rpq;fs

ehr;rpahh; nrq;fs ehr;rpahh; vd;W toq;fp gpd;

nrq;fhsr;rpak;kd; Nfhapyhf jw;NghJ cs;sJ

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Kjyhtjhf fz;zfpf;Fr; Nfhayikj;j ,lk;

“mq;fzf;flit” vdg;gLk; rpq;fsehl;by; “gj;jpdp nja;Nah”

vd tzq;fg;gLk; nja;tk; fz;zfpNa vd;gJ ,yq;ifapd;

tuyhw;whsuhf nr. ,uhrehafj;jpd; fUj;jhFk;. eLfy;

topghLk; rjpfy; topghLk; ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; rpWnja;t

topghLfshf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; epiyngw;W tpl;ljhfNt

$wNtz;Lk;18;.

18
rpyg;gjpfhuk; 27-14-16

31