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always, every …,
Simple A: He speaks. action in the present
never, normally,
Present N: He does not speak. taking place regularly, often, seldom,
Q: Does he speak? never or several times sometimes,
facts usually
if sentences type I
actions taking place (If I talk, …)
one after another
action set by a
timetable or schedule
Present A: He is speaking. at the moment,
action taking place
Progressive N: He is not speaking. just, just now,
Q: Is he speaking? in the moment of Listen!, Look!,
speaking now, right now
action taking place
only for a limited period of
time
action arranged for
the future
Simple Past A: He spoke. yesterday, 2
action in the past
N: He did not speak. minutes ago, in
Q: Did he speak? taking place once, never or 1990, the other
several times day, last Friday
actions taking place if sentence type II
(If I talked, …)
one after another
action taking place in
the middle of another
action
Past A: He was speaking. while, as long as
action going on at a
Progressive N: He was not speaking.
Q: Was he speaking? certain time in the past
actions taking place at
the same time
action in the past that
is interrupted by another
action
Present A: He has spoken. already, ever, just,
putting emphasis on
Perfect N: He has not spoken. never, not yet, so
Simple Q: Has he spoken? the result far, till now, up to
action that is still now
going on
action that stopped
recently
finished action that
has an influence on the
present
action that has taken
place once, never or
several times before the
moment of speaking
Present A: He has been speaking. all day, for 4
putting emphasis on
Perfect N: He has not been speaking. years, since 1993,
Progressive Q: Has he been speaking? the course or how long?, the
duration (not the result) whole week
action that recently
stopped or is still going on
finished action that
influenced the present
Past A: He had spoken. already, just,
action taking place
Perfect N: He had not spoken. never, not yet,
Simple Q: Had he spoken? before a certain time in the once, until that
past day
sometimes if sentence type
III (If I had
interchangeable with past
talked, …)
perfect progressive
putting emphasis only
on the fact (not the
duration)
Past A: He had been speaking. for, since, the
action taking place
Perfect N: He had not been speaking. whole day, all day
Progressive Q: Had he been speaking? before a certain time in the
past
sometimes
interchangeable with past
perfect simple
putting emphasis on
the duration or course of
an action
Future I A: He will speak. in a year, next …,
action in the future
Simple N: He will not speak. tomorrow
Q: Will he speak? that cannot be influenced If-Satz Typ I (If
spontaneous decision you ask her,
she will
assumption with
help you.)
regard to the future assumption: I
think, probably,
perhaps
Future I A: He is going to speak. decision made for the in one year, next
Simple N: He is not going to speak. week, tomorrow
Q: Is he going to speak? future
(going to) conclusion with
regard to the future
Future I A: He will be speaking. in one year, next
action that is going
Progressive N: He will not be speaking. week, tomorrow
Q: Will he be speaking? on at a certain time in the
future
action that is sure to
happen in the near future
Future II A: He will have spoken. by Monday, in a
action that will
Simple N: He will not have spoken. week
Q: Will he have spoken? be finished at a certain
time in the future
Future II A: He will have been speaking. for …, the last
action taking place
Progressive N: He will not have been couple of hours,
speaking. before a certain time in the all day long
Q: Will he have been future
speaking? putting emphasis on
the courseof an action
Conditiona A: He would speak. action that might take if sentences type
l I Simple N: He would not speak. II
Q: Would he speak? place (If I were you,
I would go home.)
Conditiona A: He would be speaking. action that might take
lI N: He would not be speaking.
Progressive Q: Would he be speaking? place
putting emphasis on
the course/ duration of the
action
Conditiona A: He would have spoken. if sentences type
action
l II Simple N: He would not have spoken. III
Q: Would he have spoken? that might have taken (If I had seen
place in the past that, I would
have helped.)
Conditional A: He would have been speaking.
action that might have
II N: He would not have been
Progressive speaking. taken place in the past
Q: Would he have been speaking?
puts emphasis on
the course / duration of the
action