Followings are the excerpts from the specifications of a laser displacement sensor:

 Measurement range: 30mm-60mm

 Resolution: 6μm
 Linearity: ±3% Full Scale
 Response time: 0.18ms
 Linear output: 4-20mA

Answer:

 O  Omin 
O  Omin =  max   I  I min 
I 
 m ax min 
I
O = KI + a
O  Omin
K = max
I m ax  I min
a = Omin  K I min
Given, I min  30mm Omin  4mA
I max  60mm Omax  20mA

1. Suppose the distance between the sensor and the object is 45mm. Then what
would be nominal output in mA?
a) 12mA
b) 18.24mA
c) 6.55mA
d) 7mA
Answer: (a)
16mA
K=  0.533 mA mm
30mm
16mA
a = 4mA =  30mm
30mm
 12mA
O at I  45mm
O   0.533  45   12  mA
 12mA
2. What can the maximum error due to nonlinearity under the above condition?
a) ±0.35mm
b) ±1.33mm
c) ±0.48mm
d) ±0.91mm

Answer: None of the answers are correct

Given, Linearity = ± 3% full scale

Maximum error= (60x0.03)=1.8 mm

3. Find out the change in output current per unit change in distance between the
sensor and the object.
a) 1.869 mA/mm
b) 0.533 mA/mm
c) 0.1 33mA/mm
d) 2.2 66mA/mm
Answer: (b)
K  0.533 mA mm
2. Find the resolution of an 8-bit ADC, if it has an analog voltage reference of 10V.
a) 39.21mv
b) 21.07mv
c) 30.76mv
d) 55.77mv

Answer: (a)
8 bit ADC, volt Ref. 10V

10V
Resolution,  39.21mV
28  1
3. The accuracy specified for a pressure gauge of range 0-25kPa is 5%of full scale.
Find the maximum error in measurement in Pa if it gives a reading of 4.0 kPa.
a) ±8.2kPa
b) ±15.2kPa
c) ±1.25kPa
d) ±0.9kPa.

Answer: (c)
Range: O  25kPa
Accuracy: 5% of F.S.D
Maximum error, (25kPa *0.05)
 1.25kPa.


4. Figure below shows a block diagram of a force transducer using negative
feedback. The elastic force sensor gives a displacement output for a force input; the
displacement sensor gives a voltage output for a displacement input. VS is the
supply voltage for the displacement sensor.

Calculate the output voltage V0 when

A.VS =1.0 V, F=50 N
B. VS =1.5 V, F=50 N.

Input Output
force + voltage
10-5 10 × Vs 103 V0
F -
Elastic force Displacement Amplifier
Balancing
force sensor sensor

10

Coil and
magnet
a) A.Vo=4.93 V , B.Vo= 4.90
b) A.Vo=4.93 V , B.Vo= 4.93
c) A.Vo=4.93 V , B.Vo= 4.96
d) A.Vo=4.90 V , B.Vo= 4.93

Answer: None of the answers are correct

Vo 105 10  Vs 103


F 1  105 10  Vs 103 10
A. Vs  1.0V , F  50
Vo  2.6V
B. Vs  1.5V , F  50
Vo  3V

The data provided is not very appropriate for typical feedback instruments. The loop
gain is very high.
5. A level transducer has an output range of 0 to 10 V. For a 3 metre level, the output
voltage for a falling level is 3.05 V and for a rising level 2.95 V. Find the hysteresis as
a percentage of span. (John P. Bentley)
a) 1%
b) 2%
c) 4%
d) 7%
Answer: (a)
H
Hysteresis  100
Omax  Omin
O P

Omax  

H 

Omin i P 
Imax  
I min  
H  3.05  2.95V
 0.1V
Omax  Omin  10  0  10V
% Hysteresis = 1%
6. What is the total sensitivity of the system? Ki is the sensitivity of the ith block.

Amplifier
Thermocouple Indicator
TC TC
K1 = 30µV/oC K2 = 500V/V K3 = 20oC/V

Fig. Simple Temperature measurement System.

a) 0.8

b) 0.5

c) 0.3

d) 1.3

Answer: (c)
I = I1 O1 = I 2   O2 = I 3   O3  
K1   K2 K3
1  2 3
O1  K1 I1
O2  K 2 I 2  K 2 K1 I1
O3  K3 I 3  K3 K 2 K1I
K  K3 K 2 K1   20  500  30 
 0.3
7. What is the overall relative error of the system? Ei is the relative error of the ith
block as a percentage of the reading.

Amplifier
Thermocouple Indicator
TC TC
E1 = 1% E2 = 3% E3 = 4%

Fig. Simple Temperature measurement System.

a) 12%

b) 8%

c) 6%

d) 10%

Answer: (b) 
z
x y
   
Z  xy
dz  xdy  ydx

dz dy dx
 
z y x

Or,
Z  z   x  x  y  y 

 xy  xy  yx  xy

z x y xy
  
z x y xy
The relative error is interpreted have as the worst case relative error.
8. If the analog signal is 100 sin 2 ∗ ∗ 100 ∗ . Choose the proper sampling
frequency based on practical considerations from the options given below?

a) 10 Hz
b) 100 Hz
c) 200 Hz
d) 1000 Hz

Answer: (d)

If Fs  200 Hz.

0.01 sec  

Fs  1000 Hz.

0.01 sec  
9. A signal contains components with frequencies up to 10 kHz, although no useful
information is contained at frequencies above 6 kHz. What is the minimum
frequency at which the signal should be sampled?

a) 6 KHz
b) 16 KHz
c) 12 KHz
d) 20 KHz

Answer: (b)
16 KHz
Fs

16KHz
6KHz 10KHz
10. Match the types of Analog input subsystem given in the left column with their
corresponding advantage/disadvantage given in the right column.

1
AA Filter
2
3 Mux S/H
Input Signals

n A/D
Signal
Conditioning Digital Output Code
Fig. A

1
S/H

Analog Input 2 Digital N-bit

S/H Mux A/D
Signals output

n S/H

Fig. B
Type A Analog input subsystem I. Cost is lower,
II. Cost is Higher,
Type B Analog input subsystem III. Will create less time delay
IV. Will create more time delay

a) A: Cost is lower, Will create more time delay, B: Cost is Higher, Will create less
time delay

a) Type A Analog input subsystem: I, II , Type B Analog input subsystem: III,IV

b) Type A Analog input subsystem: II, III , Type B Analog input subsystem: I, IV

c) Type A Analog input subsystem: I, IV , Type B Analog input subsystem: II, III

Answer: (C)

Type A Analog input subsystem: I, IV, Type B Analog input subsystem: II, III
11. The minimum sampling frequency for xa(t) is real with Xa(f) non-zero only for 9
KHz < |f| < 12 KHz is

a) 6 KHz

b) 9 KHz

c) 12 KHz

d) 3 KHz

Answer: (a)

Fs   BW  2   

9KHz 12KHz  
  3KHz