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1.

Oggetto e funzione del diritto pubblico

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2.

Lo Stato: politica e diritto

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2.1.

Legittimazione

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2.2.

Lo Stato!

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2.2.1.

La nascita dello Stato moderno!

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2.2.2.

Sovranit!

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2.2.3.

La sovranit si evolve!

!
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2.2.4.

Sovranit e organizzazione internazionale!

!
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2.2.5.

Territorio!

!
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2.2.6.

Cittadinanza!

!
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h6 $#44;#1*4%$+!$*1*!#49+(*!]!#((%!$%!,+&%$+()#M!
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!

2.2.7.

Cittadinanza UE!

!
?4! A,#''#'*! &244;D(%*(+! T2,*1+#! $+4! UYYc! .\##&',%5H'6! H#! %(',*$*''*! 4;%&'%'2'*! $+44#! 5%''#$%(#()#! $+44;D(%*(+0!
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2.2.8.1.

Lo Stato apparato: apparato burocratico!

!
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2.2.8.2.

Lo Stato apparato: persona giuridica!

!
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2.2.8.3.

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2.2.8.4.

Lo Stato apparato: potest pubblica!

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2.2.8.5.

Lo Stato apparato: uffici e organi!

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2.2.8.5.

Lo Stato apparato: uffici e organi!

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3.

Forme di Stato

3.1.

Forma di Stato e forma di governo

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3.2.1.

Evoluzione delle forme di Stato: Stato assoluto

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3.2.2.

Evoluzione delle forme di Stato: nascita dello Stato liberale

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3.2.3.

Evoluzione delle forme di Stato: Stato liberale ed economia di

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3.2.4.

Evoluzione delle forme di Stato: i caratteri dello Stato liberale

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3.2.5.

Evoluzione delle forme di Stato: nascita dello Stato di democrazia

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3.3.1.

Stato di democrazia pluralista: i partiti politici di massa

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3.3.2.

Stato di democrazia pluralista: alternative allo Stato di democrazia

nel XX secolo

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3.3.3.

Stato di democrazia pluralista: affermazione dello Stato sociale

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3.3.4.

Stato di democrazia pluralista: omogeneit e differenze

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!

3.3.5.

Stato di democrazia pluralista: tra societ post-classista e

globalizzazione

!
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!

3.3.6.

Stato di democrazia pluralista: caratteri

!
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!

3.4.

Rappresentanza politica

!
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3.4.1.

Nello Stato di democrazia pluralista

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3.4.2.

Democrazia diretta e democrazia rappresentativa!

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3.5.1.

La separazione dei poteri: il modello liberale

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3.5.2.

La separazione dei poteri nelle democrazie pluraliste

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3.6.1.

Regola di maggioranza: definizioni

!
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3.6.2.

Democrazie maggioritarie e democrazie consociative

!
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3.6.3.

Le minoranze permanenti

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!

3.7.

Stato unitario, federale e regionale

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!

3.8.1.

Unione europea: definizioni

!
"sDP?BPT! TD@BCTK! .DT6! N! 2(#! &',2''2,#! %&'%'2)%*(#4+! 5H+! N! ',#$%)%*(+! $+&5,%-+,+! ,%5*,,+($*! #$! 2(#!
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3.8.2.

Lorganizzazione

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56

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4.

Forme di governo

4.1.1.

Stato liberale: la monarchia costituzionale

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4.1.2.

Parlamentarismo dualista e monista

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!

4.2.

Forme di governo nella democrazia pluralista

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4.3.1

Il sistema parlamentare e le sue varianti: caratteri

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4.3.2.

Il sistema parlamentare e le sue varianti: maggioritario e

compromissorio

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4.4.1.

Presidenzialismo

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4.5.1.

Semipresidenzialismo

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4.6.1.

Altre forme di governo contemporanee

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4.7.1.

La legislazione elettorale

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4.7.2.

Lelettorato attivo e passivo

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4.7.3.

Ineleggibilit e incompatibilit parlamentari

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4.7.4.

Disciplina delle campagne elettorali

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4.7.5.

Il finanziamento della politica

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!

4.7.6.

I sistemi elettorali

!
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!

4.7.7.

Il sistema elettorale in italia

!
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!

4.7.8.

Le elezioni del Parlamento europeo

!
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+!%!,+&'%!-+(<*(*!',#''#'%!5*(!%4!9+'*$*!$+%!,+&'%!1%[!#4'%0!
!

4.7.9.

La verifica dei poteri e il contenzioso elettorale

!
"#! JT@?X?FK! >T?! CBAT@?! N! 4*! &1+5%7%5*! 1,*5+$%9+('*! 5H+! 5%#&52(#! 5#9+,#! &-*4<+! 1+,! 5*(',*44#,+! 4#!
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5#&*! $+44+! +4+)%*(%! ,+<%*(#4%! %4! 9+55#(%&9*! N! #(#4*<*! 9#! 4+! $+4%3+,#)%*(%! $+4! F*(&%<4%*! %(! 9#'+,%#! &*(*!
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$+'+,9%(#)%*(%!%(!9#'+,%#!$%!%(5*91#'%3%4%'I!+!%(+4+<<%3%4%'I0!

5.0.

Lorganizzazione costituzionale in italia

5.1.

La forma di governo: fiducia e maggioranza

!
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,#)%*(#4%))#)%*(+! $+44#! 7%$25%#! (*(! H#! 9#%! *1+,#'*! +! O2%($%! (*(! H#! $#'*! #452(! 5*(',%32'*! #44#! &'#3%4%'I! $%!
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#,%'9+'%5#! #4! 7%(+! $+44+! -*'#)%*(%! 1#,4#9+('#,%G! 9#! 2(#! 9#<<%*,#()#! &'#3%4+! 5H+! &%! #<<,+<#! #''*,(*! #$! 2(!
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!
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$+%!&%(<*4%!1#,4#9+('#,%!+!$+%!<,211%!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$+4!5*,1*!+4+''*,#4+0!F*&l!%(!2(!C#,4#9+('*!$%!1#,'%'%G!5*9+!
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!

5.2.

Trasformazione del sistema politico e della forma di governo

!
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!
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!

5.3.

La formazione della coalizione

!
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!
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!
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!

5.4.

Le crisi di governo

!
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!

5.5.

Il Governo

!
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!

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!

5.5.1.

Le regole giuridiche del Governo

!!
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!

5.5.2.

Unit e omogeneit del Governo

!
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!

5.5.3.

La formazione del Governo

!
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!

5.5.4.

Consultazioni e incarico per la formazione del Governo

!
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!

5.5.5.

La lista dei ministri, la nomina e il giuramento

!
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5.5.6.

I rapporti tra gli organi del Governo

!
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!
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!

5.5.7.

Lunit dellindirizzo politico e amministrativo (L. 400/88)

!
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!

5.5.8.

La Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri

!
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!

5.5.9.

Gli organi governativi non necessari

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!

5.5.10.

Gli strumenti per lattuazione dellindirizzo

!
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5.5.11.

Settori della politica governativa

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5.5.12.

Gli organi ausiliari

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5.6.

Il Parlamento, la sua struttura e il bicameralismo perfetto

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5.6.1.

Il Parlamento in seduta comune

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5.6.2.

I regolamenti e il ruolo del Parlamento

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5.6.3.

Lorganizzazione interna delle Camere: Presidenti e Uffici di

Presidenza

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5.6.4.

I gruppi parlamentari

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!

5.6.5.

Commissioni parlamentari e Giunte

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!

5.6.6.

Il funzionamento del Parlamento: durata e regole decisionali

!
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!
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:Td@TAB0!
!
C+,!,+<*4#!<+(+,#4+!4+!&+$2'+!$+44+!F#9+,+!&*(*!12334%5H+0!
!

5.6.7.

Le prerogative parlamentari

!
F*(! 4s+&1,+&&%*(+! C@T@BdKA?JT! CK@"K\TPAK@?! &%! 7#! ,%7+,%9+('*! #<4%! %&'%'2'%G! 5H+! %(! $+,*<#! #4! $%,%''*!
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!

5.6.8.

Gli interna corporis

!
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*&&%#!$+44#!<%2,%&$%)%*(+!+&542&%-#!1+,!5%b!5H+!,%<2#,$#!%!,%5*,&%!,+4#'%-%!#%!,#11*,'%!$%!4#-*,*!5*(!%!$%1+($+('%0!
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$+44+!#&&+934++!1#,4#9+('#,%0!
!

5.6.9.

La funzione legislativa del Parlamento

!
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1#,4#9+('#,+0!
!

5.6.10.

La funzione parlamentare di controllo

!
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!

5.6.11.

Atti parlamentari di indirizzo

!
?!,+<*4#9+('%!1#,4#9+('#,%!1,+-+$*(*!$+<4%!#''%!5H+!9%,#(*!#!%($%,%))#,+!4s#''%-%'I!$+4!d*-+,(*L!
4#!\Bm?BPT!12b!+&&+,+!1,+&+('#'#!$#!2(!1,+&%$+('+!$%!<,211*!*!$#!Ug!$+12'#'%!*!$#!W!&+(#'*,%0!?4!
7%(+! N! O2+44*! $%! $+'+,9%(#,+! 2(#! $%&52&&%*(+! +! 2(#! $+4%3+,#)%*(+! &2! O2+&'%*(%! 5H+! %(5%$*(*!
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*,%+('#9+('*!*!2(!%($%,%))*0!"#!,%&*42)%*(+!#4!1#,%!$+44#!9*)%*(+!5*($%)%*(#!4s%($%,%))*!<*-+,(#'%-*0!
!

5.6.12.

Le inchieste parlamentari

!
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12334%5*!%('+,+&&+G!5*(!1*'+,%!+!4%9%'%!$+44s#2'*,%'I!<%2$%)%#,%#!.#,'0!Wc!F*&'060!
!
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!

5.6.13.

Parlamento e Comunit europea

!
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4#!1,%9#!N!O2+44#!$%!,+5+1%,+!4+!$%,+''%-+!5*92(%'#,%+!%(!'+91%!,#<%*(+-*4%G!+-%'#($*!$%!$+'+,9%(#,+!4#!
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!

5.6.14.

Il processo di bilancio: finanza pubblica nella costituzione

!
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$2+!1,%(5%1%!7*($#9+('#4%0!
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!
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!

5.6.15.

Il processo di bilancio: spesa pubblica

!
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5.6.16.

Il processo di bilancio: crisi fiscale e razionalizzazione

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!

5.6.17.

Il processo di bilancio: il contenuto tipico della finanziaria

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5.6.18.

Il processo di bilancio: legge e regolamento parlamentare

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5.6.19.

Il processo di bilancio: verifica della copertura

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5.7.

Presidente della Repubblica

5.7.1.

Capo dello Stato e forma di governo

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!

5.7.2.

Elezione del Presidente della Repubblica

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!

5.7.3.

La controfirma ministeriale

!
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!

5.7.4.

Le irresponsabilit del Presidente

!
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5.7.5.

La soluzione delle crisi di governo: nomina del PdC

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!

5.7.6.

La soluzione delle crisi: lo scioglimento anticipato del Parlamento

!
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5.7.7.

Lo scioglimento anticipato del Parlamento: esperienza italiana

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5.7.8.

Dopo lo scioglimento, lordinaria amministrazione

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5.7.9.

Atti formalmente e sostanzialmente presidenziali

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5.7.10.

Atti formalmente presidenziali e sostanzialmente governativi

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!

5.7.11.

Atti come Presidente del Consiglio supremo di Difesa e CSM

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5.7.12.

La supplenza del Presidente della Repubblica

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!

6.

Regioni e governo locale

6.1.

Regioni e EELL nella storia istituzionale italiana

6.1.1.

Dalla costituzione alla riforma

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6.1.2.

Ripartizione delle competenze

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6.2.

I raccordi tra i diversi livelli territoriali

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!

6.2.1.

La Commissione bicamerale integrata

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$+44#! d%2('#! 5*(! $C@! 9*'%-#'*! &*4*! 5*(! #''%! 5*(',*! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! *! <,#-%! -%*4#)%*(%! $%! 4+<<+! *112,+! 1+,!
,#<%*(%!$%!&%52,+))#!(#)%*(#4+0!?4!$+5,+'*!$%!&5%*<4%9+('*!*!,%9*)%*(+!12b!+&&+,+!#$*''#'*!&*4#9+('+!&+('%'#!
4#!F*99%&&%*(+!3%5#9+,#4+!%('+<,#'#0!
!
F*(!4#!,%7*,9#!$+4!cggU!-%!N!&'#'#!4s#'',%32)%*(+!$%!,%4+-#('%!72()%*(%!$%!,#55*,$*!#44#!F*99%&&%*(+L!
#6 %!,+<*4#9+('%!1#,4#9+('#,%!1*&&*(*!1,+-+$+,+!4#!1#,'+5%1#)%*(+!$%!,#11,+&+('#('%!$+44+!@+<%*(%G!$+44+!
C,*-%(5+!#2'*(*9+!+!$+<4%!TT""M!
36 O2#($*! 2(! C$"! 5*(5+,(+('+! 9#'+,%+! %(! ,+<%9+! $%! 5*91+'+()#! 5*(5*,,+('+! *112,+! ,+4#'%-*!
#44s#2'*(*9%#! 7%(#()%#,%#! $%! +(',#'#! *! &1+&#! #33%#! ,%5+-2'*! 1#,+,+! (+<#'%-*! $#44#! F*99%&&%*(+!
3%5#9+,#4+! +! 4#! 5*99%&&%*(+! 5*91+'+('+! #44s+&#9+! (*(! #33%#! ,+5+1%'*! 4s*&&+,-#)%*(+G! 4+! 1#,'%! $+4!
'+&'*! 3*55%#'+! $#44#! E%5#9+,#4+! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+! $+4%3+,#'+! &*4*! 5*(! 4#! 9#<<%*,#()#! #&&*42'#!
$+44sK&&+934+#M!

6.2.2.

Il sistema delle conferenze e la Stato-Regione

!
?4! :?:AT\K! >T""T! FBPXT@TPmT! N! &'#'*! 5,+#'*! 1,%9#! $+44#! ,%7*,9#! %&'%'2)%*(#4+! $+4! cggU! +! 5*('%(2#! #$!
*1+,#,+! (+44#! $%,+)%*(+! $+4! 1,%(5%1%*! $%! 4+#4+! 5*44#3*,#)%*(+! 5,+#'*! $#44#! <%2,%&1,2$+()#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0! ?4!
C@?PF?C?B! >T""K! "TK"T! FB""KEB@Km?BPT! 7*,924#'*! 5*(! 4#! &+('+()#! $+44#! F*,'+! F*&'%'2)%*(#4+! cec_YV!
t$+-+!<*-+,(#,+!%!,#11*,'%!',#!4*!:'#'*!+!4+!@+<%*(%!(+44+!9#'+,%+!+!%(!,+4#)%*(+!#44+!#''%-%'I!%(!52%!4+!,%&1+''%-+!
5*91+'+()+!5*(5*,,*(*!*!&%!%('+,&+5H%(*!%91*(+($*!2(!5*('+91+,#9+('*!$+%!,%&1+''%-%!%('+,+&&%k0!
!
A,#!%!5*(<+<(%!1%[!,%4+-#('%!1+,!#&&%52,#,+!4s#''2#)%*(+!$+4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!4+#4+!5*44#3*,#)%*(+!+$!%4!,#55*,$*!',#!
:'#'*! +! @+<%*(%! -%! N! 4#! FBPXT@TPmK! CT@\KPTPAT! CT@! ?! @KCCB@A?! A@K! "B! :AKABG! "T! @Td?BP?! T! "T!
C@BJ?PF?T! KDABPB\T! >?! A@TPAB! T! EB"mKPBG! #! 52%! N! &'#'#! #77%#(5#'#! #(5H+! 4#! FBPXT@TPmK! :AKABG!
F?AAKs! T! KDABPB\?T! "BFK"?0! T(',#93+! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+! ,%2(%'+! #&&%+9+! (+44#! FBPXT@TPmK! DP?X?FKAK0!
=2+&'%!*,<#(%&9%!&*(*!&+$%!$%!5*(7,*('*!',#!%4!d*-+,(*!+!4+!@+<%*(%!.Uv6G!%4!d*-+,(*!+!<4%!TT""!.cv6!*!#(5*,#!
',#!d*-+,(*G!@+<%*(%!+!TT""!.^v60!=2+&'*!1#,+,+!(*(!N!<%2,%$%5#9+('+!-%(5*4#('+0!
!

6.2.3.

Altri tipi di raccordo

!
"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!.,%7*,9#! cggU6!1,+-+$+!#4',+! 7*,9+!$%!,#55*,$*!&2!#452(+!5*91+'+()+!%(! 5#1*!#44+!@+<%*(%!
1*(+($*! 4*! :'#'*! %(! 2(#! 1*&%)%*(+! $%! 5**,$%(#9+('*G! *--+,*! #'',%32+($*! #44*! :'#'*! 4s+&542&%-%'I! $+44#!
1,*<,#99#)%*(+!+!$+4!5**,$%(#9+('*!$%!#452(+!9#'+,%+!+!4#&5%#($*!O2%($%!#44+!@+<%*(%!4#!,+<*4#)%*(+!$+44#!
9#'+,%#!(+44s#93%'*!$+44#!5*,(%5+0!@%+(',#(*!%(!O2+&'#!5#'+<*,%#!1+,!+&+91%*L!U6!4#!$+'+,9%(#)%*(+!$+%!4%-+44%!
+&&+()%#4%! 1+,! 4+! 1,+&'#)%*(%! ,%<2#,$#('%! $%,%''%! &*5%#4%! *! 5%-%4%G! c6! 4#! '2'+4#! $+44#! 5*(5*,,+()#M! ^6! %4!
5**,$%(#9+('*!%(7*,9#'%-*!$+44#!CK0!
!
D(s#4',#! 7*,9#! $%! ,#55*,$*! ,%<2#,$#! 4s+&+,5%)%*! $+4! CBAT@T! T:AT@B! $+44+! @+<%*(%! +$! %! ,#11*,'%! $+44+! &'+&&+!
5*(!4sDT0!"*!:'#'*!5*(&+,-#!1*'+&'I!4+<%&4#'%-#!+&542&%-#!%(!*,$%(+!#!t1*4%'%5#!+&'+,#!+!,#11*,'%!%('+,(#)%*(%kG!
t,#11*,'%!$+44*! :'#'*!5*(!4sDTk!+! t$%,%''*!$s#&%4*k!(*(5H`!t5*($%)%*(+!<%2,%$%5#!$+%!5%''#$%(%! (*(!#11#,'+(+('%!
#44sDTk0!A2''#-%#!(+44+!9#'+,%+!$%!&2#!5*91+'+()#!4#!@+<%*(+!12b!5*(542$+,+!#55*,$%!5*(!:'#'%!*!%('+&+!5*(!
+('%!'+,,%'*,%#4%!+&'+,%!(+44+!7*,9+!+!(+%!5#&%!$%&5%14%(#'%!$#44+!4+<<%!$+44*!:'#'*!.#,'0!UUV0Y60!
!
?4!d*-+,(*!%(*4',+!<*$+!$+4!CBAT@T!:B:A?ADA?JB!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$+<4%!*,<#(%!$+44+!@+<%*(%!+!$+<4%!TT""0!C2b!
O2%($%!&2,,*<#,&%!#$!+&&%!%(!5#&%!$%!1#,'%5*4#,+!2,<+()#G!<,#-%'I!*!%(#$+91%+()#0!
!

6.3.

I rapporti tra le Regioni e gli EELL

!
?4! '+&'*! *,%<%(#,%*! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+4! UYeW! &'#3%4%&5+! 5H+! t4#! @+12334%5#! ,%5*(*&5+! +! 1,*92*-+! 4+!
#2'*(*9%+!4*5#4%k!.#,'0!]6!+!$+9#($#!#!4+<<%!<+(+,#4%!%4!5*91%'*!$%!$+'+,9%(#,+!1,%(5%1%!+!9*$#4%'I!$%!O2+&'#!
#2'*(*9%#!.#,'0!UcW60!
!
"s#55+4+,#)%*(+!$+4!1,*5+&&*!$%!&-%4211*!$+<4%!TT""!&%!N!#-2'#!(+4!5*,&*!$+<4%!#((%!sYg!5*(!4#!4+<<+!Uec_YgG!
4s+4+)%*(+!$%,+''#!$%!:%($#5%!+!C,+&%$+('%!$%!C,*-%(5%#!+!4s#11,*-#)%*(+!$+4!A0D0!$+<4%!TT""!(+4!cggg0!"#!(2*-#!
$%&5%14%(#!&%!3#&#!&2%!&+<2+('%!1,%(5%1%L!
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4*!&-%4211*M!
4#! C@BJ?PF?K! N! 4s+('+! 4*5#4+! %('+,9+$%*! ',#! F*92(+! +! @+<%*(+G! %4! O2#4+! ,#11,+&+('#! 4#! 1,*1,%#!
5*92(%'IG!(+!52,#!<4%!%('+,+&&%G!(+!1,*92*-+!+!5**,$%(#!4*!&-%4211*M!
%! 5*92(%! +! 4+! 1,*-%(5+! H#((*! #2'*(*9%#! &'#'2'#,%#G! (*,9#'%-#G! *,<#(%))#'%-#! +! #99%(%&',#'%-#G!
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12334%5#M!
4#!<+(+,#4%'I!$+%!5*91%'%!+!$+44+!72()%*(%!-#!#'',%32%'#!#%!F*92(%!+!#44+!C,*-%(5+G!5*(!+&542&%*(+!$+44+!
72()%*(%!5H+!,%5H%+$*(*!4s2(%'#,%*!+&+,5%)%*!#!4%-+44*!,+<%*(#4+M!
!

K55#('*! #! O2+&'+! 7%<2,+! 4#! ,%7*,9#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! $+4! cggU! H#! %(',*$*''*! 4+! F?AAKs! \TA@BCB"?AKPT0! P+44+!
#,++!9+',*1*4%'#(+!%4!F*92(+!5#1*42*<*!+!<4%!#4',%!#$!+&&*!2(%'%!$#!5*('%<2%'I!'+,,%'*,%#4+!1*&&*(*!$+5%$+,+!$%!
5*&'%'2%,&%! %(! 5%''I! 9+',*1*4%'#(#0! =2+&'s24'%9#! #5O2%&%&5+! 4+! 72()%*(%! $+44#! C,*-%(5%#! +$! #&&29+! 2(!
*,$%(#9+('*!$%77+,+()%#'*!$+'+,9%(#'*!5*(!1,*1,%*!&'#'2'*0!
!
F*(! 4#! ,+-%&%*(+! $+4! cggU! 4#! 5*($%)%*(+! $+<4%! TT""! N! 5#93%#'#! 1,*7*($#9+('+0! C,%9#! $%! O2+&'#! $#'#!
4s#2'*(*9%#! $+<4%! +('%! 4*5#4%! ,%&24'#-#! &*&'#()%#49+('+! t$+5*&'%'2)%*(#4%))#'#k0! J%! N! 5*&l! 4#! <#,#()%#!
$+44s#2'*(*9%#! $%! 5%#&52(*! $%! '#4%! +('%! $+4! 1*'+,+! $%! $#,&%! #2'*(*9#9+('+! 2(! 1,*1,%*! :AKADAB0! "s#,'0! UUW!
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&'+&&*! #,'%5*4*! &'#3%4%&5+! 5H+! %! F*92(%G! 4+! C,*-%(5+! +! 4+! F%''I! 9+',*1*4%'#(+! &*(*! '%'*4#,%! $%! XDPm?BP?!
C@BC@?T0!"*!:'#'*!1+,b!5*(&+,-#!4#!1*'+&'I!4+<%&4#'%-#!+&542&%-#!1+,!O2#('*!,%<2#,$#!4+<%&4#)%*(+!+4+''*,#4+G!
*,<#(%!$%!<*-+,(*!+!72()%*(%!7*($#9+('#4%!$%!F*92(%G!C,*-%(5+!+!F%''I!9+',*1*4%'#(+0!
!
C+,!O2#('*!,%<2#,$#!%!,#55*,$%!',#!4#!@+<%*(+!+!<4%!+('%!4*5#4%G!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1,+-+$+!5H+!%(!*<(%!@+<%*(+!4*!
&'#'2'*!1,+-+$#!%4!FBP:?d"?B!>T""T!KDABPB\?T!"BFK"?G!%(!52%!&%+$*(*!%!,#11,+&+('#('%!$+<4%!+('%!4*5#4%G!%4!
O2#4+!$+-+!72()%*(#,+!5*9+!*,<#(*!5*(!72()%*(%!5*(&24'%-+0!
!

6.4.

Finanza regionale e finanza locale

!
"s#,'0! UUY! ,%5*(*&5+! +! <#,#('%&5+! 4sKDABPB\?K! X?PKPm?K@?KG! &%#! &24! -+,&#('+! $+44+! +(',#'+! 5H+! &2! O2+44*!
$+44+!&1+&+G!#!7#-*,+!$%!F*92(%G!C,*-%(5+G!F%''I!9+',*1*4%'#(+G!@+<%*(%0!=2+&'*!5*91*,'#L!
#6 %!&2$$+''%!+('%!$+-*(*!#-+,+!+(',#'+!1,*1,%+!+!%4!1*'+,+!$%!5*(5*,,+,+!#!$+'+,9%(#,(+!4#!O2#('%'I!+!4#!
5*91*&%)%*(+M!
36 $+-*(*! 1*'+,! &'#3%4%,+! 4%3+,#9+('+! 5*9+! &1+($+,+! 4+! ,%&*,&+! $%! 52%! $%&1*(<*(*G! 5H+! 1*&&*(*!
1,*-+(%,+!$#!',%32'%!1,*1,%!*!$#!',#&7+,%9+('%!$+44*!:'#'*M!
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4s#,9*(%))#)%*(+!$+%!3%4#(5%!12334%5%!+!%4!5**,$%(#9+('*!$+44#!7%(#()#!12334%5#!+!$+4!&%&'+9#!',%32'#,%*!&%#(*!
9#'+,%#!5*(5*,,+('+!$*-+!4*!:'#'*!12b!7%&&#,+!4#!5*,(%5+!<+(+,#4+0!"*!:'#'*!9#('%+(+!5*91+'+()#!+&542&%-#!
(+44#!1+,+O2#)%*(+!$+44+!,%&*,&+!7%(#()%#,%+0!
!
?!F*92(%G!4+!C,*-%(5+G!4+!F%''I!9+',*1*4%'#(+!+!4+!@+<%*(%!H#((*!#(5H+!2(!1,*1,%*!CKA@?\BP?BG!#'',%32%'*!
&+5*($*! %! 1,%(5%1%! <+(+,#4%! 7%&&#'%! 5*(! 4+<<+! $+44*! :'#'*! +! 1*&&*(*! ,%5*,,+,+! #44s?P>TE?AK\TPABG! 9#!
&*4#9+('+!1+,!7%(#()%#,+!&1+&+!$%!%(-+&'%9+('*!+!(*(!4#!&1+&#!5*,,+('+0!
!

6.5.

La forma di governo regionale

!
"#! 4+<<+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! U_YY! H#! 9*$%7%5#'*! <4%! #,'%5*4%! $#! UcU! #! Uch! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! %(',*$25+($*! 2(#!
7*,9#! $%! <*-+,(*! ,+<%*(#4+! 3#&#'#! &244sT"Tm?BPT! CBCB"K@T! >?@TAAK! >T"! C@T:?>TPAT! >T""K! @Td?BPT0!
C%[! 1,+5%&#9+('+! N! &'#'#! %($%-%$2#'#! 2(#! 7*,9#! $%! <*-+,(*! ',#(&%'*,%#G! -%<+('+! 7%(*! #! O2#($*! 4#! @+<%*(+!
#'',#-+,&*! %4! 1,*1,%*! &'#'2'*! %($%-%$2+,I! #2'*(*9#9+('+! 4#! 1,*1,%#! 7*,9#! $%! <*-+,(*! +! 4#! 1,*1,%#! 4+<<+!
+4+''*,#4+G!%(!#,9*(%#!5*(!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!
!

6.5.1.

La forma di governo antecedente

!
C,%9#! $+44#! ,%7*,9#! 4+! @+<%*(%! #-+-#(*! 2(#! 7*,9#! $%! <*-+,(*! 1#,4#9+('#,+! #! 1,+$*9%(#()#! #&&+934+#,+G!
1+,! +77+''*! $+44#! $%&5%14%(#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! $+<4%! &'#'2'%! +! $+4! &%&'+9#! 1,*1*,)%*(#4+0! =2+&'#! #,5H%'+''2,#!
1*4%'%5#! 5,+#-#! <*-+,(%! ,+<%*(#4%! %(&'#3%4%! +! $+3*4%0! F*(! 4s+4+)%*(+! $%,+''#! $+%! :%($#5%! +! 4#! 5,+&5%'#! $+44#! 4*,*!
7*,)#!1*4%'%5#!$#'#!$#44#!4+<%''%9%'I!1*1*4#,+!+!$#44#!&'#3%4%'I!$%!<*-+,(*G!4+!@+<%*(%!&%!+,#(*!',*-#'+!$+3*4%!+!
&5H%#55%#'+!',#!4*!:'#'*!5H+!(*(!$+-*4-+-#!5*91+'+()+!4+<%&4#'%-+!+!%!:%($#5%!5H+!1,+9+-#(*!1+,!<2#$#<(#,+!
&1#)%*!(+44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!$+4!4*5#4+0!
!
?4! 1,%9*! '+('#'%-*! 1+,! ,#77*,)#,+! %4! d*-+,(*! ,+<%*(#4+! &%! N! #-2'*! (+4! UYY]! 5*(! 4#! ,%7*,9#! $+4! :?:AT\K!
T"TAAB@K"T!>T""T!@Td?BP?!B@>?PK@?T0!=2+&'*!&%&'+9#G!12,!3#&#'*!&24!1,*1*,)%*(#4+G!1,+-+$+L!

6.5.2.

2(!1,+9%*!$%!9#<<%*,#()#!#44#!4%&'#!*!#44#!5*#4%)%*(+!5H+!*''%+(+!1%[!-*'%!#!4%-+44*!,+<%*(#4+M!
4#! 5#,#''+,%))#)%*(+! $+44+! 4%&'+! ,+<%*(#4%! #'',#-+,&*! %4! 5#1*4%&'#! $+&%<(#'*! 1+,! 4#! C,+&%$+()#! $+44#!
d%2('#!.9+55#(%&9*!5H+!$#!$+&%<(#)%*(+!N!&'#'*!',#&7*,9#'*!(+4!UYYY!%(!+4+)%*(+!$%,+''#6M!
4s%(',*$2)%*(+!$%!2(#!54#2&*4#!$%!&3#,,#9+('*M!
,%$2)%*(+!$+44+!1,+7+,+()+!#!2(#M!

La c.d. forma di governo transitoria

!
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O2#4+!$*-,I!+&&+,+!$+7%(%'#!$#<4%!:'#'2'%!,+<%*(#4%0!P+4!7,#''+91*!N!%(!-%<*,+!2(#!$%&5%14%(#!',#(&%'*,%#!5H+!H#!
%((+&'#'*!4s+4+)%*(+!$%,+''#!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!d%2('#!&244#!1,+5+$+('+!4+<<+!+4+''*,#4+0!
!
:+5*($*!O2#('*!1,+-%&'*!(+4!UYYY!$#!2(#!1#,'+!5sN!%4!FBP:?d"?B!@Td?BPK"TG!+4+''*G!'%'*4#,+!$+44#!72()%*(+!
4+<%&4#'%-#! +! $+4! 1*'+,+! $%! 7#,+! 1,*1*&'+! #44+! F#9+,+G! $#44s#4',#! %4! C@T:?>TPAT! >T""K! @Td?BPTG! +4+''*!
$%,+''#9+('+0! ?4! C,+&%$+('+! ,#11,+&+('#! 4#! @+<%*(+G! $%,%<+! 4#! 1*4%'%5#! $+44#! d%2('#! +! (+! N! ,+&1*(&#3%4+G!
1,*924<#!4+!4+<<%!+$!+9#(#!%!,+<*4#9+('%!,+<%*(#4%G!$%,%<+!4+!72()%*(%!#99%(%&',#'%-+0!"#!d?DPAK!@Td?BPK"T!
N!4s*,<#(*!+&+52'%-*!$+44#!@+<%*(+G!%!52%!9+93,%!&*(*!(*9%(#'%!+!,+-*5#'%!$#4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+<%*(+!5*9+!
1,+-%&'*!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!
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6.5.3.

Il margine delle scelte statutarie

!
:+5*($*!4s#,'0!Uc^!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!*<(%!@+<%*(+!H#!2(*!:'#'2'*!5H+!(+!$+'+,9%(#!4#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!+!%!
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!

6.6.

La forma di governo degli EELL

!
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!

7.

Lamministrazione pubblica

7.1.

Pluralismo amministrativo

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!

7.2.

Il governo e la PA

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!

7.3.

I principi costituzionali sullamministrazione

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7.4.

I principi sul procedimento amministrativo

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7.5.

I contratti della PA

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7.5.

I servizi pubblici

!
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8.

Fonti del diritto: nozioni generali

8.1.

Fonti di produzione

8.1.1.

Definizioni

!
P+4! 4%(<2#<<%*! <%2,%$%5*! 4#! 1#,*4#! 7*('+! %($%5#! <4%! &',29+('%! $%! 1,*$2)%*(+! $+4! $%,%''*0! "#! $+7%(%)%*(+!
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8.1.2.

Norme di riconoscimento

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!

8.2.

Fonti di cognizione: pubblicazione e ricerca

8.2.1.

Definizioni

!
"+!XBPA?!>?!FBdP?m?BPT!$+4!$%,%''*!(*(!&*(*!#4',*!5H+!<4%!&',29+('%!#'',#-+,&*!52%!&%!-%+(+!#!5*(*&5+,+!4+!
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8.2.2.

Pubblicazione ufficiale e entrata in vigore

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1#,'%!#!1,*-#,(+!4s+&%&'+()#!.t?D@K!PBJ?A!FD@?Kk60!
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8.3.

Fonti-atto e fonti-fatto

8.3.1.

Definizioni

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8.3.2.

Tipicit degli atti normativi

!
C+,5H`! 4#! -*4*('I! (*,9#'%-#! &%#! -%(5*4#('+! $+-+! +&&+,+! ,%5*(*&5%3%4+G! $+-+! 9#(%7+&'#,+! $#! O2#4+! 7*('+! $%!
,%5*(*&5%9+('*! $+,%-#! 4#! &2#! 1*'+&'I! (*,9#'%-#0! "#! '%1%5#! 7*,9#! $+44s#''*! N! $#'#! $#! 2(#! &+,%+! $%! +4+9+('%!
O2#4%!4s%('+&'#)%*(+!$+44s#2'*,%'I!+9#(#('+!.+/0!>+5,+'*!9%(%&'+,%#4+6G!%4!(*9+!1,*1,%*!$+44s#''*!.(*9+(!|2,%&G!
+/0!>+5,+'*S4+<<+6!+!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!1+,!4#!7*,9#)%*(+!$+44*!&'+&&*G!*--+,*!4#!&+O2+()#!*,$%(#'#!$%!#''%!7%(*!
#4!,%&24'#'*!7%(#4+0!
!
>#4! 12('*! $%! -%&'#! ,+$#)%*(#4+! 4s#''*! N! &2$$%-%&*! %(! K@A?FB"?G! +! O2+&'%! #! 4*,*! -*4'#! %(! FB\\?0! d4%! #,'%5*4%G!
&1+&&*!5*,,+$#'%!$#!2(#!@DE@?FK!5H+!(+!%($%5#!4s#,<*9+('*G!1*&&*(*!+&&+,+!,#<<,211#'%!%(!FKC?G!+!O2+&'%!#!
4*,*!-*4'#!%(!A?AB"?!+!CK@A?0!
!

8.3.3.

Le consuetudini

!
D(#!-*4'#!&%!1*'+-#!$%,+!5H+!4#!7*('+S7#''*!1+,!+55+44+()#!7*&&+!4#!FBP:DTAD>?PT0!B<<%!4#!5*(&2+'2$%(+!N!
O2#&%! &5*91#,&#G! %(! *,$%(#9+('%! 5H+! &%! %&1%,#(*! #44#! 5*$%7%5#)%*(+0! J%! &*(*! #(5*,#! #452(%! ,%5H%#9%G! 1+,!
+&+91%*! (+4! 5*$%5+! 5%-%4+! ,+4#'%-#9+('+! #<4%! 2&%! 5*(',#''2#4%G! 9#! 5*92(O2+! $%! &5#,&#! ,%4+-#()#! $#'#! 4#!
$%77%5*4'I!*<<+''%-#!$%!$+'+,9%(#,+!4s+&%&'+()#!$+<4%!2&%0!
!
"+!50$0!FBP:DTAD>?PT!?PAT@C@TAKA?JT!%(-+5+!&*(*!#4',#!5*&#!,%&1+''*!#44#!5*(&2+'2$%(+0!?(7#''%!(*(!&*(*!
5*91*,'#9+('%! &*5%#4%! 9#! 5*&'#('%! %('+,1,+'#)%*(%! $+44+! $%&1*&%)%*(%! $%! 4+<<+! $#! 1#,'+! $+<4%! %('+,1,+'%0! P*(!
&*(*!1+,'#('*!7*('%!$%!$%,%''*G!9#!$%!%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!$+4!$%,%''*0!
!
P+4!$%,%''*!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!9*4'%!#2'*,%!#55+((#(*!#44+!5*(&2+'2$%(%G!9#!#(5H+!O2%!&%!,%&5H%#!$%!7#,+!2(#!<,#($+!
5*(72&%*(+0! C+,4*1%[! &%! ',#''+,+33+! $%! FBP:DTAD>?P?! tXKFB"A?mmKPA?kL! &*(*! O2+44+! 5H+! 5*(&+('*(*!
5*91*,'#9+('%!5H+!4+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!&5,%''+!(*(!-%+'#(*!+&14%5%'#9+('+0!
!
"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! #44s#,'0! Ug0U! .$*-+! &'#3%4%&5+! 5H+! t4s*,$%(#9+('*! %'#4%#(*! &%! 5*(7*,9#! #44+! (*,9+! $+4! $%,%''*!
%('+,(#)%*(#4+!<+(+,#49+('+!,%5*(*&5%2'+k6!7#!,%7+,%9+('*!#44+!FBP:DTAD>?P?!?PAT@PKm?BPK"?0!
!

X*('%S7#''*G! *4',+! #44#! 5*(&2+'2$%(+G! &*(*! 1+,! %4! (*&',*! *,$%(#9+('*! '2''+! O2+44+! 5H+! 1,*$25*(*! (*,9+!
,%5H%#9#'+!$#4!(*&',*!*,$%(#9+('*!&'+&&*!9#!(*(!1,*$*''+!$#%!(*&',%!*,<#(%0!"+!(*,9+!5*92(%'#,%+!&*(*!$#!
5*(&%$+,#,&%G!1+,!+&+91%*G!7*('%S7#''*!1+,!%4!(*&',*!*,$%(#9+('*G!7*('%S#''*!1+,!4s*,$%(#9+('*!5*92(%'#,%*0!
F*(&%$+,#)%*(%!&%9%4#,%!-#4<*(*!1+,!4+!PB@\T!>?!>?@?AAB!?PAT@PKm?BPK"T!C@?JKAB0!
!

8.4.

Tecniche di rinvio ad altri ordinamenti

8.4.1.

Il rinvio ad altri ordinamenti

!
?4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!T:F"D:?J?AKsG!5H+!N!+&1,+&&%*(+!$+44#!&*-,#(%'I!$+44*!:'#'*G!#'',%32%&5+!#!O2+&'*!%4!1*'+,+!
+&542&%-*!$%!,%5*(*&5+,+!4+!1,*1,%+!7*('%G!+!O2%($%!$%!%($%5#,+!%!7#''%!+!<4%!#''%!5H+!1,*$25*(*!4s*,$%(#9+('*0!"+!
(*,9+! $%! *,$%(#9+('%! $%! :'#'%! $%-+,&%G! 1*&&*(*! -#4+,+! #44s%('+,(*! $+44s*,$%(#9+('*! $+44*! :'#'*! &*4'#('*! &+! 4+!
$%&1*&%)%*(%!$%!O2+&'*!4*!5*(&+('*(*0!
!
C+,!5*(&+('%,+!#44+!(*,9+!1,*$*''+!$#!7*('%!$%!#4',%!*,$%(#9+('%!&%!*1+,#!#'',#-+,&*!4#!'+5(%5#!$+4!@?PJ?B0!:%!
$%&'%(<2*(*!$2+!'+5(%5H+!$%!,%(-%*G!t7%&&*k!+!t9*3%4+k0!
!

8.4.2.

Il rinvio fisso

!
?4!@?PJ?B!X?::B!.$+''*!#(5H+!@?PJ?B!\KAT@?K"T!*!@TFTAA?m?B6!N!%4!9+55#(%&9*!5*(!52%!2(#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!
$+44s*,$%(#9+('*! &'#'#4+! ,%5H%#9#! 2(! $+'+,9%(#'*! #''*! %(! -%<*,+! %(! #4',*! *,$%(#9+('*0! T-+('2#4%! -#,%#)%*(%!
#44s#''*!52%!&%!,%(-%#!(*(!1,*$2,,#((*!+77+''%!(+44s*,$%(#9+('*!&%(*!#!2(!(2*-*!,+5+1%9+('*0!
!

8.4.3.

Il rinvio mobile

!
?4! @?PJ?B! \BE?"T! .$+''*! #(5H+! @?PJ?B! XB@\K"T! *! PBPS@TFTAA?m?B6! N! %4! 9+55#(%&9*! 5*(! 52%! 2(#!
$%&1*&%)%*(+!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!&'#'#4+!,%5H%#9#!(*(!2(*!&1+5%7%5*!#''*!$%!2(!#4',*!*,$%(#9+('*!9#!2(#!7*('+!
$%!+&&*0!
!

8.5.

La funzione dellinterpretazione

!
"s#''*! (*,9#'%-*! N! 2(! $*529+('*! &5,%''*G! $*'#'*! $%! $+'+,9%(#'+! 5#,#''+,%&'%5H+! 7*,9#4%0! F*9+! '2''%! %! '+&'%!
&5,%''%G!4s#''*!(*,9#'%-*!N!#,'%5*4#'*!%(!TPDPF?KA?G!5H+!,#11,+&+('#(*!4s2(%'I!4%(<2%&'%5#!9%(%9#!1*,'#',%5+!$%!
2(! &%<(%7%5#'*! 5*914+'*0! A,#9%'+! <4%! +(2(5%#'%! &%! +&1,%9+! 4#! -*4*('I! (*,9#'%-#! $+4! 4+<%&4#'*,+0! C+,! 4#! 4*,*!
5#,#''+,%&'%5#!%91+,#'%-#G!<4%!+(2(5%#'%!$+<4%!#''%!(*,9#'%-%!&%!5H%#9#(*!>?:CB:?m?BP?0!
!
>2+! 5*&+! $%&'%('+! &*(*! 4s?PAT@C@TAKm?BPT! +! 4sKCC"?FKm?BPT! $+4! $%,%''*0! :%! $%5+! 5H+! 2&2#49+('+!
4s#114%5#)%*(+!$+4!$%,%''*!5*(&%&'+!(+44s#114%5#)%*(+!$%!2(#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!+!#&',#''#!#!2(!5#&*!1#,'%5*4#,+!+!
5*(5,+'*!&+5*($*!4*!&5H+9#!$+4!:?""Bd?:\BG!5H+!%(!O2+&'*!5#&*!&%!$%5+!d?D>?m?K"T0!
!
"#!PB@\K!1+,b!N!%4!7,2''*!$+44s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!$+44+!$%&1*&%)%*(%0!
!

8.6.

Le antinomie e tecniche di risoluzione

!
KPA?PB\?T! &%! 5H%#9#(*! %! 5*(',#&'%! ',#! (*,9+0! Ts! %4! 5*91%'*! $+44s%('+,1,+'+! ,%&*4-+,+! 4+! #('%(*9%+G!
%($%-%$2#($*!4#!(*,9#!#114%5#3%4+!#4!5#&*0!A#4-*4'#G!5*(!2(s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!&%&'+9#'%5#G!N!1*&&%3%4+!,%&*4-+,+!4+!
#('%(*9%+G!5%*N!#'',%32+($*!#44+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!%(!<%*5*!2(!&%<(%7%5#'*!5H+!4+!,+($#!5*91#'%3%4%0!
!

=2#4*,#!2(s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!&%&'+9#'%5#!(*(!,%&*4-+!4+!#('%(*9%+!$%!'#42(%!1,*--+$%9+('%G!O2#'',*!&*(*!%!5,%'+,%!
&'#3%4%'%!$#44s*,$%(#9+('*!1+,!4#!,%&*42)%*(+!$+44+!5*(',#$$%)%*(%L!%4!5,%'+,%*!5,*(*4*<%5*G!%4!5,%'+,%*!<+,#,5H%5*G!%4!
5,%'+,%*!$%!&1+5%#4%'I!+!O2+44*!$+44#!5*91+'+()#0!
!

8.6.

Il criterio cronologico e labrogazione

8.6.1.

Definizioni

!
?4!F@?AT@?B!F@BPB"Bd?FB!$%5+!5H+!%(!5#&*!$%!5*(',#&'*!',#!c!(*,9+!&%!$+-+!1,+7+,%,+!O2+44#!1%[!,+5+('+!
."TZ!CB:AT@?B@!>T@BdKA!C@?B@?60!
"#!1,+-#4+()#!$+44#!(2*-#!(*,9#!&244#!-+55H%#!&%!+&1,%9+!#'',#-+,&*!4sKE@BdKm?BPT!5H+!&#(5%&5+!%4!'+,9%(+!
$+44sTXX?FKF?K!$+44#!(*,9#!1*&'+,%*,+0!
!
"s+77%5#5%#!N!2(#!7%<2,#!<+(+,#4+!$+4!$%,%''*!+!5*(&%&'+!(+44s%$*(+%'I!$%!2(!7#''*G!2(!#''*!*!2(!(+<*)%*!<%2,%$%5*!
#!1,*$2,,+!+77+''%!<%2,%$%5%0!
!

8.6.2.

Efficacia delle norme e principio di irretroattivit delle leggi

!
"s+77%5#5%#! $%! 2(#! (*,9#! N! 4#! &2#! #114%5#3%4%'I! 5*9+! ,+<*4#! $+%! ,#11*,'%! <%2,%$%5%0! "#! (*,9#! $%-+('#! +77%5#5+!
O2#($*!4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!+(',#!%(!-%<*,+0!J%<+!%4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!?@@TA@BKAA?J?AKs!1+,!<4%!#''%!(*,9#'%-%G!5*9+!
$%&1*&'*! (+44+! C,+4+<<%G! 9#! (*(! #! 4%-+44*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! $*-+! N! 1,+-%&'*! &*4*! 1+,! 4+! (*,9+! 1+(#4%!
%(5,%9%(#',%5%0!
!

8.6.3.

Effetti temporali dellabrogazione

!
?4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!%,,+',*#''%-%'I!-#4+!#(5H+!1+,!4s#3,*<#)%*(+0!:+!O2+&'#!N!+77+''*!1,*$*''*!$#4!(2*-*!#''*!&244+!
(*,9+!1,+5+$+('%G!*1+,#!%(!9#(5#()#!$%!$%&1*&%)%*(%!5*(',#,%+!&*4*!1+,!%4!72'2,*0!"#!(*,9#!#3,*<#'#!O2%($%!
&#,I! 4#! (*,9#! 5H+! %4! <%2$%5+! $*-,I! #114%5#,+! 1+,! %! -+55H%! ,#11*,'%! %('+,5*,&%! 7%(*! #44s+(',#'#! %(! -%<*,+! $+44#!
(2*-#!(*,9#'%-#0!:%!$%5+!5H+!4s#3,*<#)%*(+!*1+,#!TZ!PDPF!.$#!*,#60!
!

8.6.4.

Tipi di abrogazione

!
"s#,'0!U]!$+44+!C,+4+<<%!+4+(5#!',+!%1*'+&%!$%!#3,*<#)%*(+L!
#6 1+,!$%5H%#,#)%*(+!+&1,+&&#!$#4!4+<%&4#'*,+!.KE@BdKm?BPT!T:C@T::K6M!
36 1+,!%(5*91#'%3%4%'I!',#!4+!(2*-+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!+!4+!1,+5+$+('%!.KE@BdKm?BPT!?\C"?F?AK6M!
56 1+,5H`! 4#! (2*-#! 4+<<+! ,+<*4#! 4s%('+,#! 9#'+,%#! <%I! ,+<*4#'#! $#44#! 4+<<+! #('+,%*,+! .KE@BdKm?BPT!
AKF?AK6M!
!
"s#3,*<#)%*(+!+&1,+&&#!N!%4!5*('+(2'*!'%1%5*!$%!2(#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!+!1*&&%+$+!2(#!-#4+()#!T@dK!B\PT:0!
!
"s#3,*<#)%*(+! %914%5%'#! (*(! N! $%&1*&'#! $#4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! 9#! $#44s%('+,1,+'+! .+/0! 2(! <%2$%5+6! 5H+! ,%&*4-+!
4s#('%(*9%#0!\#!4s%('+,1,+'+!(*(!12b!+4%9%(#,+!4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!#('+,%*,+G!1+,5H`!N!2(#!7*('+S#''*0!
=2%($%!4s#3,*<#)%*(+!%914%5%'#!N!'+91*,#49+('+!%$+('%5#!#!O2+44#!+&1,+&&#G!9#!(*(!&1#)%#49+('+G!1*%5H`!&+!
4+! $%&1*&%)%*(+! $+4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! -#4<*(*! +,<#! *9(+&G! 4+! %('+,1,+'#)%*(%! -#4<*(*! (+4! &%(<*4*! <%2$%)%*! .?PAT@!
CK@AT:60!
!
"s#3,*<#)%*(+! '#5%'#! N! %(! '2''*! &%9%4+! (+<4%! +77+''%! #44s#3,*<#)%*(+! %914%5%'#! +! &%! $%77+,+()%#! &*4'#('*!
(+44s#,<*9+('#)%*(+!5H+!(*(!,%<2#,$#!%4!&%(<*4*!+(2(5%#'*!9#!%4!$%&1*&%'%-*!(+4!5*914+&&*0!
!

8.6.5.

Abrogazione, deroga e sospensione

!
>%-+,&#!$#44s#3,*<#)%*(+!N!4#!>T@BdK0!"#!$+,*<#!(#&5+!$#!2(!5*(',#&'*!',#!(*,9+!$%!'%1*!$%-+,&*G!(+4!&+(&*!
5H+! 4#! (*,9#! $+,*<#'#! N! 2(#! (*,9#! <+(+,#4+G! 9+(',+! 4#! (*,9#! $+,*<#('+! N! 2(#! (*,9#! 1#,'%5*4#,+L! N!
&+914%5+9+('+! 2(s+55+)%*(+! #44#! ,+<*4#0! "#! (*,9#! $+,*<#'#! (*(! 1+,$+! +77%5#5%#! .5*9+! (+4! 5#&*! $%! 2(!
#3,*<#)%*(+6!9#!-%+(+!4%9%'#'*!%4!&2*!5#91*!$%!#114%5#)%*(+0!
!
:%9%4+!#44#!$+,*<#!N!4#!:B:CTP:?BPT!$+44s#114%5#)%*(+!$%!2(#!(*,9#0!
!

8.7.

Il criterio gerarchico e lannullamento

8.7.1.

Definizioni

!
?4! F@?AT@?B! dT@K@Fn?FB! $%5+! 5H+! %(! 5#&*! $%! 5*(',#&'*! ',#! $2+! (*,9+! &%! $+-+! 1,+7+,%,+! O2+44#! 5H+! (+44#!
dT@K@Fn?K! >T""T! XBPA?! *5521#! %4! 1*&'*! 1%[! +4+-#'*! ."TZ! :DCT@?B@! >T@BdKA! "Td?! ?PXT@?B@?60! "#!
F*&'%'2)%*(+! .#,'0! U^e6! $%&+<(#! %914%5%'#9+('+! 2(#! <+,#,5H%#! $*-+! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 1,+-#4+! &244#! 4+<<+! +!
#(#4*<#9+('+! 4+! C,+4+<<%! $%&+<(#(*! 2(#! <+,#,5H%#! $*-+! 4#! 4+<<+! 1,+-#4+! &24! ,+<*4#9+('*! +! O2+&'*! &244+!
5*(&2+'2$%(%0!
!
"#! 1,+-#4+()#! $+44#! (*,9#! &21+,%*,+! &2! O2+44#! %(7+,%*,+! &%! +&1,%9+! #'',#-+,&*! 4sKPPD""K\TPAB0!
"s#((244#9+('*!N!4s+77+''*!$%!2(#!>?Fn?K@Km?BPT!>?!?""Td?AA?\?AKs!5H+!2(!<%2$%5+!1,*(2(5%#!(+%!5*(7,*('%!
$%! 2(! #''*! 5H+! O2%($%! 1+,$+! JK"?>?AKs0! "#! -#4%$%'I! N! 2(#! 7%<2,#! <+(+,#4+! $+4! $%,%''*! +! 5*(&%&'+! (+44#!
5*(7*,9%'I!#44+!(*,9+!5H+!4*!$%&5%14%(#(*G!2(!5#&*!,%&',+''*!$+44#!"Td?AA?\?AKs0!
!
?! -%)%! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+! $%! $2+! '%1%L! XB@\K"?! *! :B:AKPm?K"?0! ?! -%)%! 7*,9#4%! ,%<2#,$#(*! 4#! 5*91+'+()#!
$+44s*,<#(*! 5H+! 4*! H#! +9#(#'*! +! %4! 1,*5+$%9+('*! &+<2%'*! +! O2%($%! ,%<2#,$#(*! 4s#''*! (+4! &2*! 5*914+&&*0! ?!
&+5*($%! ,%<2#,$#(*! %! 5*('+(2'%! (*,9#'%-%! $%! 2(#! $%&1*&%)%*(+G! 5%*N! 4+! (*,9+! 5H+! 1,*$25*(*! #('%(*9%+! 5*(!
#4',+!$%&1*&%)%*(%0!
!
?4!5,%'+,%*!5,*(*4*<%5*!*1+,#!&244#!7%&%*4*<%#!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!.5,+&5%'#6!9+('+!%4!5,%'+,%*!<+,#,5H%5*!*1+,#!&244#!
1#'*4*<%#!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*G!#112('*!%!-%)%0!
!

8.7.2.

Effetti dellannullamento

!
?(! 4%(+#! <+(+,#4+! O2#($*! 2(! <%2$%5+! $%5H%#,#! 4s%44+<%''%9%'I! $%! 2(! #''*! (*,9#'%-*G! O2+&'#! $%5H%#,#)%*(+! H#!
+77+''%! <+(+,#4%! .+,<#! *9(+&60! K4! 5*(',#,%*! $+44s#3,*<#)%*(+G! 4s#((244#9+('*! *1+,#! #(5H+! 1+,! %4! 1#&&#'*! .TZ!
ADPF6!&*4*!1+,!O2+%!@KCCB@A?!#(5*,#!CTP>TPA?!.*!#1+,'%60!?!@KCCB@A?!T:KD@?A?!.5H%2&%6!(*(!1*&&*(*!1%[!
+&&+,+!$+$*''%!$#-#('%!#!2(!<%2$%5+0!?!,#11*,'%!1*&&*(*!5H%2$+,&%!1+,!C@T:F@?m?BPTG!>TFK>TPmK!$+4!$%,%''*G!
1+,!-*4*('I!5%*N!KF=D?T:FTPmK!*112,+!%(!d?D>?FKAB0!
!

8.8.

Il criterio della specialit

8.8.1.

Definizioni

!
?4! F@?AT@?B! >T""K! :CTF?K"?AKs! $%5+! 5H+! %(! 5#&*! $%! 5*(',#&'*! ',#! $2+! (*,9+! &%! $+-+! 1,+7+,%,+! 4#! (*,9#!
&1+5%#4+! #! O2+44#! <+(+,#4+G! #(5H+! &+! O2+&'#! N! &255+&&%-#! ."TZ! :CTF?K"?:! >T@BdKA! "Td?! dTPT@K"?M! "TZ!
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!
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,%9#(<*(*! +(',#93+! +77%5#5%! +! -#4%$+! +! 4s%('+,1,+'+! *1+,#! &*4#9+('+! 2(#! &5+4'#! $%! O2#4+! (*,9#! #114%5#,+M!

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&1+5%#4+!&2!O2+44#!<+(+,#4+0!
!

8.8.2.

Rapporti tra il criterio di specialit e gli altri

!
"#! $+,*<#! N! 1+,b! &*4*! 2(*! $+%! 1*&&%3%4%! +&%'%! $%! 2(! 5*(74%''%! ',#! (*,9#! <+(+,#4+! +! (*,9#! &1+5%#4+0! T55*! %4!
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4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!&21+,%*,+!.?""Td?AA?\?AKs6M!
56 &+!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!N!&255+&&%-#G!+!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!N!%(7+,%*,+!#44#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+L!N!1,+7+,%'#!4#!
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$6 &+! 4#! (*,9#! &1+5%#4+! N! &255+&&%-#G! +! 4#! (*,9#! <+(+,#4+! +! 4#! (*,9#! 1#,'%5*4#,+! H#((*! 1#,%'I!
<+,#,5H%5#L!N!1,+7+,%'#!4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!.>T@BdK6M!
+6 &+!4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!N!&255+&&%-#G!+!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!N!&21+,%*,+!#44#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+L!N!1,+7+,%'#!4#!
(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!&21+,%*,+!.?""Td?AA?\?AKs6M!
76 &+!4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!N!&255+&&%-#!+!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!N!%(7+,%*,+!#44#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+L!N!1,+7+,%'#!4#!
(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!&21+,%*,+!.?""Td?AA?\?AKs6M!
!

8.8.3.

Regola e eccezione: problemi di interpretazione

!
?4! 5,%'+,%*! $%! &1+5%#4%'I! *1+,#! +&542&%-#9+('+! ',#! (*,9+G! +! #11#,'+(+($*! #44+! '+5(%5H+! $+44s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!
*1+,#!%('+,!1#,'+&0!"s+55+)%*(+!+!O2%($%!4#!$+,*<#!12b!+&&+,+!$%&5%14%(#'#!$#44#!&'+&&#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!5H+!1*(+!
4#! ,+<*4#G! 9#! %(! O2+&'%! 5#&%! (*(! &%! 1#,4+,+33+! $%! #114%5#)%*(+! $+4! 5,%'+,%*! $+44#! &1+5%#4%'I! 9#! $%! '+5(%5#! $%!
,+$#)%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!5*(!-#4%$%'I!+,<#!*9(+&0!
!
"+! +55+)%*(%! &%#(*! +&&+! +&1,+&&+! *! %('+,1,+'#'+! (*(! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+! 4+''+! %(! &+(&*! +&'+(&%-*0! =2%($%! &+! 4#!
(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!-#!1,+7+,%'#!#44#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+G!O2+&'#!1,+7+,+()#!-#4+!&*4*!(+%!5#&%!+&1,+&&#9+('+!%($%5#'%!
$#44#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!&+()#!4s+&'+(&%*(+!#!5#&%!#(#4*<H%0!
!

8.9.

Il criterio della competenza

8.9.1.

Definizioni

!
?4!F@?AT@?B!>?!FB\CTATPmK!(*(!&%!1,+&'#!#!2(#!$+7%(%)%*(+!&',%(<+('+!%(!7*,9#!$%!,+<*4#!1+,!4s%('+,1,+'+G!
O2+&'*!1+,5H`!+&&*!(*(!N!2(!5,%'+,%*!1,+&5,%''%-*!9#!+&14%5#'%-*L!&+,-+!5%*N!#!&1%+<#,+!5*9+!N!*,<#(%))#'*!
#''2#49+('+!%4!&%&'+9#!$+44+!7*('%0!!
!
?4!1,*34+9#!$+44s%($%-%$2#)%*(+!$+44+!5*91+'+()+!(#&5+!$#4!&%&'+9#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!%'#4%#(*G!3#&#'*!&2!$%!2(#!
5*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%<%$#! 5H+! H#! 1,+-%&'*! -%! &%#(*! 1%[! 7*('%! $%! $%,%''*! (*(! (+5+&&#,%#9+('+! *,<#(%))#'+! %(! &5#4#!
<+,#,5H%5#0!"#!<+,#,5H%#!$+44+!7*('%!O2%($%!(*(!3#&'#!1%[!#!$#,5%!%4!O2#$,*!+&#''*!$+4!&%&'+9#G!1+,5H`!-%!&*(*!
&2$$%-%&%*(%!(*(!&1%+<#3%4%!%(!'+,9%(%!$%!t7*,)#k!9#!$%!5*91+'+()#0!
!

8.9.2.

Effetti dellapplicazione

!
:+! $*-+&&%9*! 2'%4%))#,+! %4! 5,%'+,%*! $%! 5*91+'+()#G! (*(! 5*9+! &5H+9#! +&14%5#'%-*G! 9#! 5*9+! ,+<*4#! 5*(! 52%!
,%&*4-+,+! %! 5*(74%''%! ',#! (*,9+G! $*-,+99*! $%,+! 5H+! 1,+&5,%-+! $%! $#,+! 1,+7+,+()#! #44#! (*,9#! 5*91+'+('+0!
E+(5H`!%4!5,%'+,%*!$%!5*91+'+()#G!%(!O2#('*!1,+&5,%)%*(+!$%,+''#!#44s%('+,1,+'+G!(*(!&+93,%!$2(O2+!#-+,+!2(#!
1,*1,%#! 5*(&%&'+()#G! #2'*(*9#! $#<4%! #4',%! 5,%'+,%G! +&&*! N! '2''#-%#! #&&2('*! $#44#! F*,'+! F*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 5*9+!

5,%'+,%*!5H+!$+-+!<2%$#,+!%!<%2$%5%!%(!#452(+!&%'2#)%*(%G!5*9+!(+%!,#11*,'%!',#!#''%!&'#'#4%!+!,+<%*(#4%!*!5*(',#&'%!
5*(!4+!(*,9#'%-+!+2,*1++0!
!

8.10.

Riserve di legge e principio di legalit

8.10.1.

Definizioni

!
!
"#!@?:T@JK!>?!"TddT!N!4*!&',29+('*!5*(!52%!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!,+<*4#!%4!5*(5*,&*!$+44+!7*('%!(+44#!$%&5%14%(#!$%!
2(#!$+'+,9%(#'#!9#'+,%#L!1+,5%b!N!2(#!,+<*4#!5%,5#!4s+&+,5%)%*!$+44#!72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#0!Ts!$2(O2+!+-%$+('+!
5H+!4#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!#5O2%&'#!2(!&%<(%7%5#'*!1,+5%&*!&*4'#('*!$*-+!-%!&%#!2(#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!,%<%$#!1+,5H`!&*4*!
%(!O2+&'*!5#&*!%!4%9%'%!1*&'%!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!#44#!72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!1*&&*(*!%91*,&%!#4!4+<%&4#'*,+0!
!
>%-+,&*!&%<(%7%5#'*!H#!%4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!"TdK"?AKs0!T&&*!#77*($#!4+!&2+!,#$%5%!(+44*!:'#'*!$%!$%,%''*G!$+44#!52%!
$+7%(%)%*(+!N!2(!+4+9+('*!%('+<,#('+0!?4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!4+<#4%'I!1,+&5,%-+!5H+!O2#4&%#&%!1*'+,+!12334%5*!&%!7*($#!
&2! 2(#! 1,+-%#! (*,9#! #'',%32'%-#! $+44#! 5*91+'+()#L! 4#! &2#! ,#'%*! N! $%! #&&%52,#,+! 2(! 2&*! ,+<*4#'*G! (*(!
#,3%',#,%*G!5*(',*44#3%4+!+!<%2&'%)%#3%4+!$+4!1*'+,+0!
!
"#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!&%!1,+&+('#!5*9+!4s+&1,+&&%*(+!$+44s+&'+(&%*(+!$+44#!4+<#4%'I!#44#!&'+&&#!#''%-%'I!4+<%&4#'%-#0!
!

8.10.2.

Tipologie

!
?4!9+55#(%&9*!$+44#!,%&+,-#!*1+,#!%(!9*$%!$%-+,&%L!
#6 4+!@?:T@JT!K!XKJB@T!>?!KAA?!>?JT@:?!>K""K!"TddT!&*(*!,#,+!+!&%!',#''#!$%L!
,%&+,-+!#!7#-*,+!$+44#!4+<<+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!"s#,'0!U^W!%(',*$25+!2(!1#,'%5*4#,+!1,*5+$%9+('*!1+,!
4#!,+-%&%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!K44+!4+<<%!7*,9#'+!5*(!O2+&'*!1,*5+$%9+('*!N!,%&+,-#'#!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$%!
#452(+!9#'+,%+G!',#!52%!4s#11,*-#)%*(+!$+<4%!:'#'2'%!,+<%*(#4%M!
,%&+,-+!#!7#-*,+!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!1#,4#9+('#,%M!
36 4#! @?:T@JK! >?! "TddT! XB@\K"T! B@>?PK@?K! %91*(+! 5H+! &244#! 9#'+,%#! %('+,-+(<#! %4! &*4*! #''*!
4+<%&4#'%-*! 1,*$*''*! #'',#-+,&*! %4! 1,*5+$%9+('*! 1#,4#9+('#,+! 5*(! 4s+&542&%*(+! O2%($%! $+<4%! #4',%! #''%!
+O2%1#,#'%!#44#!4+<<+!7*,9#4+!&'+&&#0!"#!,#'%*!$%!O2+&'#!,%&+,-#!N!O2+44#!$%!,%&+,-#,+!#44s#11,*-#)%*(+!
1#,4#9+('#,+!O2+44+!4+<<%!5H+!,#11,+&+('#(*!&',29+('%!',#9%'+!%!O2#4%!%4!C#,4#9+('*!12b!5*(',*44#,+!%4!
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+!,+<*4#9+('*!%!$%&'%(<2*(*!$2+!'%1%!$%!,%&+,-+!$%!4+<<+L!
4#! @?:T@JK! K::B"DAK! +&542$+! O2#4&%#&%! %('+,-+('*! $%! 7*('%! &23S4+<%&4#'%-+! $#44#! $%&5%14%(#! $+44#!
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1#,'%5*4#,%L!

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,%<2#,$#('%!#452(+!&1+5%7%5H+!9#'+,%+M!

9.

La Costituzione

9.1.

Significati di Costituzione

!
P+<4%! *,$%(#9+('%! <%2,%$%5%! 9*$+,(%! 4#! 7*('+! 1*&'#! #4! -+,'%5+! $+44#! <+,#,5H%#! $+44+! 7*('%! N! 4#! 5*&'%'2)%*(+0! ?4!
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#6 %(!2(!1,%9*!2&*G!5*&'%'2)%*(+!%($%5#!<4%!+4+9+('%!5H+!5#,#''+,%))#(*!2(!$+'+,9%(#'*!&%&'+9#!1*4%'%5*G!
5*9+! N! 7#''*! +! 72()%*(#0! D(#! 72()%*(+! O2%($%! $+&5,%''%-#0! K&&29+($*! O2+&'*! 12('*! $%! -%&'#! *<(%!
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36 *112,+!5*&'%'2)%*(+!%($%5#!2(!9#(%7+&'*!1*4%'%5*0!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!5*&l!%('+&#!(*(!N!2(!$#'*!9#!N!2(!
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!
K44*,#!O2+&'*!'+,9%(+!N!2&#'*!%(!&+(&*!$+&5,%''%-*!$#%!&*5%*4*<%!+!$#%!1*4%'*4*<%G!5*9+!9#(%7+&'*!1*4%'%5*!$#<4%!
&'*,%5%!+!$#%!7%4*&*7%!9+(',+!%!<%2,%&'%!4*!2'%4%))#(*!(+44#!&2#!#55+)%*(+!$%!'+&'*!(*,9#'%-*0!\#!1+,!5*(*&5+,+!2(!
'+&'*! 3%&*<(#! 1,%9#! %('+,1,+'#,4*! +! -#42'#,+! %(! 5H+! 9%&2,#! N! *<<+''%-#('+G! *<<%G! +! %(! O2#4+! 9%&2,#! N!
+&1,+&&%*(+!$%!2(#!&1+5%7%5#!%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!-*42'#!$#%!5*&'%'2+('%G!%+,%0!
!

9.2.

Potere costituente e poteri costituiti

!
:+! '2''%! %! &%&'+9%! 1*4%'%5%! H#((*! 2(#! 5*&'%'2)%*(+! %(! &+(&*! $+&5,%''%-*G! (*(! '2''%! H#((*! 2(! '+&'*! (*,9#'%-*!
5H%#9#'*! F*&'%'2)%*(+0! ?4! $*529+('*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! N! 2(#! 5*(O2%&'#! ,+4#'%-#9+('+! ,+5+('+! &1%('#! $#4!
9*-%9+('*!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%&'#!-*42'#!5*9#!9#(%7+&'*!1*4%'%5*!',#$*''*!%(!'+&'*!(*,9#'%-*!5*(!,+<*4+!<%2,%$%5H+0!
!
C+,! %4! <%2,%&'#! 1*&%'%-%&'#G! 5H+! &%! *5521#! $+4! $%,%''*! 5*&'%'2%'*G! 4#! 7#&+! &'*,%5#! 1,+4%9%(#,+! #44#! 1*&%)%*(+! $+4!
$%,%''*!%91*,'#!,+4#'%-#9+('+0!"s+9#(#)%*(+!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&+<(#!%4!1#&&#<<%*!',#!$2+!7#&%!&'*,%5H+!+!',#!
$2+! &%'2#)%*(%! <%2,%$%5H+! $%77+,+('%0! F*(! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! &%! +&#2,%&5+! %4! 1*'+,+! 5*&'%'2+('+! +$! %(%)%#! %4! 1*'+,+!
5*&'%'2%'*0!P+4!4%(<2#<<%*!<%2,%$%5*!%4!CBAT@T!FB:A?ADTPAT!N!$+7%(%'*!2(!1*'+,+!4%3+,*0!
!
P*(!9+(*!%91*,'#('+!N!%4!,%5*(*&5%9+('*!+&'+,(*!5H+!&%!+&1,%9+!#'',#-+,&*!4#!1,#'%5#!$+4!@?FBPB:F?\TPAB!
?PAT@PKmBPK"T0!C+,!%4!$%,%''*!%('+,(#)%*(#4+!4s#77+,9#,&%!+!4#!4+<%''%9#)%*(+!$%!2(*!:'#'*!N!2(!7+(*9+(*!(*(!
&1%+<#3%4+!%(!'+,9%(%!$%!$%,%''*L!4*!:'#'*!&%!4+<%''%9#!$#!&`0!
!
@%74+''+($*! &244+! 5*($%)%*(%! &'*,%5H+! 5H+! H#((*! $+'+,9%(#'*! 4+! 5*&'%'2)%*(%! 9*$+,(+! 5H+! &%! 12b! 5*<4%+,+! %4!
&%<(%7%5#'*!$%!,%1#,'%)%*(+!',#!5*&'%'2)%*(%!74+&&%3%4%!+!,%<%$+0!
!

9.3.

Costituzioni flessibili e rigide

9.3.1.

Definizioni

!
"#! $%&'%()%*(+! ',#! FB:A?ADm?BP?! X"T::?E"?! +! FB:A?ADm?BP?! @?d?>T! N! <+(+,#49+('+! &1%+<#'#! 5*&lL! &*(*!
74+&&%3%4%! 4+! 5*&'%'2)%*(%! 5H+! (*(! 1,+-+$*(*! 2(! 1,*5+$%9+('*! 1#,'%5*4#,+! 1+,! 4#! 4*,*! 9*$%7%5#)%*(+G! 9#!
5*(&+('*(*!5H+!O2+&'#!#--+(<#!#'',#-+,&*!4#!(*,9#4+!#''%-%'I!4+<%&4#'%-#G!,%<%$+!O2+44+!5H+!$%&1*(<*(*!1+,!4#!
9*$%7%5#)%*(+!$+4!'+&'*!2(!1#,'%5*4#,+!1,*5+$%9+('*0!
!
C+,! 4+! 1,%9+! (*(! +&%&'+! 2(#! 7*,9#! $%! 5*(',*44*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! $+44+! 4+<<%G! 1*%5H`! &+! 4#! 4+<<+! $%&1*(+!
$%-+,&#9+('+! $#44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! N! O2+&'s24'%9#! #! 9*$%7%5#,&%0! C+,! 4+! &+5*($+! %(-+5+! N! 1,+-#4+('+! 4#!
F*&'%'2)%*(+0!
!

"+!F*&'%'2)%*(%!74+&&%3%4%!&*(*!'%1%5H+!$+4!wWggG!,%<%$+!$+4!wYgg0!
!

9.3.2.

Nozione di Costituzione flessibile

!
?4!&+(&*!$+44+!F*&'%'2)%*(+!$+44sWgg!+,#!O2+44*!$%!&#(5%,+!%4!1#&&#<<%*!$#44#!'%'*4#,%'I!#&&*42'#!$+4!1*'+,+!$+4!@+!
#!2(#!1,*5+$2,#!$%!5*$+5%&%*(+!5*(!%4!C#,4#9+('*0!:*&'#()%#49+('+!&#(5%-#(*!4+!9*$#4%'I!$+4!1,*5+$%9+('*!
4+<%&4#'%-*G! %4! O2#4+! 1*'+-#! 1*%! 1*,'#,+! (+4! 9+,%'*! #(5H+! #! (+<#,+! 4+! 4%3+,'I! 7*($#9+('#4%0! T&&+! +,#(*!
9#(%7+&'%!1*4%'%5%!+!1+,!4*!1%[!#''%!(*(!(*,9#'%-%0!
!
F*9+!&%!-+$+!4#!(*)%*(+!$%!F*&'%'2)%*(+!74+&&%3%4+!H#!O2#45H+!9#,<%(+!$%!#93%<2%'I0!Ts!74+&&%3%4+!(+44#!1#,'+!%(!
52%!(*(!1,+'+($+!$%!+&&+,+!2(#!,+<*4#!<%2,%$%5#G!*!#49+(*!2(#!,+<*4#!5#1#5+!$%!%91*,&%!&244+!4+<<%M!9#!N!1%[!
5H+! ,%<%$#! (+44#! 1#,'+! %(! 52%! #'',%32%&5+! 4#! &*-,#(%'I! #44#! 4+<<+! +! #4! &2*! 1,*5+$%9+('*! $%! 7*,9#)%*(+0! C+,!
O2+&'*!4+!5*&'%'2)%*(%!74+&&%3%4%!&*(*!#33#&'#()#!3,+-%L!4+!$%5H%#,#)%*(%!$%!%(-%*4#3%4%'I!$+%!$%,%''%!&%!5*(7%<2,#(*!
5*9+!+(2(5%#)%*(+!$%!2(!9#(%7+&'*!&+()#!5H+!1*&&+<<#(*!7*,)#!,+<*4#'%-#!&+!(*(!O2+44#!$%!-%+'#,+!O2#('*!
-%+'#'*!$#44#!4+<<+0!
!

9.3.3.

Nozione di Costituzione rigida

!
"+!F*&'%'2)%*(%!,%<%$+!1,+'+($*(*!5H+!'2''+!4+!4*,*!$%&1*&%)%*(%!#33%#(*!7*,)#!,+<*4#'%-#!+!&%#(*!',#''#'+!5*9+!
,+<*4+!%($+,*<#3%4%0!"#!,%<%$%'I!N!2(#!5#,#''+,%&'%5#!7%&&#!$+44+!5*&'%'2)%*(+!$+4!wYggG!9#!4#!1,%9#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!
9*$+,(#!N!O2+44#!$+<4%!:'#'%!D(%'%!S,%<%$#S!$+4!UVWV0!
!
=2+44*! 5H+! 4#! 5*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%<%$#! -2*4+! <#,#('%,+! N! 5H+! 4#! 1#,'+! 5H+! *''%+(+! 4#! 9#<<%*,#()#! .&%#! +&&#! 2(#!
5*91*(+('+! 1*4%'%5#G! &*5%#4+G! ,+4%<%*&#! *! '+,,%'*,%#4+6! (*(! &%! %91*&&+&&%! $+7%(%'%-#9+('+! +! (*(! 9%(#55%!
4s+&%&'+()#! $+44+! 9%(*,#()+0! =2%($%! *<(%! F*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%<%$#! N! 7,2''*! $%! 2(! 5*91,*9+&&*G! 5H+! N!
(+5+&&#,%#9+('+! 42(<#! 1+,5H`! *<(%! 5*91*(+('+! #55+''#! 4s#55*,$*! #! 5*($%)%*(+! 5H+! %! &2*%! %('+,+&&%! &%#(*!
'2'+4#'%!$#4!'+&'*!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G!5H+!N!(+5+&&#,%#9+('+!#!&2#!-*4'#!<#,#('%'*!$#!2(!<%2$%5+!52%!N!#'',%32%'#!4#!
7#5*4'I!$%!#&&%52,#,+!%4!,%&1+''*!$+4!5*91,*9+&&*0!"+!<#,#()%+!&*(*!$%!$2+!'%1%L!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!$%!,+-%&%*(+!
5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!+!%4!5*(',*44*!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!$+44+!4+<<%0!
!

9.4.

La Costituzione italiana

9.4.1.

Genesi

!
"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! %'#4%#(#! ,+12334%5#(#! +(',b! %(! -%<*,+! %4! Uv! <+((#%*! UYeW0! T&&#! 72! #11,*-#'#! $#44sK&&+934+#!
5*&'%'2+('+G!+4+''#!5*('+91*,#(+#9+('+!#4!,+7+,+($29!%&'%'2)%*(#4+0!
!
?4! 7#''*! 5H+! %4! '+&'*! 7%(#4+! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! &%#! &'#'*! #11,*-#'*! 5*(! O2#&%! %4! Ygx! $+%! -*'%! $%! 2(s#&&+934+#!
1*4%'%5#9+('+!$%-%&#!&1%+<#!#452(+!5#,#''+,%&'%5H+!$+44#!&'+&&#0!Ts!2(#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!42(<#!1+,5H`!7,2''*!$%!2(!
#91%*! 5*91,*9+&&*G! 2(#! &*99#! $%! %&'#()+0! Ts! 2(#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! #1+,'#! 1*%5H`! (*(! %($%-%$2#! %4! 12('*! $%!
+O2%4%3,%*!',#!%!$%-+,&%!%('+,+&&%0!
!

9.4.2.

Contenuti

!
"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! %'#4%#(#! $+4! UYeW! &%! 5*91*(+! $%! 1#,'%! $%-+,&+0! ?(%)%#! 5*(! %! C,%(5%1%! 7*($#9+('#4%L! Uc! #,'%5*4%!
5H+!+4+(5#(*!1,%(5%1%!#(5H+!%(!5*(',#11*&%)%*(+!',#!4*,*0!
!
FH+! 4#! ,+12334%5#! &%! 7*($%! &24! 4#-*,*! .#,'0! U6! +! %4! 9+$+&%9*! &%#! 2(! $%,%''*! 7*($#9+('#4+! .#,'0! e6! &*(*!
#77+,9#)%*(%! $%! 5#,#''+,+! +&&+()%#49+('+! 1*4%'%5*G! 5H+! %&1%,#(*! 4s*,$%(#9+('*! <%2,%$%5*! 9#! 5H+! (*(! 1*&&*(*!
#-+,+!1%+(#!#''2#)%*(+!&+!(*(!',#9%'+!2(#!4+<%&4#)%*(+!*,$%(#,%#!5H+!%($%-%$2%!<4%!&',29+('%!1+,!*1+,#,+!%(!'#4!
&+(&*0! F*&l! %4! ,%5*(*&5%9+('*! $+44+! #2'*(*9%+! 4*5#4%! .#,'0! ]6G! 4#! '2'+4#! $+44+! 9%(*,#()+! .#,'0! h6! +! 4#!

-#4*,%))#)%*(+! $+4! 1#',%9*(%*G! (+4! &+(&*! 4#'*G! $+44#! (#)%*(+! .#,'0! Y6! &*(*! 5*91%'%! #&&+<(#'%! #4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! +!
(*(!#4!<%2$%5+!5H+!(*(!H#!9+))%!1+,!#&&*4-+,4+0!
!
=2%($%!%4!<%2$%5+!(*(!12b!1,*92*-+,+!%(%)%#'%-+!-*4'+!#44#!,+#4%))#)%*(+!$+%!1,%(5%1%!9#!12b!%912<(#,+!4+!4+<<%!
5H+!(*(!&%!92*-*(*!(+44#!$%,+)%*(+!$+&5,%''#!(+4!'+&'*0!D(#!72()%*(+!(+<#'%-#G!$%!4%9%'+G!N!O2%($%!#'',%32%'#!#!
'2''+!4+!#77+,9#)%*(%!$%!1,%(5%1%G!*!PB@\T!C@Bd@K\\KA?FnT0!
!
"s#--+('*!$+44#!F*,'+!F*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!7#''*!1+,$+,+!$%!&%<(%7%5#'*!4#!$%&'%()%*(+! ',#!PB@\T!C@TFTAA?JT!+!
PB@\T!C@Bd@K\\KA?FnT0!
!
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@#11*,'%!1*4%'%5%60!
!
:+<2+! 1*%! 2(#! 1#,'+! .C#,'+! ??! u! B,$%(#9+('*! $+44#! @+12334%5#6! $+$%5#'#! #44#! *,<#(%))#)%*(+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!
$+44*! :'#'*G! #44#! $%&5%14%(#! $+44#! CK! .A%'*4*! ???G! &+)%*(+! ??6! +! $+44#! 9#<%&',#'2,#! .A%'*4*! ?J6G! $+44+! @+<%*(%! +!
$+44+!#2'*(*9%+!4*5#4%!.A%'*4*!J6!+!$+44+!<#,#()%+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!.A%'*4*!J?60!

10.

Le fonti dellordinamento italiano: Stato

10.1.

Costituzione e leggi costituzionali

10.1.1.

Definizioni

!
"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! %'#4%#(#! $+4! UYeW! ,#11,+&+('#! %4! -+,'%5+! $+44#! <+,#,5H%#! $+44+! 7*('%!
$+44s*,$%(#9+('*0!T&&#!N!O2%($%!%4!7*($#9+('*!-#4%$%'I!$+44+!7*('%!1,%9#,%+!$%!52%!$+''#!4#!$%&5%14%(#0!:'#3%4%&5+!
%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!1+,!+&&+,+!9*$%7%5#'#G!$+''*!$%!@TJ?:?BPT!FB:A?ADm?BPK"T0!
!

10.1.2.

Leggi costituzionali: procedimento

!
"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! %'#4%#(#! 1,+$%&1*(+! 2(! 1,*5+$%9+('*! $%! 7*,9#)%*(+! $+44#! "TddT! FB:A?ADm?BPK"T! 5H+! &%!
5*(5,+'%))#! 5*&l! 5*9+! $%&1*&'*! $#44s#,'0! U^W! ',#9%'+! $2+! $+4%3+,#)%*(%! &255+&&%-+! $#! 1#,'+! $%! 5%#&52(#!
F#9+,#G!O2%($%!e!$+4%3+,#)%*(%!%(!'2''*!&24!9+$+&%9*!'+&'*0!"#!1,%9#!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!N!#!9#<<%*,#()#!,+4#'%-#0!
?(!O2+&'#!7#&+!4+!F#9+,+!1*&&*(*!#11,*-#,+!O2#4&%#&%!+9+($#9+('*!+!%4!1,*<+''*!N!$+&'%(#'*!#!7#,+!4#!&1*4#!
',#! F#9+,#! +! :+(#'*! .PKJTAAT6! 7%(*! #! O2#($*! %4! 9+$+&%9*! '+&'*! (*(! &#,I! #11,*-#'*! $#! +(',#93+! 4+!
5#9+,+0! P+44#! &+5*($#! -*'#)%*(+! (*(! N! 1*&&%3%4+! #11,*-#,+! +9+($#9+('%! #4! '+&'*! -*'#'*! %(! 1,+5+$+()#0!
P+44#! &+5*($#! #11,*-#)%*(+! &%! #1,*(*! $2+! &',#$+! $%&'%('+L! &+! %4! 5*(&+(&*! ,#<<%2(<+! %! c_^! 4#! ,+-%&%*(+! N!
#11,*-#'#!+!1,*924<#'#G!&+!%4!5*(&+(&*!&%!4%9%'#!#44#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#!4#!,+-%&%*(+!-%+(+!12334%5%))#'#!+!
&*''*1*&'#! #! ,+7+,+($29! 5*(7+,9#'%-*0! ?4! ,+7+,+($29! 12b! +&&+,+! 5H%+&'*! $#! ]gg0ggg! +4+''*,%! *! $#! U_]! $+%!
9+93,%! $%! 2(#! F#9+,#! *! $#! ]! F*(&%<4%! @+<%*(#4%0! P+4! ,+7+,+($29! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! (*(! N! ,%5H%+&'*! #452(!
O2*,290!
!
?4!$*11%*!3%(#,%*!$+44#!,+-%&%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!N!7%(#4%))#'*!#!,+($+,+!1*&&%3%4+!2(#!9*$%7%5#!$+4!'+&'*!5*(!2(!
5*(&+(&*!&%9%4+!#!O2+44#!5*&'%'2+('+!&+()#!$#,+!#44+!9%(*,#()+!2(!1*'+,+!$%!-+'*!',*11*!7*,'+0!
!

10.1.3.

I limiti della revisione costituzionale

!
P*(!'2''#!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!N!,+-%&%*(#3%4+0!J%!N!2(!4%9%'+!+&14%5%'*!1*&'*!$#44s#,'0!U^YL! t4#!7*,9#!,+12334%5#(#!
(*(!12b!+&&+,+!*<<+''*!$%!,+-%&%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+k0!
!
J#42'#($*!4#!5*($%)%*(%!&'*,%5H+!$%!#11,*-#)%*(+!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&%!$*-,+33+!,%'+(+,+!O2+&'*!4%9%'+!4+<#'*!
#44#! &*4#! 7*,9#! $+44*! :'#'*G! O2%($%! %4! 5#,#''+,+! +4+''%-*! $+4! F#1*! $+44*! :'#'*0! ?(-+5+! N! 1,+-#4&#!
2(s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!+&'+(&%-#!'#4+!$#!5*91,+($+,+!#(5H+!%4!5#,#''+,+!$+9*5,#'%5*G!%!$%,%''%!%(-%*4#3%4%!+!4s2(%'I!
$+44*!:'#'*0!"#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!#-#44#'*!O2+&'#!'+&%0!
!

10.2.

Legge formale ordinaria e atti con forza di legge

10.2.1.

Definizioni

!
"#!"TddT!XB@\K"T!N!4s#''*!(*,9#'%-*!1,*$*''*!$#44#!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!$+44+!F#9+,+!+!1,*924<#'*!$#4!C$@0!Ts!
&'#'#G! &*1,#''2''*! %(! 1#&&#'*G! 4#! 7*('+! $+4! $%,%''*! 1+,! +55+44+()#0! K'',#-+,&*! O2+&'*! 1,*5+$%9+('*! &*(*!
7*,9#'+!&%#!4+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+!5H+!4+!4+<<%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0!?4!1,*5+&&*!$%!,+-%&%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!(*(!N!#4',*!5H+!
2(#!7*,9#!#<<,#-#'#!$+4!1,*5+$%9+('*!$%!7*,9#)%*(+!$+44+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+0!
!
F*(!%4!'+,9%(+!"TddT!XB@\K"T!&%!%($%5#!&%#!4#!4+<<+!5*(!-#4*,+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G!&%#!O2+44#!#11+(#!%(7+,%*,+G!4#!
4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#0!

!
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C@?\K@?T0!
!

10.2..2.

Tipicit e tassativit delle fonti primarie

!
t"#!72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!N!+&+,5%'#'#!5*44+''%-#9+('+!$#44+!$2+!F#9+,+k!$%5+!4s#,'0!VgG!9+(',+!<4%!#,'%5*4%!$#4!VU!
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!

10.3.

Procedimento legislativo

10.3.1.

Definizioni

!
?4!C@BFT>?\TPAB!N! 2(#! &+,%+!5**,$%(#'#!$%!#''%!,%-*4'%!#$!2(*!&'+&&*!,%&24'#'*!7%(#4+L!4#!4+<<+! 7*,9#4+0! d4%!
#''%!$%!52%!$%&1*(+!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!4+<%&4#'%-*!&*(*L!
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4#!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!$+44+!F#9+,+M!
4#!1,*924<#)%*(+M!
!

10.3.2.

Liniziativa legislativa

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"s?P?m?KA?JK! "Td?:"KA?JK! 5*(&%&'+! (+44#! 1,+&+('#)%*(+! $%! 2(! C@BdTAAB! >?! "TddT! #$! 2(#! F#9+,#0! P+4!
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!
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$+4!F$\G!4s#2'*,%))#)%*(+!$+4!C$@!+!4#!1,+&+('#)%*(+!#44#!F#9+,#M!
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$%!#11#,'+(+()#G!&#4-*!1+,!4+!9#'+,%+!,%&+,-#'+!#4!d*-+,(*!.#,''0!WU!+!VV0c6M!
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4+<<+!#44+!F#9+,+M!

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!

10.3.3.

Lapprovazione delle leggi

!
"s#,'0!Vc0U!-%+'#!5H+!2(!1,*<+''*!$%!4+<<+!&%#!$%&52&&*!$%,+''#9+('+!$#44#!F#9+,#!&+()#!1,%9#!+&&+,+!&'#'*!
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!

10.3.4.

La promulgazione delle leggi

!
F*(542&#! 4#! 7#&+! $+44s#11,*-#)%*(+G! 4#! 4+<<+! N! 1+,7+''#! 9#! (*(! #(5*,#! +77%5#5+0! "s+77%5#5%#! N! $#'#! $#44#!
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1,*924<#,4#!+(',*!^g!<%*,(%0!
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5*(!,%+&#9+0!
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10.4.

Leggi a procedura rinforzata

10.4.1.

Definizioni

!
P*(!'2''+!4+!4+<<%!&*(*!2<2#4%G!1*%5H`!#'',#-+,&*!%4!9+55#(%&9*!$+44#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+G!+!%(!1#,'%5*4#,+G!$+44#!
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36 4+!,%7*,9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!$+<4%!24'%9%!#((%!9#(%7+&'#(*!4#!'+($+()#!#$!%(',*$2,,+!4+<<%!,%(7*,)#'+!5H+!
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56 %! 1,*5+$%9+('%! ,%(7*,)#'%! &*(*! 1,*5+$%9+('%! &1+5%#4%))#'%! 1+,! 1,*$2,,+! 4+<<%! &1+5%#4%))#'+0! :*(*! #''%!
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$%!4+<<%!#'%1%5H+0!

10.4.2.

Fonti atipiche

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P*(! #11#,'+(<*(*! %('+,#9+('+! #4! '%1*! $+44#! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#! O2+<4%! #''%! 4+<%&4#'%-%! 5H+! 12,! #-+($*! 4#! &'+&&#!
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5*((*'#'#!$#!5#,#''+,%&'%5H+!2(%-*5H+0!>2+!&*(*!4+!%1*'+&%!1,%(5%1#4%L!
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10.5.

+77+''%!<%2,%$%5%!(+4!(*&',*!*,$%(#9+('*0!D(s#&&%9%4#)%*(+!$+44s*,$%(+!$%!+&+52)%*(+!#4!,+<%9+!
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,%&+,-#!$%!#&&+934+#!1+,!+&'+($+,+!4+!<#,#()%+!#(5H+!(+44s+&+52)%*(+!$+%!',#''#'%!&'%124#'%!%(!
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+&+52)%*(+0!

Legge di delega e decreto legislativo delegato

10.5.1.

Definizioni

!
"#!"TddT!>?!>T"TdK!N!4#!4+<<+!5*(!52%!4+!F#9+,+!1*&&*(*!#'',%32%,+!#4!d*-+,(*!%4!1,*1,%*!1*'+,+!4+<%&4#'%-*0!
?4! >TF@TAB! "Td?:"KA?JB! .*! >TF@TAB! >T"TdKAB6! N! %4! 5*(&+<2+('+! #''*! 5*(! 7*,)#! $%! 4+<<+! +9#(#'*! $#4!
d*-+,(*!%(!+&+,5%)%*!$+44#!$+4+<#!5*(7+,%'#<4%!$#44#!4+<<+0!
!

10.5.2.

La legge di delega

!
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$+4%9%'#!%4!1*'+,+!$%!$+4+<#!5*(!-%(5*4%G!%4!52%!9#(5#'*!,%&1+''*!5*&'%'2%&5+!2(!-%)%*!$%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%'IL!
#6 4#! $+4+<#! 12b! +&&+,+! 5*(7+,%'#! +&542&%-#9+('+! 5*(! 4+<<+! 7*,9#4+G! *--+,*! 4#! 4+<<+! $%! $+4+<#! N!
5*1+,'#!$#44#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!&+5*($*!4#!1,*5+$2,#!*,$%(#,%#M!
36 4#!$+4+<#!N!5*(7+,%'#!&*4*!#4!d*-+,(*!%('+&*!(+44#!&2#!5*44+<%#4%'I!$+4!F$\G!+!(*(!#%!&%(<*4%!9%(%&'+,%!*!
5*9%'#'%!%('+,9%(%&'+,%#4%M!
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$6 +!$+-+!,+&',%(<+,+!4s#93%'*!'+9#'%5*!$+44#!72()%*(+!$+4+<#'#G!%($%5#($*!2(!*<<+''*!$+7%(%'*M!
+6 %(*4',+!$+-+!%($%5#,+!4s#93%'*!'+91*,#4+!$+44#!$+4+<#G!5%*N!1,+-+$+,+!2(!'+91*!4%9%'#'*!+(',*!%4!O2#4+!
%4! $+5,+'*! $+-+! +&&+,+! +9#(#'*0! :+! %4! 4%9%'+! '+91*,#4+! +55+$+! %! c! #((%G! %4! d*-+,(*! N! '+(2'*! #!
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76 %(7%(+!$+-+!,+&',%(<+,+!4s#93%'*!$+44#!$%&5,+)%*(#4%'I!$+4!d*-+,(*G!%($%5#($*!%!1,%(5%1%!+!5,%'+,%!$%,+''%-%!
5H+!&+,-*(*!#44#!<2%$#!1+,!4s+&+,5%)%*!$+44#!$+4+<#0!
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!

10.5.3.

Il decreto legislativo delegato

!
?4!1*'+,+!+&+52'%-*!+&+,5%'#!4+!1,*1,%+!72()%*(%!#'',#-+,&*!4#!7*,9#!$+4!$+5,+'*0!=2#('*!#%!$+5,+'%!+9#(#'%!%(!
7*,)#!$+44#!4+<<+!$%!$+4+<#!4#!4*,*!7*,9#)%*(+!&+<2+!O2+&'*!1,*5+$%9+('*L!
1,*1*&'#!$+4!\%(%&',*!5*91+'+('+M!
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+9#(#)%*(+!$#!1#,'+!$+4!C$@!.#,'0!WV0]6M!
!
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egg!%(',*$25+!2(#!(*-%'I!(+4!(*9+(!|2,%&!$+%!$+5,+'%!$+4+<#'%!5H+!-+(<*(*!12334%5#'%!&244#!dD!5*9+!$+5,+'%!
4+<%&4#'%-%!.$04<&06!5*(!4#!&'+&&#!(29+,#)%*(+!1,*<,+&&%-#!$+44+!4+<<%0!
!
?4! $04<&0! $+-+! +&&+,+! 1,*924<#'*! $#4! C$@! +(',*! 4#! &5#$+()#! $+%! '+,9%(%! 1,+-%&'%! $#44#! 4+<<+! $+4+<#! +! &2! $%!
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!

10.5.4.

Deleghe accessorie e testi unici

!
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2(! &2*! 5*914+'#9+('*0! F#1%'#! 5%*N! 5H+! (+44+! (*,9+! 7%(#4%! $%! 2(#! 4+<<+! $%! ,%7*,9#G! %4! C#,4#9+('*! $+4+<H%! %4!
d*-+,(*!#$!+9#(#,+!(*,9+!$%!#''2#)%*(+G!5**,$%(#9+('*!*!',#(&%'*,%+0!
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D(#!1#,'%5*4#,+!$+4+<#!N!O2+44#!5H+!#2'*,%))#!%4!d*-+,(*!#!5**,$%(#,+!4+!4+<<%!+&%&'+('%!%(!2(#!5+,'#!9#'+,%#!
,#55*<4%+($*4+!%(!2(!AT:AB!DP?FB0!
!

10.6.

Decreto legge e legge di conversione

10.6.1.

Definizioni

!
?4!>TF@TABS"TddT!N!2(!#''*!5*(!7*,)#!$%!4+<<+!5H+!%4!d*-+,(*!12b!#$*''#,+!%(!5#&%!&',#*,$%(#,%!$%!(+5+&&%'I!
+!2,<+()#G!+(',#!%(!-%<*,+!%99+$%#'#9+('+!$*1*!4#!12334%5#)%*(+!9#!<4%!+77+''%!1,*$*''%!&*(*!1,*--%&*,%!&+!%4!
C#,4#9+('*!(*(!4%!5*(-+,'+!%(!4+<<+!+(',*!hg!<%*,(%!$#44#!4*,*!12334%5#)%*(+0!"#!$%&5%14%(#!$+4!$+5,+'*!4+<<+!N!
5*('+(2'#!(+44s#,'0!VV!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!+!(+44s#,'0!U]!$+44#!4+<<+!egg_WW0!
!
?4!$+5,+'*S4+<<+!(*(!12b!+&&+,+!+9#(#'*!(+44+!9#'+,%+!5*1+,'+!$#!,%&+,-#!$sK&&+934+#!+!(*(!12b!5*(7+,%,+!
$+4+<H+!4+<%&4#'%-+0!
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10.6.2.

Procedimento

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J#4+! 1+,! %4! $+5,+'*S4+<<+! O2#('*! $+''*! 1+,! %4! $+5,+'*! $+4+<#'*! &244#! &'+&2,#! $+44#! 1,+9+&&#G! 5*(! 4s#<<%2('#!
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1,+&+('#'*!#44+!F#9+,+!.#,'0!VV0c!F*&'06!#(5H+!&+!&5%*4'+0!C,+&+('#($*!%4!$+5,+'*u4+<<+!%4!d*-+,(*!5H%+$+!#4!
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10.6.3.

Decadenza del decreto non convertito

!
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F*(!2(#!&+('+()#!$+4!UYYh!4#!F*,'+!F*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!1*&'*!2(!#,<%(+!.O2#&%6!$+7%(%'%-*!#44#!,+%'+,#)%*(+0!
!

10.6.4.

La legge di conversione e gli effetti degli emendamenti

!
"#!4+<<+!egg!H#!*77+,'*!#4!1,*34+9#!2(#!,%&1*&'#!2(%-*5#!#4!1,*34+9#!$+<4%!+9+($#9+('%!#%!$+5,+'%S4+<<+L!
t4+!9*$%7%5H+!+-+('2#49+('+!#11*,'#'+!%(!&+$+!$%!5*(-+,&%*(+!H#((*!+77%5#5%#!$#4!<%*,(*!&255+&&%-*!#!O2+44*!
$+44#!12334%5#)%*(+!$+44#!4+<<+!$%!5*(-+,&%*(+G!&#4-*!5H+!O2+&'s24'%9#!(*(!$%&1*(<#!$%-+,&#9+('+k0!
\#!5*9+!%($%5#'*!1%[!-*4'+!$#44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!<4%!+9+($#9+('%!#<<%2('%-%!#-,#((*!+77%5#5%#!&*4*!5*(!
4s#11,*-#)%*(+!$+44#!4+<<+!$%!5*(-+,&%*(+G!9#!1+,!<4%!+9+($#9+('%!&*11,+&&%-%!&%!-+,%7%5#!4#!(*(!5*(-+,&%*(+!
$%!2(#!1#,'+!$+4!$+5,+'*!$+'+,9%(#($*!4#!$+5#$+()#!+/!'2(50!
"*!&'+&&*!#55#$+!1+,!<4%!+9+($#9+('%!&*&'%'2'%-%0!
!

10.7.

Altri decreti con forza di legge

!
K4',%!$+5,+'%!5*(!7*,)#!$%!4+<<+!&*(*!2'%4%))#'%!(+4!(*&',*!*,$%(#9+('*0!
A,#''#($*&%!$%!7*('%!1,%9#,%+!&*(*!1,+-%&'%!#(5H+!O2+&'%!%(!F*&'%'2)%*(+!#44s#,'0!VW!+!(+<4%!:'#'2'%!$+44+!@+<%*(%!
#$!#2'*(*9%#!&1+5%#4+0!
!

10.7.1.

Decreti emanati dal Governo in caso di guerra

!
"s#,'0!VW!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!$%&1*(+!5H+!t4+!F#9+,+!$+4%3+,#(*!4*!&'#'*!$%!<2+,,#!+!5*(7+,%&5*(*!#4!d*-+,(*!%!
1*'+,%!(+5+&&#,%k0!
"#!$*'',%(#!,%'%+(+!5H+!',#!%!1*'+,%!5*(7+,%'%!#44s+&+52'%-*!-%!1*&&#!+&&+,+!#(5H+!2(#!&*,'#!$%!$+4+<#!#(*9#4#!#4!
d*-+,(*G! 52%! $+-+! +&&+,+! 5*(5+&&*! %4! 1*'+,+! $%! +9#(#,+! (*,9+! 5*(! 7*,)#! $%! 4+<<+! $+,*<#($*! 4+! (*,9#4%!
1,*5+$2,+0!
=2+&'%! #''%! 1*',+33+,*! +&&+,+! #2'*,%))#'%! #! &*&1+($+,+! #452(+! <#,#()%+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0! :%! ',#''#! $%! #''%! +/',#!
*,$%(+90!
!

10.7.2.

Decreti legislativi di attuazione degli Statuti speciali

!
d4%! :'#'2'%! $+44+! @+<%*(%! &1+5%#4%G! 5H+! &*(*! 4+<<%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%G! 1,+-+$*(*! 5H+! #44s#''2#)%*(+! $+44*! :'#'2'*! +!
',#&7+,%9+('*!$+44+!72()%*(%G!$+%!9+))%!+!$+44+!,%&*,&+!1,*--+$#!5*(!2(!$+5,+'*!4+<%&4#'%-*G!+9#(#'*!$#!C$@!
1,+-%#!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!$+4!F$\!&2!1,*1*&'#!$%!2(#!FB\\?::?BPT!CK@?ATA?FK0!
!

10.8.

Regolamenti parlamentari (e di altri organi costituzionali)

10.8.1.

Definizioni

!
?4! @TdB"K\TPAB! CK@"K\TPAK@T! N! 4s#''*! 52%! 4s#,'! he! $+44#! F*&'0! ,%&+,-#! 4#! $%&5%14%(#! $+44s*,<#(%))#)%*(+! +!
$+4!72()%*(#9+('*!$%!5%#&52(#!F#9+,#0!K11,*-#'*!#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#!+!12334%5#'*!%(!dD0!P*(*&'#('+!%4!
(*9+!,+<*4#9+('*G!%!,+<*4#9+('%!1#,4#9+('#,%!&*(*!7*('%!1,%9#,%+0!K'',#-+,&*!+&&%!&%!9#(%7+&'#!4s#2'*(*9%#!
$+44+!F#9+,+!+!4#!4*,*!%($%1+($+()#!,%&1+''*!#<4%!#4',%!1*'+,%!$+44*!:'#'*!+!#44s#4',#!F#9+,#0!
!

10.8.2.

I regolamenti parlamentari nel sistema delle fonti

!
"#! $+7%(%)%*(+! $+44#! XB@mK! >?! "TddT! N! $%! '%1*! ,+4#)%*(#4+L! &%! $+7%(%&5+! 4#! O2#4%'I! $%! $+'+,9%(#'%! #''%! 5*(!
,%7+,%9+('*!#4!'%1*!$%!,+4#)%*(%!5H+!+&&%!H#((*!5*(!2(!#4',*!#''*0!\#!%!,+<*4#9+('%!$+44+!F#9+,+!(*(!H#((*!
,+4#)%*(%!5*(!4+!#4',+!7*('%!1,%9#,%+G!&+!(*(!O2+44#!$+44#!,+5%1,*5#!+&542&%*(+!
!

10.8.3.

Regolamenti degli altri organi costituzionali

!
K(5H+!<4%!#4',%!*,<#(%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!&*(*!$*'#'%!$+44#!&'+&&#!#2'*(*9%#!$+4!C#,4#9+('*z!
#6 %4!d*-+,(*!&%52,#9+('+!(*!1*%5H`!4#!7*('+!$+%!&2*%!,+<*4#9+('%!&*(*!4+<<%!7*,9#4%!*,$%(#,%+M!
36 %4!C$@!#$*''#!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!&2!1,*1*&'#!$+4! :+<,+'#,%*!d+(+,#4+!$+44#!C,+&%$+()#G!9#!&%!',#''#!$%!
&+914%5%! &',29+('%! $%! <+&'%*(+! +! (*(! $%! 7*('%! (*,9#'%-+0! "s%($%1+($+()#! $+4! C$@! 5*&'%'2%&5+! (*(! %4!
7*($#9+('*!$%!2(!1*'+,+!(*,9#'%-*G!9#!2(!4%9%'+!#44s#93%'*!$%!#114%5#)%*(+!$+44+!4+<<%!+!$+44+!#4',+!
7*('%M!
56 #(5H+!1+,!4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!(*(!5sN!2(s+&14%5%'#!1,+-%&%*(+!%(!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!5H+!1*(+!2(#!,%&+,-#!
$%!4+<<+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!1+,!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44#!1,*1*&%)%*(+!$+%!<%2$%)%!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!+!$+44+!<#,#()%+!$%!
%($%1+($+()#! $+44#! F*,'+! .#,'0! U^V0U6! +$! 2(#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#! 1+,! 4#! 5*&'%'2)%*(+! +! %4!
72()%*(#9+('*!$+44#!&'+&&#0!Ts!1,*1,%*!4#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!#!1,+-+$+,+!5H+!4#!F*,'+!1*&&#!#11,*-#,+!
2(!,+<*4#9+('*!1+,!%4!1,*1,%*!72()%*(#9+('*M!
!

10.9.

Il referendum abrogativo come fonte

10.9.1.

Definizioni

!
?4! @TXT@TP>D\! N! 4#! ,%5H%+&'#! 7#''#! #4! 5*,1*! +4+''*,#4+! $%! +&1,%9+,&%! $%,+''#9+('+! &2! 2(#! $+'+,9%(#'#!
O2+&'%*(+0! T&&*! N! $2(O2+! 2(*! &',29+('*! $%! $+9*5,#)%#! $%,+''#G! 2(#! $+44+! 7*,9+! %(! 52%! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+!
1,+-+$+!5H+!%4!1*1*4*!+&+,5%'%!4#!&2#!&*-,#(%'IG!&+()#!4s%('+,1*&%)%*(+!$%!,#11,+&+('#('%0!
!
:+! (+4! (*&',*! *,$%(#9+('*! %4! 1,%(5%1%*! N! 5H+! 4#! &*-,#(%'I! 1*1*4#,+! &%! +&1,%9+! ',#9%'+! 4#! ,#11,+&+('#()#!
+4+''%-#G! %4! ,+7+,+($29! #11#,+! 5*9+! 2(#! $+,*<#0! ?91,2$+('+! N! &'#'*! %4! 5*&'%'2+('+! #$! #77%$#,+! #44#! 4+<<+!
*,$%(#,%#G!+!O2%($%!#4!&%&'+9#!,#11,+&+('#'%-*G!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+4!,+7+,+($290!
!
"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1,+-+$+!&*4'#('*!e!'%1%!$%!,+7+,+($290!P+44s#93%'*!$+44+!7*('%!&'#'#4%G!#55#('*!#4!,+7+,+($29!
5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! +! #! O2+44*! 5*(7+,9#'%-*! 1,+-%&'*! 1+,! #452(+! 7*('%! ,%(7*,)#'+G! 2(#! 72()%*(+! +77+''%-#9+('+!
(*,9#'%-#!4#!&-*4<+!%4!,+7+,+($29!#3,*<#'%-*0!
!

?4! @TXT@TP>D\! KE@BdKA?JB! N! 4*! &',29+('*! 5*(! 52%! %4! 5*,1*! +4+''*,#4+! 12b! %(5%$+,+! $%,+''#9+('+!
&244s*,$%(#9+('*! <%2,%$%5*! #'',#-+,&*! 4s#3,*<#)%*(+! $%! 4+<<%! *! #''%! 5*(! 7*,)#! $%! 4+<<+! $+44*! :'#'*G! *112,+! $%!
&%(<*4+!$%&1*&%)%*(%0!F*9+!#77+,9#'#!$#44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!.&+('0!cY_WV6!N!2(!#''*S7*('+!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!
$+44*!&'+&&*!,#(<*!$+44#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#0!
!

10.9.2.

Procedimento

!
?4!,+7+,+($29!#3,*<#'%-*!,%5H%+$+!2(!1,*5+$%9+('*!42(<*!+!$%77%5%4+G!$%&5%14%(#'*!$#44#!4+<<+!^]c_Vg0!"s#,'0!V]!
$+44#! F*&'0! 1,+-+$+! 5H+! +&&*! 1*&&#! +&&+,+! 1,*1*&'*! $#! ]gg0ggg! +4+''*,%! *! $#! ]! F*(&%<4%! ,+<%*(#4%L! %4!
1,*5+$%9+('*!O2%($%!&%!$%77+,+()%#!1+,!2(!1,%9*!',#''*!%(!,#<%*(+!$%!5H%!,%5H%+$+!%4!,+7+,+($29L!
#6 ,%5H%+&'#!1*1*4#,+L!4s%(%)%#'%-#!1#,'+!$#%!1,*9*'*,%G!#49+(*!UgG!5H+!$+1*&%'#(*!%4!O2+&%'*0!T(',*!^!9+&%!
$+-*(*!+&&+,+!,#55*4'+!]gg0ggg!7%,9+M!
36 ,%5H%+&'#! ,+<%*(#4+L! %! F*(&%<4%! $%! #49+(*! ]! @+<%*(%! $+-*(*! #11,*-#,+! 4#! ,%5H%+&'#! #! 9#<<%*,#()#!
#&&*42'#!%($%5#($*!*--%#9+('+!%4!O2+&%'*M!
!
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4+<%&4#'%-#!+!(+%!h!9+&%!&255+&&%-%!#44#!5*(-*5#)%*(+!$+%!5*9%)%!+4+''*,#4%0!
#6 1,+&&*!4#!F#&&#)%*(+!&%!5*&'%'2%&5+!4sD77%5%*!5+(',#4+!1+,!%4!,+7+,+($290!T(',*!%4!U]!$%5+93,+!&%!5H%2$+!
4#!7#&+!$%!-#42'#)%*(+!#&&2('#!5*(!*,$%(#()#M!
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&+5*($*!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!"#!F*,'+!$+5%$+!+(',*!%4!Ug!7+33,#%*!$+44s#((*!&255+&&%-*M!
56 &+!4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#!#99%&&%3%4+!%4!O2+&%'*!%4!C$@!$+-+!7%&&#,+!%4!<%*,(*!$+44#!-*'#)%*(+!',#!%4!U]!#1,%4+!+!
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+6 &+! %4! ,%&24'#'*! N! 7#-*,+-*4+! #44s#3,*<#)%*(+G! %4! C$@! $+5,+'#! 4s#--+(2'#! #3,*<#)%*(+! +! %4! $0C0@0! N!
12334%5#'*!%99+$%#'#9+('+!&244#!dD0!A2''#-%#!%4!C$@!12b!,%'#,$#,+!&2!,%5H%+&'#!$+4!d*-+,(*!7%(*!#!hg!
<%*,(%!4s+(',#'#!%(!-%<*,+!$+44s#3,*<#)%*(+M!
!
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(+4!5#&*!%(!52%!1,%9#!$+44*!&-*4<%9+('*!$+4!,+7+,+($29G!4#!4+<<+!-+(<#!#3,*<#'#0!"sD77%5%*!5+(',#4+!
$%5H%#,#!5H+!4+!*1+,#)%*(%!(*(!H#((*!1%[!5*,&*M!
!

10.10.

Regolamenti dellesecutivo

10.10.1.

Definizioni

!
F*(! %4! '+,9%(+! @TdB"K\TPAB! &%! $+&%<(#(*! #''%! (*,9#'%-%! $%77%5%49+('+! ,%5*($25%3%4%! #! '%1*4*<%+! 2(%'#,%+0! ?4!
'+,9%(+! N! 2'%4%))#'*! 1+,! %($%5#,+! 4+! 1%[! &-#,%#'+! '%1*4*<%+! $%! #''*! (*,9#'%-*0! ?(! #452(%! 5#&%! ,+<*4#9+('*!
$+&%<(#!#''%!'%1%5%G!7*('%!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*!<+(+,#4+L!N!O2+&'*!%4!5#&*!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!$+44s+&+52'%-*0!
!
"#! ',#$%)%*(#4+! $+7%(%)%*(+! $+%! @TdB"K\TPA?! >T""sT:TFDA?JB! 5*9+! #''%! &*&'#()%#49+('+! 4+<%&4#'%-%! 9#!
7*,9#49+('+! #99%(%&',#'%-%! ,%&1+55H%#! 3+(+! 4s#''2#4+! ,+#4'I0! =2#4+! &1#)%*! (*,9#'%-*! 1*&&#! *5521#,+! %4!
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:TFBP>K@?KG!&*''*1*&'#!(+44#!<+,#,5H%#!$+44+!7*('%!#44#!7*('+!1,%9#,%#G!4+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+!+!<4%!#''%!5*(!7*,)#!
$%!4+<<+0!
!

10.10.2.

Fondamento normativo

!
"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! (*(! $%&5%14%(#! %! ,+<*4#9+('%! $+44s+&+52'%-*G! #(5H+! &+! #44s#,'0! WV0]! #'',%32%&5+! #4! C$@!
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4+<%&4#'%-#0!
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1+,!%!,+<*4#9+('%!$+44s+&+52'%-*0!
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d*-+,(*kM!
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!

10.10.3.

Procedimento

!
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!

10.10.4

Tipologia

!
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!

10.10.5

Delegificazione

!
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11.

Le fonti comunitarie

11.1.

Il sistema delle fonti comunitarie

11.1.1.

Definizione

!
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!

11.1.2.

Diritto derivato: tipologia delle fonti comunitarie

!
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!

11.1.3.

Diritto derivato: tipologia delle fonti comunitarie

!
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!

11.2.

Rapporti tra norme comunitarie e norme interne

11.2.1.

Limitazione di sovranit e deficit normativo

!
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!

11.2.2.

Il cammino comunitario della Corte costituzionale

!
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11.2.3.

Contrasto tra norme interne e comunitarie: il quadro attuale

!
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!

11.2.4.

I giudici e lamministrazione di fronte al diritto comunitario

!
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!

11.2.5.

Lattuazione delle norme comunitarie

!
>#44s%(',*$2)%*(+! $+4! UYWY! $+44#! 4+<<+! t"#! C+,<*4#k! 1+,! 4s#''2#)%*(+! $+44+! (*,9+! 5*92(%'#,%+G! &%! N! #-2'*! 2(!
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FT0!

12.

Le fonti delle autonomie

12.1.

Statuti regionali

12.1.1.

Definizioni

!
A2''+!4+!@+<%*(%!H#((*!2(*!:'#'2'*G!9#!<4%!&'#'2'%!&*(*!$%!'%1*!$%-+,&*L!&%!$%&'%(<2*(*!4+!@+<%*(%!#!:'#'2'*!
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!

12.1.2.

Procedimento di formazione

!
"*!:'#'2'*!$+44+!@+<%*(%!&1+5%#4%!N!2(#!4+<<+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!2(!1*s!1#,'%5*4#,+G!1+,5H`L!
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!
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(*'%)%#4+0!
!

12.1.3.

Natura e funzione degli Statuti ordinari

!
d4%!:'#'2'%!$+44+!@+<%*(%!*,$%(#,%+!&*(*!O2%($%!4+<<%!,+<%*(#4%!,%(7*,)#'+!52%!N!,%&+,-#'#!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44#!7*,9#!
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!

12.2. Leggi regionali

!

12.2.1.

Definizioni

!
"#! "TddT! @Td?BPK"T! N! 2(#! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#! 7*,9#4+0! "#! 7*,9#! $+44#! 4+<<+! 4+! N! $#'#! $#4! 1,*5+$%9+('*!
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(+44s#93%'*!$+44+!5*91+'+()+!+&542&%-+!+!5*(5*,,+('%!+!1+,5H`!&*''*1*&'#!#4!5*(',*44*!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!$+44#!F*,'+!
5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!
!
K44+! 4+<<%! ,+<%*(#4%! &*(*! $+4! '2''*! +O2%1#,#'+! 4+! "Tdd?! C@BJ?PF?K"?! +9#(#'+! $#44#! C,*-%(5+! $%! A,+('*! +!
E*4)#(*0!
!

12.2.2.

Procedimento

!
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!
K44*! :'#'*! N! 5*(&+('%'*! &*4*! $s%912<(#,+! 4+! 4+<<%! ,+<%*(#4%! &255+&&%-#9+('+! #44#! 4*,*! 12334%5#)%*(+G! &+()#!
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!

12.2.2.

Estensione della potest legislativa regionale

!
"#!,%7*,9#!$+4!'%'*4*!J!$+4!cggU!H#!92'#'*!4s#2'*(*9%#!4+<%&4#'%-#!$+44+!@+<%*(%0!?(!2(#!5*&'%'2)%*(+!7+$+,#4+!
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5*9+!#11,*-#'*!(+4!cggU!&'#3%4%&5+L!
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!
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@+<%*(+M!
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5*(5*,,+()#G! 4s*,$%(#9+('*! 5%-%4+! +! 1+(#4+G! 4#! $+'+,9%(#)%*(+! $+%! 4%-+44%! +&&+()%#4%! $+44+! 1,+&'#)%*(%!
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'+,,%'*,%*0! "#! 1*&&%3%4%'I! $%! %(',2&%*(+! $+44*! :'#'*! (+44+! #,++! $%! 5*91+'+()#! ,+<%*(#4+! H#! 5,+#'*! 2(#!
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%('+,-+(<*(*! %(! 9#'+,%+! $%! 5*91+'+()#! 5*(5*,,+('+! &%#(*! &*''*1*&'+! #4! 1#,+,+! $+44#! F*99%&&%*(%!
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9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#M!
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$+44+! 1,*1,%+! 4+<<%G! &1+5%+! $+44+! (2*-+! 4+<<%! 5H+! 7%&&#(*! %! 1,%(5%1%! 7*($#9+('#4%! (+44+! 9#'+,%+! $%!
5*91+'+()#!5*(5*,,+('+!."TddT!FB@P?FT6G!%(!1,+&+()#!$%!1,+5+$+('%!4+<<%!,+<%*(#4%M!
$6 1*'+&'I!4+<%&4#'%-#!$+44+!@+<%*(%!&1+5%#4%0!?!-+55H%!:'#'2'%!&1+5%#4%!,+&'#(*!7*,9#49+('+!%(!-%<*,+!9#!
&*(*!4+<#'%!#44#!-+55H%#!%91*&'#)%*(%!*--+,*!#44#!54#2&*4#!,+&%$2#4+!#!7#-*,+!$+44*!:'#'*!5,+#($*!2(#!
&%'2#)%*(+! 1#,#$*&&#4+! $*-+! #44+! @+<%*(%! &1+5%#4%! -+,,+33+,*! (+<#'+! 1*'+&'I! $+-*42'+! #44+! @+<%*(%!
*,$%(#,%+0!?4! A%'*4*!J!,%7*,9#'*!#!'#4!,%<2#,$*!&%!4%9%'#! #!$%,+!5H+!&%(*!#44s#$+<2#9+('*!$+%!,%&1+''%-%!
&'#'2'%G! 4+! $%&1*&%)%*(%! $+44#! 1,+&+('+! 4+<<+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! &%! #114%5#(*! #(5H+! #44+! @+<%*(%! #! &'#'2'*!
&1+5%#4+! +$! #44+! 1,*-%(5+! #2'*(*9+! $%! A,+('*! +! $%! E*4)#(*! 1+,! 4+! 1#,'%! %(! 52%! 1,+-+$*(*! 7*,9+! $%!
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1,+-%&'#! $#44s#,'0! UUh0^! 5*(&+('+! 5*(! 2(#! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#! ,%(7*,)#'#! $%! 5*(5+$+,+! #! &%(<*4+! @+<%*(%!
*,$%(#,%+!t7*,9+!+!5*($%)%*(%!1#,'%5*4#,%!$%!#2'*(*9%#k!%(!9#'+,%#!$%!*,<#(%))#)%*(+!$+44#!<%2&'%)%#!$%!
1#5+G!$%!%&',2)%*(+G!$%!'2'+4#!$+44s#93%+('+!+!$+%!3+(%!524'2,#4%M!
!

12.3. Regolamenti regionali

!
"+!,%7*,9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!H#((*!1,*7*($#9+('+!%(5%&*!&244#!72()%*(+!,+<*4#9+('#,+!$+44+!@+<%*(%G!&%#!1+,!5%b!
5H+!,%<2#,$#!4#!5*91+'+()#!$+<4%!*,<#(%G!&%#!1+,!4s+&'+(&%*(+!$+4!1*'+,+0!
#6 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!5H+!(*(!&%!1,+*5521#!$%!$%&5%14%(#,+!%!,+<*4#9+('%!$+44*!:'#'*G!$+''#-#!%(-+5+G!1,%9#!
$+44#! ,%7*,9#! $+4! cggUG! 2(#! (*,9#! ,+4#'%-#! #%! @TdB"K\TPA?! @Td?BPK"?G! 1+,! 52%! %4! 1*'+,+!
,+<*4#9+('#,+!+,#!#'',%32%'*!#4!F*(&%<4%*!+!(*(!#44#!d%2('#0!B--%#9+('+!,%7+,%'*!#44+!@+<%*(%!*,$%(#,%+G!
1*%5H`! O2+44+! &',#*,$%(#,%+! +,#(*! +! &*(*! ,+<*4#9+('#'+! $#44*! :'#'2'*0! F*9+! 5*(! 4#! ,+-%&%*(+! $+4!
cggU!#--+,,I!#(5H+!5*(!4+!@+<%*(%!*,$%(#,%+!%4!52%!:'#'2'*!$%&5%14%(+,I!'%'*4#,%'I!+!9*$%!$+44#!1*'+&'I!
,+<*4#9+('#,+0!
36 4#! ,%7*,9#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! H#! 1*%! %(',*$*''*! %4! 1,%(5%1%*! $+4! 1#,#44+4%&9*! ',#! 72()%*(%! 4+<%&4#'%-+! +!
72()%*(%! ,+<*4#9+('#,%G! 4%9%'#($*! 4#! 1*'+&'I! $+4! d*-+,(*! $%! +9#(#,+! ,+<*4#9+('%! #44+! &*4+! 9#'+,%+!
&244+!O2#4%!4*!:'#'*!H#!1*'+&'I!4+<%&4#'%-#!+&542&%-#!+!,%&+,-#($*!#44+!@+<%*(%!%4!1*'+,+!,+<*4#9+('#,+!
%(!'2''+!4+!#4',+!9#'+,%+M!
56 (+44#!<+,#,5H%#!$+44+!7*('%!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!,+<%*(#4+!%4!,+<*4#9+('*!N!&*''*1*&'*!#44+!4+<<%G!4+!O2#4%!
&*(*! &*''*1*&'+! #44*! :'#'2'*G! 5H+! #44*,#! &'#3%4%&5+! #(5H+! 4#! 5*91+'+()#! (*,9#'%-#! ',#! 4+<<%! +!
,+<*4#9+('%0! T&&+($*! O2%($%! <4%! :'#'2'%! $%-+,&%! $#! @+<%*(+! #! @+<%*(+G! %4! ,%&24'#'*! $%! O2+&'#! ,%7*,9#!
1*',I! +&&+,+! -%&'*! &*4*! O2#($*! O2+&'%! -+,,#((*! 1,*924<#'%! +! $%77+,%,I! (+44s#93%'*! $+4! '+,,%'*,%*!
(#)%*(#4+M!
!

12.4. Fonti degli enti locali

!

12.4.1.

Le fonti locali nel sistema delle fonti

!
"#! ,%7*,9#! $+4! A%'*4*! J! H#! 9*$%7%5#'*! #(5H+! 4#! 1*&%)%*(+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! $+<4%! +('%! 4*5#4%! +! $+44+! 4*,*! 7*('%!
(*,9#'%-+0! "#! 1#,%*,$%(#)%*(+! $+<4%! +('%! 4*5#4%G! $+44+! @+<%*(%! +! $+44*! :'#'*! O2#4%! 5*91*(+('%! 4#! @+12334%5#!
.#,'0!UUe0U6!H#!,%74+&&%!&24!&%&'+9#!$+44+!7*('%0!

!
"s#,'0! UUe0c! #'',%32%&5+! ,%4+-#()#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! #<4%! :AKADA?! >Td"?! TPA?! "BFK"?G! 9+(',+! 4s#,'0! UUV0h!
,%5*(*&5+! #$! +&&%! t1*'+&'I! ,+<*4#9+('#,+! %(! *,$%(+! #44#! $%&5%14%(#! $+44s*,<#(%))#)%*(+! +! $+44*! &-*4<%9+('*!
$+44+!72()%*(%!4*,*!#'',%32%'+k0!
!
=2%($%!%4!7*($#9+('*!$+<4%!TT""!N!(+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!9#!N!4#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!#!$+'+,9%(#,(+!5*91+'+()+!+!
9*$#4%'I0!K44#!4+<<+!&'#'#4+!%(!-%#!+&542&%-#!N!#'',%32%'#!4#!5*91+'+()#!$%!&'#3%4%,+!4#!4+<%&4#)%*(+!+4+''*,#4+G!<4%!
*,<#(%! $%! <*-+,(*! +! 4+! 72()%*(%! 7*($#9+('#4%! $+<4%! TT""0! C+,! 4#! ,+&'#('+! 1#,'+! &%#! 4#! 4+<<+! &'#'#4+! 5H+!
,+<%*(#4+!5*(5*,,+!#44#!$+7%(%)%*(+!$+%!5*91%'%!$+<4%!TT""0!
!

12.4.2.

Statuti

!
"#! 4+<<+! Uec_YgG! #&&*,3%'#! (+4! ADT"! .$04<&0! chV_cggg6G! 1,+-+$+! 5H+! F*92(%! +! C,*-%(5+! &%! $*'%(*! $%! 2(*!
:'#'2'*! 5H+! $+-+! $+''#,+! 4+! (*,9+! 7*($#9+('#4%! &244s*,<#(%))#)%*(+! $+44s+('+0! ?4! ADT"! &-*4<+! 4#! 72()%*(+!
4+<%&4#'%-#!*,$%(#,%#!$%!$+7%(%)%*(+!$+%!5*91%'%G!5*91+'+()+!+!9*$#4%'I!$+<4%!TT""0!
!

12.4.3.

Regolamenti

!
tP+4! ,%&1+''*! $+%! 1,%(5%1%! 7%&&#'%! $#44#! 4+<<+! +! $#44*! :'#'2'*G! %4! 5*92(+! +! 4#! 1,*-%(5%#! #$*''#(*! ,+<*4#9+('%!
(+44+!9#'+,%+!$%!1,*1,%#!5*91+'+()#!+$!%(!1#,'%5*4#,+!1+,!4s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!+!%4!72()%*(#9+('*!$+44+!%&'%'2)%*(%!
+! $+<4%! *,<#(%&9%! $%! 1#,'+5%1#)%*(+G! 1+,! %4! 72()%*(#9+('*! $+<4%! *,<#(%! +! $+<4%! 277%5%! 1+,! 4s+&+,5%)%*! $+44+!
72()%*(%k!.#,'0!V!ADT"60!
!
?4!,+<*4#9+('*!N!4*!&',29+('*!(*,9#'%-*!'%1%5*!$+<4%!TT""G!&+,-+!(*(!&*4'#('*!#44s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!$+44s+('+!9#!
#(5H+!#!$%&5%14%(#,+!4+!9#'+,%+!$%!5*91+'+()#!$+44s+('+!&'+&&*0!Ts!2(#!7*('+!&+5*($#,%#0!

13.

Gli atti e i provvedimenti amministrativi

13.1.

Atti normativi, atti amministrativi e provvedimenti

13.1.1.

Definizioni

"+!7*('%!$+4!$%,%''*G!+!%(!1#,'%5*4#,+!<4%!#''%!(*,9#'%-%G!1*(<*(*!,+<*4+!<+(+,#4%!+!#&',#''+0!d4%!%($%-%$2%!+!%!4*,*!
5*91*,'#9+('%!&*(*!%(-+5+!1#,'%5*4#,%!+!5*(5,+'%G!N!5*91%'*!$+%!&*<<+''%!5H+!&%!*5521#(*!$+44sKCC"?FKm?BPT!
>T"!>?@?AAB!#114%5#,+!4+!(*,9+!<%2,%$%5H+G!<+(+,#4%!+!#&',#''+G!#%!5#&%!&1+5%7%5%!+!5*(5,+'%0!
!
"#!CK!#<%&5+!#'',#-+,&*!KAA?!K\\?P?:A@KA?J?0! :*(*!#''%!<%2,%$%5%!%(!O2#('*!5*91*,'#9+('%!5*(&#1+-*4%!+!
-*4*('#,%! 5H+! $#((*! 42*<*! #! +77+''%! <%2,%$%5%! +! ',#9%'+! +&&%! -+(<*(*! +&+,5%'#'%! %! 1*'+,%! #'',%32%'%! $#44#! 4+<<+G!
&244#!3#&+!$+4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!1,+-#4+()#!$+44s%('+,+&&+!12334%5*!&2!O2+44*!1,%-#'*0!
!
"#! 5#'+<*,%#! $+<4%! #''%! #99%(%&',#'%-%! N! 9*4'*! -#&'#! +! <+(+,%5#! +! ,%5*91,+($+! <4%! #''%! #99%(%&',#'%-%! $+44*!
:'#'*G!$+44+!@+<%*(%!+!$+<4%!TT""G!<4%!KAA?!>?!C@Bd@K\\Km?BPTG!4+!>?@TAA?JT!K\\?P?:A@KA?JT!*!#(5H+!%!
\T@?!KAA?!K\\?P?:A@KA?J?!1,%-%!$%!,%4+-#()#!+&'+,(#!9#!#'',#-+,&*!52%!&%!&(*$#!%4!1,*5+&&*!#99%(%&',#'%-*0!
!
=2%($%!<4%!#''%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!5H+!1,*$25*(*!+77+''%!+&'+,(%!+!O2%($%!%(742%&5*(*!&244+!&%'2#)%*(%!<%2,%$%5H+!$+%!
&*<<+''%!52%!&*(*!$+&'%(#'%G!&%!5H%#9#(*!C@BJJT>?\TPA?!K\\?P?:A@KA?J?0!d+(+,#49+('+!%!1,*--+$%9+('%!
#99%(%&',#'%-%!&*(*!%4!,%&24'#'*!$+4!1,*5+$%9+('*!#99%(%&',#'%-*0!
!

13.1.2.

Caratteri del provvedimento amministrativo

!
?!1,*--+$%9+('%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!H#((*!%(!5*92(+!#452(+!5#,#''+,%&'%5H+L!
#6 DP?"KAT@K"?AKs!+!KDAB@?AK@?TAKs0!F*(!O2+&'%!'+,9%(%!&%!%($%5#!%4!1#,'%5*4#,+!1*'+,+!5H+!$%&'%(<2+!
4s#2'*,%'I! #99%(%&',#'%-#G! 5H+! #<%&5+! 2(%4#'+,#49+('+! &+()#! %4! 5*(&+(&*! $+4! $+&'%(#'#,%*G! +!
#2'*,%'#,%#9+('+!1+,!4#!1,+-#4+()#!$+44s%('+,+&&+!12334%5*!5H+!1+,&+<2+M!
36 A?C?F?AKs0!F*(!O2+&'*!'+,9%(+!&%!%($%5#(*!4+!5*(&+<2+()+!$+44s#114%5#)%*(+!$+4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!4+<#4%'I0!
"s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! 12b! +&+,5%'#,+! 1*'+,%! #2'*,%'#'%-%! &*4*! &+! 4#! 4+<<+! <4%+4%! 5*(7+,%&5+L! 4#! 4+<<+! $+-+!
1,+5%&#,+! 5H+! '%1*! $%! 1,*--+$%9+('*! 4s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! 12b! +9#(#,+! .PB@\KA?J?AKs6! +! %($%5#,+!
O2#4+! %('+,+&&+! 12334%5*! 4*! <%2&'%7%5H%G! O2#4%! &%#(*! %! 1,+&211*&'%! 1+,! 4#! &2#! +9#(#)%*(+G! #'',#-+,&*!
O2#4+!1,*5+$%9+('*!$+33#!+&&+,+!7*,9#'*!+!O2#4%!+77+''%!+&&*!1,*$25#M!
56 T:TFDA?J?AKs! +! T:TFDAB@?TAKs0! F*(! O2+&'%! '+,9%(%! &%! %($%5#! 4s%$*(+%'I! $+%! 1,*--+$%9+('%!
#99%(%&',#'%-%! #$! +&&+,+! $%,+''#9+('+! +&+52'%-%G! &+()#! 4#! (+5+&&%'I! $%! 2(! 1,+-+('%-*! %('+,-+('*! $+4!
<%2$%5+!.+&+52'%-%'I6G!(*(5H`!4#!5#1#5%'I!5H+!4#!4+<<+!,%5*(*&5+!'#4-*4'#!#44s#99%(%&',#'*,+!$%!1*,'#,+!
$%,+''#9+('+!%(!+&+52)%*(+!5*#''%-#!$+'+,9%(#'%!1,*--+$%9+('%!.+&+52'*,%+'I6M!
!

13.2. Tipologia dei provvedimenti amministrativi

!
:+! 54#&&%7%5H%#9*! %! 1,*--+$%9+('%! #99%(%&',#'%-%! $#4! 12('*! $%! -%&'#! $+<4%! %('+,+&&%! $+4! 1,%-#'*! 5H+! (+! N!
$+&'%(#'#,%*G! 4#! <,#($+! $%-%&%*(+! 1#&&#! ',#! %! C@BJJT>?\TPA?! XKJB@TJB"?! +! %! C@BJJT>?\TPA?!
:XKJB@TJB"?0!"#!$%&'%()%*(+!N!%('2%'%-#L!
#6 %! 1,%9%! #914%#(*! 4#! &7+,#! <%2,%$%5#! $+4! 1,%-#'*! .C@BJJT>?\TPA?! K\C"?KA?J?G! 1+,! 9+))*! $%!
KDAB@?mmKm?BP?!*!FBPFT::?BP?G!K\\?::?BP?G!T:BPT@?G!T:TPm?BP?!*!?PFTPA?J?6M!
36 %! C@BJJT>?\TPAB! :XKJB@TJB"?! &*(*! O2+44%! 5H+! %(5%$*(*! (+<#'%-#9+('+! (+44#! &7+,#! <%2,%$%5#! $+4!
1,%-#'*G! 5*91*,'#($*! 2(#! 4%9%'#)%*(+! 1#,)%#4+! *! '*'#4+! $%! 2(! $%,%''*! .B@>?P?G! >?J?TA?G!
T:C@BC@?Km?BP?G!@T=D?:?m?BP?!*112,+!:KPm?BP?!K\\?P?:A@KA?JT60!
!

13.3. Discrezionalit amministrativa

!
"s#''%-%'I! $%! #114%5#)%*(+! $+44+! 4+<<%! $#! 1#,'+! $+44#! CK! N! &*4*! ,#,#9+('+! 2(s#''%-%'I! $%! &+914%5+! +&+52)%*(+!
$+44#! 4+<<+G! 1,%-#! $%! O2#4&%#&%! 9#,<%(+! $%! -#42'#)%*(+! $%! *11*,'2(%'I0! P*(! '#('*! 1+,! O2#('*! ,%<2#,$#! 4+!
KAA?J?AKs! J?PFB"KATG! O2#('*! 1+,! %4! 9#,<%(+! $%! $%&5,+)%*(#4%'I! (+4! 1+,&+<2%9+('*! $+44s?PAT@T::T!
CDEE"?FB0!
!
D(! &*<<+''*! 1,%-#'*! N! 4%3+,*! $%! 5*91*,'#,&%! 5*9+! ,%'%+(+! (+4! ,%&1+''*! $+44+! 4+<<%! ."?FT?AKs! *--+,*! -%(5*4*!
(+<#'%-*6G!9+(',+!2(!&*<<+''*!12334%5*!N!-%(5*4#'*!&',+''#9+('+!#44+!4+<<%L!5H+!4*!%&'%'2%&5+G!(+!$+7%(%&5+!4+!
7%(#4%'IG! <4%! *3%+''%-%! +! 4s%('+,+&&+! 12334%5*! 5H+! $+-+! 1+,&+<2%,+0! P*(! 1*'+($*! 1+,b! 4#! 4+<<+! 1,+-+$+,+! '2''*!
O2#('*! (+5+&&#,%*! #44#! CK! 1+,! ,#<<%2(<+,+! 4s%('+,+&&+! 12334%5*! $+7%(%'*G! 4s#''%-%'I! $+44#! CK! (*(! N! 1%[! &*4*! $%!
9+,#! +&+52)%*(+! 9#! ,%5H%+$+! $+44+! &5+4'+G! 4+<%''%9+! &+! *,%+('#'+! -+,&*! 4s%('+,+&&+! 12334%5*! $+7%(%'*!
."Td?AA?\?AKs!>T""sKAA?J?AKs!K\\?P?:A@KA?JK6!
!
"*! &1#)%*! $%! &5+4'#! 5H+! 4#! 4+<<+! #'',%32%&5+! #44#! CK! &%! 5H%#9#! >?:F@Tm?BPK"?AKs! K\\?P?:A@KA?JK! +! 12b!
,%<2#,$#,+!%4!&+G!O2#($*G!O2#('*!+!5*9+0!K44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!N!1,+&5,%''*!$%!,%&1+''#,+!4+!1,+&5,%)%*(%!$%!4+<<+G!
&-*4<+($*!2(s#$+<2#'#!?:A@DAAB@?K!1+,!1*%!1,*5+$+,+!#44#!-#42'#)%*(+!$+<4%!+4+9+('%!#5O2%&%'%!5*91#,#($*!
<4%!%('+,+&&%!%(!<%*5*!+!O2%($%!#4!4*,*!3%4#(5%#9+('*0!?4!5,%'+,%*!5H+!1,+&%+$+!4#!-#42'#)%*(+!N!%4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!
C@BCB@m?BPK"?AKs!5H+!&%<(%7%5#L!
U6 5*(<,2%'I!$+4!1,*--+$%9+('*!#4!,#<<%2(<%9+('*!$+4!7%(+M!
c6 9#&&%9#!4%9%'#)%*(+!$+4!&#5,%7%5%*!$%!#4',%!%('+,+&&%!12334%5%M!
^6 9#&&%9#!4%9%'#)%*(+!$+4!&#5,%7%5%*!$%!%('+,+&&%!1,%-#'%M!
e6 9#&&%9#!+77%5#5%#!$+<4%!&',29+('%!#$*''#'%!%(!2(!,#11*,'*!',#!,%&24'#'%S5*&'%M!
!
P+44#!9*'%-#)%*(+!$+-+!',#&1#,%,+!4#!,#)%*(#4%'I!+!4#!,#<%*(+-*4+))#!$+4!1,*5+$%9+('*!+!$+4!,#<%*(#9+('*!5H+!
H#! <2%$#'*! 4s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! (+44s2&*! $+4! 1*'+,+! $%&5,+)%*(#4+0! T$! N! 1,*1,%*! 4#! 9*'%-#)%*(+! 4s*<<+''*!
1,%(5%1#4+!&2!52%!#112('#!4s#''+()%*(+!$+4!<%2$%5+!5H%#9#'*!#!&%($#5#,+!4#!4+<%''%9%'I!$+44s#''*0!
!

13.4. Vizi del provvedimento amministrativo

!

13.4.1.

Definizioni

!
?! -%)%! $+4! 1,*--+$%9+('*! #99%(%&',#'%-*! (+! 5*91,*9+''*(*! 4#! -#4%$%'I0! "+! (*)%*(%! $%! TXX?FKF?K! +! $%!
JK"?>?AKs!&%!#114%5#(*!#(5H+!#%!1,*--+$%9+('*!#99%(%&',#'%-%0!
!
?!5#&%!$%!%(-#4%$%'I!u!$+''%!#(5H+!J?m?!>T"!C@BJJT>?\TPAB!K\\?P?:A@KA?JB!u!-#((*!$%&'%('%!%(!$2+!#91%+!
5#'+<*,%+0!?!5#&%!$%!(244%'I!$+44s#''*!#99%(%&',#'%-*!$#!O2+44%!$%!%44+<%''%9%'I0!
!
"#!(244%'I!N!5#2&#'#!$#!9*'%-%!<,#-%!5H+!<4%!%91+$%&5*(*!$%!1+,7+)%*(#,+!4#!&2#!7*,9#)%*(+L!
1+,5H`!+9+&&*!$#!2(!&*<<+''*!&1,*--%&'*!$%!#2'*,%'I!#99%(%&',#'%-#M!
1+,5H`!4s*<<+''*!$+44s#''*!N!%($+'+,9%(#'*!*!%(%$*(+*G!*!%4!5*('+(2'*!N!%44+5%'*M!
1+,5H`!4#!-*4*('I!$+4!&*<<+''*!#<+('+!N!-%)%#'#!$#!-%*4+()#!7%&%5#M!
1+,5H`!9#(5#!$%!7*,9#!+&&+()%#4+G!O2#($*!'#4+!7*,9#!N!1,+&5,%''#!$#44#!4+<<+M!
!
"s?""Td?AA?\?AKs!$+44s#''*!#99%(%&',#'%-*!5*1,+!4s%('+,#!#,+#!$+4!5*(',#&'*!',#!4s#''*!+!4+!(*,9+!-%<+('%!5H+!&%!
%(&+,%&5+!',#!4+!%1*'+&%!$+44#!(244%'I!+!O2+44+!$+44#!9+,#!?@@TdB"K@?AKs0!
!

13.4.2.

Ipotesi di illegittimit dellatto amministrativo

!
C+,!',#$%)%*(+G!%!-%)%!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!$+<4%!#''%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!&*(*!$%-%&%!%(!^!5#'+<*,%+L!
#6 ?PFB\CTATPmKL! &%! H#! O2#($*! %4! 1,*--+$%9+('*! N! +9#(#'*! $#! 2(s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! 5H+! H#! 1*'+&'I!
&244#!9#'+,%#G!9#!$#!2(!*,<#(*!%(5*91+'+('+!.?PFB\CTATPmK!@T"KA?JK6M!
36 J?B"Km?BPT! >?! "TddTL! N! %4! 12('2#4+! 5*(',#&'*! ',#! %4! 1,*--+$%9+('*! 5*(! O2#4&%#&%! (*,9#! <%2,%$%5#!
-%<+('+0!=2+&'#!5#'+<*,%#!N!$#!%('+($+,&%!%(!&+(&*!,+&%$2#4+!,%&1+''*!#44#!1,%9#!+!#44s24'%9#M!

56 TFFT::B! >?! CBAT@TL! N! %4! -%)%*! &1+5%7%5*! $+44#! $%&5,+)%*(#4%'I! #99%(%&',#'%-#0! T&&*! O2%($%! (*(! 12b!
5*41%,+! <4%! #''%! -%(5*4#'%! $+44#! CKG! 9#! (#&5+! $#44#! -*4*('I! $+4! <%2$%5+! $%! #((244#,+! %! 1,*--+$%9+('%!
#99%(%&',#'%-%! 5H+G! 12,! (*(! 1,+&+('#($*! -%)%! $%! %(5*91+'+()#! *! -%*4#)%*(+! $%! 4+<<+G! &%!
9#(%7+&'#&&+,*! 5H%#,#9+('+! -%)%#'%! (+4! ,#<%*(#9+('*! +! (+44+! -#42'#)%*(%! #'',#-+,&*! 4+! O2#4%! &%! N!
7*,9#'#!4#!-*4*('I!$+44s*,<#(*!#99%(%&',#'%-*0!

13.4.3.

Figure sintomatiche delleccesso di potere

!
"+! X?dD@T! :?PAB\KA?FnT! >T""sTFFT::B! >?! CBAT@T! &*(*! 4+! %1*'+&%! '%1%5H+! $%! $%7+''%! (+4! 1,*5+&&*! $%!
7*,9#)%*(+!$+44+!&5+4'+!$%&5,+)%*(#4%!$+44#!CKL!
#6 :J?K\TPAB! >?! CBAT@T0! =2#($*! 2(! 1,*--+$%9+('*G! 1,+-%&'*! 1+,! 2(! $+'+,9%(#'*! %('+,+&&+G! -%+(+!
%91%+<#'*!1+,!2(!7%(+!$+4!'2''*!$%-+,&*0!:%!-%*4#!O2%($%!4#!'%1%5%'I!$+4!1,*--+$%9+('*M!
36 A@KJ?:K\TPAB! >T?! XKAA?0! =2#($*! 2(! 1,*--+$%9+('*! &%! 3#&#! &2! 2(s+,,*(+#! ,%5*&',2)%*(+! $+44+!
5%,5*&'#()+M!
56 FBPA@K>>?AB@?TAKs! ?PAT@PK! *! TJ?>TPAT! ?""Bd?F?AKs0! =2#($*! 2(! 1,*--+$%9+('*! &%! 3#&#! &2!
1,+9+&&+!%(5*(&%&'+('%!*!1+<<%*!5*(',#$$%'*,%+M!
$6 >?:CK@?AKs!>?!A@KAAK\TPAB0!Ts!4#!-%*4#)%*(+!$+4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!2<2#<4%#()#M!
+6 J?m?! >T""K! \BA?JKm?BPT0! >%! 1+,! &`! 4s#&&+()#! $+44#! 9*'%-#)%*(+! (+%! 1,*5+&&%! $%&5,+)%*(#4%!
5*&'%'2%&5+!-%*4#)%*(+!$%!4+<<+!+!$#44#!9*'%-#)%*(+!%4!<%2$%5+!12b!+-+('2#49+('+!,%(',#55%#,+!&%('*9%!
$+44s+55+&&*!$%!1*'+,+!5H+!H#!1*,'#'*!#44#!$+5%&%*(+M!
76 J?B"Km?BPT! >T""T! C@K::?! K\\?P?:A@KA?JT0! =2#($*! 2(s#99%(%&',#)%*(+G! &+()#! 2(s#$+<2#'#!
9*'%-#)%*(+G!&%!$%&5*&'#!$#!5%,5*4#,%G!$%,+''%-+!*!$#44#!5*&'#('+!%('+,1,+'#)%*(+M!
<6 ?Pd?D:A?m?K! \KP?XT:AK0! =2#($*! 1+,! +&+91%*! #--%+(+! 2(#! 4+&%*(+! $+44#! 1,*1*,)%*(#4%'I! ',#!
%(7,#)%*(+!+!&#()%*(+M!
!
=2+&'#! &+,%+! $%! 7%<2,+! &+,-*(*! #! $*'#,+! %4! <%2$%5+! $+<4%! &',29+('%! 1+,! -+,%7%5#,+! 4#! -#4%$%'I! $+<4%! #''%!
#99%(%&',#'%-%!&+()#!+(',#,+!(+4!\T@?AB!K\\?P?:A@KA?JBG!5H+!(*(!N!5*91+'+()#!$+44#!9#<%&',#'2,#!9#!
$+44s*,<#(*!1*4%'%5*0!
!
Ts!%91*,'#('+!(*'#,+!5H+G!+&&+($*!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!5H+!1*,'#!#4!1,*--+$%9+('*!5*91*&'#!#(5H+!$#!(29+,*&%!
#''%! #99%(%&',#'%-%G! &+! 2(! -%)%*! 5*41%&5+! #(5H+! 2(*! &*4*! $+<4%! #''%! 5H+! 5*(5*,,*(*! #44#! $+'+,9%(#)%*(+! $+4!
1,*--+$%9+('*!O2+&'s24'%9*!1+,$+!%('+,#9+('+!$%!-#4%$%'I!.?PJK"?>?AKs!>T@?JKAK60!
!

13.4.4.

Lautotutela

!
"#! CK! 5H+! +9#(#! 2(! 1,*--+$%9+('*! -%)%#'*! 12bG! 1,%9#! 5H+! +&&*! -+(<#! #((244#'*! $#! 2(! <%2$%5+G! 2'%4%))#,+!
#452(%!&',29+('%!1+,!,%1#,#,+!%!-%)%0!:%!1#,4#!%(!O2+&'%!5#&%!$%!:KPKAB@?K0!:+!4s#''*!N!-%)%#'*!1+,!%(5*91+'+()#G!
12b! +&&+,+! @KA?X?FKAB! #(5H+! $*1*! 4#! 12334%5#)%*(+! $#44s*,<#(*! 5*91+'+('+0! :+! N! -%)%#'*! %4! 1,*5+$%9+('*!
$+44s#''*G!'#4+!1,*5+$%9+('*!12b!+&&+,+!FBPJK"?>KAB!9+$%#('+!%4!5*914+'#9+('*!5*(!4s#''*!9#(5#('+0!
!
B--%#9+('+! (*(! '2''%! %! -%)%! &*(*! &#(#3%4%0! ?(! O2+&'%! 5#&%! 4s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! 12b! 1,*5+$+,+G! %(! KDABADAT"KG!
+9#(#($*!2(!24'+,%*,+!1,*--+$%9+('*L!4sKPPD""K\TPAB!>sDXX?F?B0!?(*4',+!%4!d*-+,(*!$%&1*(+!$%!2(!1*'+,+!
$%! KPPD""K\TPAB! >sDXX?F?B! $%! *<(%! #''*! #99%(%&',#'%-*! +9#(#'*! $#! O2#4&%#&%! #2'*,%'I! #99%(%&',#'%-#! %(!
(*9+!$%!2(*!&1+5%7%5*!%('+,+&&+!12334%5*0!
!

13.5. Tutela nei confronti dei provvedimenti amministrativi

!

13.5.1.

Definizioni

!
"#! '2'+4#! $+<4%! %('+,+&&%! $+4! 1,%-#'*! 12b! &+<2%,+! $2+! &',#$+L! %4! ,%5*,&*! #99%(%&',#'%-*! +! %4! ,%5*,&*!
<%2,%&$%)%*(#4+0! ?4! @?FB@:B! K\\?P?:A@KA?JB! N! 2(s%&'#()#! 5H+! %4! 1,%-#'*! ,%-*4<+! #44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! 1+,!
5H%+$+,+! 4s#((244#9+('*! *! 4#! ,+-*5#! $%! 2(! 1,*--+$%9+('*! %44+<%''%9*! *! %(*11*,'2(*M! %4! @?FB@:B!

d?D@:>?m?BPK"T!N!4*!&',29+('*!5*(!52%!%4!1,%-#'*!%912<(#!%4!1,*--+$%9+('*!%44+<%''%9*!$%!7,*('+!#4!<%2$%5+G!
,%-*4<+($*&%!#$!2(!*,<#(*!'+,)*0!
!

13.5.2.

Ricorsi amministrativi

!
J%!&*(*!e!'%1%!$%!,%5*,&*!#99%(%&',#'%-*L!
#6 %4! @?FB@:B! dT@K@Fn?FB! C@BC@?B! N! 2(! ,%9+$%*! ,%5*(*&5%2'*! %(! -%#! <+(+,#4+! #'',#-+,&*! %4! O2#4+! %4!
1,%-#'*! 12b! 5H%+$+,+! #44s*,<#(*! <+,#,5H%5#9+('+! &21+,%*,+G! #! O2+44*! 5H+! H#! +9#(#'*! 4s#''*!
%912<(#'*G! 4s#((244#9+('*G! 4#! ,+-*5#! *! 4#! ,%7*,924#)%*(+! $+4! 1,*--+$%9+('*! +(',*! ^g! <%*,(%!
$#44s#--+(2'#! (*'%7%5#! $+4! 1,*--+$%9+('*0! :+! +(',*! Yg! <%*,(%! $#4! ,%5*,&*G! 4s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! (*(!
,%&1*($+!%4!,%5*,&*!&%!%('+($+!,%<+''#'*M!
36 %4!@?FB@:B!dT@K@Fn?F?!?\C@BC@?B!N!2(!,%9+$%*!7,2%3%4+!&*4*!*-+!1,+-%&'*!$#44#!4+<<+M!
56 %4! @?FB@:B! ?P! BCCB:?m?BPT! N! 2(! ,%9+$%*! #(5Hs+&&*! 7,2%3%4+! &*4*! O2#4*,#! 1,+-%&'*! 1+,! 4+<<+! +!
5*(&%&'+!(+4!,%5*,,+,+!#4!9+$+&%9*!*,<#(*!5H+!H#!#$*''#'*!%4!1,*--+$%9+('*!%912<(#'*!$#4!1,%-#'*0!
K(5H+!%(!O2+&'*!5#&*!-#4+!%4!&%4+()%*S,%<+''*!+(',*!Yg!<%*,(%M!
$6 %4! @?FB@:B! :A@KB@>?PK@?B! K"! FKCB! >T""B! :AKAB! N! 2(#! &*42)%*(+! +&',+9#! 1,#'%5#3%4+! &*4*!
O2#($*! (*(! -%! &%#! #4',#! 1*&&%3%4%'I! $%! ,%5*,&*! *! %(! #4'+,(#'%-#! #4! ,%5*,&*! <%2,%&$%)%*(#4+0! C2b! +&&+,+!
1,+&+('#'*!#(5H+!#! Ucg!<%*,(%!$#44#! (*'%7%5#)%*(+!$+44s#''*!+!4#!$+5%&%*(+! &24!,%5*,&*!N!%912'#3%4+!#4!
1#,+,+!*334%<#'*,%*!$+4!F*(&%<4%*!$%!:'#'*M!
!

13.5.3.

Il ricorso giurisdizionale

!
?4! 1,%-#'*G! $+&'%(#'#,%*! $%! 2(! 1,*--+$%9+('*! %44+<%''%9*G! (*(! H#! #452(#! (+5+&&%'I! $%! ,%5*,,+,+! %(! -%#!
#99%(%&',#'%-#G! 1+,5H`! 12b! %912<(#,+! %4! 1,*--+$%9+('*! $%,+''#9+('+! $#-#('%! #4! <%2$%5+0! "s#,'0! UU^! $+44#!
F*&'%'2)%*(+! <#,#('%&5+! t5*(',*! <4%! $+44#! CKG! N! &+91,+! #99+&&#! 4#! '2'+4#! <%2,%&$%)%*(#4+! $+%! $%,%''%! +! $+<4%!
%('+,+&&%! 4+<%''%9%! $%(#()%! #<4%! *,<#(%! $%! <%2,%&$%)%*(+! *,$%(#,%#! +! #99%(%&',#'%-#k! #<<%2(<+($*! 1*%! 5H+! t'#4+!
'2'+4#!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4+!(*(!12b!+&&+,+!+&542&#!*!4%9%'#'#!#!1#,'%5*4#,%!9+))%!$%!%912<(#)%*(+!*!1+,!$+'+,9%(#'+!
5#'+<*,%+!$%!#''%k0!
!
"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&'+&&#!H#!#(5H+!&'#3%4%'*!5H+!4#!9#<<%*,!1#,'+!$+44+!-+,'+()+!',#!1,%-#'%!5%''#$%(%!+!4#!CK!(*(!
7*&&+,*! #'',%32%'+! $%! 5*91+'+()#! #44#! 9#<%&',#'2,#! *,$%(#,%#G! 9#! #! 2(! <%2$%5+! &1+5%#4+G! 5H%#9#'*! d?D>?FT!
K\\?P?:A@KA?JB0! :*&'#()%#49+('+! O2#($*! 5%''#$%(*! +! CK! &'#((*! &244*! &'+&&*! 1%#(*! 4#! 5*91+'+()#! N! $+4!
<%2$%5+! *,$%(#,%*G! O2#($*! %4! 5*(74%''*! N! ',#! %('+,+&&+! 12334%5*! +! 1,%-#'*G! 4#! 5*91+'+()#! N! $+4! <%2$%5+!
#99%(%&',#'%-*0!
!

13.5.4.

Diritto soggettivo e interesse legittimo

!
:+5*($*!4#!(*)%*(+!',#$%)%*(#4+!&%!H#!2(!>?@?AAB!:BddTAA?JB!O2#($*!2(!$+'+,9%(#'*!3+(+!*!-#('#<<%*!N!
<#,#('%'*!$#44s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*0!=2#($*!%4!1,%-#'*!&23%&5+!2(#!5*91,+&&%*!$+4!$%,%''*!&*<<+''%-*G!%(!(*9+!
$+44#! 1,+-#4+()#! $+44s%('+,+&&+! 12334%5*! 1+,&+<2%'*! $#44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+G! 4s*,$%(#9+('*! <4%! <#,#('%&5+!
4s%('+,+&&+!#44#!4+<%''%9%'I!$+44s#''*0!=2+&'#!&%'2#)%*(+!1,+($+!%4!(*9+!$%!?PAT@T::T!"Td?AA?\B0!
!
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5*91+'+('+!N!O2+44#!#99%(%&',#'%-#0!

14.

Diritti e libert

14.1.

Libert e diritti costituzionalmente garantiti

14.1.1.

Definizioni

!
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!

14.1.2.

Strumenti di tutela

!
"#!-+,#!(*-%'I!$+44+!5*&'%'2)%*(%!9*$+,(+!N!&%52,#9+('+G!*4',+!#$!#-+,!#914%#'*!4s+4+(5*!$+%!$%,%''%!5*(!O2+44%!
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!

14.2.

Principio di eguaglianza

!
"s#,'0^!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!+(2(5%#!%4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!DdDKd"?KPmK!+!(+!$I!2(#!7*,924#)%*(+!5*914+&&#0!T&&*!
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$*9%(#!4#,<#!1#,'+!$+%!<%2$%)%!$+44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+M!
36 %4!PDF"TB!XB@AT!>T"!C@?PF?C?B!>?!DdDKd"?KPmK!-%+'#!$%&'%()%*(%!t$%!&+&&*G!$%!,#))#G!$%!4%(<2#G!$%!
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56 %4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!TdDKd"?KPmK!:B:AKPm?K"T!12('#!+&#''#9+('+!#!t,%92*-+,+!<4%!*&'#5*4%!$%!*,$%(+!
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.7*,9#4+6!+!$+44#!@TJT@:T!>?:F@?\?PKA?BP!.&*&'#()%#4+6M!

14.3.

Lapplicazione delle garanzie costituzionali

14.3.1.

Cittadini e stranieri

!
?(! 5+,'%! 5#&%! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%5*(*&5+! #! '2''%! 4#! '2'+4#! $+%! $%,%''%G! %(! #4',%! 5#&%! &*4*! #%! 5%''#$%(%! .-+$%! O2+44%!
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5%''#$%(%!&',#(%+,%!1,+&+('%!&24!'+,,%'*,%*M!
!

14.3.2.

Levoluzione delle nozioni costituzionali

!
A2''+! 4+! $%&1*&%)%*(%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! %91%+<#(*! '+,9%(%! '+5(%5%! 5H+! (+5+&&%'#(*! $%! 2(#! $+7%(%)%*(+0! B<(2(*! $%!
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1,+5+$+('+0!
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14.3.3.

Lanacronismo legislativo

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14.3.4.

Levoluzione indotta dal diritto internazionale

!
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14.3.5.

Bilanciamento dei diritti

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56 5*(5*,,+()#!',#!%('+,+&&%!%($%-%$2#4%!+!%('+,+&&%!5*44+''%-%M!
!

14.3.6.

I nuovi diritti

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!

14.4. I diritti nella sfera individuale

!

14.4.1.

Definizioni

!
"#!4*<%5#!2&#'#!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1+,!&5,%-+,+!4+!<#,#()%+!$+%!$%,%''%!1,*5+$+!&+5*($*!2(#!4*<%5#!1,+5%&#G!5H+!
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4%3+,'I!$+44#!1+,&*(#G!4#!&2#!'2'+4#!7%&%5#0!T&&+($*!<4%!&1#)%!$%!<#,#()%#!$%!5%#&52(#!4%3+,'I!#$%#5+('%!+!'#4-*4'#!
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5+(',*!$+44#!&1%,#4+G!+55*!5H+!N!%($%&1+(&#3%4+!$+5%$+,+!&+!2(#!5+,'#!&%'2#)%*(+!,+#4+!,%5#$#!&*''*!4#!<#,#()%#!
#55*,$#'#!$#!O2+&'*!*!$#!O2+44s#,'%5*4*!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!
!

14.4.2.

La libert personale

14.4.2.1.

Definizioni

P+44#!&2#!#55+)%*(+!1%[!,%&',+''#!+!&'*,%5#!4#!"?ET@AKs!CT@:BPK"T!5*%(5%$+!5*(!4#!4%3+,'I!$#<4%!#,,+&'%G!*&&%#!
5*(! 4snKETK:! FB@CD:0! ?4! (254+*! 7*($#9+('#4+! $+44#! 4%3+,'I! 1+,&*(#4+! N! $2(O2+! 4#! 4%3+,'I! 7%&%5#G! 4#!
$%&1*(%3%4%'I!$+44#!1,*1,%#!1+,&*(#!%(!'+,9%(%!O2#('%'#'%-%!+!O2#4%'#'%-%0!
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A,#! %! -#,%! 4%-+44%! $%! 4%9%'#)%*(+! O2#('%'#'%-#! $+44#! 4%3+,'I! 1+,&*(#4+G! O2+44%! 9%(*,%! &*(*! 5*(&%$+,#'%! 1,+&'#)%*(%!
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O2#4%'#'%'#'%-*G!&21+,#($*!%4!5*(5+''*!$+44#!-%*4+()#!7%&%5#G!,%&5*(',#!%(!O2#4&%#&%!5*+,5%)%*(+!5H+!4+$#!4#!$%<(%'I!
$+44#!1+,&*(#!+!(+!5*91*,'%!4#!$+<,#$#)%*(+!<%2,%$%5#!4#!-%*4#)%*(+!$+4!$%,%''*0!
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K44#! 425+! $%! O2+&'*G! #(5*,! 1%[! 5H+! 4s+4+9+('*! 7%&%5*G! 5%b! 5H+! 5*(',#$$%&'%(<2+! 4#! -%*4#)%*(+! $+44#! 4%3+,'I!
1+,&*(#4+!N!%4!4%-+44*!$%!$+<,#$#)%*(+!<%2,%$%5#0!
!

14.4.2.2.

Strumenti di tutela

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d4%! &',29+('%! $%! '2'+4#! $+44#! 4%3+,'I! 1+,&*(#4+! 1,+$%&1*&'%! #44s#,'0! U^0c! &*(*! %! 1%[! 7*,'%! 5H+! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+!
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?(*4',+!4s#,'0!UUU!1,+-+$+!5H+!5*(',*!'2''%!%!1,*--+$%9+('%!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4%!5H+!%(5%$*(*!&244#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+!
&%#!&+91,+!#99+&&*!,%5*,&*!$#-#('%!#44#!F*,'+!$%!5#&&#)%*(+0!
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14.4.2.3.

Restrizioni e pene

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:*(*! $%-+,&%! %! 1,%(5%1%G! (*(! &*4*! 4s#,'0! U^0cG! 5H+! *1+,#(*! 1+,! 4s%($%-%$2#)%*(+! $+4! '%1*! $%! ,+&',%)%*(+! 52%! 12b!
+&&+,+!&*''*1*&'#!4#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+L!
#6 %4!$%-%+'*!$%!*<(%!-%*4+()#!7%&%5#!+!9*,#4+!&244+!1+,&*(+!&*''*1*&'+!#!,+&',%)%*(+!.#,'0!U^0^6M!
36 t4+! 1+(+! (*(! 1*&&*(*! 5*(&%&'+,+! %(! ',#''#9+('%! 5*(',#,%! #4! &+(&*! $%! 29#(%'I! +! $+-*(*! '+($+,+! #44#!
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$6 4#! <%2,%&1,2$+()#! 1%[! ,+5+('+! $+44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! H#! #44#,<#'*! %4! <%2$%)%*! $%! ,#<%*(+-*4+))#!
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<,#-%'I!$+4!,+#'*M!
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14.4.2.4.

Trattamenti sanitari obbligatori

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C+,! A@KAAK\TPAB! :KP?AK@?B! BEE"?dKAB@?B! &%! %('+($+! *<(%! '%1*! $%! #''%-%'I! $%#<(*&'%5#! *! '+,#1+2'%5#!
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7%(#4%'I! &#(%'#,%+! ,%5#$+! &*''*! 4s#,'0! ^c0c! $+$%5#'*! #44#! '2'+4#! $+44#! &#42'+0! ?4! ,+<%9+! $%! <#,#()%#! #55*,$#! 4#!
,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!9#!(*(!$%!<%2,%&$%)%*(+0!"s*334%<*!%91*&'*!1+,!4+<<+!$%!&*''*1*,&%!#!',#''#9+('*!9+$%5*!$+-+!
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4#!4%3+,'I!$%!&5+4'#!%($%-%$2#4+0!
!

14.4.3.

La libert di domicilio

14.4.3.1.

Definizioni

!
:+5*($*!2(#!$+7%(%)%*(+!54#&&%5#!%4!>B\?F?"?B!N!4#!1,*%+)%*(+!&1#)%#4+!$+44#!1+,&*(#0!
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:+5*($*!4s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*!-%!&*(*!1%[!$+7%(%)%*(%!$+4!$*9%5%4%*0!?4!5*$%5+!5%-%4+!4*!%('+($+!%4!42*<*!%(!52%!
+&&#!H#!&'#3%4%'*!4#!&+$+!1,%(5%1#4+!$+%!&2*%!#77#,%!+!%('+,+&&%G!$%&'%(<2+($*4#!$#44#!@T:?>TPmK!5H+!%(-+5+!N!%4!
42*<*!$*-+!4#!1+,&*(#!H#!$%9*,#!#3%'2#4+0!"#!>?\B@K!%(-+5+!N!2(#!,+#4'I!$%!7#''*!5H+!%($%5#!%4!42*<*!$*-+!4#!
1+,&*(#!&*<<%*,(#!*55#&%*(#49+('+0!
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C+,! %4! $%,%''*! 1+(#4+! %4! $*9%5%4%*! N! 4s#3%'#)%*(+! +! *<(%! t#4',*! 42*<*! $%! 1,%-#'#! $%9*,#k0! FH%! -%*4%! %4! $*9%5%4%*!
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K(5H+! &+! 4#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! H#! 9*&',#'*! $%&1*(%3%4%'I! (+44s+&'+($+,+! 4#! (*,9#! #4! $%! 4I! $%! O2+&'#! (*,9#!
1+,!%(542$+,-%!#(5H+!#93%'%!+&',#(+%!5*9+!12b!+&&+,+!4s#2'*9*3%4+0!
!

14.4.3.2.

Strumenti di tutela

!
F*9+!4#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+G!#(5H+!%4!$*9%5%4%*!N!%(-%*4#3%4+!.#,'0!Ue0U60!K4!$*9%5%4%*!&%!+&'+($*(*!4+!9+$+&%9+!
<#,#()%+! 1,+-%&'+! 1+,! 4#! 4%3+,'I! 1+,&*(#4+G! *&&%#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! #&&*42'#! +! $%! <%2,%&$%)%*(+! 1+,! #''%! $%!
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?4!5*$%5+!$%!1,*5+$2,#!1+(#4+!5%!7*,(%&5+!4#!$+7%(%)%*(+!$+%!'+,9%(%!%&1+)%*(+G!1+,O2%&%)%*(+!+!&+O2+&',*!5*9+!
9+))%!$%!,%5+,5#!$+44#!1,*-#!1+(#4+L!
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c0 CT@=D?:?m?BPTG!&+,-+!1+,!4#!,%5+,5#!$%!5*&+!1+,'%(+('%!#4!,+#'*M!
^0 :T=DT:A@BG!&255+&&%-*!#44#!1+,O2%&%)%*(+!1+,!4s*''+(%9+('*!$+44#!5*&#!5+,5#'#M!

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C+,!4+!1,*5+$2,+!$%!+9+,<+()#!-#4+!O2#('*!$+''*!,+4#'%-#9+('+!#44s#,'0!U^0^!&244#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+0!
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14.4.3.3.

Leggi speciali

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"s#,'0! Ue0^! #99+''+! +55+)%*(%! #44#! $%&5%14%(#! <+(+,#4+! 9#! &*4*! 5*(! 1#,'%5*4#,%! 4%9%'%! ,%<2#,$*! 4s*<<+''*! +! 4#!
7%(#4%'I! +! 5*92(O2+! 5*(! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! ,%(7*,)#'#0! "#! 4+<<+! 12b! 5*(&+('%,+! O2+&'*! '%1*! $%! #)%*(%! &*4*! 1+,!
9*'%-%!$%!&#(%'IG!%(5*429%'I!12334%5#!*!1+,!7%(%!+5*(*9%5%!+!7%&5#4%0!K44*,#!4#!CK!1*',I!1,*5+$+,+!#44s#55+&&*!#4!
$*9%5%4%*!#(5H+!&+()#!4#!1,+-%#!#2'*,%))#)%*(+!$+44s#2'*,%'I!<%2$%)%#,%#0!
!

14.4.4.

La libert di corrispondenza e comunicazione

14.4.4.1.

Definizioni

!
"s#,'0!U]!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!'2'+4#!4#!4%3+,'I!+!4#!&+<,+'+))#!$%!*<(%!7*,9#!$%!5*92(%5#)%*(+!#!1#,'%,+!$#!O2+44#!
1%[!',#$%)%*(#4+G!*--+,*!4#!5*,,%&1*($+()#0!
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K!$%77+,+()#!$+44#!4%3+,'I!$%!1+(&%+,*G!5H+!N!2(#!4%3+,'I!12334%5#G!4#!4%3+,'I!$%!5*92(%5#)%*(+!N!1,%9#,%#9+('+!
2(#! 4%3+,'I! 1+,&*(#4+! +! 1,%-#'#0! "#! &+<,+'+))#! N! 1+,5%b! 4s+4+9+('*! 5H+! 5#,#''+,%))#! 4#! $%&5%14%(#! $%! O2+&'*!
#,'%5*4*0!
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T&'+($+($*! 4#! '2'+4#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! ,%7+,%'#! #44#! 5*,,%&1*($+()#G! &%! 12b! &%('+'%))#,+! 5H+! 4s#,'0! U]! '2'+4#! 4#!
&+<,+'+))#!$%!*<(%!5*92(%5#)%*(+!,+#4%))#'#!#'',#-+,&*!&',29+('%!%$*(+%!#!<#,#('%,+!4#!&+<,+'+))#!&'+&&#!$+4!
9+&&#<<%*0!J%+(+!12(%'*!#(5H+!4s%91+$%9+('*!(+44+!5*92(%5#)%*(%G!'+4+7*(%5H+!*!%(7*,9#'%5H+0!
!

14.4.4.2.

Strumenti di tutela

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"#!4%3+,'I!+!4#!&+<,+'+))#!$+44#!5*,,%&1*($+()#!&*(*!'2'+4#'+!#'',#-+,&*!%4!$*11%*!9+55#(%&9*!$+44#!,%&+,-#!$%!
4+<<+!+!<%2,%&$%)%*(+0!
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14.4.5.

La libert di circolazione

14.4.5.1.

Definizioni

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\*4'*!-%5%(#!#44#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+!N!4#!"?ET@AKs!>?!F?@FB"Km?BPT!T!:Bdd?B@PB0!"#!1,%9#!5*91,+($+!4#!
&+5*($#G!9#!4#!$%77+,+()%#)%*(+!',#!4+!$2+!4%3+,'I!&'#!(+44s#&&+()#!(+44#!-%*4#)%*(+!$+44#!&+5*($#!$+4!5#,#''+,+!
5*+,5%'%-*!+!$+<,#$#('+0!?(7#''%!4#!4+<<+!12b!$%&1*,,+!4%9%'#)%*(+!#44#!5%,5*4#)%*(+!$+44+!1+,&*(+!&*4'#('*!%(!-%#!
<+(+,#4+!+!(*(!5*(',*!2(!&%(<*4*G!+!&+91,+!+!5*92(O2+!1+,!9*'%-%!$%!&#(%'I!+!&%52,+))#0!
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$+44+!1,*1,%+!#''%-%'I!+5*(*9%5H+0!"s#,'0!Uh0c!&*''*1*(+!4#!"?ET@AKs!>?!T:CKA@?B!#<4%!*334%<H%!$%!4+<<+0!"#!
4%3+,'I! $%! &5+4'#! $+4! 42*<*! $%! +&+,5%)%*! $+44+! 1,*1,%+! #''%-%'I! +5*(*9%5H+! N! &'#'#! ,#77*,)#'#! $#44#! DT! 5*(! %4!
>?@?AAB!>?!:AKE?"?\TPAB!#914%#'*!#44s%('+,*!'+,,%'*,%*!$+44#!F*92(%'I!1+,!5%#&52(!5%''#$%(*!5*92(%'#,%*0!
!

14.4.5.2.

Strumenti di tutela

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"#!4%3+,'I!$%!5%,5*4#)%*(+!N!<#,#('%'#!#%!5%''#$%(%!$#!2(#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!,#77*,)#'#!1+,!5*('+(2'*G!9#!(*(!$#!
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1*4%'%5H+!.#,'0!Uh0U60!
!

14.5. I diritti nella sfera pubblica

!

14.5.1.

Definizioni

!
?! $%,%''%! 5H+! #''+(<*(*! #44#! &7+,#! 12334%5#! $+44s%($%-%$2*! &*(*! 1*&'%! #! '2'+4#! $+44#! $%9+(&%*(+! &*5%#4+! $+44#!
1+,&*(#0!T&&#!&%!+&1,%9+!(+44#!$%,+)%*(+!$+44#!4%3+,'I!$%!+&1,+&&%*(+G!$%!,%2(%*(+!+!$%!#&&*5%#)%*(+0!
!
Ts! 5H%#,*! 5H+! O2+&'+! 4%3+,'I! &*(*! &',+''#9+('+! 5*((+&&+! #44s%(%)%#'%-#! 1*4%'%5#G! *! 9+<4%*! 4s#''%-%'I! 1*4%'%5#! &%!
&-*4<+! 1+,! 9+))*! $%! +&&+0! =2%($%! 4+! (*,9+! &2%! $%,%''%! 12334%5%! $+44s%($%-%$2*! <#,#('%&5*(*! 4#! &7+,#! $+<4%!
%('+,+&&%!&*5%#4%!+!%4!32*(!72()%*(#9+('*!$+4!$%3#''%'*!$+9*5,#'%5*0!
!

14.5.2.

La libert di riunione

14.5.2.1.

Definizioni

!
C+,!@?DP?BPT!&%!%('+($+!4#!5*91,+&+()#!-*4*('#,%#!$%!1%[!1+,&*(+!(+44*!&'+&&*!42*<*0!Ts!4#!-*4*('I!$%!&'#,+!
%(&%+9+!1+,!2(*!&5*1*!5*92(+!#!$%&'%(<2+,+!2(#!,%2(%*(+!$#!#4',+!7*,9+!$%!#&&+93,#9+('*0!
!

14.5.2.2.

Condizioni di legittimit e scioglimento delle riunioni

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"#! 5*($%)%*(+! 5H+! 1*(+! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! #4! $%,%''*! $%! ,%2(%*(+! N! 5H+! +&&#! &%! &-*4<#! t1#5%7%5#9+('+! +! &+()#!
#,9%k0!"s%('+,+&&+!5H+!4s#,'0!UV0U!-2*4+!'2'+4#,+!N!4sB@>?PT!CDEE"?FB!%(!&+(&*!9#'+,%#4+0!K!O2+&'#!4#!4+<<+!
#<<%2(<+! #(5H+! %4! 1*&&+&&*! $%! K@\?! ?\C@BC@?TG! *--+,*! <4%! &',29+('%! 2'%4%))#3%4%! 1+,! 4s*77+&#! #44#! 1+,&*(#!
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!

14.5.2.3.

Tipologie di riunione e preavviso

!
K!&+5*($#!$+4!42*<*!%(!52%!&%!&-*4<*(*G!4+!,%2(%*(%!&%!$%&'%(<2*(*!%(!,%2(%*(%!%(!42*<*!1,%-#'*G!,%2(%*(%!%(!42*<*!
#1+,'*!#4!12334%5*!+!,%2(%*(%!%(!42*<*!12334%5*0!
?!"DBdn?!KCT@A?!K"!CDEE"?FB!&*(*!O2+44%!%(!52%!4s#55+&&*!$+4!12334%5*!N!&*<<+''*!#!9*$#4%'I!$+'+,9%(#'+!
$#!5H%!(+!H#!4#!$%&1*(%3%4%'I0!
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$%-+(%,+!%(!5*(',#&'*!5*(!4#!4%3+,'I!$%!5%,5*4#)%*(+!O2#4*,#!&%!',#&7*,9#&&+!%(!E"BFFB!:A@K>K"TG!12(%'*!5*(!
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,%2(%*(+!9#!&*4'#('*!1+,!4+!54#&&%5H+!,#<%*(%!$%!+55+)%*(#4%'I!.#,'0!UV0c60!
!

14.5.3.

La libert di associazione

14.5.3.1.

Definizioni

!
C+,!K::BF?Km?BPT!&s%('+($*(*!O2+44+!7*,9#)%*(%!&*5%#4%!5H+!H#((*!3#&+! -*4*('#,%#!+$!2(!(254+*G!&%#!12,+!
+93,%*(#4+G!$%!*,<#(%))#)%*(+!+!$%!'+($+()%#4+!&'#3%4%'I0!"#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44s#,'0!UW!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&%!,%-*4<+!#!
'2''+! 4+! #&&*5%#)%*(%G! %(! O2#4&%#&%! 7*,9#G! '2''#-%#! &255+&&%-#9+('+! 4#! &'+&&#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+''#! (*,9+!
&1+5%7%5H+!1+,!4+!#&&*5%#)%*(%!,+4%<%*&+G!%!&%($#5#'%!+!%!1#,'%'%!1*4%'%5%0!
!

14.5.3.2.

Strumenti di tutela

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"s#,'0!UW0U!1*(+!^!<#,#()%+!#44#!4%3+,'I!$%!#&&*5%#)%*(+L!
76 "#! 1,%9#! <#,#()%#! ,%<2#,$#! 4s#$+&%*(+! #44s#&&*5%#)%*(+! 5H+! $+-+! +&&+,+! 4%3+,#G! #(5H+! &+! 4#! F*,'+!
5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! H#! $%5H%#,#'*! 5*91#'%3%4+! 5*(! 4s#,'0! UW0U! '2''#! 2(#! &+,%+! $%! K::BF?KmBP?!
BEE"?dKAB@?T!52%!N!(+5+&&#,%*!#$+,%,+!1+,!&-*4<+,+!$+'+,9%(#'+!#''%-%'I0!=2+&'+!#&&*5%#)%*(%!&*(*!
%3,%$%! ',#! %4! &*<<+''*! 1,%-#'*! +! 4s+('+! 12334%5*! .*,$%(%! 1,*7+&&%*(#4%G! 7+$+,#)%*(%! &1*,'%-+! +! 5*(&*,)%!
*334%<#'*,%60!"*!&'#'2'*!$+44s#&&*5%#)%*(+!12b!,+<*4#,+!9#!9#%!%91+$%,+!%4!$%,%''*!$%!,+5+&&*!$+4!&*5%*M!
<6 4#!&+5*($#!<#,#()%#!,%<2#,$#!4s%&'%'2)%*(+!$+44s#&&*5%#)%*(+G!5H+!12b!#--+(%,+!&+()#!#2'*,%))#)%*(+M!
H6 4#! '+,)#! <#,#()%#G! 5*&'%'2%'#! $#44#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! ,%(7*,)#'#G! $*-+! $%5+! t1+,! 7%(%! 5H+! (*(! -%+'#'%! #4!
&%(<*4*!$#44#!4+<<+!1+(#4+k0!F*&l!4+!#&&*5%#)%*(%!1*&&*(*!7#,+!'2''*!5%b!5H+!7#((*!%!&%(<*4%M!
!

14.5.3.3.

Le associazioni vietate

!
"s#,'0!UW0c!-%+'#!&*4*!$2+!'%1%!$%!#&&*5%#)%*(+!.52%!&%!#<<%2(<+!%4!$%-%+'*!$%!,%*,<#(%))#,+!%(!O2#4&%#&%!7*,9#!%4!
$%&5%*4'*!1#,'%'*!7#&5%&'#0!:%!',#''#!$%!#&&*5%#)%*(%!&+<,+'+!+!$%!#&&*5%#)%*(%!1#,#9%4%'#,%L!
#6 t&%!5*(&%$+,#(*!K::BF?Km?BP?!:Td@TATG!5*9+!'#4%!-%+'#'+!$#44s#,'0!UW!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!O2+44+!5H+G!
#(5H+! #44s%('+,(*! $%! #&&*5%#)%*(%! 1#4+&%G! *5524'#($*! 4#! 4*,*! +&%&'+()#! *--+,*! '+(+($*! &+<,+'+!
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$%!#99%(%&',#)%*(%!12334%5H+G!$%!+('%!12334%5%!#(5H+!+5*(*9%5%G!(*(5H`!$%!&+,-%)%!12334%5%!+&&+()%#4%!$%!
%('+,+&&+! (#)%*(#4+k0! "#! 4+<<+! Cc! &#()%*(#! 1+(#49+('+! 4s#11#,'+(+()#! #$! #&&*5%#)%*(%! &+<,+'+! +!
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&+('+()#! %,,+-*5#3%4+! 5H+! #55+,'%! 4s+&%&'+()#! $+44s#&&*5%#)%*(+! &+<,+'#! 52%! &+<2+! 2(! >CF\! 5H+! (+!
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36 %4! &+5*($*! '%1*! $%! #&&*5%#)%*(%! -%+'#'+! $#44s#,'0! UWc! &*(*! 4+! K::BF?Km?BP?! CK@K\?"?AK@?G! *&&%#!
O2+44+! 5H+! 1+,&+<2*(*! #(5H+! %($%,+''#9+('+! &5*1%! 1*4%'%5%! 9+$%#('+! *,<#(%))#)%*(%! $%! 5#,#''+,+!
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4s#&&*5%#)%*(+! 1+,&+<2#! 2(*! &5*1*! 1*4%'%5*G! $%! 1+,! &`! 4+5%'*G! +! 5H+! #33%#! 2(s*,<#(%))#)%*(+G! 2(#!
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%91+$%,+! 4#! ,%5*91#,&#! $+44+! &O2#$,+G! $+%! 1#,'%'%! 9%4%'#,%))#'%! 5H+! &*(*! %(! #('%'+&%! 5*(! %4! 9+'*$*!
$+9*5,#'%5*! 5*(! 52%! $+-+! +&&+,+! $+'+,9%(#'#! 4#! 1*4%'%5#! (#)%*(#4+! .#,'0! eY60! "s#&&*5%#)%*(+! 1#,#S
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!

14.5.4.

La libert religiosa e di coscienza

14.5.4.1.

Definizioni

!
"#!"?ET@AKs!>?!FB:F?TPmK!N!4#!4%3+,'I!$%!5*4'%-#,+!1,*7*($+!5*(-%()%*(%!%('+,%*,%!+!$%!#<%,+!$%!5*(&+<2+()#0!
"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!(*(!,+<*4#!%!1,*5+&&%!%('+,%*,%!9#!&*4*!4+!9#(%7+&'#)%*(%!+&'+,%*,%G!O2%($%!4+!#)%*(%0!>%!4%3+,'I!$%!

5*&5%+()#! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! (*(! 1#,4#! +&14%5%'#9+('+! 5*9+! 7#! 5*(! 4#! 4%3+,'I! $%! 1+(&%+,*! +! $%! 524'*G! 9#! ,%&24'#!
%914%5%'*!',#!%!$%,%''%!$%!4%3+,'I0!
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14.5.4.2.

Strumenti di tutela

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"#!4%3+,'I!$%!5*&5%+()#!+!4#!4%3+,'I!,+4%<%*&#!&*(*!'2'+4#'+!#'',#-+,&*!2(!,%55*!&',29+('#,%*L!
#6 %4!$%-%+'*!$%!$%&5,%9%(#)%*(+!&#(5%'*!$#4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!+<2#<4%#()#M!
36 4s+<2#<4%#()#! ',#! 4+! 5*(7+&&%*(%! ,+4%<%*&+G! O2%($%! (*(! &*4*! $+%! &%(<*4%! 9#! #(5H+! $+44+! 7*,9#)%*(%!
&*5%#4%0!F*&l!t'2''+!4+!5*(7+&&%*(%!,+4%<%*&+!&*(*!+<2#49+('+!4%3+,+!$#-#('%!#44#!4+<<+kL!+<2#4+!4%3+,'I!
+$!+<2#4+!',#''#9+('*!.#,'0!W!F*&'06M!
56 4#!4%3+,'I!$%!524'*G!<#,#('%'#!$#44s#,'0!UY!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!*--+,*!%4!t$%,%''*!$%!1,*7+&&#,+!4%3+,#9+('+!
4#!1,*1,%#!7+$+kM!
$6 4sBE?Tm?BPT! >?! FB:F?TPmKG! 5%*N! %4! ,%7%2'*! $#! 1#,'+! $+44s%($%-%$2*! $%! 5*91%+,+! #''%G! 1,+&5,%''%!
$#44s*,$%(#9+('*G!5*(',#,%!#44+!1,*1,%+!5*(-%()%*(%0!
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14.5.5.

La libert di manifestazione del pensiero

14.5.5.1.

Definizioni

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"#! "?ET@AKs! >?! \KP?XT:AKm?BPT! >T"! CTP:?T@B! 5*(&%&'+! (+44#! 4%3+,'I! $%! +&1,%9+,+! 4+! 1,*1,%+! %$++! +! $%!
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$+9*5,#)%#G! O2+&'#! 4%3+,'I! .$+''#! #(5H+! "?ET@AKs! >?! T:C@T::?BPT6! N! $#! &+91,+! 5*(&%$+,#'#! 4#! 1%+',#!
#(<*4#,+!$+4!&%&'+9#!$+9*5,#'%5*0!
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P+&&2(#! &+4+)%*(+! 12b! +&&+,+! 5*91%2'#! ',#! 4+! %$++! O2#('*! #! &5*1%G! 5*('+(2'%! *! 5%,5*&'#()+0! D(! 1#&&#<<%*!
&1+5%7%5*!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!'2'+4#!4#!"?ET@AKs!>?!?P:TdPK\TPAB!.#,'0!^^0U60!
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14.5.5.2.

Limite del buon costume

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"s2(%5*!4%9%'+!5H+!4s#,'0!cU!1*(+!#44#!4%3+,'I!$%!+&1,+&&%*(+!N!%4!EDBP!FB:AD\TG!4#!52%!$+7%(%)%*(+!N!-#,%#3%4+!
(+4!'+91*!5*9+!%4!5*(5+''*!$%!12$*,+!5H+!-+,,+33+!4+&*!$#!O2+44+!9#(%7+&'#)%*(%!5H+!*4',+1#&&#(*G!#112('*G!
%4!32*(!5*&'29+0!
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14.5.5.3.

I reati dopinione

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P+44#!4+<<+!1+(#4+!-%!&*(*!#452(%!,+#'%!5H+!&%!,+#4%))#(*!#'',#-+,&*!4s+&1,+&&%*(+!$+4!1+(&%+,*!5*(!52%!O2%($%!
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#4',2%0!Ts!%4!5#&*!$+44s?Pd?D@?K!+!$+44#!>?XXK\Km?BPT0!
T! (+112,+! O2+44*! $%! %&'%'2)%*(%! ,%5*(*&5%2'+! 5*9+! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+! 4*! :'#'*! *! 4#! ,+4%<%*(+0! Ts! O2+&'*!
%(-+5+!%4!5#&*!$+4!J?"?CTP>?B!+!$+44sB"A@Kdd?BM!
!

14.5.5.4.

Mezzi di comunicazione

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"#!4%3+,'I!$%!+&1,+&&%*(+!N!<#,#('%'#!#!'2''%G!+!'2''%!1*&&*(*!+&1,%9+,+!%4!4*,*!1+(&%+,*!t5*(!4#!1#,*4#G!4*!&5,%''*!
+!*<(%!#4',*!9+))*!$%!$%772&%*(+k!.#,'0!cU0U!F*&'060!?4! 1,*34+9#!N!5H+!%!9+))%!$%! $%772&%*(+!$+4!1+(&%+,*!1%[!
+77%5#5%!(*(!&*(*!$%&1*(%3%4%!1+,!'2''%G!1+,!,#<%*(%!$%!$%&1*(%3%4%'IG!$%!*,<#(%))#)%*(+!+!$%!5*&'%0!C+,!O2+&'*!*<<%!
&%!,%'%+(+!5H+!4#!4%3+,'I!$%!1+(&%+,*!5*91,+($#!#(5H+!4#!"?ET@AKs!>?!?PXB@\Km?BPTG!*--+,*!%4!$%,%''*!1#&&%-*!
$%! +&&+,+! %(7*,9#'%0! >#! O2%! (#&5*(*! 4+! 4+<<%! #('%S',2&'! 5H+! 5*44+<#(*! 4#! 4%3+,'I! $%! +&1,+&&%*(+G! 4#! 4%3+,'I! $%!
5*92(%5#)%*(+!#44#!4%3+,'I!$%!%(%)%#'%-#!+5*(*9%5#0!
!

14.5.5.5.

Il regime della stampa

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!

14.5.5.6.

Il regime della radiotelevisione

!
?(! #&&+()#! $%! ,+<*4+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! &1+5%7%5H+G! N! &'#'*! 5*91%'*! $+44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! +4#3*,#,+! %! 1,%(5%1%!
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!

14.6. I diritti sociali

!

14.6.1.

Definizione

!
C+,!>?@?AA?!:BF?K"?!5*92(+9+('+!&s%('+($*(*!%!$%,%''%!$+%!5%''#$%(%!#!,%5+-+,+!$+'+,9%(#'+!1,+&'#)%*(%!$#<4%!
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!

14.6.2.

Strumenti di tutela

!
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5*92(%!#11,+&'#'%!$#44s*,$%(#9+('*0!

14.6.3.

I servizi sociali

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!

14.6.4.

Il diritto allistruzione

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"s#,'0! ^e! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 1*(+! $2+! 1,%(5%1%L! %4! 1,%(5%1%*! $%! +<2#<4%#()#! (+44s#55+&&*! #44#! &52*4#! +! %4! $%,%''*!
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!

14.6.5.

La libert della scuola

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!
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!

14.7. I diritti nella sfera economica

!

14.7.1.

Definizioni

!
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&%($#5#4+!.#,''0!^YSeg6G!$%!%91,+&#!+!$%!1,*1,%+'I!.#,''0!eUSee60!
!

14.7.2.

Libert sindacale

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"s#,'0! ^Y! (*(! N! &'#'*! 9#%! #114%5#'*G! &#4-*! %4! 1,%9*! 5*99#! 5H+! &#(5%&5+! 4#! "?ET@AKs! >?! B@dKP?mmKm?BPT!
:?P>KFK"T0! T&&+($*! 4s*,<#(%))#)%*(+! &%($#5#4+! 2(#! 1#,'%5*4#,+! #&&*5%#)%*(+! &#,+33+! 3#&'#'#! 4#! '2'+4#!
$+44s#,'0! UW! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+G! 4#! O2#4+! %(-+5+! 1,+7%<2,#! 2(! 9*$+44*! &%($#5#4+! O2#&%! 5*,1*,#'%-*! $*-+! %4!
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?! &%($#5#'%! %'#4%#(%! H#((*! &+91,+! ,%7%2'#'*! O2+&'s%91*&'#)%*(+! 12,! $%! (*(! +&&+,+! *334%<#'%! #! 1+&#,+! (+44+!
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&*<<+''%!$%!$%,%''*!1,%-#'*0!
!

14.7.3.

Diritto di sciopero

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1%#(*!1+(#4+G!5%-%4+!*!$%&5%14%(#,+!.#!1#,'+!4#!&*&1+(&%*(+!$+44#!,+',%32)%*(+60!
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14.7.4.

La libert di iniziativa economica

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!

14.7.5.

La propriet privata

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K(5H+! (+44s#,'0! ec! &%! 9#(%7+&'#! 4#! $%77%5%4+! 5*+&%&'+()#! $%! $2+! $%77+,+('%! %$+*4*<%+! &244#! O2+&'%*(+! $+44#!
1,*1,%+'I! 1,%-#'#! +! $+44#! &2#! 72()%*(+! &*5%#4+0! "#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! ,%(-%#! #4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! $%! ',*-#,+! %! 12('%! $%!
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!

14.7.6.

Il mercato nella Costituzione

!
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14.7.7.

Il mercato nel trattato CE

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2(s+5*(*9%#!$%!9+,5#'*!+$!%(!4%3+,#!5*(5*,,+()#0!
!

14.7.8.

La rilettura della Costituzione economica

!
E+(5H`! &%#! *1%(%*(+! 5*92(+! 5H+! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! +5*(*9%5#! &%#! &'#'#! &-2*'#'#! $#4! A,#''#'*! +2,*1+*G! N!
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56 %!&+,-%)%!12334%5%!+&&+()%#4%!.#,'0!e^6!&2%!O2#4%!4#!4+<<+!12b!5,+#,+!2(!$%,%''*!$%!+&542&%-#!$+-*(*!+&&+,+!
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!

14.7.9.

Le autorit amministrative indipendenti

!
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!

14.8.

I diritti nella sfera politica

!
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!

14.9.

I doveri costituzionali

14.9.1.

I doveri dei cittadini

!
"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 5*('%+(+! -#,%! ,%7+,%9+('%! #%! $*-+,%! $+%! 5%''#$%(%G! 9#! 1+,! 4*! 1%[! &%! ',#''#! $%! 1,%(5%1%! (*(!
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15.

Lamministrazione della giustizia

15.1.

Giudici ordinari e giudici speciali

!
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!

15.2.

Principi costituzionali in tema di giurisdizione

15.2.1.

Principio di precostituzione del giudice

!
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15.2.1.

Diritto di difesa e giusto processo

!
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!

15.3.

Lo status giuridico dei magistrati ordinari

15.3.1.

Laccesso alla magistratura

!
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15.3.2.

Indipendenza, autonomia e inamovibilit magistratura ordinaria

!
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!

15.3.3.

Consiglio superiore della magistratura

!
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!

15.3.4.

Il Ministro della giustizia

!
C,%9#! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+4! UYeWG! %4! 9%(%&',*! $%! <,#)%+! +! <%2&'%)%#! #-+-#! ,%4+-#('%! 1*'+,%! %(! 9#'+,%#! $%!
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16.

Giustizia costituzionale

16.1.

Che cos la giustizia costituzionale

16.1.1.

Definizioni

!
C+,! d?D:A?m?K! FB:A?ADmBPK"T! &s%('+($+! 2(! &%&'+9#! $%! 5*(',*44*! <%2,%&$%)%*(#4+! $+4! ,%&1+''*! $+44#!
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<%2$%5+0!
!

16.1.2.

Il modello italiano

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!

16.1.3.

Lestensione del principio di legalit ai conflitti politici

!
?4! <%2$%)%*! $%! 4+<%''%9%'I! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! $+44+! 4+<<%! N! 2(*! &',29+('*! #'',#-+,&*! %4! O2#4+! -%+(+! +&'+&#!
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#44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G!(+!+(29+,#!4+!72()%*(%L!
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%4!<%2$%)%*!$%!#99%&&%3%4%'I!$+%!,+7+,+($29M!
!

16.2.

La Corte costituzionale

16.2.1.

Composizione

!
F*9+!,#<<%2(<+,+!4#!(+2',#4%'I!$+44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!,%&1+''*!#4!$%3#''%'*!1*4%'%5*!+!#44+!9#<<%*,#()+!5H+!
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16.2.2.

Status del giudice costituzionale e prerogative della Corte

!
@%55*! N! %4! 5*914+&&*! $%! <#,#()%+! #'',#-+,&*! %4! O2#4+! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! +! 4+! 4+<<%! 5+,5#(*! $%! #&&%52,#,+! 4#!
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!

16.2.3.

Funzionamento

!
?! <%2$%5%! $+44#! F*,'+! $2,#(*! %(! 5#,%5#! Y! #((%! +! %4! ,%((*-*! $+44#! F*,'+! N! <,#$2#4+0! ?4! 9#($#'*! H#! %(%)%*! $#4!
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!

16.3.

Il controllo di costituzionalit delle leggi

16.3.1.

Atti sindacabili

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1*&'*!#452(%!$+4%5#'%!1,*34+9%!%('+,1,+'#'%-%L!
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(*,9+!5*92(%'#,%+!1+,!+&+91%*M!
!

16.3.2

Il parametro del giudizio

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C+,!CK@K\TA@B!$%!<%2$%)%*!&s%('+($+!%4!'+,9%(+!$%!5*(7,*('*!%91%+<#'*!(+4!<%2$%5#,+!4#!4+<%''%9%'I!$+<4%!#''%!
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16.3.3.

Giudizio incidentale

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5H+! &*&1+($+! %4! <%2$%)%*! 1,%(5%1#4+! +! %(',*$25+! %4! <%2$%)%*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 7%(*! #44#! 1,*(2(5%#! $+44#! F*,'+0! "+!
1#,'%! %(! <%2$%)%*! #! O2*! 1*&&*(*! 5*&'%'2%,&%! %(! <%2$%)%*! 5*(! %4! 4*,*! #--*5#'*G! 9#! 4#! 4*,*! 1#,'+5%1#)%*(+! N!
12,#9+('+!7#5*4'#'%-#L!&%!',#''#!$%!2(!d?D>?m?B!K!CK@A?!TJTPADK"?G!(+4!&+(&*!5H+!O2+&'+!(*(!%(5%$*(*!(+4!
1,*5+&&*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0! ?(7#''%! O2+&'s24'%9*! H#! 5#,#''+,+! *<<+''%-*! 1+,&+<2+($*! 4s*3%+''%-*! $%! &'#3%4%,+! 4#!
4+<%''%9%'I!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!$+44+!4+<<%!+!&*4*!%($%,+''#9+('+!$%!'2'+4#,+!4+!&%'2#)%*(%!<%2,%$%5H+!#!O2*0!
!

16.3.4.

Il giudizio in via principale

!
?4!d?D>?m?B!?P!J?K!C@?PF?CK"T!.*!$s#)%*(+6!12b!+&&+,+!1,*1*&'*!5*(!,%5*,&*!$#!1#,'+!$+44*!:'#'*!5*(',*!4+!
4+<<%!,+<%*(#4%!*!$#!1#,'+!$+44#!@+<%*(+!5*(',*!4+!4+<<%!&'#'#4%!*!$%!#4',+!@+<%*(%0!=2+&'*!'%1*!$%!1,*5+$%9+('*!
N! $+(*9%(#'*! %(! -%#! 1,%(5%1#4+! 1*%5H`! 4#! O2+&'%*(+! -%+(+! 1*&'#! $%,+''#9+('+! 5*(! 2(#! 1,*5+$2,#! #$! H*5M! N!
#&',#''*! %(! O2#('*! 4+! 4+<<%! &*(*! %912<(#'+! #! 1,+&5%($+,+! $#! 2(! &%(<*4*! 5#&*! $%! #114%5#)%*(+M! N! $%&1*(%3%4+!
$#'*!5H+!%!&*<<+''%!4+<%''%9#'%!(*(!&*(*!'+(2'%!#$!%(&'#2,#,4*!1*'+($*!#$$%-+(%,+!#$!2(#!&*42)%*(+!$%!(#'2,#!
1*4%'%5#0!
!
F*(! 4#! ,%7*,9#! $+4! cggU! #4! A%'*4*! J! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+G! 1+,! O2#('*! ,%<2#,$#('+! %! ,%5*,&%G! N! &'#'#! 9#('+(2'#!
4s%91*&'#)%*(+!1+,!52%!4*!:'#'*!(*(!N!'+(2'*!#!$%9*&',#,+!4s?PAT@T::T!K!@?FB@@T@T!9+(',+!4#!@+<%*(+!$+-+!
$%9*&',#,+!4s%(-#&%*(+!$+44#!&7+,#!$%!5*91+'+()#!#'',%32%'#!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!
!
"s#''*!%(',*$2''%-*!$+4!<%2$%)%*!%(!-%#!1,%(5%1#4+!N!%4!@?FB@:B!+!$+-+!+&&+,+!$+4%3+,#'*!+(',*!hg!<%*,(%!$#44#!
12334%5#)%*(+! $+44#! 4+<<+! +$! +(',*! Ug! $#44#! $+4%3+,#)%*(+! $+1*&%'#'*! 1,+&&*! 4#! 5#(5+44+,%#! $+44#! F*,'+!
5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!
!

16.3.5.

Tipologia delle decisioni della Corte

!
"+!$+5%&%*(%!$+44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!1*&&*(*!+&&+,+!&2$$%-%&+!%(!^!<,#($%!7#9%<4%+L!
!
#6 $+5%&%*(%!$%!%(#99%&&%3%4%'IM!
36 $+5%&%*(%!$%!,%<+''*M!
56 $+5%&%*(%!$%!#55*<4%9+('*M!
!

16.3.5.1.

Decisioni di inammissibilit

!
"#! F*,'+! 1,*(2(5%#! 4s?PK\\?::?E?"?AKs! >T""K! =DT:A?BPT! O2#($*! 9#(5H%(*! %! 1,+&211*&'%! 1+,! 1,*5+$+,+!
#$!2(!<%2$%)%*!$%!9+,%'*0!F%b!12b!#55#$+,+L!
#6 O2#($*! 9#(5H%(*! %! ,+O2%&%'%! &*<<+''%-%! +! *<<+''%-%! 1+,! 4#! 4+<%''%9#)%*(+! #! &*44+-#,+! 4#! O2+&'%*(+!
5*&'%'2)%*(#4+M!
36 O2#($*!&%#!5#,+('+!4s*<<+''*!$+4!<%2$%)%*G!*&&%#!O2#($*!4s#''*!%912<(#'*!(*(!,%+(',#!',#!O2+44%!%($%5#'%!
$#44s#,'0! U^e0! :+! '#4+! $%7+''*! N! 9#5,*&5*1%5*G! *--+,*! (+4! 5#&*! $%! \KP?XT:AK! ?PK\?::?E?"?AKs! 4*!
&',#45%*!#--+,,I!%(!5#9+,#!$%!5*(&%<4%*!&+()#!3%&*<(*!$%!2(s2$%+()#!12334%5#!+!$%5H%#,#'#!1+,!9+))*!
$%!2(s*,$%(#()#M!
56 O2#($*!9#(5H%!%4!,+O2%&%'*!$%!,%4+-#()#0!:+!-%!N!2(#!&+914%5+!5#,+()#!$%!9*'%-#)%*(+G!4#!F*,'+G!5*(!
*,$%(#()#G!*,$%(+,I!4#!@T:A?ADm?BPT!>Td"?!KAA?!#4!<%2$%5+!#!O2*G!1+,5H`!,%5*(&%$+,%!4#!,%4+-#()#0!
K4',+''#('*! #55#$,I! (+4! 5#&*! $%! }D:! :DCT@JTP?TP:G! *--+,*! O2#($*! 4#! $%&1*&%)%*(+! %912<(#'#! N!
&'#'#!#3,*<#'#!(+4!7,#''+91*G!1*%5H`!4#!F*,'+!,+&'%'2%,I!<4%!#''%!#4!<%2$%5+!#!O2*!52%!&1+''#!%4!<%2$%)%*!
&+!#114%5#,+!4#!(*,9#!(2*-#!*!O2+44#!#3,*<#'#M!
$6 O2#($*! 4s*,$%(#()#! $%! ,+9%&&%*(+! 9#(5H%! $%! %($%5#)%*(%! &277%5%+('%! +$! 2(%-*5H+! 1+,! $+7%(%,+! 4#!
O2+&'%*(+M!
+6 O2#($*!&%#(*!&'#'%!5*91%2'%!+,,*,%!9+,#9+('+!1,*5+$2,#4%M!
76 O2#($*! 4#! O2+&'%*(+! &*''*1*&'#! #44#! F*,'+! 5*91*,'%! t2(#! -#42'#)%*(+! $%! (#'2,#! 1*4%'%5#k! *! 2(!
&%($#5#'*!t&244s2&*!$+4!1*'+,+!$%&5,+)%*(#4+!$+4!C#,4#9+('*kG!+&14%5%'#9+('+!+&542&%!$#4!5*(',*44*!$+44#!
F*,'+M!
!

16.3.5.2.

Sentenza di rigetto (e ordinanze di manifesta infondatezza)

!
F*(! 4#! &+('+()#! $%! @?dTAAB! 4#! F*,'+! $%5H%#,#! (*(! 7*($#'#! 4#! O2+&'%*(+! 1,*&1+''#'#! $#44s*,$%(#()#! $%!
,+9%&&%*(+0! "#! F*,'+! (*(! $%5H%#,#! 4+<%''%9#! 4#! 4+<<+! %912<(#'#G! 9#! &%! 4%9%'#! #! ,+&1%(<+,+! 4! O2+&'%*(+!
&*44+-#'#!$#4!<%2$%5+!#!O2*0!C+,!O2+&'#!,#<%*(+!4#!&+('+()#!$%!,%<+''*!(*(!H#!+77+''%!+,<#!*9(+&G!+!(+&&2(#!
1,+542&%*(+!&23%&5*(*!#4',%!<%2$%5%!+!(+112,+!4*!&'+&&*!<%2$%5+!%(!#4',*!1,*5+&&*0!
!
P+4! 5#&*! 2(#! O2+&'%*(+! &*44+-#'#! &%#! <%I! &'#'#! #77,*('#'#! %(! 1,+5+$+()#! $#44#! F*,'+G! O2+&'s24'%9#! 5*(!
2(s*,$%(#()#!%(!FK\T@K!>?!FBP:?d"?B!(+!$%5H%#,#!4#!\KP?XT:AK!?PXBP>KATmmK0!
!

16.3.5.3.

Sentenze di accoglimento

!
F*(!4#!&+('+()#!$%!KFFBd"?\TPAB!4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#!4s?""Td?AA?\?AKs!FB:A?ADm?BPK"T!$+44#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!
%912<(#'#0!B1+,#!O2%($%!+,<#!*9(+&!5*(!2(!+77+''*!#&&%9%4#3%4+!#44s#((244#9+('*!&+91,+!9+$%#('+!&+('+()#!
+!(*(!*,$%(#()#0!
!
"#!&+('+()#!H#!-#4*,+!5*&'%'2'%-*!(+4!&+(&*!5H+G!#(5H+!&+!%4!5*(',#&'*!5*(!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!N!&*,'*!&%52,#9+('+!
1,%9#G!N!&*4*!5*(!4#!&+('+()#!5H+!+&&*!N!#55+,'#'*!+!4#!4+<<+!%(-#4%$#'#0!A2''#-%#!<4%!+77+''%!$+44#!&+('+()#!$%!
#55*<4%9+('*!*1+,#(*!+/!'2(5G!1*%5H`!O2+&'#!&%!',#$25+!%(!2(!*,$%(+!,%-*4'*!#%! &*<<+''%!$+44s#114%5#)%*(+!$%!
(*(! #114%5#,+! 4#! (*,9#! %44+<%''%9#! 1+,! '2''%! %! ,#11*,'%! %(! 5*,&*! +! (*(! &*4*! 1+,! O2+44%! 72'2,%0! :*(*! +&542&%!
5H%#,#9+('+!%!,#11*,'%!<%2,%$%5%!*,9#%!5H%2&%!*!+&#2,%'%0!
!
D(!,#11*,'*!N!#(5*,#!CTP>TPAT!+!(*(!T:KD@?AB!O2#4*,#!(*(! &%#!#(5*,#!1#&&#'*!%(!d?D>?FKABG!*112,+!
O2#4*,#! 4s*<<+''*! $+4! ,#11*,'*! (*(! &%#! 1#&&#'*! %(! C@T:F@?m?BPT! *112,+! &21+,#'*! %! '+,9%(%! 5H+! (+!
5*91*,'#(*!4#!>TFKP>TPmK0!F*(!4s+55+)%*(+!1+,b!5H+!2(#!&+('+()#!$%!#55*<4%9+('*G!#(5H+!$%!7,*('+!#!2(#!
&+('+()#! %,,+-*5#3%4+! $%! 5*($#((#! 1+(#4+G! (+! &*&1+($+! 4s+&+52'%-%'I! +! '2''%! <4%! +77+''%! 1+(#4%0! =2+&'*! #(5H+!
#44#! 425+! $%! (*,9+! 1%[! <+(+,#4%! 5H+! %91+$%&5*(*! $%! +&&+,+! 12(%'%! 1+,! 2(! 7#''*! 5*(&%$+,#'*! $#! 2(#! 4+<<+!
1*&'+,%*,+!2(!,+#'*0!
!

16.3.5.4.

Sentenze interpretative di rigetto

!
"+! :TPATPmT! ?PAT@C@TAKA?JT! >?! @?dTAAB! &*(*! 4+! $+5%&%*(%! 5*(! 52%! 4#! F*,'+! $%5H%#,#! %(7*($#'#! 4#!
O2+&'%*(+! $%! 4+<%''%9%'I! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! (*(! 1+,5H`! %4! $233%*! $%! 4+<%''%9%'I! &*44+-#'*! $#4! <%2$%5+! (*(! &%!
<%2&'%7%5#'*G!9#!1+,5H`!+&&*!&%!3#&#!&2!2(#!5#''%-#!%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!$+44#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!%912<(#'#0!
!
"#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!$#!&+91,+!#77+,9#'*!2(!1,+5%&*!5#(*(+!$s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!$+44+!4+<<%L!(+4!5#&*!%(!
52%! 4#! &'+&&#! $%&1*&%)%*(+! 1*&&#! +&&+,+! %('+,1,+'#'#! %(! 9*$%! $%-+,&%G! 4s%('+,1,+'+! $+-+! &5+<4%+,+!
4s?PAT@C@TAKm?BPT!FBPXB@\T!K!FB:A?ADm?BPTG!*&&%#!,%5#-#,(+!4#!(*,9#!5*91#'%3%4+!5*(!4#!5*&'%'2)%*(+0!
{!%(!7*($*!2(#!-#,%#('+!$+4!5,%'+,%*!$+44s?PAT@C@TAKm?BPT!:?:AT\KA?FKG!1+,!%4!O2#4+!#44#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!$+-+!
+&&+,+!#'',%32%'*!%4!&%<(%7%5#'*!5H+!9+<4%*!7#55%#!%4!&%&'+9#!5*(!4+!#4',+!(*,9+!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*0!"#!F#&&#)%*(+!
+!%!<%2$%5%!*,$%(#,%!&%!&*(*!$%9*&',#'%!5*91#''%!(+4!(+<#,+!+77%5#5%#!-%(5*4#('+!#44+!%('+,1,+'#)%*(%!5*(7*,9%!#44#!
F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+44+! 4+<<%! 5*(! 52%! 4#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 9*'%-#! 4+! &+('+()#! %('+,1,+'#'%-+! $%! ,%<+''*0! F%b! H#!
%($*''*!4#!F*,'+!#!7#,(+!2(!2&*!4%9%'#'*!+!#!5*(7*,9#,&%!#44s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!1,+-#4+('+G!#4!5*&l!$+''*!>?@?AAB!
J?JTPAT0!
!

16.3.5.5.

Sentenze manipolative di accoglimento

!
"+! &+('+()+! $%! #55*<4%9+('*! &*(*! $+''+! 9#(%1*4#'%-+G! %('+,1,+'#'%-+! *$! #(5H+! (*,9#'%-+! O2#($*! %4! 4*,*!
$%&1*&%'%-*!(*(!&%!4%9%'#!#44#!&+914%5+!$%5H%#,#)%*(+!$%!%44+<%''%9%'I!$+44#!4+<<+!*!$+44+!&%(<*4+!&2+!$%&1*&%)%*(%G!
9#!4s%44+<%''%9%'I!N!$%5H%#,#'#!t(+44#!1#,'+!%(!52%k!4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!&%<(%7%5#!*!(*(!&%<(%7%5#!O2#45*&#G!*&&%#!1+,!4#!
(*,9#!5H+!+&&#!+&1,%9+0!
!
Ts!2(!<+(2&!5H+!5*91,+($+!&1+5%+&!$%-+,&+0!T55*(+!4+!1,%(5%1#4%L!

#6 :TPATPmT! >?!KFFBd"?\TPAB!CK@m?K"T0!F*(!+&&+!4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#!%44+<%''%9#!4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!1+,!
2(#!1#,'+!&*4*!$+4!&2*!'+&'*M!
36 :TPATPmT!K>>?A?JT0!:*(*!$+5%&%*(%!5*(!52%!4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#!%44+<%''%9#!4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!(+44#!t1#,'+!
%(!52%!(*(k!1,+-+$+!5%b!5H+!%(-+5+!&#,+33+!5*&'%'2)%*(#49+('+!(+5+&&#,%*M!
56 :TPATPmT!:B:A?ADA?JT0!:*(*!4+!$+5%&%*(%!5*(!52%!4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#!4s%44+<%''%9%'I!$%!2(#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!
4+<%&4#'%-#!t(+44#!1#,'+!%(!52%!1,+-+$+!Z!#()%5H`!pk0!
!

16.4.

I conflitti di attribuzione tra i poteri dello Stato

16.4.1.

Definizioni

!
?!FBPX"?AA?!>?!KAA@?EDm?BPT!A@K!CBAT@?!>T""B!:AKAB!&*(*!4*!&',29+('*!5*(!52%!2(!1*'+,+!$+44*!:'#'*!
12b! #<%,+! $#-#('%! #44#! F*,'+! 1+,! $%7+($+,+! 4+! 1#,*4+! t#'',%32)%*(%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%k! 5*91,*9+&&+! $#4!
5*91*,'#9+('*!$%!2(!#4',*!1*'+,+!$+44*!:'#'*0!
!
:+!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!,%<%$#!N!2(!9*$*!1+,!,+<*4#,+!4#!9#<<%*,#()#G!%!,#11*,'%!',#!:'#'*!+!@+<%*(%!+!<#,#('%,+!4+!
4%3+,'I!7*($#9+('#4%G!4*!N!#(5H+!1+,!<#,#('%,+!4#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!+!,+<*4#,+!%!,#11*,'%!',#!4+!%&'%'2)%*(%!5H+!
5*91*(<*(*!4*!:'#'*0!?4!5*(74%''*!$%!#'',%32)%*(%!N!4*!&',29+('*!1,+$%&1*&'*!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1+,!#77,*('#,+!
4#!-%*4#)%*(+!$%!O2+&'+!,+<*4+!+!1+,!',#&7*,9#,+!%(!<%2,%$%5%!O2+%!5*(74%''%!5H+!&+()#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!,%<%$#!+,#(*!
1*4%'%5%0!
!
?4!,%1#,'*!$+%!CBAT@?G!%('+&%!5*9+!5*914+&&*!$%!*,<#(%!5*(5*,,+('%!#44s+&+,5%)%*!$+44#!9+$+&%9#!72()%*(+G!(*(!
&%!4%9%'#!#%!54#&&%5%! ^!9#!N! 9*4'*!1%[! 5*914+&&*!+!O2+&'%!&*(*! %!&*<<+''%!5H+!1*&&*(*!&*44+-#,+!%! 5*(74%''%!$%!
#'',%32)%*(+0!?4!'+,9%(+!#(5*,#!1%[!+&#''*!1+,!$+7%(%,+!O2+&'*!,2*4*!N!1+,b!O2+44*!$%!KAA@?EDm?BPTG!1*%5H`!
H#((*! 2(! 1*'+,+! '2''%! %! &*<<+''%! 5H+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#49+('+! H#((*! 2(! ,2*4*G! *--+,*! 2(s#'',%32)%*(+!
5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!
!

16.4.2.

Oggetto del conflitto

!
?4!5*(74%''*!12b!&*,<+,+!&%#!$#!2(!#''*!$%!t2&2,1#)%*(+k!$%!1*'+,+G!5*(!52%!2(!*,<#(*!&-*4<+!2(#!#'',%32)%*(+!
&1+''#('+!#44s*,<#(*!$%!2(!#4',*!t1*'+,+kG!&%#!$+4!5*91*,'#9+('*!$%!2(!*,<#(*!5H+!%(',#45%!%4!5*,,+''*!+&+,5%)%*!
$+44+!5*91+'+()+!#4',2%0!
!
=2#($*!+(',#93%!%!&*<<+''%!%(!5#2&#!,%-+($%5#(*!#!&`!4s#'',%32)%*(+!#$!+9#(#,+!2(!$#'*!#''*G!&%!-+,%7%5#!2(#!
J?P>?FKA?B!CBAT:AKA?:0!?(-+5+!O2#($*!&%!H#!4#!5*('+&'#)%*(+!$+4!9*$*!%(!52%!2(!&*<<+''*!H#!+&+,5%'#'*!
#'',%32)%*(%! 5H+! &*(*! %(5*('+&'#3%49+('+! &2+G! 1*%5H`! $#! 5%b! $+,%-#! 2(! %91+$%9+('*! #44s+&+,5%)%*! $+44+!
#'',%32)%*(%!&1+''#('%!#4!,%5*,,+('+G!&%!H#((*!FBPX"?AA?!>?!\TPB\Km?BPT!B!?PAT@XT@TPmK0!
!
?4!5*(74%''*!$%!#'',%32)%*(+!H#!2(#!72()%*(+!'%1%5#9+('+!,+&%$2#4+G!1*%5H`!12b!+&&+,+!#''%-#'*!&*4*!O2#4*,#!(*(!
-%!&%#!#4',*!&',29+('*!$%!'2'+4#!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4+0!
!

16.4.3.

Il giudizio

!
J%! &*(*! 1*'+,%! &',2''2,#49+('+! 5*&'%'2%'%! $#! 2(! 2(%5*! *,<#(*! .B@dKP?SCBAT@T6G! 9#! -%! &*(*! #(5H+! 1*'+,%!
5*&'%'2%'%! $#! 1%[! *,<#(%! +! 1+,! O2+&'%! 24'%9%! &%! 1*(+! %4! 1,*34+9#! $%! 5H%! &%#! 4+<%''%9#'*! #! &'#,+! %(! <%2$%)%*0! ?4!
1,*34+9#!N!,%&*4'*!$#44s#,'0!^V0U!$+44#!4+<<+!WV_UY]^!1+,!4#!O2#4+!%4!5*(74%''*!&*,<+!t',#!*,<#(%!5*91+'+('%!#!
$%5H%#,#,+!$+7%(%'%-#9+('+!4#!-*4*('I!$+%!1*'+,%!52%!#11#,'+(<*(*k0!
!
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16.5. Il giudizio
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16.6. Il giudizio di ammissibilit del referendum abrogativo

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(*(!&%#!*9*<+(+*!.FBT@TPmK!T>!DP?JBF?AKs!>T"!=DT:?AB6M!
!

16.7.1.

La giustizia politica

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F*(!4s+&1,+&&%*(+!d?D:A?m?K!CB"?A?FK!&%!&2*4+!7#,+!,%7+,%9+('*!#!O2+44+!72()%*(%!5H+!4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!
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4%&'#!$+%!5%''#$%(%!+4+<<%3%4%!#44#!5#,%5#!$%!&+(#'*,+0!
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16.7.2.

I cosiddetti reati ministeriali

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$%&1*&%)%*(%! ,+4#'%-+! #44#! 5*&%$$+''#! FB\\?::?BPT! ?P=D?@TPATG! N! &'#'*! 9*$%7%5#'*! 4s#,'0! Yh! $+44#!
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!