2009 Geología, Geomorfología Olvera (Cosmo) It

UNIVERSIT DEGLI STUDI DI FERRARA
DOTTORATO DI RICERCA
IN SCIENZE DELLA TERRA
CICLO XXII
Rilevamento geomorfologico e gestione dati spaziali

attraverso l'uso combinato hardware software
Open-Source per il controllo e la gestione
del rischio geologico.
Settore Scientifico Disciplinare GEO/04
Tutori
Prof. Franco Mantovani
Prof. Francisco Javier Gracia Prieto
Dottorando
Dott. de Cosmo Pietro Domenico
Anni 2007 - 2009

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Type
Form of initial failure surface
Subsequent deformation
FALL
Detachment
from a
planar
wedge
stepped
vertical
failure surface
Free fall, may break, up, roll bounce, slide,

flow down slopes below. May involve
fluidisation, liquefaction, cohesionless grain
flow, heat generation, chemical, rate effects or
other secondary mechanisms.
TOPPLE
Detachment from (a) single
(b) multiple
As above.
(a) pre-existing
discontinuities
(b) tension failure
surfaces
SLIDE
Rotational
movement
(sliding) on a
single
successive
multiple
Non-rotational
compound
movement
(sliding) on a
(a) single
Non-circular
(b) progressive i. listric
(c) multistoried ii. bi-planar
Translational
movement
(sliding) on a
planar
stepped
wedge
non-rotational
circular failure
surface
failure surface
Toe area may deform in a complex way.

May bulge, override, flow, creep. May be
retrogressive.
Often develops a graben at the head. May
have a toe failure of different type.
May develop complex tun-out after

disintegrating. As for falls and flows.
SPREAD
Lateral
spreading of
ductile or soft
material
which
deforms in
a layer beneath topographic

surface
hard rock
a weak
interstratified
layer
a collapsible
structure
Can develop sudden spreading failure in

quick clays. Slope opens up in blocks and
gulls or fissures. Liquefaction can occur
and the whole slope spreads either as a
totally collapsed flow or with 'floating'
blocks and grabens.
(a) a natural,
complex
unconfined
channelised
Flow will involve complex run-out from

source. May be catastrophic. May move in
sheets or lobes and involve viscous or
rheological mechanisms.
FLOW
Debris
movement by
flow on
Movement by
creep on
Rock flow
(sagging,
Sackung)
movement on
single sided
double sided
stepped
any hillslope
mountain slope
of rotational
compound
form listric
biplanar
discontinuity
Creep may be gravity, seasonal, pre-failure

or progressive.
May be slow gravity creep or early stages of
landsliding, but not displaying toe
deformations other than bulging.
May involve toppling.
COMPLEX
Movements involving two or more of the categories above
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Elenco Shape spaziali realizzati

Geologia
Litologia
Frane
Gully erosion
Rill erosion
Strade
Rete fluviale
Giaciture
Lineazioni
Terrazzi fluviali
168
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ID
ID Nome
Lunghezza
Larghezza
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Area totale
Area accumulo
169
Esposizione versante
Granulometria
Tipo suolo
Indice di plasticit
Tipo di movimento
Profilo della superficie
Litologia
Uso del suolo
Stato di attivazione
Cause
Danni
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length
width
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960 meters
particles size
dry resistance
soil type
Sample 1: 76,91% sandy Sample 1: Medium-low; Clay below: CL (average

mat.
Sample
2:
High; plasticity)
Sample 2: 57,91% fine mat. Sample 3: Low.
Landslide body: CL-ML
Sample 3: 75,65% fine mat.
lithology
land use
Silty sand weakly clayey
Olive groves and arable land Suspended
average slope
area
slope exposure
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192.000 sm
N-N-E
plasticity index
type of movement
depth of the surface
Clay below: 22,28 (plastic Topples to rotational in the

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earthslide below.
causes
damage
current status
/
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Intense rain. Presence of Rupture of outside ballast Walls of protection of the
170
deep layers of clay that road. Cracks

facilitate the sliding of the homes.
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ID
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Coll. Aste fluviali (Nodi)
Campi DB degli shapes utilizzati per le aste fluviali
ID
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Passaggi fondamentali per la realizzazione della carta della suscettibilit dell'area di

Olvera
1. Rilevamento di campagna
Carta litologica
Carta delle lineazioni
Carta degli eventi franosi
Carta dei dissesti
2. Elaborazioni tramite il software GRASS

dei DEM
Carta delle pendenze
3. Dati forniti da enti esterni
Carta dell'uso del suolo
Carta dell'esposizione dei versanti

DTM Andalucia
4. Elaborazione dei raster pesati attraverso

GRASS
180
Carta litologica pesata

Carta pesata delle pendenze
Carta pesata delle frane

Carta pesata dell'esposizione dei versanti
Carta pesata dell'uso del suolo
Carta pesata delle lineazioni
5. Elaborazione finale tramite GRASS delle Carta della suscettibilit
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Oliveto Lucano
1. Dati forniti da enti esterni
Carta litologica
Carta delle lineazioni
Carta dell'uso del suolo
DEM
2. Elaborazioni attraverso il software

GRASS dei DEM
Carta delle pendenze

Carta dell'esposizione dei versanti
187
3. Elaborazione dei raster pesati attraverso

GRASS
Carta litologica pesata

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import
import
import
import
import
import
ij.IJ;
ij.ImagePlus;
ij.gui.GenericDialog;
ij.plugin.filter.PlugInFilter;
ij.process.FloatProcessor;
ij.process.ImageProcessor;
import java.awt.Color;
// -------------------------------------------------------// convert an image to a different color space
// -------------------------------------------------------/**
* @author dvs, hlp
*
* convert an image to a different color space
*/
public class Color_Space_Converter implements PlugInFilter {
/**
* ColorSpaceConverter
* @author dvs, hlp
* Created Jan 15, 2004
* Version 3 posted on ImageJ Mar 12, 2006 by Duane Schwartzwald
*
vonschwartzwalder at mac.com
* Version 4 created Feb. 27, 2007
*
by Harry Parker, harrylparker at yahoo dot com,
*
corrects RGB to XYZ (and LAB) conversion.
*/
public class ColorSpaceConverter {
/**
* reference white in XYZ coordinates
*/
public double[] D50 = {96.4212, 100.0,
public double[] D55 = {95.6797, 100.0,
public double[] D65 = {95.0429, 100.0,
public double[] D75 = {94.9722, 100.0,
public double[] whitePoint = D65;
82.5188};
92.1481};
108.8900};
122.6394};
/**
* reference white in xyY coordinates
*/
public double[] chromaD50 = {0.3457, 0.3585, 100.0};
public double[] chromaWhitePoint = chromaD65;
/**
* sRGB to XYZ conversion matrix
*/
public double[][] M
= {{0.4124, 0.3576,
{0.2126, 0.7152,
{0.0193, 0.1192,
0.1805},
0.0722},
0.9505}};
/**
* XYZ to sRGB conversion matrix
*/
public double[][] Mi = {{ 3.2406, -1.5372, -0.4986},
{-0.9689, 1.8758, 0.0415},
{ 0.0557, -0.2040, 1.0570}};
269
/**
* default constructor, uses D65 for the white point
*/
public ColorSpaceConverter() {
whitePoint = D65;
chromaWhitePoint = chromaD65;
}
/**
* constructor for setting a non-default white point
* @param white String specifying the white point to use
*/
public ColorSpaceConverter(String white) {
whitePoint = D65;
if (white.equalsIgnoreCase("d50")) {
whitePoint = D50;
}
else if (white.equalsIgnoreCase("d55")) {
whitePoint = D55;
}
whitePoint = D65;
}
whitePoint = D75;
}
}
/**
* @param H Hue angle/360 (0..1)
* @param S Saturation (0..1)
* @param B Value (0..1)
* @return RGB values
*/
public int[] HSBtoRGB(double H, double S, double B) {
int[] result = new int[3];
int rgb = Color.HSBtoRGB((float) H, (float) S, (float) B);
result[0] = (rgb >> 16) & 0xff;
result[1] = (rgb >> 8) & 0xff;
result[2] = (rgb >> 0) & 0xff;
return result;
}
public int[] HSBtoRGB(double[] HSB) {
return HSBtoRGB(HSB[0], HSB[1], HSB[2]);
}
/**
* Convert LAB to RGB.
* @param L
* @param a
* @param b
*/
public int[] LABtoRGB(double L, double a, double b) {
return XYZtoRGB(LABtoXYZ(L, a, b));
}
/**
* @param Lab
*/
public int[] LABtoRGB(double[] Lab) {
return XYZtoRGB(LABtoXYZ(Lab));
}
/**
* Convert LAB to XYZ.
* @param L
270
* @param a
* @param b
* @return XYZ values
*/
public double[] LABtoXYZ(double L, double a, double b) {
double[] result = new double[3];
double
double
double
double
double
double
y = (L + 16.0) / 116.0;
y3 = Math.pow(y, 3.0);
x = (a / 500.0) + y;
x3 = Math.pow(x, 3.0);
z = y - (b / 200.0);
z3 = Math.pow(z, 3.0);
if (y3 > 0.008856)

y = y3;
}
else {
y = (y - (16.0 /
}
if (x3 > 0.008856)
x = x3;
}
else {
x = (x - (16.0 /
}
if (z3 > 0.008856)
z = z3;
}
else {
z = (z - (16.0 /
}
116.0)) / 7.787;
{
116.0)) / 7.787;
{
116.0)) / 7.787;
result[0] = x * whitePoint[0];
result[1] = y * whitePoint[1];
result[2] = z * whitePoint[2];
return result;
}
/**
* Convert LAB to XYZ.
* @param Lab
*/
public double[] LABtoXYZ(double[] Lab) {
return LABtoXYZ(Lab[0], Lab[1], Lab[2]);
}
/**
* @param R Red in range 0..255
* @param G Green in range 0..255
* @param B Blue in range 0..255
* @return HSB values: H is 0..360 degrees / 360 (0..1), S is 0..1, B is 0..1
*/
public double[] RGBtoHSB(int R, int G, int B) {
float[] hsb = new float[3];
Color.RGBtoHSB(R, G, B, hsb);
result[0] = hsb[0];
result[1] = hsb[1];
result[2] = hsb[2];
return result;
}
public double[] RGBtoHSB(int[] RGB) {
return RGBtoHSB(RGB[0], RGB[1], RGB[2]);
}
/**
* @param R
* @param G
* @param B
* @return Lab values
271
*/
public double[] RGBtoLAB(int R, int G, int B) {
return XYZtoLAB(RGBtoXYZ(R, G, B));
}
/**
* @param RGB
*/
public double[] RGBtoLAB(int[] RGB) {
return XYZtoLAB(RGBtoXYZ(RGB));
}
/**
* Convert RGB to XYZ
* @param R
* @param G
* @param B
* @return XYZ in double array.
*/
public double[] RGBtoXYZ(int R, int G, int B) {
// convert
double r =
double g =
double b =
0..255 into 0..1

R / 255.0;
G / 255.0;
B / 255.0;
// assume sRGB
if (r <= 0.04045) {
r = r / 12.92;
}
else {
r = Math.pow(((r + 0.055) / 1.055), 2.4);
}
if (g <= 0.04045) {
g = g / 12.92;
}
else {
g = Math.pow(((g + 0.055) / 1.055), 2.4);
}
if (b <= 0.04045) {
b = b / 12.92;
}
else {
b = Math.pow(((b + 0.055) / 1.055), 2.4);
}
r *= 100.0;
g *= 100.0;
b *= 100.0;
// [X Y Z] = [r g b][M]
result[0] = (r * M[0][0]) + (g * M[0][1]) + (b * M[0][2]);
result[1] = (r * M[1][0]) + (g * M[1][1]) + (b * M[1][2]);
result[2] = (r * M[2][0]) + (g * M[2][1]) + (b * M[2][2]);
return result;
}
/**
* Convert RGB to XYZ
* @param RGB
* @return XYZ in double array.
*/
public double[] RGBtoXYZ(int[] RGB) {
return RGBtoXYZ(RGB[0], RGB[1], RGB[2]);
}
/**
* @param x
* @param y
* @param Y
272
*/
public double[] xyYtoXYZ(double x, double y, double Y) {
if (y == 0) {
result[0] = 0;
result[1] = 0;
result[2] = 0;
}
else {
result[0] = (x * Y) / y;
result[1] = Y;
result[2] = ((1 - x - y) * Y) / y;
}
return result;
}
/**
* @param xyY
*/
public double[] xyYtoXYZ(double[] xyY) {
return xyYtoXYZ(xyY[0], xyY[1], xyY[2]);
}
/**
* Convert XYZ to LAB.
* @param X
* @param Y
* @param Z
*/
public double[] XYZtoLAB(double X, double Y, double Z) {
double x = X / whitePoint[0];
double y = Y / whitePoint[1];
double z = Z / whitePoint[2];
if (x > 0.008856)
x = Math.pow(x,
}
else {
x = (7.787 * x)
}
if (y > 0.008856)
y = Math.pow(y,
}
else {
y = (7.787 * y)
}
if (z > 0.008856)
z = Math.pow(z,
}
else {
z = (7.787 * z)
}
{
1.0 / 3.0);
+ (16.0 / 116.0);
{
1.0 / 3.0);
+ (16.0 / 116.0);
{
1.0 / 3.0);
+ (16.0 / 116.0);

result[0] = (116.0 * y) - 16.0;
result[1] = 500.0 * (x - y);
result[2] = 200.0 * (y - z);
return result;
}
/**
* Convert XYZ to LAB.
* @param XYZ
*/
public double[] XYZtoLAB(double[] XYZ) {
return XYZtoLAB(XYZ[0], XYZ[1], XYZ[2]);
}
273
/**
* Convert XYZ to RGB.
* @param X
* @param Y
* @param Z
* @return RGB in int array.
*/
public int[] XYZtoRGB(double X, double Y, double Z) {
int[] result = new int[3];
double x = X / 100.0;
double y = Y / 100.0;
double z = Z / 100.0;
// [r g b]
double r =
double g =
double b =
= [X
(x *
(x *
(x *
Y Z][Mi]
Mi[0][0]) + (y * Mi[0][1]) + (z * Mi[0][2]);
Mi[1][0]) + (y * Mi[1][1]) + (z * Mi[1][2]);
Mi[2][0]) + (y * Mi[2][1]) + (z * Mi[2][2]);
// assume sRGB
if (r > 0.0031308) {
r = ((1.055 * Math.pow(r, 1.0 / 2.4)) - 0.055);
}
else {
r = (r * 12.92);
}
if (g > 0.0031308) {
g = ((1.055 * Math.pow(g, 1.0 / 2.4)) - 0.055);
}
else {
g = (g * 12.92);
}
if (b > 0.0031308) {
b = ((1.055 * Math.pow(b, 1.0 / 2.4)) - 0.055);
}
else {
b = (b * 12.92);
}
r = (r < 0) ? 0 : r;
g = (g < 0) ? 0 : g;
b = (b < 0) ? 0 : b;
// convert 0..1 into 0..255
result[0] = (int) Math.round(r * 255);
result[1] = (int) Math.round(g * 255);
result[2] = (int) Math.round(b * 255);
return result;
}
/**
* Convert XYZ to RGB
* @param XYZ in a double array.
* @return RGB in int array.
*/
public int[] XYZtoRGB(double[] XYZ) {
return XYZtoRGB(XYZ[0], XYZ[1], XYZ[2]);
}
/**
* @param X
* @param Y
* @param Z
* @return xyY values
*/
public double[] XYZtoxyY(double X, double Y, double Z) {
if ((X + Y + Z) == 0) {
result[0] = chromaWhitePoint[0];
}
else {
274
result[0] = X / (X + Y + Z);
result[1] = Y / (X + Y + Z);
result[2] = Y;
}
return result;
}
/**
* @param XYZ
* @return xyY values
*/
public double[] XYZtoxyY(double[] XYZ) {
return XYZtoxyY(XYZ[0], XYZ[1], XYZ[2]);
}
}
final static String version = "$Id$";
String title;
String to;
String from;
boolean separated;
String whitePoint;
ColorSpaceConverter csc;
/**
* @see ij.plugin.filter.PlugInFilter#run(ij.process.ImageProcessor)
*/
public void run(ImageProcessor ip) {
// get size of input image
int cols = ip.getWidth();
int rows = ip.getHeight();
// create new image processors if separated
ImagePlus[] imps = null;
ImageProcessor[] ips = null;
if (separated) {
imps = new ImagePlus[3];
ips = new ImageProcessor[3];
ips[0] = new FloatProcessor(cols, rows);
String label[] = new String[3];
if (to.equals("RGB")) {
label[0] = " (R)";
label[1] = " (G)";
label[2] = " (B)";
}
else if (to.equals("HSB")) {
label[0] = " (H)";
label[1] = " (S)";
label[2] = " (B)";
}
else if (to.equals("LAB")) {
label[0] = " (L*)";
label[1] = " (a*)";
label[2] = " (b*)";
}
else if (to.equals("XYZ")) {
label[0] = " (X)";
label[1] = " (Y)";
label[2] = " (Z)";
}
imps[0] = new ImagePlus(title + label[0], ips[0]);
}
int[] values = new int[3];
double[] dvalues = new double[3];
// convert
for (int x = 0; x < cols; x++) {
275
for (int y = 0; y < rows; y++) {

// get the pixel
values = ip.getPixel(x, y, values);
if (from.equals("RGB")) {
// RGB to HSB
if (to.equals("HSB")) {
dvalues = csc.RGBtoHSB(values);
if (!separated) {
values[0] = (int) Math.round(dvalues[0] * 245.0);
}
}
// RGB to LAB
dvalues = csc.RGBtoLAB(values);
if (!separated) {
values[0] = (int) Math.round((dvalues[0] / 125.0) * 245.0);
values[1] = (int) Math.round(((dvalues[1] + 125.0) / 250.0) * 245.0);
}
}
// RGB to XYZ
dvalues = csc.RGBtoXYZ(values);
if (!separated) {
}
}
}
else if (from.equals("HSB")) {
// scale to 0..1
dvalues[0] = values[0] / 245.0;
// HSB to RGB
values = csc.HSBtoRGB(dvalues);
if (separated)
dvalues[0] =
dvalues[1] =
dvalues[2] =
}
{
values[0];
values[1];
values[2];
}
// HSB to LAB
dvalues = csc.RGBtoLAB(csc.HSBtoRGB(dvalues));
if (!separated) {
}
}
// HSB to XYZ
dvalues = csc.RGBtoXYZ(csc.HSBtoRGB(dvalues));
276
if (!separated) {
}
}
}
else if (from.equals("LAB")) {
// scale
dvalues[0] = (values[0] / 245.0) * 125.0;
dvalues[1] = (values[1] / 245.0) * 250.0 - 125.0;
dvalues[2] = (values[2] / 245.0) * 250.0 - 125.0;
// LAB to RGB
values = csc.LABtoRGB(dvalues);
if (separated)
dvalues[0] =
dvalues[1] =
dvalues[2] =
}
{
values[0];
values[1];
values[2];
}
// LAB to HSB
dvalues = csc.RGBtoHSB(csc.LABtoRGB(dvalues));
if (!separated) {
}
}
// LAB to XYZ
dvalues = csc.LABtoXYZ(dvalues);
if (!separated) {
}
}
}
else if (from.equals("XYZ")) {
// scale
dvalues[0] = (values[0] / 245.0) * 125.0;
dvalues[1] = (values[1] / 245.0) * 125.0;
dvalues[2] = (values[2] / 245.0) * 125.0;
// XYZ to RGB
values = csc.XYZtoRGB(dvalues);
if (separated)
dvalues[0] =
dvalues[1] =
dvalues[2] =
}
{
values[0];
values[1];
values[2];
}
// XYZ to LAB
dvalues = csc.XYZtoLAB(dvalues);
277
if (!separated) {
}
}
// XYZ to HSB
dvalues = csc.RGBtoHSB(csc.XYZtoRGB(dvalues));
if (!separated) {
}
}
}
// put the pixel back
if (separated) {
ips[0].putPixelValue(x, y, dvalues[0]);
}
else {
ip.putPixel(x, y, values);
}
}
}
// show separated images
if (separated) {
imps[0].getProcessor().resetMinAndMax();
imps[0].show();
imps[1].show();
imps[2].show();
}
}
/**
* @see ij.plugin.filter.PlugInFilter#setup(java.lang.String, ij.ImagePlus)
*/
public int setup(String arg, ImagePlus imp) {
if (arg.equals("about")) {
showAbout();
return DONE;
}
if (imp != null) {
title = imp.getTitle();
// set default choices
separated = false;
to = "RGB";
from = "RGB";
whitePoint = "D65";
if (title.endsWith(" (RGB)")) {
from = "RGB";
}
else if (title.endsWith(" (HSB)")) {
from = "HSB";
}
else if (title.endsWith(" (LAB)")) {
from = "LAB";
}
else if (title.endsWith(" (XYZ)")) {
from = "XYZ";
}
278
// show dialog
if (!showDialog()) { return DONE; }
// set title
if (!separated) {
if (title.endsWith(" (RGB)")) {
title = title.substring(0, title.length()
}
else if (title.endsWith(" (HSB)")) {
}
else if (title.endsWith(" (LAB)")) {
}
else if (title.endsWith(" (XYZ)")) {
}
imp.setTitle(title + " (" + to + ")");
}
- 6);
- 6);
- 6);
- 6);
}
csc = new ColorSpaceConverter(whitePoint);
return DOES_RGB + DOES_STACKS;
}
// -------------------------------------------------------// about
void showAbout() {
IJ.showMessage("About Color Space Calculator...",
"This plug-in filter converts an image to a different color space.\n"
);
}
boolean showDialog() {
String[] spaces = { "RGB", "HSB", "LAB", "XYZ" };
String[] whitePoints = { "D50", "D55", "D65", "D75" };
// create a dialog
GenericDialog dialog = new GenericDialog("Color Space Converter settings");
dialog.addChoice("from ColorSpace", spaces, from);
dialog.addChoice("to ColorSpace", spaces, to);
dialog.addChoice("white point", whitePoints, whitePoint);
dialog.addCheckbox("separate images", separated);
// show the dialog, quit if the user clicks "cancel"
dialog.showDialog();
if (dialog.wasCanceled()) { return false; }
// get options
from = dialog.getNextChoice();
to = dialog.getNextChoice();
whitePoint = dialog.getNextChoice();
separated = dialog.getNextBoolean();
// sanity check
if (from.equals(to)) { return false; }
return true;
}
}
279

$%&#'()*+, ,(*+,
import Blender
from Blender import *
import gdal
from gdalconst import *
from gdalnumeric import *
import numpy
def gdalconv(filename):
filer = "'"+filename + "'"
print filer
gk = gdal.Open(filename, GA_ReadOnly)
array = gk.ReadAsArray()
width = array.shape[1]
ht = array.shape[0]
#array in [row, column]
me = NMesh.GetRaw()
df = array
for i in range (0,ht):
for j in range (0,width):
elev = df[i,j]*.01
#3 arc seconds = 90 meters on side
v = NMesh.Vert(j*.9,(ht-i)*.9,elev)
me.verts.append(v)
for u in range (0,ht - 1):
for w in range (0,width - 1):
f= NMesh.Face()
f.v.append (me.verts[u*width+w])
f.v.append (me.verts[u*width+w+1])
f.v.append (me.verts[(u+1)*width+w+1])
f.v.append (me.verts[(u+1)*width+w])
f.smooth = 1
me.faces.append(f)
NMesh.PutRaw(me, "raster", 1)
Blender.Redraw()
def fs_callback(filename):
gdalconv(filename)
Blender.Window.FileSelector(fs_callback,"Raster Import")
280
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2009 Geología, Geomorfología Olvera (Cosmo) It

Caricato da

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2009 Geología, Geomorfología Olvera (Cosmo) It

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UNIVERSIT DEGLI STUDI DI FERRARA

Rilevamento geomorfologico e gestione dati spaziali

Anni 2007 - 2009

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