UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET, Bucuresti

FACULTATEA DE DREPT SI ADMINISTRATIE PUBLICA

SPECILIZAREA DREPT
INCHEIEREA,INTRAREA IN VIGOARE SI APLICAREA
TRATATELOR INTERNATIONALE
Coordo!tor stiiti"ic# A$so%&et#
Co"' ui&' dr' MARIAN I%ie LAZAR A%e(!dru Fe%i(
)*+,
+
CUPRINS
INTR-DUCERE
CAPIT-LUL I
+'TRATATELE INTERNATI-NALE.CADRU /ENERAL
Sectiue! I Notiui 0eer!%e des1re i2&o!re%e dre1tu%ui iter!tio!%
Sectiue! II De"iiti! si e%e3ete%e tr!t!te%or
Sectiue! III C%!si"ic!re! tr!t!te%or
Sectiue! IV Ic4eiere! tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%e
CAPIT-LUL II
)' N-TIUNI /ENERALE
Sectiue! I A1!riti! si e&o%uti! tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%
Sectiue! II 5 C%!si"ic!re! tr!t!te%or
Sectiue! ! III . E%e3ete%e eseti!%e !%e tr!te%or iter!tio!%
Sectiue! ! IV. Fuctii%e tr!t!te%or
Sectiue! ! V . Structur! tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%
CAPIT-LUL III
6' M-DUL DE E7PRIMARE A C-NSIMTAMANTULUI DE A SE LE/A PRINTR.UN
TRATAT
Sectiue! I . Se3!re! tr!t!tu%ui iter!tio!%
Sectiue! II . R!ti"ic!re! tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%e
Sectiue! III . Ader!re! %! u tr!t!t iter!tio!%
CAPIT-LUL IV
,' RESPECTAREA, APLICAREA SI INTERPRETAREA TRATATEL-R INTERNATI-NALE
Sectiue! I Prici1ii de dre1t iter!8io!% 1ri&id res1ect!re! tr!t!te%or iter!8io!%e Sectiue!
II . E"ecte%e 9uridice !%e tr!t!te%or "!8: de 1:r8i%e cotr!ct!te
Sectiue! III . E"ecte%e 9uridice !%e tr!t!te%or "!8: de st!te%e ter8e
Sectiue! IV . Asi0ur!re! codi8ii%or 1etru e(ecut!re! tr!t!te%or iter!8io!%e
Sectiue! V . Re0u%i de dre1t iter!8io!% 1ri&id iter1ret!re! tr!t!te%or iter!8io!%e
)
CAPIT-LUL V
;' INTRAREA IN VI/-ARE A TRATATEL-R INTERNATI-NALE
Sectiue! I Le0is%!ti! ro3!! 1ri&id ic4eiere! tr!t!te%or
Sectiue! II . E"ecte%e 9uridice !%e se3!rii si r!ti"ic!rii uui tr!t!t
CAPIT-LUL VI
<' NULITATEA TRATATEL-R INTERNATI-NALE
Sectiue! I C!r!cteristici%e u%it!tii tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%e
Sectiue! II . C!r!cteru% i%icit s!u ie0!% !% tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%e
Sectiue! III . Vicii%e de cosi3t!3!t %! ic4eiere! tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%e
CAPIT-LUL VII
=' INCETAREA, SUSPENDAREA SAU M-DIFICAREA TRATATEL-R INTERNATI-NALE
Sectiue! I C!u2e de icet!re s!u sus1ed!re 1re&!2ute i tr!t!t
Sectiue! II . Icet!re! s!u sus1ed!re! uui tr!t!t 1ri !cordu% 1!rti%or
Sectiue! III . C!u2e de icet!re s!u sus1ed!re ! tr!t!te%or 1re&!2ute i Co&eti! de %! Vie!
Sectiue! IV . C!u2e de icet!re s!u sus1ed!re ! tr!t!te%or ecodi"ic!te de Co&eti! de %!
Vie!
Sectiue! V . C!u2e 1ri&id 3odi"ic!re! s!u re&i2uire! tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%e
CAPIT-LUL VIII
=' PR-CEDURA SI EFECTELE INV-CARII CAUZEL-R DE NULITATE, INCETARE SAU
SUSPENDARE A TRATATEL-R
Sectiue! I . I&oc!re! uei c!u2e de u%it!te s!u de icet!re ! !1%ic!rii uui tr!t!t
Sectiue! II . Pierdere! dre1tu%ui de ! i&oc! o c!u2! de u%it!te s!u de icet!re ! !1%ic!rii uui
tr!t!t
Sectiue! III . Istru3ete 9uridice 1ri c!re se dec%!r! u%it!te! s!u icet!re! !1%ic!rii uui
tr!t!t
Sectiue! IV . Re&oc!re! oti"ic:ri%or si istru3ete%or 1ri c!re se ur3!re>te dec%!r!re!
u%it!tii s!u icet!re! !1%ic!rii uui tr!t!t
Sectiue! V . Mi9%o!ce%e 9uridice 1etru re2o%&!re! uor di"erede 1ri&id tr!t!te%e iter!8io!%e
C-NCLUZII
BIBLI-/RAFIE
6
INTRODUCERE
? 1re2et! %ucr!re &! &oi 1re2et! ce%e 3! i31ort!te !s1ecte !%e tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%e
de %! ic4eier!, 3odi"ic!re!, 1@! %! Acet!re! !cestor!'
Societ!te! iter!tio!%! "or3!t! i 1rici1!% di st!te su&er!e si or0!i2!tii
iter!tio!%e cre!te de c!tre !ceste st!te su&er!e i c!dru% c!ror! tr!t!tu% iter!ti!%
ide1%ieste u ro% "ud!3et!% , !dic! etit!tii%e c!re "or3e!2! societ!te! iter!ti!%! sut
o$%i0!te s! res1ecte r!1orturi%e ce e(ist! itre e%e si dis1o2itii%e tr!t!te%or di c!re st!te%e s!u
or0!i2!tii%e iter!tio!%e "!c 1!rte'Tr!tu% iter!ti!% este u !ct 9uridic $i%!ter!% s!u
3u%ti%!ter!% ic4ei!t 1ri !cordu% ! dou! s!u 3!i 3u%te st!te , 1ri c!re se st!$i%esc or3e
9uridice , !1%ic!$i%e si recuoscute de 1!rti c! "iid o$%i0!torii r!1orturi%or ditre e%e'
Tr!t!te%e iter!tio!%e , totod!t! , 1ot 3odi"ic! s!u !$ro0! or3e%e e(istete'
Tr!t!tu% este cosider!t !t!t de doctri! c!t si de 1r!ctic! st!te%or c! "iid i 3o3etu% !ctu!% ,
1rici1!%u% i2&or !% dre1tu%ui'Acest! di 3!i 3u%te 3oti&e# I 1ri3u% rid , 1re!3$u%u% c!rtei
-'N'U' c!re , 3etioid res1ect!re! o$%i0!tii%or decur0id di tr!t!te si !%te i2&o!re !%e
dre1tu%ui iter!tio!% , co"er! tr!t!tu%ui o 1o2itie su1erio!r! i r!1ort cu !%te i2&o!re !%e
dre1tu%ui itr!tio!%'
Pe de !%t! 1!rte , tr!t!tu% d! 1osi$i%it!te! st!te%or de !.si e(1ri3! !cordu% %! cre!re! , 3odi"ic!re!
s!u !$ro0!re! uor or3e de dre1t iter!tio!% i 3od direct , "iid c! !t!re , istru3etu%
9uridic ce% 3!i 1otri&it ce r!s1ude e&oi%or %or r!1ide de re0%e3et!re'Pe c!%e! ic4eierii de
tr!t!te , 1rocesu% cre!rii or3e%or de dre1t iter!tio!% este 3!i scurt i r!1ort de
cutu3!'Procedeu% se i31ue 3!i !%es i do3eii%e oi cu3 sut dre1tu% cos3ic , eer0i!
uc%e!r! , 1rotecti! 3ediu%ui ico9ur!tor , ce ecesit! 1e 1%! iter!tio!% , o re0%e3et!re
9uridic! c!t 3!i r!1id!'
Fiid u !ct scris , ic4ei!t itr.u !u3it c!dru , 1ri !utorit!te! , i!r i 3u%te c!2uri ,
so%e3it!te! s! , tr!t!tu% co"er! si0ur!t! 1!rti%or , !&id si o "or3! 9uridic! su1erio!r!'Pr!ctic!
iter!tio!%! ! re%e&!t !de2iue! r!1id! ! st!te%or %! "o%osire! !cestui 3i9%oc 9uridic cost!t!re
sustiut! 1ri !cee! c! , i 1erio!d! +B,=.+B=; !u "ost ic4ei!te 1este 6*** de tr!t!te ,
co31!r!ti& cu seco%e%e 7IV.7I7 , c!d !u "ost 1er"ect!te , !1ro(i3!ti& , C** de tr!t!te
iter!tio!%e'
Itesit!te! &ietii iter!tio!%e, ecesit!te! co%!$or!rii Atre st!te, 1re2et! A ce%e 3!i
di&erse 1%!uri, Asi 0!sesc e(1resi! A Ac4eiere! uui u3!r tot 3!i 3!re de tr!t!te $i%!ter!%e si
3u%ti%!ter!%e' Co&etii%e 3u%ti%!ter!%e si 1rocesu% de "!urire ! !cestor! re1re2it! uu% di
"eo3ee%e 9uridice eseti!%e !%e &ietii iter!tio!%e'
,
Tr!t!tu% iter!tio!% re1re2it! u 3i9%oc de coo1er!re ! st!te%or si o 3etod! e"iciet! si
1recis! de re0%e3et!re ! re%!tii%or ditre !ceste!' Tr!t!te%e iter!tio!%e !u o i31ort!t!
co&@rsito!re A des"!sur!re! re%!tii%or iter!tio!%e, i!r c! surs! 9uridic! i"%uet! !cestor! este
A cotiu! crestere'
Tr!t!tu% este de"iit c! "iid D!ctu% 9uridic c!re e(1ri3! !cordu% de &oit! Atre dou! s!u
3!i 3u%te st!te s!u !%te su$iecte de dre1t iter!tio!% A sco1u% de ! cree!, 3odi"ic! s!u sti0e
dre1turi si o$%i0!tii A r!1orturi%e ditre e%e' As!3$%u% or3e%or c!re re0%e3ete!2! Ac4eiere!,
!1%ic!re!, res1ect!re!, iter1ret!re!, 3odi"ic!re!, c!2uri%e de u%it!te si de Acet!re ! tr!t!te%or
costituie dre1tu% tr!t!te%or'
Pro$%e3! co31%e(! ! iter1ret!rii tr!t!te%or este discut!t!, A 0eer!%, A %u3i! %ucr!ri%or
Co3isiei de Dre1t Iter!tio!% di ti31u% codi"ic!ri%or dre1tu%ui tr!t!te%or, ! 1rici1ii%or de
iter1ret!re ic%use A Co&eti! de %! Vie! E+B<BF si ! 9uris1rudetei curti%or si tri$u!%e%or,
isist@d !su1r! c!u2e%or so%utio!te de Curte! Iter!tio!%! de Gustitie' Pr!ctic! Ac4eierii si
!1%ic!rii tr!t!te%or ! dus %! crist!%i2!re! uor re0u%i, 3etode, 1rici1ii si 1rocedee c!re s!
ser&e!sc! !cestui sco1' Iter1ret!re! uui tr!t!t re1re2it! o1er!tiue! ite%ectu!%! 1ri c!re se
deter3i! sesu% uui cu&@t s!u !% uei e(1resii, se %!3uresc e(1ri3!ri%e !3$i0ue s!u o$scure
!%e uei dis1o2itii'
Sco1u% iter1ret!rii este de ! %!3uri Ate%esu% te(tu%ui 1e c!re 1!rti%e !u itetio!t s!.%
de! A r!1ort cu circu3st!te%e A %e0!tur! cu c!re 1ro$%e3! iter1ret!rii s.! !scut, cu3 !r!t!
1ro"esoru% -11e4ei3' Ast"e%, iter1ret!re! tr!t!te%or !re c! sco1 !1%ic!re! %or corect! si
res1ect!re! !cestor! A s1iritu% si %iter! %or' -$iectu% iter1ret!rii A% re1re2it! te(tu% tr!t!tu%ui'
Iter1ret!re! se 3!i"est! A 1rocesu% de !1%ic!re ! tr!t!te%or' - 9ust! iter1ret!re tre$uie s! duc!
%! st!$i%ire! sesu%ui e(!ct !% 1re&ederi%or cu1rise A tr!t!t'
Se 1o!te cosider! deci c!, A !1%ic!re! tr!t!te%or, "!2! iter1ret!rii e(ist! Atotde!u!
c4i!r d!c!, ueori, Atr.u 3od edistict' P!r i%e %! tr!t!t, A 1rocesu% Ade1%iirii o$%i0! ii%or
!su3!te s!u !% e(ercit!rii dre1turi%or co"erite 1ri tr!t!t, 1rocede!2! %! o e&!%u!re, %! o
c%!ri"ic!re ui%!ter!%! 5 e(1resie ! uei iter1ret!ri ui%!ter!%e 5 c!re 1o!te r!3@e ecuoscut!
A 1%!u% re%! ii%or $i%!ter!%e s!u 3u%ti%!ter!%e, A 3!sur! A c!re u se 1roduc di&er0e e e(1%icite
%e0!te de !1%ic!re! tr!t!tu%ui, su$ 1ris3! uei eA e%e0eri %e0!te de iter1ret!re! uui cu&@t, !
uui te(t di tr!t!t si c!re !r D$%oc! !1%ic!re! tr!t!tu%ui' ? !ceste di ur3! c!2uri, iter1ret!re!
!1!re As! c! o "!2! distict!, c!re 1resu1ue c%!ri"ic!re! sesu%ui uor 1re&ederi !%e tr!t!tu%ui,
A!ite de 1uere! A e(ecut!re ! !cestui! s!u 1etru cotiu!re! !1%ic!rii %ui' Se e&ide i!2!,
!st"e%, si %e0!tur! ditre iter1ret!re si 1rici1iu% 1!ct! sut ser&!d!'
;
Capitolul I
1.1 Notiuni generale e!pre i"#oarele reptului international
C!r!cteru% s1eci"ic >i e%e3ete%e disticti&e !%e Dre1tu%ui iter!8io!% 1u$%ic re2u%t: >i
di e(!3i!re! i2&o!re%or s!%e' Desi0ur, A de"iire! >i !!%i2!re! !cestor i2&o!re &o3 At@%i >i
si3i%itudii cu i2&o!re%e !%tor r!3uri de dre1t' Cee! ce este ese8i!% A de"iire! !cestor i2&o!re
sut, As:, tr:s:turi%e %or s1eci"ice, c!re %e disti0 de !%te i2&o!re de dre1t'
Fr!cois /eH 5 uu% ditre cei 3!i re1ut!8i teoreticiei !i dre1tu%ui 5 !tr:0e! !te8i! c:
A8e%e0ere! >i e(1%ic!re! surse%or Ei2&o!re%orF dre1tu%ui o$%i0: %! cuo!>tere! re%!8iei ditre d!t
>i costruit A !cest do3eiu+' Cre!torii dre1tu%ui u sut i>te &is:tori, ei u !u c:dere! s:
i31u: ce %i se 1!re ! "i 1otri&it A "or3u%e 9uridice, ei sut o$%i0!8i s: 1oresc: de %! d!t.u%
re!%it:8ii soci!%e, su1us: re0%e3et!rii d!c: sut iteres!8i Atr.o costruc8ie 9uridic: &i!$i%:'
+'+' I2&o!re%e dre1tu%ui iter!8io!% A ses 3!teri!%
Petru ! A8e%e0e A 3od corect i2&o!re%e dre1tu%ui iter!8io!% 1u$%ic tre$uie s: e
o1ri3 3!i At@i, !su1r! sesu%ui %or 3!teri!%, c!re 1ri&e>te re!%it!te! iter!8io!%: su1us:
re0%e3et:rii,' Ace!st: re!%it!te costituie d!t.u% soci!%, de %! c!re tre$uie 1orit Atotde!u!
Atr.o costruc8ie 9uridic:, du1: cu3 de3ostr! 3!re%e !!%ist "r!ce2'
Deci, i2&oru% dre1tu%ui iter!8io!% A ses 3!teri!% se re"er: %! surse%e soci!%e, %!
3ediu% iter!8io!%, %! ei0e8e%e !cestui 3ediu %! u 3o3et d!t' C4!r%es Louis de Secod!t
MotesIuieu !tr:0e! !te8i! c: A c!2u% uui st!t cucerit s.!r 1ute! c! 0u&er:3@tu% ci&i% s: "ie
$u, d!r, !cest st!t !r "i !1:s!t de dre1tu% 0i8i%orJ i s.!r i31ue de %! !8iue %! !8iue
!se3ee! %e0i Ac@t st!re! %ui de A"%orire !r "i 1rec!r:, >i u3!i c! o re2er&: %! dis1o2i8i!
st:1@u%ui'
Fr!cois /eH cosider! eces!r: !!%i2! co31etet: ! re!%it:8ii, ! d!t.u%ui soci!% A
to!te i1ost!2e%e >i u!8e%e s!%e'
C4!r%es MotesIuieu e&oc! cu3 st:1@ire! 3:ri%or 5 o se3i"ic!ti&: co31oet: !
re!%it:8ii iter!8io!%e, ! d!t.u%ui c!r!cteristic e1ocii s!%e 5 1o!te i"%ue8! costruc8i!
dre1tu%ui' St:1@ire! 3:ri%or 5 o$ser&! 3!re%e 0@ditor 5 ! d!t Atotde!u! 1o1o!re%or c!re !u
de8iut.o o 3@drie "ire!sc:, deo!rece, si38idu.se A st!re s: %o&e!sc: 1retutidei, e%e cred c:
1utere! %or u !re 3!r0ii, c! >i oce!u%' - !8iue !"%!t: Atr.o !se3ee! 1o2i8ie !r 1ute! !&e!
o 3!re i"%ue8: !su1r! tre$uri%or 1u$%ice !%e &ecii%or s:i, deo!rece, e"iid 1reocu1!t: 1etru
!.>i "o%osi 1utere! A &edere! uor cuceriri terestre, i s.!r c:ut! 1rietei! >i s.!r e&it! du>3:i!
ei' D!c: s.!r At@31%! c! !ce!st: !8iue s: de&i:, A !u3ite A31re9ur:ri, cetru% tr!t!ti&e%or
<
di Euro1!, e! !r d! do&!d: !co%o de ce&! 3!i 3u%t: 1ro$it!te >i $u:.credi8: dec@t ce%e%!%teJ
!ce!st! 1etru c: 3ii>trii s:i, "iid !deseori o$%i0!8i s: se 9usti"ice cu 1ri&ire %! coduit! %or A
"!8! uei !du:ri 1o1u%!re, e0ociere! %or u !r 1ute! "i secrete >i ei !r "i e&oi8i s: "ie, A !ce!st:
1ri&i8:, o!3ei ce&! 3!i oe>ti'
D!t.u% iter!8io!%, re!%it!te! soci!%: c!re tre$uie !&ut: A &edere A costruc8i!
9uridic: iter!8io!%: 1ri&e>te#
!F re!%u%, !dic: cee! ce este A 3o3etu% co&eirii or3e%or de dre1t iter!8io!%J
$F 1osi$i%u%, !dic: cee! ce !r 1ute! "iJ
cF 1ro$!$i%u%, !dic: e&o%u8i! e&etu!%: ! re%!8ii%or iter!8io!%e su1use re0%e3et:riiJ
dFde2ir!$i%u%, cee! ce este dorit ! se o$8ie 1ri 1rici1ii%e >i or3e%or 9uridice
costruite' Ace!st! e(1%ic: de ce se !1reci!2: c: 1rocesu% costruc8iei 9uridice iter!8io!%e#
u tre$uie s: re1re2ite o18iui At@31%:to!re, 4!otice >i ici s: u "ie !cte de 1utere, i31use
de cei t!ri A31otri&! ce%or s%!$i, ci s: se costituie Atr.o !cti&it!te %!$orio!s:, cu c!r!cter
>tii8i"ic, i31%ic@d co31ete8! >i res1os!$i%it!te e0oci!tori%or'
+')' I2&o!re%e dre1tu%ui iter!8io!% A ses "or3!%
Costruc8i! 9uridic: 5 %! c!re se re"er: Fr!cois /eH 5 !re A &edere "or3! 1e c!re o
A3$r!c: or3! res1ecti&:, 3od!%it:8i%e %! c!re recur0 e0oci!torii iter!8io!%i 1etru ! d!
e(1resie e(i0e8e%or re!%it:8ii soci!%e, d!t.u% e(istet %! u 3o3et d!t A Co3uit!te!
3odi!%: s!u A ue%e 2oe s!u re0iui !%e s!%e'
S1re deose$ire de i2&o!re%e itere !%e dre1tu%ui, c!re A3$r!c: "or3! 1e c!re o 4ot:r:sc
or0!e%e !$i%it!te !%e st!tu%ui E%e0e, decret, 4ot:r@reF, "or3! de e(1ri3!re ! or3e%or dre1tu%ui
iter!8io!% sut decise 1ri !cordu% de &oi8: !% st!te%or Etr!t!t, co&e8ieF'
? %iter!tur! de s1eci!%it!te s.! o$ser&!t c: !cordu% de &oi8: este deter3i!t de 3!i 3u%8i
"!ctori, Atre c!re, u %oc i31ort!t re&ie iteresu%ui !8io!%J r!1orturi%e de 1utereJ tr!di8ii%orJ
1erso!%it:8i%or 1o%itice >i e0oci!tori%or'
? %u3i! !!%i2ei e"ectu!te, re2u%t: c: i2&o!re%e dre1tu%ui iter!8io!% sut 3i9%o!ce%e
9uridice c!re cos!cr: 5 1ri !cordu% de &oi8: !% st!te%or 5 re0u%i%e de coduit: c!re c@r3uiesc
re%!8ii%e ditre dou: s!u 3!i 3u%te st!te s!u ditre st!te >i !%te su$iecte de dre1t iter!8io!%'
A!%i2! i2&o!re%or dre1tu%ui iter!8io!% de$ute!2:, de re0u%:, cu e&oc!re! te(tu%ui
!rtico%u%ui 6C di St!tutu% Cur8ii Iter!8io!%e de Gusti8ie 5 c!re re1roduce te(tu% cores1u2:tor
di St!tu%ui Cur8ii Per3!ete de Gusti8ie ? co"or3it!te cu !cest !rtico%, Curte!, ! c:rei
3isiue este de ! so%u8io! co"or3 dre1tu%ui iter!8io!% di"erede%e c!re Ai sut su1use, &!
!1%ic!#
!' co&e8ii%e iter!8io!%e, "ie 0eer!%e, "ie s1eci!%e, c!re st!$i%esc re0u%i recuoscute A
3od e(1res de st!te%e A %iti0iuJ
=
$' cutu3! iter!8io!%:, c! do&!d: ! uei 1r!ctici 0eer!%e !cce1t!te c! dre1tJ
c' 1rici1ii%e 0eer!%e de dre1t recuoscute de !8iui%e ci&i%i2!teJ
d' su$ re2er&! dis1o2i8ii%or !rt' ;B, 4ot:r@ri%e 9udec:tore>ti >i doctri! ce%or 3!i c!%i"ic!8i
s1eci!%i>ti A dre1t 1u$%ic !i di"erite%or !8iui, c! 3i9%o!ce !u(i%i!re de deter3i!re ! re0u%i%or de
dre1t+'
E(!3i@d cu !te8ie te(tu% !rtico%u%ui 6C di St!tutu% Cur8ii Iter!8io!%e de Gusti8ie,
cost!t:3 c:#
+' eu3er!re! surse%or) u se "!ce u3!i Atr.o ordie succesi&:, ci >i A ordie!
i31ort!8ei %or6J
)' cos!cr!re! !cestor surse este 3!i &ec4e, s1eci!%i>tii o1ridu.se !su1r! %or Ac: di !%
trei%e! deceiu !% seco%u%ui !% 77.%e!J
6' te(tu% u e1ui2e!2: to!te surse%e Ei2&o!re%eF dre1tu%ui iter!8io!%, c!re s.!u
co31%et!t, 1e 1!rcursu% ti31u%ui, 3!i !%es, c! ur3!re ! de2&o%t:rii or0!i2!8ii%or iter!8io!%e,'
Totu>i, St!tutu% Cur8ii Iter!8io!%e de Gusti8ie o"er: u re1er i31ort!t !t@t A 1ri&i8!
ideti"ic:rii i2&o!re%or dre1tu%ui iter!8io!%, c@t >i A 1ri&i8! ier!r4i2:rii %or'
1.$ De%initia !i ele&entele tratatelor
Tr!t!tu% iter!tio!% este de"iit de Co&eti! di +B<B de %! Vie! c! "iid u !cord
iter!tio!% Ac4ei!t A scris Atre st!te si 0u&er!t de dre1tu% iter!tio!%,"ie c! este cose3!t
Atr.u istru3et uic, "ie A dou! s!u 3!i 3u%te istru3ete coe(e si oric!re !r "i deu3ire!
s! 1!rticu%!r!' Ti@d se!3! c! dre1tu% tr!t!te%or Ec!re re1re2it! r!3ur! dre1tu%ui iter!tio!%
1u$%ic !%c!tuit! di tot!%it!te! or3e%or 9uridice iter!tio!%e, cre!te 1e c!%e cutu3i!r! s!u
co&etio!%!, 1ri c!re sut re0%e3et!te Ac4eiere!, itr!re! A &i0o!re, re2er&e%e, res1ect!re!,
!1%ic!re!, iter1ret!re! si Acet!re! tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%e Ac4ei!te Atre st!te, Atre or0!i2!tii
iter!tio!%e 0u&er!3et!%e s!u Atre st!te si or0!i2!tii iter!tio!%e 0u&er!3et!%eF ! "ost
e(tis A +BC< si !su1r! or0!i2!tii%or iter!tio!%e 0u&er!3et!%e, 1ute3 !1reci! c!, A
1re2et, tr!t!tu% iter!tio!%, re1re2it! u !ct 9uridic cocreti2!t Atr.u !cord scris, Ac4ei!t
Atre st!te s!u Atre st!te si or0!i2!tii iter!tio!%e 0u&er!3et!%e, ori u3!i Atre !ceste! di
ur3!, si cose3!t A uu% s!u 3!i 3u%te istru3ete, oric!re !r "i deu3ire! %or 1!rticu%!r!, A
sco1u% re0%e3et!rii r!1orturi%or ditre 1!rti%e cotr!ct!te 1ri st!$i%ire! e(1res! ! dre1turi%or si
o$%i0!tii%or !cestor!'
? coc%u2ie, u u3!i !corduri%e iter!tio!%e c!re 1o!rt! deu3ire! de tr!t!t sut
cu1rise A de"iiti! de 3!i sus si cosider!te c! !t!re, ci oric!re !cord iter!tio!% c!re
C
r!s1ude !cestei de"iitii, idi"eret de deu3ire! s! 1!rticu%!r!' Acest! este sesu% %!r0 !%
e(1resiei de tr!t!t iter!tio!%'
Ro3!ii A31!rte!u tr!t!te%e A 1!ctioes E1!cteF, s1osioes E1ro3isiuiF si "oeder!
E!%i!teF'
Hu0o /rotius A31!rte! tr!t!te%e A dou! c!te0orii# tr!t!te c!re cos!cr! o$%i0!tii
decur0@d di dre1tu% !tur!%J tr!t!te c!re !d!u0! o$%i0!tii ecuoscute A dre1tu% !tur!%'
Guristu% rus M!rtes 1ro1ue! c%!si"ic!re! tr!t!te%or A 1o%itice si soci!%e' ? %iter!tur!
occidet!%! ! dre1tu%ui iter!tio!% este r!s1@dit! ur3!to!re! c%!si"ic!re# tr!t!te.cotr!ct, !dic!
!ce%e tr!t!te cos!cr!te uor 1ro$%e3e cocrete Ede e(e31%u, tr!t!te%e de !%i!t!, de st!$i%ire !
"rotiere%or, de co3ert si !%te%eF si c!re d!u !stere %! 1rest!tii reci1roce A s!rci! st!te%or
cotr!ct!te, "iec!re di e%e ur3!rid re!%i2!re! uor sco1uri 1ro1riJ tr!t!te.%e0i, !dic! !ce%e
tr!t!te c!re st!$i%esc re0u%i 1etru u Atre0 do3eiu de re%!tii Atre st!te, deci re0u%i 0eer!%e
o$%i0!torii, c!r!cteri2!te 1ri idetit!te A 1ri&it! cotiutu%ui &oitei st!te%or se3!t!re'

1.' Cla!i%i(area tratatelor
? %iter!tur! ro3@! de s1eci!%it!te, res1i0@du.se c%!si"ic!re! A tr!t!te%e0i si tr!t!te.
cotr!cte s.! !r!t!t totusi c!, re1et!re!, Atr.o re0%e3etere 9uridic!, "!r! ici o de2&o%t!re, !
uei or3e 1ree(istete A%!tur! c!%i"ic!re! uei !se3ee! re0%e3et!ri c! i2&or de dre1t' ?
cosecit!, u3!i tr!t!te%e c!re st!$i%esc or3e oi, cu u !u3it 0r!d de !1%ic!re 0eer!%!, cu
!%te cu&ite re0u%i de coduit! 1e c!re 1!rti%e %! tr!t!t %e.!u e%!$or!t A sco1u% de ! "i ur3!te de
u u3!r de st!te sut i2&o!re de dre1t, tr!t!te or3!ti&e' Desi0ur u tr!t!te%e.%e0i, deo!rece
A dre1tu% iter!tio!% u e(ist! %e0iuitor' Ce%e%!%te tr!t!te 5 desi0ur u tr!t!te%e cotr!ct
deo!rece este &or$! de Ate%e0eri Atre st!te, i!r u Atre 1erso!e "i2ice 5 sut tr!t!te
eor3!ti&e, desti!te s! st!$i%e!sc! r!1orturi 9uridice cocrete idi&idu!%e'
- !%t! c%!si"ic!re At@%it! A %iter!tur! 9uridic! occidet!%! 1oreste de %! "or3! si 3odu%
de Ac4eiere ! tr!t!te%or, deose$idu.se su$ !cest !s1ect# tr!t!te A sesu% A0ust si te4ic !%
cu&@tu%ui, !dic! tr!t!te Ac4ei!te cu iter&eti! "or3!%! ! or0!u%ui i&estit cu co31etet! de !
Ac4ei! tr!t!te, de o$icei se"u% st!tu%ui, si su1use r!ti"ic!rii s!u !1ro$!riiJ !corduri A "or3!
si31%i"ic!t!, Ac4ei!te "!r! iter&eti! !cestui or0!'
Deose$ire! 1ri&este, A s1eci!%, "or3! si31%!, eso%e3!, ! !corduri%or di ce! de.! dou!
c!te0orie Ecu3 !r "i !corduri%e Ac4ei!te su$ "or3! de ote, scrisori, 3iute s!u 3e3or!du3uri
se3!te de 1!rti, dec%!r!tii co3ue,etc'F, deo!rece si !ceste! di ur3! 1ot "i ueori su1use uei
1roceduri de r!ti"ic!re ori !1ro$!re'
V!%o!re! 9uridic! ! !corduri%or A "or3! si31%i"ic!t! este e0!%! cu !cee! ! oric!ror
B
tr!t!te'
Petru c%!si"ic!re! tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%e 1ot "i "o%osite 3!i 3u%te criterii, si !u3e#
+' Criteriu% 1!rti%or cotr!ct!te' Fo%osid !cest criteriu 1ute3 A31!rti tr!t!te%e
iter!tio!%e A# tr!t!te iter!tio!%e $i%!ter!%e si tr!t!te iter!tio!%e 3u%ti%!ter!%eJ tr!t!te
Ac4ei!te Atre st!te si or0!i2!tii iter!tio!%e s!u u3!i Atre or0!i2!tii iter!tio!%eJ
)' Criteriu% ter3eu%ui de &!%idit!te' Du1! !cest criteriu, tr!t!te%e se A31!rt A# tr!t!te cu
ter3e, ! c!ror !1%ic!re este %i3it!t! de o !u3it! d!t!J tr!t!te "!r! ter3e s!u &esice, ! c!ror
e(1ir!re u este %e0!t! de o !u3it! d!t! c!%ed!ristic! Ede e(e31%u, Tr!t!tu% de %! Mosco&! di
+B<6 1etru iter2icere! e(1eriete%or cu !r3! uc%e!r! A !d3os"er!, A s1!tiu% cos3ic si su$
!1!F'
6' Criteriu% 1osi$i%it!tii de !der!re' Pe $!2! !cestui criteriu 1ute3 A31!rti tr!t!te%e A#
tr!t!te desc4ise, %! c!re 1ot !der!, 1ri !ct ui%!ter!%, A 3od %i$er orice st!te Ede e(e31%u,
Tr!t!tu% de %! Mosco&! di +B<6 FJ tr!t!te Ac4ise, %! c!re !%te st!te u 1ot !der! dec@t cu
cosi3t!3@tu% st!te%or 1!rtici1!te '
Icerc!ri%e de c%!si"ic!re ! tr!t!te%or iter!tio!%e !u A &edere criterii 3!teri!%e s!u
"or3!%e' - c%!si"ic!re 3!teri!%! cost! A disticti! "!cut! de doctri! Atre tr!t!te%e %e0i si
tr!t!te%e cotr!ct. Ce%e dit@i !u o &!%o!re or3!ti&!K %e0is%!ti&!, i!r ce%e%!%te sut co31!r!te cu
cotr!cte%e di dre1tu% ci&i%' Ce%e di 1ri3! c!te0orie 3!i sut deu3ite si tr!t!te or3!ti&e.
Ace!st! deu3ire dese3e!2! tr!t!te%e c!re coti re0u%i 0eer!%e de co31ort!3et,
susce1ti$i%e, 1ri cotiutu% %or, s! "ie !1%ic!te de u u3!r 3!re de st!te, d!c! u c4i!r de
!s!3$%u% co3uit!tii st!te%or'
Tr!t!te%e . cotr!ct sut cosider!te ce%e c!re iter&i Atre dou! s!u u u3!r redus de
st!te si !% c!ror o$iect A% "or3e!2! o serie de 1rest!tii# reci1roce %! c!re se o$%i0! 1!rti%e si c!re ,
du1! uii !utori, Asi Acete!2 e"ecte%e de Ad!t! ce 1rest!tii%e res1ecti&e !u "ost Ade1%iite A
1r!ctic! r!1orturi%or co&etio!%e ditre st!te, $i%!ter!%e s!u 3u%ti%!ter!%e, este "o!rte 0reu,
!st!2i , s! "ie ideti"ic!te !u3ite tr!t!te c!re s! coti! e(c%usi& dre1turi si o$%i0!tii de ti1
cotr!ctu!% si c!re s! Acete2e de Ad!t! ce !u "ost Ade1%iite' Petru !utorii c!re !1reci!2! c!
e(ist! o !se3ee! distictie, criteriu% re%!&!t 1!re !.+ re1re2et! s"er! iterese%or !"ect!te de u
!u3it tr!t!t si u !tur! dre1turi%or si o$%i0!tii%or !su3!te, A "!1t, orice tr!t!t, du1! cu3 !3
&!2ut, cotie !u3ite or3e de coduit! si st!$i%este !u3ite dre1turi si o$%i0!treci1roce !%e
1!rti%or' Deci, distictiL ditre tr!t!te %e0i si tr!t!te cotr!ct 1re2it! do!r u !u3it iteres
istorie# si socio%o0ic, Atruc@t u e(ist! u re0i3 9uridic 1ro1riu "iec!rei! di !ceste.c!te0orii de
tr!t'
1.) I n(*eierea tratatelor internationale
+*
+','+ Notiue
Ic4eiere! tr!t!te%or re1re2it! tot!%it!te! !cti&it!ti%or si 1roceduri%or c!re tre$uie
ide1%iite, ! re0u%i%or c!re tre$uie !1%ic!te si ! !cte%or ce tre$uie e"ectu!te 1etru c! tr!t!tu% s!
se "or3e2e, s! de&i! o$%i0!toriu 1etru 1!rti, s! itre i &i0o!re, !dic! s! e(iste i co"or3it!te
cu dre1tu% iter!tio!%'
Re0u%i%e cu 1ri&ire %! 1ro$%e3!tic! &!st! ! tr!t!te%or !u "ost codi"ic!te 1ri dou!
co&etii#
3 Co&eti! di +B<B de %! Vie! Ei &i0o!re di +BC*F 1etru tr!t!te%e c!re se ic4eie
itre st!teJ
3 Co&eti! di +BC< de %! Vie! 1etru tr!t!te%e c!re se ic4eie itre st!te si
or0!i2!tii%e iter!tio!%e s!u itre or0!i.2!tii%e iter!tio!%e'
De !se3ee!, %e0is%!ti! !tio!%! cu1ride o serie de re0%e3et!ri, i!r di"erite%e tr!t!te
coti, de o$icei, si ue%e re0u%i s1eci"ice i c%!u2e%e "i!%e'
Autorit!ti%e co31etete i do3eiu% ic4eierii tr!t!te%or sut 1re&!2ute i Costituti! si
%e0i%e "iec!rui st!t, i!r 1etru or0!i2!tii%e iter!tio!%e i !cte%e costituti&e !%e %or' I 0eer!%,
1utere! e(ecuti&! E1resedite%e, 0u&eru%F !re !tri$utii i do3eiu% e0ocierii si se3!rii,
res1ecti& !1ro$!rii tr!t!te%or, i ti31 ce, 1!r%!3ete%e !u !tri$utii 1ri&id e(1ri3!re!
cosit!3!tu%ui st!tu%ui de ! de&ei 1!rte %! tr!t!te 1ri r!ti"ic!re s!u !der!re'

+',') Ne0ociere!
Pri3! "!2! i 1rocesu% de ic4eiere ! tr!t!te%or o re1re2it! e0ociere!, i c!dru% c!rei! se
e%!$ore!2! te(tu% tr!t!tu%ui Ecotiutu% 1e !rtico%eF' Ne0ocieri%e !u %oc itre re1re2e.t!tii
st!te%or, c!re 1ot "i# i31utericiti cu de1%ie 1uteri, ori cu !$i%it!ti s! ide1%ie!sc! !st"e% de
1roceduri i &irtute! "uctii%or 1e c!re %e deti i st!t'
Potri&it !rt'+EcF !% Co&etiei de %! Vie! di +B<B de1%ie%e 1uteri sut de"iite c! u
docu3et e3!!d de %! !utorit!te! co31etet! ! uui st!t si dese3!d u! s!u 3!i 3u%te
1erso!e i31utericite s! re1re2ite st!tu% 1etru#
+' e0ociere!, !do1t!re! s!u !uteti"ic!re! te(tu%ui uui tr!t!tJ
)' ! e(1ri3! cosit!3!tu% st!tu%ui de ! "i %e0!t 1ritr.u tr!t!tJ s!u
6' ! ide1%ii oric!re !%t !ct cu 1ri&ire %! tr!t!t'
Sut !$i%it!ti s! 1o!rte e0ocieri, i &irtute! "uctii%or 1e c!re %! !u i st!t, "!r! ! !&e! e&oie
de de1%ie 1uteri#
+' se"ii de st!teJ
++
)' se"ii de 0u&ereJ
6' 3iistrii !"!ceri%or e(tere,
,' se"ii 3isiui%or di1%o3!tice, d!r u3!i 1etru e0ociere! uui tr!t!t c!re se ic4eie itre
st!tu% !credit!t si st!tu% !credit!rJ
;' re1re2et!tii !credit!ti !i st!te%or %! o co"erit! iter.!tio!%! s!u 1e %!0! o
or0!i2!tie iter!tio!%! 1etru e0ocie.re! si !do1t!re! uui tr!t!t i co"erit! s!u
or0!i2!ti! res1ecti&!'
C!dru% e0ocierii tr!t!te%or, c! si !cti&it!ti%e i31%ic!te i !ce!st! "!2! di"er! i r!1ort de
c!r!cteru% tr!t!tu%ui'
S1re deose$ire de tr!t!te%e $i%!ter!%e %! c!re iiti!ti&! ic4eierii !1!rtie !3$e%or st!te si
e0ocieri%e se des"!so!r! itre ce%e dou! st!te, 1ri de%e0!tii o"ici!%e ori 1ri cores1odet!
di1%o3!tic!, i c!2u% tr!t!te%or 3u%ti%!ter!%e situ!ti! este 3u%t 3!i co31%e(!'
Tr!t!te%e 3u%ti%!ter!%e se e0oci!2! i c!dru% uor co"e.ite s!u or0!i2!tii iter!tio!%e,
ude u u3!i u3!ru% 3!re de st!te 1!rtici1!te, d!r si iterese%e %or deter3i! e0ocieri
ide%u0!te si co31%e(e 1etru o$tiere! !cordu%ui !su1r! te(tu%ui tr!t!tu%ui Ede e(e31%u
e0ocieri%e !su1r! 1roiectu%ui de co&etie 1ri&id dre1tu% 3!rii s.!u des"!sur!t i 1erio!d!
+B=6.+BC)F' Ne0ocieri%e 1ot !&e! %oc i co3isii, !1oi i 1%e, i!r tr!t!te%e sut red!ct!te i 3!i
3u%te %i3$i'
Ne0ocieri%e $i%!ter!%e se ic4eie 1ri co&eire! te(tu%ui tr!t!tu%ui de c!tre !3$e%e 1!rti, ce%e
3u%ti%!ter!%e se ic4eie cu !do1t!re! 1roiectu%ui de tr!t!t 1ri coses ori, de re0u%!, cu
3!9orit!te de )M6 E!rt'B di Co&eti! de %! Vie! di +B<BF'
+','6 Se3!re! tr!t!te%or
Ce! de.! dou! "!2! ! ic4eierii tr!t!te%or este se3!re! i &edere! !uteti"ic!rii te(tu%ui
tr!t!tu%ui' Auteti"ic!re! ise!3! !test!re! so%e3! de c!tre st!te%e e0oci!to!re c! e0ocieri%e
s.!u ic4ei!t si c! te(tu% 1e c!re isi 1u se3!tur!, 1ri re1re2e.t!tii %or, costituie "or3!
de"iiti&! ! tr!t!tu%ui, c!re u 3!i 1o!te "i 3odi"ic!t ui%!ter!% de ici uu% ditre st!te%e
1!rtici1!te %! e0ocieri'
Se3!re! !d re"eredu3 este o !uteti"ic!re cu c!r!cter 1ro&i2oriu, iter&eid !tuci
c!d re1re2et!tu% c!re ! e0oci!t u ! !&ut si i31utericire! de ! se3! de"iiti&J
P!r!"!re! iter&ie i coditii si3i%!re se3!rii !d re"ere.du3 si cost! i iscriere!, 1e
te(tu% tr!t!tu%ui ! iiti!%e%or u3e%ui re1re2et!tu%ui st!tu%ui i31utericit s! e0ocie2e si !re
c!r!cter 1ro&i2oriuJ
+)
Se3!re! de"iti&! este !ctu% c!re iter&ie c!d re1re2et!tii st!te%or !u 1uteri de1%ie,
ic%usi& 1etru ! ide1%ii !cest !ct si este si0ur! se3!tur! c!re d! dre1tu% st!tu%ui %!
i"!1tuire! 1roceduri%or ur3!to!re'
C! !t!re, se3!re! cu 3etiue! !d.re"eredu3 c! si 1!r!"!re!, re1re2et!d o
!uteti"ic!re cu c!r!cter 1ro&i2oriu tre$uie s! "ie ur3!te de se3!re! de"iiti&! ! te(tu%ui
tr!t!tu%ui 1etru c! st!tu% res1ecti& s! 1o!t! trece %! ce! de ! trei! "!2!'

+',',E(1ri3!re! cosi3t!3!tu%ui
A trei! "!2! ! ic4eierii tr!t!tu%ui o re1re2it! e(1ri3!re! cosi3t!3!tu%ui st!tu%ui de !
de&ei 1!rte %! tr!t!t' I 1rici1iu, 1!rtici1!re! %! e0ociere! si se3!re! uui tr!t!t u cre!2!
o$%i0!tii 9uridice 1etru st!tu% res1ecti&' Petru c! st!tu% s! "ie o$%i0!t 9uridic este eces!r u !ct
iter !% uei !utorit!ti st!t!%e cu !tri$utii i do3eiu' Totusi u st!t c!re ! se3!t u tr!t!t este
o$%i0!t s! se !$ti! de %! s!&!rsire! uor !cte c!re !r %i1si u tr!t!t de o$iectu% si sco1u% s!u, !t!t
ti31 c!t u si.! e(1ri3!t iteti! de ! u de&ei 1!rte %! tr!t!tu% res1ecti&'
E(1ri3!re! cosi3t!3!tu%ui st!tu%ui de ! de&ei 1!rte %! tr!t!te E!rt'++ !% Co&etieiF se
1o!te "!ce 1ri recur0ere! %! uu% s!u !%tu% ditre ur3!to!re%e 3i9%o!ce 9uridice#
r!ti"ic!re !cce1t!re, !der!re' A1ro$!re, oric!re !%t 3i9%oc co&eit'
I "uctie de !tur! tr!t!tu%ui se3!re! 1o!te !&e! u e"ect du$%u#
!F de !uteti"ic!re ! te(tu%ui tr!t!tu%uiJ
$F de e(1ri3!re ! cosi3t!3!tu%ui st!tu%ui'
Cosi3t!3!tu% uui st!t de ! "i %e0!t 1ritr.u tr!t!t se e(1ri3! 1ri se3!tur!
re1re2et!tu%ui s!u Eco"or3 !rt'+) !% Co&etiei di +B<BF i ur3!to!re%e situ!tii#
c!d tr!t!tu% 1re&ede c! se3!tur! &! !&e! !cest e"ectJ
c!d s.! st!$i%it, i !%t 3od, c! st!te%e e0oci!to!re co&e.iser! c! se3!tur! &!
!&e! !cest e"ectJ
c!d iteti! st!tu%ui de ! co"eri se3!turii !cest e"ect re2u%t! di de1%ie%e
1uteri !%e re1re2et!tu%ui s!u ori ! "ost e(1ri3!t! i cursu% e0ocierii'
I 1rici1iu, st!te%e de&i 1!rti %! tr!t!te 1ri se3!re %! !u3ite !corduri, c!re sut
deu3ite !corduri i "or3! si31%i."ic!t! Ee(ecuti&e !0ree3ets, i 1r!ctic! S'U'A'F, deo!rece se
cosider! ic4ei!te 1ri se3!re si itr! i &i0o!re "!r! ! 3!i "i su1use 1rocedurii di"ici%e !
r!ti"ic!rii s!u !%tei! si3i%!re' Ast"e% de tr!t!te sut de e(e31%u# sc4i3$u% de scrisori, sc4i3$u% de
ote, 3e3or!du3u% etc'
+6
+','; Itr!re! i &i0o!re si ire0istr!re! tr!t!te%or
De re0u%!, 3od!%it!te! si d!t! itr!rii i &i0o!re sut 1re&!2ute i te(tu% tr!t!tu%ui'
!F Petru tr!t!te%e $i%!ter!%e, itr!re! i &i0o!re este 1re&!2ut! %! d!t! se3!rii ori !
sc4i3$u%ui istru3ete%or de r!ti"ic!reJ
$F tr!t!te%e 3u%ti%!ter!%e 1ot itr! i &i0o!re %! u !u3it ter3e du1! de1uere! %!
de1o2it!r . u st!t s!u or0!i2!tie iter!tio!%! . ! uui !u3it u3!r de istru3ete de
r!ti"ic!re, !1ro$!re, !cce1t!re s!u !der!re Ede e(e31%u ;, C, ); de istru3ete s!u cu3 1re&ede
Co&eti! 1ri&it dre1tu% 3!rii di +BC), ecesit!te! de1uerii ! <* de !se3ee! istru3eteF'
Ire0istr!re! tr!t!te%or este o "or3!%it!te 1re&!2ut! i !rt' +*) di C!rt! -'N'U', ! c!rei
eide1%iire u ii !"ecte!2! "ort! 9uridic! o$%i0!torie, ci %i1seste tr!t!tu% de o1o2!$i%it!te "!t! de
or0!e%e -'N'U'
+,