I caduti della Grande guerra (1.

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Non facile trovare sui libri di storia anche solo delle notizie approssimative sui caduti della Grande guerra. Forse perch largomento spiacevole, o forse perch laspetto politico, diplomatico, militare finisce per prendere il sopravvento. Questi dati sono tratti da Wikipedia inglese (il sito italiano lascia alquanto a desiderare). Le note allegate sono importanti, perch permettono di capire la complessit dei problemi che gli storici devono affrontare quando si apprestano a fare un bilancio del costo umano di una guerra, dovendo fare i conti con fonti discordanti, dati erronei, quando non con vere e proprie falsificazioni. A questi dati aggiungo che, tra il marzo 1918 e il giugno del 1920 tutto il mondo fu percorso dalla epidemia nota come febbre spagnola, che oggi si ritiene essere stata causata da un virus (H1N1) passato dagli uccelli alluomo (un tipo di influenza aviaria). La spagnola sembra sia partita dagli Usa e si sia diffusa nel continente europeo e poi in tutto il mondo a causa dei trasferimenti di persone e degli assiepamenti dovuti alla guerra. Si stima che abbia fatto pi morti della guerra stessa (dai 50 a 100 milioni di morti in tutto il mondo).

Casualties by country (fonte: wikipedia)

Entente Powers Africa[1] Australia[2] Belgium[3] Canada[4] France[5] Greece[6] Indian Empire[7] Italy[8] Japan[9] Luxembourg[10] Montenegro[11] New Zealand[12] Newfoundland[13] Portugal[14] Romania[15] Russian Empire[16] Kingdom of Serbia[17] South Africa[18] United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[19] United States[20] Total (Entente Powers) Central Powers Austria-Hungary[21] Bulgaria[22] German Empire[23] Ottoman Empire[24] Total (Central Powers) Neutral nations Denmark[25] Norway[26] Sweden[27] Grand Total Population Millions 4.5 7.4 7.2 39.6 4.8 315.1 35.6 53.6 0.3 .5 1.1 .2 6.0 7.5 158.9 4.5 6.0 45.4 92.0 790.2 Population Millions 51.4 5.5 64.9 21.3 143.1 2.7 2.4 5.6 944.0 Military Deaths 61,928 58,637 64,944 1,397,800 26,000 74,187 651,010 415 See footnote 3,000 18,050 1,204 7,222 250,000 1,811,000 275,000 9,463 885,138 116,708 5,711,706 Military Deaths 1,100,000 87,500 2,050,897 800,000 4,038,397 Civilian Deaths Total Deaths Military Wounded See footnote 61,928 113,637 66,944 1,697,800 176,000 74,187 1,240,010 415 3,000 18,050 1,204 89,222 680,000 3,311,000 725,000 9,463 994,138 117,465 9,379,463 152,171 44,686 149,732 4,266,000 21,000 69,214 953,886 907 10,000 41,317 2,314 13,751 120,000 4,950,000 133,148 12,029 1,663,435 205,690 12,809,280

55,000 2,000 300,000 150,000 589,000

82,000 430,000 1,500,000 450,000 109,000 757 3,667,757 Civilian Deaths 467,000 100,000 426,000 4,200,000 5,193,000 722 1,892 877 8,864,248

Total Deaths Military Wounded 1,567,000 187,500 2,476,897 5,000,000 9,231,397 722 1,892 877 18,614,351 3,620,000 152,390 4,247,143 400,000 8,419,533

9,750,103

21,228,813

Footnotes
1. ^ Africa The conflict in Africa caused enormous civilian casualties. The Oxford History of World War One notes that In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle [33,100] The following estimates of civilian deaths during World War 1 were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Kenya 30,000; Tanzania 100,000; Mozambique 50,000; Rwanda 15,000; Burundi 20,000 and the Belgian Congo 150,000.[35] Included with the military casualties of the UK, France, Germany, Belgium and Portugal are Africans who served with their armed forces. The details are noted in the footnotes of the various nations. ^ Australia Included in total are 54,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]-. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [1] Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919-21[15]-. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war dead[11,237]. ^ Belgium Included in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]Official Belgian government figures for military losses in Europe were were 26,338 killed, died of wounds or accidents and 14,029 died of disease or missing, Total in Europe 40,367. In Africa: 2,620 soldiers killed and 15,560 porter deaths, total in the African campaign 18,270. Combined total for Europe and Africa 58,637[28,100] The estimate by UK War Office in 1922 was 13,716 killed and 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the records being incomplete." [11,352]. By US War Dept in 1919: 102,000 Battle Deaths[25,139] Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 85,000. 55,000 caused by food shortages and German reprisal victims and 30,000 the Spanish Flu[23,59-62]Prof. John Horne estimated the deaths of 6,500 Belgian and French civilians killed in German reprisals[30] ^ Canada Included in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.[6,85] The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 1919-21 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths[15]-. CANADIAN VIRTUAL WAR MEMORIAL contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of more than 116,000 Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country. [2]The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war dead[11,237]. Civilian deaths were due to the Halifax Explosion ^ France Included in total are 1,126,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. The figures of total military dead are from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1931[12]- Totals include the deaths of 71,100 French Colonial Forces ,4,600 foreign nationals and war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/18 to 6/1/1919.[12,414] The names of the Soldiers who died for France during World War I are listed online at [3] The French encyclopedia Quid reports that 30-40,000 foreign volunteers from about 40 nationalities served in the French army during 1914-18. Including Poles and Czechs, at the end of the war 12 000 were in the Czechoslovak Legions and the ethnic Polish Blue Army 5,000 Italians in a "Legion" commanded by Cel Garibaldi, 1,000 Spaniards, 1,500 Swiss. 200 American volunteers served with the French from 1914-16, including the Lafayette Escadrille[4]. Luxembourg was occupied by Germany during the war. 3,700 Luxembourg citizens served in the French armed forces, 2,800 gave their lives in the war. [5] They are commemorated at the Glle Fra in Luxembourg. The French Armenian Legion served as part of the French Armed forces during the war. Other estimates of French casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922, 1,385,300 dead and missing, including 58,000 colonial soldiers[11,352]By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths-1,385,000[25,139] Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 500,000. 300,000 caused by military operations, food shortages and 200,000 by the Spanish Flu[23,30-47], Civilian dead include 1,509 merchant sailors.[12,314] and 3,357 killed in air attacks and long range artillery bombardments[12,312-13] ^ Greece Included in total are 11,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing[13,339], The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000 military deaths due disease[6,160]. Other estimates of Greek casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed/died wounds 5,000; prisoners and missing 1,000[11,353]By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 7,000[25] Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 150,000, caused by food shortages and the Spanish Flu[23,80-81] ^ Indian Empire The Indian Empire included present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [6] Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 1919-21 and 1,841 Merchant Navy dead[15]. The 1922 War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead(including 2,393 British solders serving with the Indian forces)[11,237]. ^ Italy Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85] Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data[20]. Other estimates of Italian casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922 Dead 460,000[11,352]By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 364,000 [25,139]

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Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 1,021,000. 589,000 caused by food shortages and 432,000 by the Spanish Flu[23,52-59], civilian deaths included 1,107 due to air and sea bombardment[20,62-66]. ^ Japan War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army[19,111]. However, Michael Clodfelter reported the official toll was put at 300 KIA and noted that "A more reliable count of total Japanese military deaths from all causes lists 1,344 fatalities."[10,483]. ^ Luxembourg Luxembourg remained under German control during the war. Some citizens were conscripted unwillingly into the German forces. Others escaped to volunteer for the Allies.[31] 3,700 Luxembourgian nationals served in the French Army, of whom 2,800 died [32] They are commemorated at the Glle Fra in Luxembourg ^ Montenegro Michael Clodfelter lists 3,000 battle deaths and 7,000 missing and POW.[10,483]. However, the Yugoslav government in 1924 listed 13,325 military war dead from Montenegro [6,62-63]. ^ New Zealand Included in total are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [7] Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919-21[15]. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war dead[11,237]. ^ Newfoundland Newfoundland was a dominion at the time, and not part of Canada. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [8] The 1922 War Office report listed 1,204 Army war dead[11,237] ^ Portugal Figures reported by UK War Dept. include the following: killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,333 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW. Africans are included in these figures[11,354]. Another estimate of Portuguese casualties was as follows: By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 2,000 [25,139] Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 220,000, 82,000 caused by food shortages and 138,000 by the Spanish Flu[23,61-64] ^ Romania Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. The statistic of 250,000 military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office"[6,64]. Other estimates of Romanian casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: 335,706 Killed and missing [11,353]By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 100,000[25,139] Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 430,000, caused by food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu[23,76-80] ^ Russian Empire Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85] The estimate of total Russian military and civilian losses was made by the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis.[6,46-57]. Other estimates of Russian casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 1,700,000[11,353]By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 1,700,000 [25,139] A 2001 study by the Russian military historian G.F. Krivosheev- Killed in action 1,200,000; missing in action 439,369; died of wounds 240,000, gassed 11,000., died from disease 155,000, POW deaths 190,000, deaths due to accidents and other causes.19,000. Total war dead 2,254,369. Wounded 3,749,000. POW 3,342,900. [34] Civilian deaths from 1914-1917 exceeded the prewar level by 1,500,000 due to famine and disease and military operations.[6,268.] The following estimate civilian deaths on the eastern front during World War 1 was made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total civilian deaths on the territory of the former Soviet Union and Poland were estimated at 1,440,000, including 460,000 due to military operations.[35] ^ Kingdom of Serbia Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. The estimate of total combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis[6,62-64] Other estimates of Serbian casualties are as follows: By Yugoslav government in 1924: Killed 365,164 [6,62-63]. By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 45,000, missing 82,535[11,353]By US War Dept in 1919:(including Montenegro): Battle deaths: 125,000[25,139] Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 450,000, due to food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu[23,65-76] ^ South Africa Included in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [9] Totals include 380 military deaths during 1919-21[15]. The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war dead[11,237]. ^ UK and Colonies Included in total are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [10] The CWGC military dead figures include 34,663 deaths during 1919-21 and 13,632 Merchant Navy deaths[15]. The UK recruited Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theaters. [11] Included with UK casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers. [21,12]. The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with UK war dead in France. [12] Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 292,000. 109,000 due to food shortages and the Spanish Flu(183,577)[23,47-61]

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The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed the deaths 702,410 "soldiers" from the UK[11,237]and 507 from "other colonies"[11,237]. The figures do not include Royal Navy war dead of 32,287 [11,339] and the Merchant Navy war dead of 14,661, which were listed separately [11,339]; Figures for total RAF war dead were not given in the War Office report.[11,495]. The official "final and corrected" figures for British Army losses up until Sept. 30, 1919 were 573,507 Killed(including died from wounds and died of other causes); 99,868 missing and presumed dead; Total 673,375.[27,PartIV] Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 292,000. 109,000 due to food shortages and 183,577 by the Spanish Flu[23,47-61] The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 1,260 civilians and 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK.[11,674-678]. Losses at sea were 908 UK civilians and 63 fisherman killed by U-Boat attacks[18,78] ^ United States Official military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are 116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[13], The US Coast Guard lost an additional 192 dead [10,481]. United States estimated civilian losses include 128 killed on the RMS Lusitania as well as 629 crewmen killed on merchant ships, details given at United States Merchant Marine website[14]. ^ Austria-Hungary Included in total are 900,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. The figures of total estimated military dead are from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940, based on analysis of Austro-Hungarian War Dept. data.[17,179] Other estimates of Austro-Hungarian casualties are as follows: By Austrian Ministry of Defense in 1938: Military dead 1,016,200[26, VII, Beilage 37] By UK War Office in 1922: Dead 1,200,00[11,357]By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 800,000[25,139] Civilian deaths are those in excess of the pre war level, the primary cause being famine and the Spanish flu.[17,179]^ Bulgaria Included in total are 62,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. The data reported by the Bulgarian War Office was 48,917 killed, 13,198 died of wounds, 888 accidentally killed, 24,497 died of disease, "losses during the retreat from sickness and privations were much greater than the figures they possess".[11,354]. Another estimate of Bulgarian casualties was as follows: By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 100,000 [25,139] Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 100,000 due to food shortages and the Spanish Flu [6,268]. ^ German Empire Included in total are 1,796,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]. The official German medical war history lists the following confirmed military dead from all causes: Army 1,900,876, Navy 34,836 ,Colonial troops 1,185, plus an estimated 100,000 missing and presumed dead. [8,7-14]-To these figures we must add an additional 14.000 African conscript deaths during the war.[11,355]Total dead 2,050,897.[8,7-14]Other estimates of German casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 1,808,545 exclusive of 14.000 African conscript deaths during the war.[11,355]By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 1,600,000[25,139] Civilian deaths are those in excess of the pre war level, the primary cause being famine 424,000 and 200,000 the Spanish flu. The figures of civilian war related deaths are from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940, based on analysis of German government data.[17,78] 720 German civilians were killed by air attacks [11,678]. ^ Ottoman Empire Total Ottoman losses were approximately 5 million, the Ottoman Empire suffered among the greatest number of casualties per capita of all combatants. Civilian losses were caused by famine, disease and the Armenian Genocide which resulted in the deaths of about 1.5 million Armenians[22,77] The Armenian resistance (1914-1918) fought against the Ottoman government. Ottoman military casualties are from data in the Ottoman Archives that was published in Turkey in the World War by Ahmed Emin, Yale 1930. Military deaths include 305,085 killed or missing action and 466,759 deaths due to disease[14,211] Other estimates of Ottoman military casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 50,000, died wounds 35,000, died of disease 240,000 [11,]By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 250,000[25,139] Regarding civilian losses in the Ottoman Empire Edward J. Erikson [15]has noted To the military losses must be added the huge loss of life and productivity of the Muslim, Armenian and other Ottoman civilians killed or injured during the war He also noted that The empires productive Armenian population was largely gone[14,210-211]. ^ Denmark Denmark was neutral in the war but a part of Denmark was placed in Germany at that time, causing 3900 of 30.000 enlisted danes to die in German service, these losses are included with German casualties. 722 Danish merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines.[16] ^ Norway Norway was neutral in the war but 1,892 Norwegian merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines. Norway lost about 50% of its merchant fleet, percentage-wise the highest loss of any nation's merchant fleet in WWI.[17] ^ Sweden Sweden was neutral in the war but 877 Swedish merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed or sunk by mines. [18]