/DFLWWjLOYLDJJLRLOWXULVPR
Percezione, produzione e trasformazione

7KH&LW\WKH7UDYHOWKH7RXULVP
Perception, Production and Processing




DFXUDGL
*HPPD%HOOL)UDQFHVFD&DSDQR0DULD,QHV3DVFDULHOOR

3UHVHQWD]LRQH
$OIUHGR%XFFDUR)DELR0DQJRQH



FRQWULEXWRDOODFXUDWHOD
0DUFRGH1DSROL&DUOD)HUQiQGH]0DUWLQH]$OHVVDQGUD9HURSDOXPER













&,5,&(
 e-book edito da
&,5,&(&HQWUR,QWHUGLSDUWLPHQWDOHGL5LFHUFDVXOO¶,FRQRJUDILDGHOOD&LWWj(XURSHD
8QLYHUVLWjGHJOL6WXGLGL1DSROL)HGHULFR,,
1DSROLYLD0RQWHROLYHWR
ZZZLFRQRJUDILDFLWWDHXURSHDXQLQDLWFLULFH#XQLQDLW


Collana
6WRULDHLFRQRJUDILDGHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDGHOOHFLWWjHGHLVLWLHXURSHL
Direttore
$OIUHGR%8&&$52

Comitato scientifico internazionale
$OGR$9(7$ )DELR0$1*21(
*HPPD%(//, %ULJLWWH0$5,1
$QQXQ]LDWD%(55,12 %LDQFD*LRLD0$5,12
*LOOHV%(575$1' -XDQ0DQXHO0217(552620217(52
$OIUHGR%8&&$52 5REHUWR3$5,6,
)UDQFHVFD&$3$12 0DULD,QHV3$6&$5,(//2
$OHVVDQGUR&$67$*1$52 9DOHQWLQD58662
6DOYDWRUH',/,(//2 &DUOR726&2
$QWRQHOOD',/8**2 &DUOR0DULD75$9$*/,1,
/HRQDUGR',0$852 &DUOR9(&&(
0LFKDHO-$.2% 0DVVLPR9,621(
3DROR0$&5< 2UQHOOD=(5/(1*$
$QGUHD0$*/,2 *XLGR=8&&21,







/DFLWWjLOYLDJJLRLOWXULVPR
Percezione, produzione e trasformazione
a cura di*HPPD%(//,)UDQFHVFD&$3$120DULD,QHV3$6&$5,(//2


FRQWULEXWRDOODFXUDWHOD0DUFR'(1$32/,&DUOD)(51È1'(=0$57,1(=$OHVVDQGUD9(523$/80%2

‹E\&,5,&(
,6%1




6L ULQJUD]LDQR $,68 $VVRFLD]LRQH ,WDOLDQD GL 6WRULD 8UEDQD 8QLYHUVLWj GL 1DSROL )HGHULFR ,, %$3 &HQWUR
,QWHUGLSDUWLPHQWDOH GL 5LFHUFD SHU L %HQL DUFKLWHWWRQLFL H DPELHQWDOL H SHU OD 3URJHWWD]LRQH XUEDQD 'L$5&
'LSDUWLPHQWRGL$UFKLWHWWXUD8QLYHUVLWjGHOOD&DPSDQLD/XLJL9DQYLWHOOL8QLYHUVLWj6XRU2UVROD%HQLQFDVDGL1DSROL
6FDEHF6RFLHWj&DPSDQD%HQL&XOWXUDOL
6LDPR LQROWUH JUDWL D 6DOYR $GRUQR $QQXQ]LDWD %HUULQR 'RQDWHOOD &DODEL $OHVVDQGUR &DVWDJQDUR )UDQFHVFD
&DVWDQz *LRYDQQL &ULVWLQD *HUDUGR 'RWL *LRYDQQL /XLJL )RQWDQD $OEHUWR *XHQ]L 3DROD /DQDUR (OHQD 0DQ]R
)UDQFHVFD 0DUWRUDQR/XFD0RFDUHOOL 0HODQLD 1XFLIRUD 6HUJLR 2QJHU +HOHQL 3RUI\ULRX )XOYLR 5LQDXGR 3DVTXDOH
5RVVL 0DVVLPLOLDQR 6DYRUUD *LXVHSSH 6WHPSHULQL 'RQDWHOOD 6WUDQJLR 5RVD 7DPERUULQR &DUOR 7UDYDJOLQL 3DROD
9LOODQL*XLGR=XFFRQL


&RQWULEXWL H VDJJL SXEEOLFDWL LQ TXHVWR YROXPH VRQR VWDWL YDOXWDWL SUHYHQWLYDPHQWH VHFRQGR LO FULWHULR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH
GHOOD 'RXEOHEOLQG 3HHU 5HYLHZ , GLULWWL GL WUDGX]LRQH ULSURGX]LRQH H DGDWWDPHQWR WRWDOH R SDU]LDOH H FRQ TXDOVLDVL
PH]]R FRPSUHVL LPLFURILOPH OH FRSLH IRWRVWDWLFKHVRQR ULVHUYDWLSHU WXWWL L 3DHVL /¶HGLWRUH q D GLVSRVL]LRQHGHJOL
DYHQWLGLULWWRSHUHYHQWXDOLULSURGX]LRQLWUDWWHGDIRQWLQRQLGHQWLILFDWH

 ,OXRJKLGHJOLHEUHLD6LUDFXVDWUD$QWLFKLWjH0HGLRHYR
)HGHULFR)D]LR
8QLYHUVLWjGL&DWDQLD±6LUDFXVD±,WDOLD
3DUROHFKLDYH6LUDFXVD*LXGHFFDTXDUWLHUHHEUHLFRPPHUFLRWRPEHVLQDJRJDFRPPHUFLRRVSHGDOH

3UHPHVVD
6LUDFXVD q XQD GHOOH SRFKH FLWWj LWDOLDQH FKH SRVVLHGH FRPH 9HQH]LD XQ TXDUWLHUH SRSRODUH
QHOFHQWURVWRULFRGL2UWLJLDFROWRSRQLPR*LXGHFFD/DSUHVHQ]DJLXGDLFDLQ6LFLOLDqUHPRWD
HGqOHJDWDDOOHRULJLQLGHO&ULVWLDQHVLPRLQ2FFLGHQWH*OLHEUHLYLVVHURQHOO¶,VRODILQRDO;9
VHFROR DQQRLQ FXL )HUGLQDQGRLO&DWWROLFRGHFUHWz FRQO¶HGLWWR GL*UDQDGD
PDU]R  OD ORUR HVSXOVLRQH GDO 5HJQR GL 6SDJQD H GDL VXRL SRVVHGLPHQWL LO QXFOHR
JLXGDLFR FRVWLWXLYD OD SL LPSRUWDQWH FRPXQLWj QHOO¶,WDOLD PHULGLRQDOH GDO SXQWR GL YLVWD
HFRQRPLFRQXPHULFRFXOWXUDOH
/H SRFKH IRQWL DUFKLYLVWLFKH ULVDOHQWL DOOD ILQH GHO 4XDWWURFHQWR WXWWDYLD UHVWLWXLVFRQR LQ
PDQLHUDIUDPPHQWDULDVROR XQDSDUWHGHOODYLWDVRFLR±HFRQRPLFD D6LUDFXVD2ELHWWLYR GHOOR
VWXGLRqVWDWRLOUHFXSHURGHLVLWLVHJQDODWLGDOOHIRQWLHLOULVFRQWURGHOOHWUDFFHHVLVWHQWL&RQ
YHULILFKH VXFFHVVLYH H FRQIURQWDQGR JOL VWXGL HGLWL H L QXRYL GDWL UHSHULWL VL q SURYDWR D
UHFXSHUDUHODWHVWLPRQLDQ]DGLXQDSUHVHQ]DLQSDUWHLJQRUDWD

'DOO¶DOWRSLDQRGL$FUDGLQDDOO¶LVRODGL2UWLJLD


$6LUDFXVDLSULPLLQVHGLDPHQWLHEUDLFLVRQRDWWHVWDWL±FRQPROWDSUREDELOLWj±WUDLO,9HLO9
G&QHOO¶DUHDGL$FUDGLQDTXDUWLHUHGHOO¶DQWLFD3HQWDSROLJUHFDFKHIXDELWDWDFRQXQDFHUWD
FRQWLQXLWjILQRDO9,,,VHFRORVLWUDWWDGLXQ¶DUHDSUHFHGHQWHPHQWHXUEDQL]]DWDLQHSRFDJUHFR
URPDQDHXWLOL]]DWDVXFFHVVLYDPHQWHFRPHQHFURSROL
8QD IRQWH DJLRJUDILFD GHO 9,, VHF G & (QFRPLR GL 6 0DUFLDQR FROORFD QHL SUHVVL GHOOH
&DWDFRPEHGL6DQ*LRYDQQLODSULPDVLQDJRJDGHOODFRPXQLWjGLVWUXWWDGDL9DQGDOLYHUVROD
PHWjGHO9VHFRORLQTXHLOXRJKLVHFRQGRODWUDGL]LRQHYHQQHDSUHJDUH63DRORGXUDQWHLO
VXR YLDJJLR YHUVR 5RPD H IX XFFLVR GDJOL HEUHL LO SURWRYHVFRYR GL 6LUDFXVD 0DUFLDQR GL
$QWLRFKLD GLVFHSROR GL 6 3LHWUR /D IRQWH EL]DQWLQD IX LQ SDUWH FRQIHUPDWD GD DOFXQL
ULQYHQLPHQWLHIIHWWXDWLQHOODVWHVVD]RQDQHLSUHVVLGHOOH/DWRPLHGHL&DSSXFFLQL$OODILQHGHO
6HWWHFHQWRO¶DQWLTXDULR*LXVHSSH0DULD&DSRGLHFL±QHOFRUVRGLDOFXQH
HVSORUD]LRQL ± WURYz GHOOH OXFHUQH FRQ O¶HIILJLH GHOOD PHQRUDK LQ DOFXQH JURWWH YLFLQR OD
VFRJOLHUD 3XU QRQ HVVHQGR DVVRFLDWL DG DOFXQ ULWR TXHVWL HVHPSODUL IXURQR ULQYHQXWL
IUDPPLVWL D OXFHUQH FKLDUDPHQWH FULVWLDQH R SDJDQH 4XHVWR GDWR GL HVWUHPD LPSRUWDQ]D IX
DOOD EDVH GHOOH LQGDJLQL FRQGRWWH DOOD ILQH GHOO¶2WWRFHQWR GD 3DROR 2UVL 
O¶DUFKHRORJRURYHUHWDQRLQGLYLGXzQHOORVWHVVRVLWRGHJOLLSRJHLIXQHUDULGHO,9H9VHFG&
± VLPLOL DOOH WLSRORJLH VHSROFUDOL FULVWLDQH ± DWWULEXHQGROL D ³VHWWH JLXGDLFKH´ SURYHQLHQWL
GDOO¶2ULHQWHÊSODXVLELOHGXQTXHFKHOD]RQDGHL&DSSXFFLQL±QRQORQWDQDGDOOHFDWDFRPEH
GL6*LRYDQQL±IXXVDWDGDJOLHEUHLFRPHOXRJRGLVHSROWXUDLQHSRFDWDUGRDQWLFD/¶DELWDWR
HEUDLFRLQYHFHSRWUHEEHULFHUFDUVLSLDGRYHVWQHOO¶DUHDGHOOD%RUJDWD6/XFLDDQWLFDPHQWH


056JDUODWD6*LRYDQQLD6LUDFXVD&LWWjGHO9DWLFDQR3RQWLILFLD&RPPLVVLRQHGL$UFKHRORJLD6DFUD


 6XOO¶(QFRPLR GL 6 0DUFLDQR 3 0DJQDQR 6LUDFXVDQD (FFOHVLD , 6LUDFXVD $UFKLYLR VWRULFR GHOOD &XULD
$UFLYHVFRYLOHSS

©,QXQ¶DOWUDJURWWDYLFLQRJOLVFRJOLYLWURYDLQHOTXDQWLWjGLOXFHUQHSDJDQHHFULVWLDQHHGLTXHOOHFRQ
FDQGHODEUL GLYHUVH FURFL H DOWUL VLPEROL SDUWH GHOOH TXDOL OH KR GRQDWR DO SDWULR 0XVHRª * 0 &DSRGLHFL
$QWLFKLPRQXPHQWLGL6LUDFXVD6LUDFXVDS

 3 2UVL ©1XRYL LSRJHL GL VHWWH FULVWLDQH H JLXGDLFKH DL &DSSXFFLQL LQ 6LUDFXVD FRQ DJJLXQWD GL TXDOFKH
PRQXPHQWRHEUDLFRGHOODUHJLRQHªLQ54$YSS


GHOLPLWDWD GDO FRUVR GHO WRUUHQWH 6\UDNR UHFHQWL VFRSHUWH DUFKHRORJLFKH KDQQR LQGLYLGXDWR
LQIDWWLUHVWLGLDOFXQHDELWD]LRQLHERWWHJKHDUWLJLDQHGLHWjHOOHQLVWLFRURPDQD
1RQqDQFRUDFKLDURTXDQGRJOLHEUHLGD$FUDGLQDVLWUDVIHULURQRD2UWLJLDHFRPHVLVYLOXSSz
OD*LXGHFFDLQHWjPHGLHYDOH



2UWRIRWRGL6LUDFXVD,QGLYLGXD]LRQHGHOO¶DUHDGL$FUDGLQDHGHOTXDUWLHUH*LXGHFFD
HODERUD]LRQHJUDILFDGHOO¶DXWRUH

'XUDQWH O¶$OWR 0HGLRHYR D FDXVD GHOOH SULPH LQFXUVLRQL GHL 9DQGDOL $FUDGLQD LQFRPLQFLz
SLDQSLDQRDVSRSRODUVLOHYHFFKLHPXUDJUHFKHSUREDELOPHQWHDQFRUDHVLVWHQWLQRQHUDQRLQ
JUDGR GL IDU IURQWH DL YLROHQWL DWWDFFKL H DVVHGL &RQ OD ULFRQTXLVWD GL %HOLVDULR FDSLWDQR
GHOO¶,PSHUDWRUH *LXVWLQLDQR  G& OD 6LFLOLD HUD GLYHQXWD XQ 7KHPD FKH FRPSUHQGHYD
O¶,VRODHLOGXFDWRGL&DODEULDFRQ6LUDFXVDFDSLWDOH2UWLJLD±QXRYRFHQWURGHOSRWHUHSROLWLFR
H UHOLJLRVR± IX GRWDWD GL QXRYH IRUWLILFD]LRQL 7DOH SURFHVVR FRPSRUWz XQD FRQWUD]LRQH
GHOO¶DELWDWRGDOODWHUUDIHUPDYHUVRO¶LVRODSHUYROHUHGHOYHVFRYR=RVLPRWUDLOHLOG


/*X]]DUGL©/DVWUXWWXUDXUEDQLVWLFDGL6LUDFXVDLQHWjHOOHQLVWLFDªLQ$UFKLYLRVWRULFRVLUDFXVDQRV,9Y
,,,SS


&O¶$SROORQLRQIXFRQYHUWLWRLQFKLHVDGHGLFDWDDO6DQWLVVLPR6DOYDWRUHHO¶$WKHQDLRQGLYHQWz
ODQXRYD&DWWHGUDOHFRQVDFUDWDDOOD1DWLYLWjGL0DULDLQVRVWLWX]LRQHGHOODYHFFKLDEDVLOLFDGL
6DQ0DUFLDQRDG$FUDGLQD1RQqLPSUREDELOHFKHJOLHEUHL±GRSRODGLVWUX]LRQHGHOODORUR
VLQDJRJD±VLWUDVIHULURQRGHQWUROHPXUDGL2UWLJLDVXGLVSRVL]LRQHGHOOHDXWRULWjEL]DQWLQHXQ
ORURLQVHGLDPHQWRLQWHUUDIHUPDDYUHEEHIDWWRGDULFHWWDFRORDJOLLQYDVRULLQFDVRGLDVVHGLR,Q
QRVWUR DLXWR XQ¶HSLJUDIH ULWURYDWD DOOD *LXGHFFD QHOOD VHFRQGD PHWj GHO 6HWWHFHQWR
DWWHVWHUHEEH OD SUHVHQ]D JLXGDLFD WUD O¶9,,, H LO ,; VHFROR G & DQFKH VH DOO¶HSRFD WDUGR
DQWLFD VL GDWD XQ IUDPPHQWR UHLPSLHJDWR FRQ LVFUL]LRQH D FDUDWWHUL VDPDULWDQL ULQYHQXWR
QHOO¶DUHDGHOO¶$WKHQDLRQ3LD]]D'XRPR/¶LSRWHVL³EL]DQWLQD´WXWWDYLDqDQFRUDRJJHWWRGL
DQDOLVLHQHFHVVLWDGLDSSURIRQGLPHQWL
1HO9,,,VHFRORG&OD*LXGHFFDHUDXQD]RQDJLjHGLILFDWDHFDUDWWHUL]]DWDGDOODSUHVHQ]DGL
DOFXQLRUDWRULGLHWjSDOHRFULVWLDQD/¶DUHDSRVWDDPDUJLQHGHOODFRQWUDGD (SLVFRSDWXV]RQD
3LD]]D 'XRPR QHOOD IDVFLD RULHQWDOH GHOO¶LVROD HUD SDUWH LQWHJUDQWH GHOO¶DVVHWWRXUEDQR SHU
VWULJDVGLHSRFDJUHFDFRVWLWXLWRGDLVRODWLDIRUPDGLTXDGULODWHULDOOXQJDWLHPDQWHQXWRVLLQ
SDUWH ILQR DOO¶HWj PRGHUQD &RQ OD FRQTXLVWD DUDED  G& LO UHJLPH PXVXOPDQR IDYRUu L
FRQWDWWLIUDODFRPXQLWjHEUDLFDHTXHOOHGHOOHDUHHLVODPLFKHGHO0HGLWHUUDQHRH1RUG$IULFD
/DWROOHUDQ]DDUDEDSRUWzDJOLHEUHLVLUDFXVDQLVWUHWWLOHJDPLFRQODFXOWXUDHEUDLFDVHUIDUGLWDH
XQ PDJJLRUH VYLOXSSR HFRQRPLFR FKH HEEH ULFDGXWH ILQR DO  /D *LXGHFFD GXQTXH
LQFRPLQFLz D VWUXWWXUDUVL JRGHQGR GL WXWWL L VHUYL]L QHFHVVDUL VLQDJRJD RVSHGDOH PHUFDWR
EDJQLULWXDOLPDFHOOR6RWWRO¶DVSHWWRDPPLQLVWUDWLYRJLXULGLFRODFLYLWDVJLXGDLFDHUDGLSDUL
GLJQLWjGHOODFLYLWDVFULVWLDQDHFRPHWDOHHUDGRWDWDGLRUJDQLSURSULSUHSRVWLDOJRYHUQRGHOOD
FRPXQLWjDOFXOWRDOODVFXRODHDOODRVVHUYDQ]DGHJOLXVLHFRVWXPL,QWDOVHQVRODFRPXQLWj
JLXGDLFDHUDDWXWWLJOLHIIHWWLVLDGLIDWWRFKHGLGLULWWRXQDFLWWjGHQWURODFLWWjFKHJDUDQWLYD
DOODPLQRUDQ]DHEUDLFDXQDFRPSOHWDDXWRQRPLDVLDLQFDPSRJLXULGLFRFKHUHOLJLRVR
*OL HEUHL QRQ YLYHYDQR VROR QHO ORUR TXDUWLHUH PD VYROJHYDQR DWWLYLWj OHJDWH DO FRPPHUFLR
DQFKH LQ DOWUH ]RQH DELWDWH GDL FULVWLDQL /¶$O\DPD GL 6LUDFXVD SRVVHGHYD LQROWUH GLYHUVH
SURSULHWjQHOO¶DUHDGHO 5DEDWR TXDUWLHUH6SHUGXWD D QRUGGHOOD*LXGHFFD4XLQHOOD
IDPLJOLD 0HUOHV 0HUJXOHQVL DSSDUWHQHQWH DO FHWR GL PHUFDQWL HEUDLFL VHIDUGLWL RULJLQDUL GL
9DOHQFLD FRVWUXu LO SURSULR SDOD]]R GDOOH FKLDUH IRUPH JRWLFRFKLDUDPRQWDQH *OL HEUHL
VLUDFXVDQLQRQFRVWLWXLYDQRXQ¶HWQLDHPDUJLQDWDPDHUDQRSDUWHLQWHJUDQWHGHOODFRPXQLWj/H
DXWRULWj VSDJQROH WHQGHYDQR LQIDWWL D SULYLOHJLDUH OD FODVVH SURWRPHGLFD GHOO¶$O\DPD
ULVHUYDQGROHSDUWLFRODULEHQHILFLDLYHUWLFLGHOODVRFLHWjLPHGLFLHEUDLFLFKHLQYHVWLYDQRQHO
FRPPHUFLR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH HG RSHUDYDQR QHO VHWWRUH GHO SUHVWLWR VSHVVH YROWH VYROJHYDQR
PDQVLRQL DPPLQLVWUDWLYH HG HUDQR WDOYROWD VFHOWL SHU SURQXQFLDUH OH VHQWHQ]H DUELWUDOL SHU
ULVROYHUHLFRQWHQ]LRVLFRQOD&RURQD
'RSR OD FRQTXLVWD QRUPDQQD  O¶DUHD GL $FUDGLQD HUD RUDPDL XQ VREERUJR UXUDOH /H
FKLHVH H JOL RUDWRUL EL]DQWLQL TXDVL WXWWL SUHVXPLELOPHQWH DEEDQGRQDWL R DGLELWL D PRVFKHH
IXURQRUHVWLWXLWLDOFXOWRFULVWLDQRJOLHEUHLYLFHYHUVDPDQWHQQHURLOFXOWRHODORURVLQDJRJD
,QTXHOSHULRGRULVDOHODFRQFHVVLRQHDGRSHUDGHOYHVFRYRGL0RQUHDOHDOO¶$O\DPDGL
6LUDFXVDGLXQRVWDFFRGLWHUUDQHOODSDUWHEDVVDGL$FUDGLQDYLFLQRDO3RUWRSLFFROR4XLJOL
HEUHLUHDOL]]DURQRLOORURFLPLWHUR H[WUDPRHQLDFKHULPDVHHIILFLHQWHILQRDO7XWWDYLD


 6 / $JQHOOR 8QD PHWURSROL HG XQD FLWWj VLFLOLDQH IUD 5RPD H %LVDQ]LR 6LUDFXVD )RQGD]LRQH *LXVHSSH H
6DQWL/XLJL$JQHOOR

/¶HSLJUDIHULWURYDWDLQYLFRORGHOO¶2OLYRDOOD*LXGHFFDqRJJLIUDOHFROOH]LRQLGHOOD*DOOHULD,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDUHGL
3DOD]]R%HOORPRD6LUDFXVD

) 5HQGD *OLHEUHLSULPDH GRSRLOLQ ,WDOLD-XGDLFD*OLHEUHLLQ6LFLOLDVLQRDOO¶HVSXOVLRQH GHO
HGLWHG E\ 8IILFLR FHQWUDOH SHU L EHQL DUFKLYLVWLFL DWWL GHO 9 FRQYHJQR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH 3DOHUPR  JLXJQR
5RPD0LQLVWHURSHUL%HQL&XOWXUDOLH$PELHQWDOLS

*0$JQHOOR /¶DUFKLWHWWXUDQRUPDQQDD6LUDFXVD8QDSURSRVWDG¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHLQ ,OEDJQRHEUDLFRGL
6LUDFXVDHODVDFUDOLWjGHOOHDFTXHQHOOHFXOWXUHPHGLWHUUDQHHHGLWHGE\*0XVRWWR/3HSLDWWLGHOVHPLQDULRGL
VWXGLR6LUDFXVDPDJJLR3DOHUPR2IILFLQDGLVWXGLPHGLHYDOLSS


QRQ q SRVVLELOH VWDELOLUH FRQ HVDWWH]]D XQ¶DUHD EHQ SUHFLVD DQFKH SHUFKp ± DOOD PHWj GHO
&LQTXHFHQWR  OD ]RQD IX VWUDYROWD H LO FLPLWHUR GLVWUXWWR SHU UHDOL]]DUH OD FLQWD IRUWLILFDWD
GHOO¶LVWPR6RORDOODILQHGHOO¶2WWRFHQWRDOFXQHRSHUD]LRQLGLGUDJDJJLR±SRLFRQWLQXDWHQHJOL
DQQL6HVVDQWDGHO;;VHFRORSRUWDURQRDOODOXFHGHOOHODVWUHWRPEDOLFRQHSLJUDILLQFDUDWWHUH
JLXGDLFRGDWDELOLYHUVRODVHFRQGDPHWjGHO4XDWWURFHQWR

,OTXDUWLHUHGHOOD*LXGHFFD


1HO ;9 VHFROR 6LUDFXVD HUD FDSLWDOH GHOOD &DPHUD 5HJLQDOH RUJDQLVPR WHUULWRULDOH GRWDWR
G¶DPSLDDXWRQRPLDJRYHUQDWRFRQXIILFLSURSULLVWLWXLWLVHFRQGRLOPRGHOORGHOOD&RUWHUHDOH
VSDJQROD$OO¶HSRFDLOUHFLQWRIRUWLILFDWRGL2UWLJLDFRPSUHQGHYDLOFDVWHOOR0DUTXHWGLHWj
QRUPDQQD RJJL VFRPSDUVR D GLIHVD GHOO¶LVWPR H LO FDVWHOOR FRVLGGHWWR GL 0DQLDFH YROXWR
GDOO¶LPSHUDWRUH)HGHULFR,,VXOODSXQWDHVWUHPDGHOO¶,VRODJOLHEUHLVLUDFXVDQLHUDQRLPSLHJDWL
DOOD PDQXWHQ]LRQH GHOOH PXUD H VRVWHQHYDQR HFRQRPLFDPHQWH OD &RURQD LQ TXDOLWj GL VHUYL
UHJLDH FDPHUDH FRPH GLPRVWUD LO PRWLYR GHOOD VWHOOD GL 'DYLGH QHO FRUGRQH GHOO¶HGLFROD GL
3RUWD0DULQD
/D *LXGHFFD DYHYD UDJJLXQWR ILQDOPHQWH OD ILVLRQRPLD GL XQ TXDUWLHUH VWUXWWXUDWR (VVD HUD
VHGH GL XQD GHOOH SL LPSRUWDQWL ILHUH FLWWDGLQH FKH VL VQRGDYD OXQJR O¶DVVH SULQFLSDOH GHOOD
3ODWHD-XGDLFH DPSLDYLDFRPPHUFLDOH±VLPLOHDGXQVXT DUDER±FRQERWWHJKHSHVFKHULH
WDYHUQHHPDJD]]LQL6XTXHVW¶XOWLPDVL DSULYDXQDSLD]]D ± VDJUDWR FKHGDYDVXOOD PLVTXLWD
MXGHRUXP VLQDJRJD RJJL LQGHQWLILFDWD QHOOD SDUURFFKLD GL 6DQ *LRYDQQL %DWWLVWD FRPH
ULVXOWDGDXQDWWRQRWDULOHURJDWRLOJHQQDLR/DIDEEULFDULFRVWUXLWDHDPSOLDWDGRSR
LO WHUUHPRWR GHO  IDFHYD SDUWH GL XQ FRPSOHVVR VLQDJRJDOH FKH RFFXSDYD XQ LQWHUR
LVRODWRFRPSUHQGHYDDOFXQLFRUSLGLFDVHSURVSHWWDQWLVXOOD5XJDGHOOL%DJQLDWWUDYHUVRFXLVL
SRWHYDDFFHGHUHDOODVDODLSRJHLFDGHOPLTZHK
'DOOD 3ODWHD -XGDLFH V¶LQQHVWDYDQR SHUSHQGLFRODUPHQWH XQD VHULH GL YLFROL VHFRQGDUL
PHPRULDGHJOLDQWLFKLVWHQHRSRLGLHSRFDJUHFD1HOYLFRORGHOO¶2OLYR±OLQHDGLGHPDUFD]LRQH
GHO TXDUWLHUH D VHWWHQWULRQH ± q VWDWR LGHQWLILFDWR GDOOR VFULYHQWH XQ KRVSLFLXP SHU HEUHL
SHOOHJULQL UHDOL]]DWR VX FRQFHVVLRQH GL (OLVDEHWWD GL &DVWLJOLD QHO  ,O FRPSOHVVR
SROLYDOHQWHHUDRUJDQL]]DWRDWWRUQRDGDGXQEDJOLRGHVWLQDWRDOODFRQJUHJD]LRQHGHOFRQVLJOLR
HEUDLFR0RGLILFDWRQHOFRUVRGHLVHFROLLOFRPSOHVVRHUDSUHVXPLELOPHQWHPROWRSLHVWHVRH
FRPSUHQGHYDDQFKHXQYLULGDULXPRJJLLQSDUWHFRQVHUYDWR
$OFXQL VHWWRUL XUEDQL FRQILQDQWL FRQ OD *LXGHFFD H YLFLQR OD OLQHD GHOOH PXUD HUDQR VHGH GL
DOFXQHDWWLYLWjSURGXWWLYH1HOOD)HUUDULDGHPDUFDWDGDOOD 3ODWHD9HFKD RJJLYLD$ODJRQD
HUDQRFRQFHQWUDWHOHRIILFLQHGLIDEEULIHUUDLHVWDJQDLFKHULYHUVDYDQRDPDUHJOLVFDUWLGHOOH
ORURODYRUD]LRQL QHOODPHWjGHO ;9,VHFROR IXSURSRVWRGDO 6HQDWR FLWWDGLQRODGHPROL]LRQH
GHO FRPSDUWR SHU UHDOL]]DUH OD FDVHUPD GHOO¶LQIDQWHULD VSDJQROD SRL UHDOL]]DWD DOOD ILQH GHO
&LQTXHFHQWR DOO¶LQJUHVVR GL 2UWLJLD /D SDUWH D QRUG GHOOD )HUUDULD HUD OD FRQWUDGD 0DULV
-XGHRUXP GRYH HUD FROORFDWR ± VHFRQGR OH IRQWL± LO PDFHOOR GHJOL HEUHL YLFLQR OD WRUUH GL
0HVVHU 0DULWK RJJL EHOYHGHUH 6DQ *LDFRPR OD SRVL]LRQH ORQWDQD GDOO¶DELWDWR H SURVVLPD
DOOD OLQHD GHOOH PXUD SHUPHWWHYD GL JHVWLUH OH RSHUD]LRQL GL PDFHOOD]LRQH VHFRQGR LO ULWR
.RVKHU 'RSR LO  LO FRPSOHVVR IX RFFXSDWR GDOOD FRQIUDWHUQLWD GL 6 6HSROFUR H


66LPRQVRKQ©*OLHEUHLD6LUDFXVDHLOORURFLPLWHURªLQ$UFKLYLRVWRULFRVLUDFXVDQRYSS

 * 0 $JQHOOR 8IILFLDOL H JHQWLOXRPLQL DO VHUYL]LR GHOOD &RURQD LO JRYHUQR GL 6LUDFXVD GDO YHVSUR
DOO¶DEROL]LRQHGHOOD&DPHUD5HJLQDOH6LUDFXVD%DUEDUD0LFKHOL

 $ 6FDQGDOLDWR 1 0XOq /D VLQDJRJD H LO EDJQR ULWXDOH GHJOL HEUHL D 6LUDFXVD )LUHQ]H *LXQWLQD 
SS

))D]LR/HYHVWLJLDHEUDLFKHQHOYLFRORGHOO¶2OLYRHGLWHGE\*0XVRWWR/3HSLDWWLGHOVHPLQDULRGLVWXGLR
6LUDFXVDPDJJLR3DOHUPR2IILFLQDGLVWXGLPHGLHYDOLSS

/'XIRXU6LUDFXVDFLWWjHIRUWLILFD]LRQL3DOHUPR6HOOHULRHGLWRUHSS


WUDVIRUPDWRGDJOL$JRVWLQLDQLSHUUHDOL]]DUHLOORURFRQYHQWR VWHVVDVRUWHFRPHDFFHQQDWR
WRFFzDOODVLQDJRJDFRQVDFUDWDLQFKLHVDFULVWLDQDGHGLFDWDDO%DWWLVWD
/H &DQQDPHOH LQYHFH HUD O¶DUHD D VXG GHOOD *LXGHFFD GHOLPLWDWD D QRUG GDOOD 5XJD /DUJD
RJJLYLD/DUJDHFRQILQDQWHDVXGFRQLOTXDUWLHUHGHOOD7XUED,OWRSRQLPRRJJLVFRPSDUVR
IDFHYD ULIHULPHQWR DL WDQWL WUDSSHWL VSDUVL GRYH VL UDIILQDYD OD FDQQD GD ]XFFKHUR DWWLYLWj
ILRUHQWH VLD D 6LUDFXVD FKH DG $YROD SHU WXWWR LO 0HGLRHYR ,O FRPSDUWR FDUDWWHUL]]DWR GD
GLYHUVHFDVHSDODFKDWHIXLQWHUHVVDWRGDXQDSURIRQGDWUDVIRUPD]LRQHQHO;,,,VHFROR



,OPLTZHKGL6LUDFXVDQHOTXDUWLHUH*LXGHFFDSHUJHQWLOHFRQFHVVLRQH

/DUHDOL]]D]LRQHGHOFRQYHQWRUHJLRGL6DQ'RPHQLFRLOSLJUDQGHGL6LUDFXVDGRSR
TXHOORGHL *HVXLWL FDXVz ODSHUGLWDGL XQDYDVWD DUHDXUEDQD DOORVWHVVR PRGR DQRUGGHOOD
*LXGHFFD LO FRPSOHVVR FRQYHQWXDOH GL 6DQ )UDQFHVFR IX HGLILFDWR VX DOFXQH SUHHVLVWHQ]H
PHGLHYDOL,OTXDUWLHUHVLWURYzFRVuVWUHWWRGD³XQDPRUVD´HVHUFLWDWDGDOOD&KLHVDGDVHPSUH
RVWLOHDOODSUHVHQ]DGHJOLHEUHLGRSRODORURHVSXOVLRQHDOOD*LXGHFFDIXURQRUHDOL]]DWHDOWUH
VWUXWWXUHFRQYHQWXDOL6DQ)UDQFHVFRGL3DROD6DQW¶$JRVWLQRTXDVLDULPDUFDUHOD GDPQDWLR
PHPRULDH'DYDQWLDOFRQYHQWRGL6DQ'RPHQLFRXQ³YXRWRXUEDQR´GLQRWHYROLGLPHQVLRQLH
RJJL RFFXSDWR LQ SDUWH GDOOD VHWWHFHQWHVFD FKLHVD GL 6DQ *LXVHSSH KD LQGRWWR D GHOOH
ULIOHVVLRQL 6H HVFOXGLDPR O¶DUHD GL 3LD]]D 'XRPR TXHVWR JUDQGH VODUJR DOO¶LQWHUQR GL XQ
WHVVXWRFRPSDWWRKDIDWWRSHQVDUHDGHOOHGHPROL]LRQLGLFDVDOLQLGRSRLOWHUUHPRWRGHO
$OFXQH IRQWL RWWRFHQWHVFKH WXWWDYLD KDQQR FKLDULWR O¶HVLVWHQ]D GL XQ FLPLWHUR GL HSRFD
PHGLHYDOH 3XWURSSR O¶DEEDVVDPHQWR GHOOD TXRWD VWUDGDOH QRQ KD SHUPHVVR GL ULVFRQWUDUH OH
QXPHURVHWRPEH³DFDSSXFFLQD´GDWDELOLWUDLO9,,HO¶,;VHFRORG&ÊSODXVLELOHLQYHFHFKH
LOFLPLWHURVLDFROOHJDWR DOSULPRLQVHGLDPHQWRHEUDLFRD2UWLJLDLQHSRFDEL]DQWLQDHTXLQGL
PROWRSLDQWLFRGLTXHOORH[WUDPRHQLDUHDOL]]DWRQHLSUHVVLGHOSRUWR3LFFROR


 1 $JQHOOR ,O PRQDFKHVLPR LQ 6LUDFXVD &HQQL VWRULFL GHJOL RUGLQL UHOLJLRVL VRSSUHVVL GDOOD OHJJH  OXJOLR
6LUDFXVDSS


/¶HVSXOVLRQHGHJOLHEUHLGD6LUDFXVDSURYRFzXQDVFRQYROJLPHQWRQHOODVWUXWWXUDHFRQRPLFR
VRFLDOH H VXFFHVVLYDPHQWH OD WUDVIRUPD]LRQH GHL OXRJKL LQ FXL HVVL HUDQR LQVHGLDWL 'DO ;9,
VHFROR LQIDWWL 6LUDFXVD ± VRWWR JOL $VEXUJR ± GLYHQWz SLD]]DIRUWH PLOLWDUH $ FDXVD GHOOD
PLQDFFLDWXUFREDUEDUHVFDO¶LQJUHVVRGL2UWLJLDIXPRGLILFDWRFRQLPSRQHQWLEDVWLRQLH
OH YHFFKLH VWUXWWXUH GHOO¶$SROORQLRQ JLj WUDVIRUPDWR LQ FKLHVD EL]DQWLQD PRVFKHD DUDED H
FKLHVD QRUPDQQD IXURQR LQJOREDWH QHO QXRYR TXDUWLHUH PLOLWDUH  $OOD *LXGHFFD OD
YHFFKLD3ODWHD-XGDLFHFKHFRVWLWXLYDOD³VSLQDGRUVDOH´GHOTXDUWLHUHIXLQJUDQGLWDSHUHVVHUH
WDQWRDQJXVWDHWVWUHWWDJOL$JRVWLQLDQLFRPHDFFHQQDWRV¶LQVHGLDURQRQHOO¶DUHDGHO
YHFFKLRPDFHOORHEUDLFRYLFLQROHPXUDULDGDWWDQGROHVWUXWWXUHSUHHVLVWHQWLL3DRORWWLRVSLWDWL
DOOD *LXGHFFD GHPROLURQR XQ LQWHUR LVRODWR SRVWR GL IURQWH O¶H[ VLQDJRJD SHU UHDOL]]DUH OH
IRQGDPHQWDGHOORURFRQYHQWR3RFRGRSRLOWHUUHPRWRGHOQHOODYHFFKLD
3ODWHD-XGDLFHIXURQRDEEDWWXWHDOFXQHFDVHSHUVSLDQDUHLOVDJUDWRGHOODQXRYDFKLHVDGL6DQ
)LOLSSRFRQVDFUDWDQHO

&RQFOXVLRQL


6LD GD XQ SXQWR GL YLVWD FURQRORJLFR FKH JHRJUDILFR OD VWRULD GHJOL HEUHL SRQH QXPHURVL
SUREOHPL /R VWXGLR KD LQGDJDWR H FHUFDWR GL ULVROYHUH DOFXQH TXHVWLRQL OHJDWH DOOD ORUR
SUHVHQ]DD6LUDFXVDPRVWUDQGRDOFXQLGHLOXRJKLSLVLJQLILFDWLYL/DFRQWUD]LRQHGHOO¶DELWDWR
GD$FUDGLQDD2UWLJLDIXXQIDWWRUHGHWHUPLQDQWHFKHVHJQzLOSDVVDJJLRGDOODFLWWjDQWLFDDOOD
FLWWj PRGHUQD H OD VWUXWWXUD]LRQH GHOOD *LXGHFFD *OL HEUHL DELWDURQR LO TXDUWLHUH VHQ]D
PRGLILFDUOR PD DGDWWDQGR OH SUHHVLVWHQ]H VHFRQGR OH HVLJHQ]H GHOOD FRPXQLWj ,O TXDUWLHUH
GRSR OH WUDVIRUPD]LRQL XUEDQH FRQFOXVH QHOOD SULPD PHWj GHO 6HWWHFHQWR FRQVHUYD DQFRUD LO
FDUDWWHUHRULJLQDULRGHJOLLVRODWLGLHSRFDJUHFDODUHDOL]]D]LRQHGHLFRQYHQWLDPDUJLQHGHOOD
*LXGHFFD KD ULVSDUPLDWR LQIDWWL SDUWH GHOO¶HGLILFDWR HVLVWHQWH /¶DQDOLVL DSUH XQ FDPSR GL
ULFHUFDLQPRGRGDFKLDULUHWUDPLWHLQGDJLQLDUFKHRORJLFKHHDUFKLYLVWLFKHXQPRPHQWRVWRULFR
DQFRUDVFRQRVFLXWR

%LEOLRJUDILD


+ %UHVF $UDEL SHU OLQJXD HEUHL SHU UHOLJLRQH O¶HYROX]LRQH GHOO¶HEUDLVPR VLFLOLDQR LQ
DPELHQWHODWLQRGDO;,,DO;9VHFROR0HVVLQD0HVRJHD
1%XFDULD6LFLOLDMXGDLFD3DOHUPR)ODFFRYLR
5&DOLPDQL6WRULDGHJOLHEUHLLWDOLDQLGDOOHRULJLQLDO;9VHFROR0LODQR0RQGDGRUL
) )D]LR ©/D *LXGHFFD GL 6LUDFXVD $VSHWWL GL VWRULD XUEDQD WUD ;,, H ;9,, VHFRORª LQ
$UFKLYLRVWRULFRVLUDFXVDQRV,9Y,,SS
9 0XOq -XGDLFD &LYLWDWLV 6LUDFXVDUXP 9LWD HFRQRPLD H FXOWXUD HEUDLFD QHOOD 6LUDFXVD
PHGLHYDOH3DOHUPR2IILFLQDGL6WXGLPHGLHYDOL
,OEDJQRHEUDLFRGL6LUDFXVDHODVDFUDOLWjGHOOHDFTXHPHGLWHUUDQHHHGLWHGE\*0XVRWWR/
3HSL $WWL GHO VHPLQDULR GL VWXGLR 6LUDFXVD  PDJJLR  3DOHUPR 2IILFLQD GL 6WXGL
PHGLHYDOL
& 2UODQGR 8QD FLWWj SHU OH UHJLQH ,VWLWX]LRQL H VRFLHWj D 6LUDFXVD WUD ;,,, H ;9 VHFROR
&DOWDQLVVHWWD5RPD6DOYDWRUH6FLDVFLDHGLWRUH


©(SUHSRVWRLQGLWWR&RQVLJOLRSHUFKpO¶DQQLDGLHWURPROWLYROWLVLKDQHWUDWWDWRHWSUHSRVWRWDQWRSDEHOOLPHQWR
GLTXHVWDFLWWjTXDQWRSFRPXQHHWXQLYHUVDOHFRPRGRXWLOHEHQHILFLRGLWXWWL&LWWDGLQLDPSOLDUHHWLQJUDQGLUHOD
3LD]]D GHOOD *LXGHFD SHU HVVHUH WDQWR DQJXVWD HW VWUHWWDª $UFKLYLR GL 6WDWR GL 6LUDFXVD $66 6HQDWR Y
FFYUQRYHPEUH

 $66 1RW 6DQWRUR 0DQJDODYLWL YRO  FU  PDJJLR  1RW *LDFLQWR )DUUXJJLR YRO 
FUJLXJQR

$66*HVXLWLYEF


* 3DJQDQR ©/D *LXGHFFD GL 6LUDFXVDª LQ $UFKLWHWWXUD MXGDLFD LQ ,WDOLD HEUDLVPR VLWR
PHPRULDGHLOXRJKLHGLWHGE\5/D)UDQFD3DOHUPR)ODFFRYLRHGLWRUHSS
$ 6FDQGDOLDWR 1 0XOq /D VLQDJRJD H LO EDJQR ULWXDOH GHJOL HEUHL D 6LUDFXVD )LUHQ]H
*LXQWLQD
$6FDQGDOLDWR10XOq3HUFRUVLHEUDLFLD6LUDFXVD,OPLVWHURGHOODFKLHVDFKHQRQIXPDL
VLQDJRJDHGHOODVLQDJRJDWUDVIRUPDWDLQFKLHVD)LUHQ]H*LXQWLQD
66LPRQVRKQ ©*OL HEUHLD6LUDFXVDHLOORURFLPLWHURªLQ$UFKLYLRVWRULFRVLUDFXVDQRY
SS
66LPRQVRKQ7UD6FLOODH&DULGGL6WRULDGHJOLHEUHLLQ6LFLOLD5RPD9LHOOD
/7ULJLOLD6LUDFXVD'LVWUX]LRQLHWUDVIRUPD]LRQLXUEDQHGDODO5RPD2IILFLQD
HGL]LRQL
9=RULF©*OLHEUHLGL6LUDFXVDHLOFDVWHOORGHOO¶,PSHUDWRUHªLQ$UFKLYLRVWRULFRVLUDFXVDQR
V,9Y,SS