Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Configurazioni
Motore in linea
Disposizione dei cilindri su di un singolo piano.
Motore a V
Disposizione dei cilindri su due piani a forma di V
Motore stellare
I cilindri sono collocati in direzione radiali su uno o più
piani.
Motore piatto
I cilindri sono contrapposti
Configurazione V6 @ 60°
Configurazione V8 @ 72°
Ordine di
accensione
Forze di massa
Accanto a tali forze viene a generarsi anche una coppia alterna che si
somma all'effetto delle combustioni. Le forze alterne di inerzia, in
motori a più cilindri, si compongono in funzione dell'architettura e
possono originare un momento in direzione perpendicolare all'asse
dell'albero motore.
Forze di massa
Eccitanti alterne di inerzia in un motore alternativo monocilindro
Eccitanti alterne di inerzia in un motore alternativo monocilindro
Massa
acc = r * ω * [cos θ + λ cos( 2θ)]
alterna ma 2
ω = dθ / dt
F r = m r ⋅ r ⋅ω 2
F = ma ⋅ r ⋅ ω 2 ⋅ cosθ
1
F = ma ⋅ r ⋅ ω 2 ⋅ λ ⋅ cos 2θ
2
F r = m r ⋅ r ⋅ω 2
F = ma ⋅ r ⋅ ω 2 ⋅ cosθ
1
F = ma ⋅ r ⋅ ω 2 ⋅ λ ⋅ cos 2θ
2
Engine Orders
Engine orders are simply the amplitudes of the frequency components which are the multiples
of the rotating frequency. Engine orders, which are determined by an order analysis are
extensively used in the vibration and noise work to identify the source of excitation (order) and,
hence, its frequency of an engine induced problem. For example, a four cylinder in-line engine
will always have its second order component as the dominant excitation.
2E
In four-cylinder four-stroke engines this notation is often used to denote an engine order
where the frequency is two times the engine rotational speed.
3E
Basic firing frequency of a six-cylinder four-stroke engine.
4E
Two times engine firing frequency of a four-cylinder four-stroke engine. It is the basic firing
frequency of an eight-cylinder four-stroke engine.
where
Fi = Inertia force [N]
MREC = Reciprocating mass (piston mass plus approximately 1/4 conrod mass)
θ = Crank angle (zero at top dead centre)
R = Crankshaft radius [m]
L = Conrod length [m]
Note: if R/L<0.3 it is accurate enough to use just the first two terms.
Inertia force is obtained by multiplying the piston acceleration by the reciprocating mass and acts only in
the line of the cylinders.
Gas Forcing - The rate of rise and peak cylinder pressure of the diesel (13MPa at approximately 20° after
TDC) are approximately twice that of the petrol with the angle the peak occurs at typically 5° earlier.
Diesel and petrol combustion is random even at full load, worse at part load and particularly poor at idle.
Therefore, it is normal to talk about the average peak cylinder pressure (Pmax mean) and standard deviation of
Pmax. This variability both cycle to cycle and cylinder to cylinder is one source of half order excitation.
Equilibrium of Forces - The gas force that acts on the piston also acts on the cylinder head. The force on
the piston splits into two components, one acting down the rod and one acting sideways on the cylinder
wall. The forces are reacted at the main bearing but a couple exists between the horizontal reaction at the
bearing and the piston side force. This couple is equal to the crankshaft output torque, so the crankshaft
torque is reacted by forces on the engine structure.
The gas force components of the vertical force at the bearing is equal and opposite to the force acting on
the cylinder head, but of course the inertia component is unbalanced.
where
ti = Inertia torque [Nm] Richiamo sulla composizione
della coppia motore /2
Torque resulting from piston motion alone for a single cylinder engine.
where
tg = Gas torque [Nm] Richiamo sulla composizione
Pg = Gas pressure [Nm-2]
A = Area of top of piston [m-2]
della coppia motore /3
Torque resulting from gas pressure alone for a single cylinder engine.
Fgas =P* A
Fn =Ftot * sinβ
Te =Fn* x
Coppia
media
erogata
Gas pressure
Inertial effect
Resulting
pressure
Effetto
Effettodel
delfrazionamento
frazionamentosull’irregolarità
sull’irregolaritàdidicoppia
coppia
Fig. 1.4a
2Cil
3Cil
4Cil
5Cil
6Cil
8Cil
4 cilindri in linea
SUBARU
New Diesel boxer
5 cilindri in linea
6 cilindri in linea
6 cilindri a V 60°
8 cilindri a V 90°
20