THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. INTRODUCTORY NOTES. ‘The general subject of the Epistle is that the Messiah of the Old Testament Scriptures must suffer as on (Le. as Incarnate Mas), and that Josue is the Messiah, Apontsten. ‘To the Hebrews": to the nation und (Joha’T 38) alike, —Outvenndly for believers (¢p- 8.1} 6 land epposers (op. 6 8; 12.16, 16; 13,39) its ourliest name, Palestinian Jews and the Diaspora 10.3), is aimed at wavorers (op. & 16; 10.29, 83) Aurnonamie, The arguments in favour of tho Pasline authorship are much moro weighty than those in favour ofall other candidates put togetier, and may be stated thus — 1. The thoughts and remonings aro Pauls, whatever the etyle and language may be, All is other epietles swore written, to cirarches mainly composed of Gentiles, In wisinessing such an epiatle to Zebra he would Aaturally write ag an instructed ferite, ono Drought up “at to foot of Gamaliel, and taught according to the Derfoct manner of the law of the fathers” (Acts 22.3). Tt ig therelore fatile to arguo that if Paal were really’ Uhe author, the language nnd stsio would have beon in exact accord with thoae of the other epistea Had this Doan #0, t woald be an argument agemat, and notin favour of, Pus asthorehip, 2, There isa cortain amount of externsl testimony tlant Paul was the writer, but none as to any other, 8B. The testimony of 2 Pet. 8.98, 1, strictly interpreted, proves that Paul wroto an epistle to the Hebrews, aud if this is not the epistle, wher® is it? No tance of indication of any other ns ever Veen found. & Lisanonysity is eminently in favour of Pauline authorship. ‘The suspicion with which the Jews regarded Pasl, and their farions hatred of him (cp. Acta 21.2; 2.Cor. it. 2; Phil. 8.2; 1 Thean 2.16, Re}, would be famplo reason why, in addressing so important a letter to his own vac ‘ocessary at tho time of ita publication to eond out such an epist be handicapped with a name regarded generally by the Tows a8 ‘of tho value of an tinsigned articls in any important journal appl 5. Darw’of writing and publication, Owing to the fixed idea in the minds of most commentators that the reference to Timothy in 13:23 (980 note thero) must have bean connected with the Neroninn persecution, the date is usually assigned te & period shortly before the destraction of the Teaaple, which took place late In a:b. 68 (Ap. 60. VI}. The very inte guoea” ia Hage "it may have been written xt any time between sm 68 abd 8" ‘Tilis is vaguo and unconvincing. In Ap. 180 the chronological position of Hebrets le shown, 4.0, 88-64, Modern tradition places it after 2 Tim, circa 4p, 68, ‘That tho former is correct seems clear for the following. (a) If Hebrece was writton in or about the your 68, Paul's ministry had existed for twenty-two years (since fend Barnabas" separntion "for tha work, in 48, Asts 12,2) without the aid of a written stavomert of such ‘ount importariee as this. What was the immediate object of publishing then, only a year or two before Ehe destruction of the Temple, and very shortly before hia own sdenth (Tim, 4 0, a0 weighty an argument that Jesus was both Messiah and true Man, and aa Man moet have suffered? That the Old Covenant was dod and ity place taken by a New (Hiab. 6.18)? It isinereditie that the apostle who waa inspired to write ‘and publish Romane ae n comparatively carly date should not havo been allowed to put forth Llebreee tll ‘the very end of Ii ministry. "To tho Jew frst” is verily npplienble in this connexion, (@) Paul was at Jerasalom for the Council mecting (51) when the very subjects of Hebreus had evidently Deon bitterly discussed (Acts 16, 7). Shortly thorealter ho writes Thess. Land 2, both of which contain ‘polgnant references (0 “shamefel treatment” ab the hands of his own peuple. (© Some authoritative statement mast bo placed in the hands of even an earthly ambassador in regard o now and altered relationships botweon his sapromo head and thogo to whom he ia commissioned and sent ‘Tho 1010 ‘Feonty of Vorsaillea may be used as illustration. No representative there reported ultimately by ord of moth th country. fut ty pretation of copy of th entire rony Bo wih tig irene Foul, as God's smbasindar tothe Diaspora and Geesties, must havo had some documentary argument, ‘proof, and testimony, in support of his (and of Timothy's and. others) oral teaching and instruction, for ireniation among the "many thousasida” of Jews who belied ae and after Pentecost, yet all of wom were Ngealops of tho Law" (Acts 2.41; 4.4: 6.2; 21 20) and with whom Paul and his fellow workera mast has ‘come iato contact. To have attached hie own name to thie wosld have defeated his purpose, as abov ‘mentionsa. (@ The approximate timo therefore for writing and publishing auch a body of doctrine mast have been shorily aftor the beginning of his mlalatry, and, consequently, Hebrevs waa in all probability written daring the eighteen months of Paul's sojourn at Corinth, daring which ho was " teaching among them the word of | Goa” (Acta 15.11). (6) Lastly, weighty support is given to these conclusions by the position Hebrews occupies in the four most fraportant MSS, 8, A,B,C, and in others. ‘Ih some MS. Hebreso ts found in different positions with regard to the other books of the Now Tastament. In certain it appears as it stands in our Bibles, ut in these four, Ke (Codex Sinaia), A (Codex Alszandrinus), B (Codex Vatiennin), and © (Code Ephracms) fee placed after 2 Thetvalonians. ‘This testimony to the foregoing is sigaifcant, abd ia not to be lightly sct aside,THE EPISTLE OF PAUL THE APOSTLE HEBREWS. 4 {G0P, Who “at sundry simes and *in| TITLE, The, Most txt seed “To Hebrews”, Cp ab gigers manners “space time past "unto Mat il and «1 fathers by the ° prophet ; 2 EaEn cig heen dais tapoken Sunt | 1-1-2. 18(A.p. ken, DOCTRINAL INTRODUC. us ‘by His “Son, AUernation) 11,25, God spent ‘Whom He "hath appointed Heir of all things, 4. Son of God.” Better than angels, “by Whom “also He "made the" workis; A [2 a, God speaking. 3 Who being the “brightness of is *glory,| | B[ 2-18. Son of Man. Lower than angels, and the “expross image of Hl "person, and . upholding all things by the °word of His| at sundry time “power, “when He had °by Himself purged | Only here. “eur "sing at down °on the right hand of the |" ave Majesty “on “high; [npaxe. ‘Gr. taes, Ap. 121.7. 4“ Being made so much better than theangels, | in time past of old. Gr patat. Eleewhore, Matt. as He “hath by inheritance obtained a "ior | lett, Mark 16.44, Luke 10-13, 9 Petit Jude excellent ° namie “than they. into—to 5 °For ‘unto which of the angels said He at) b¥in.. Gren. Ap. 104 vil Brac eeagmich of He engl an Heat) Bi cherotten Thee"? And again, 3 will be to| jn... daya-at the end of theve dayne. at the ma eather, and pe shalt Be to me °A| paris and by sho nity of John. mn ine Gr eph AD. 104 iz. 9" Andagais, when He bringeth inthe "First-) Bon. hnjon, Ab. HOR No arte, tat ite begotten “into the * world, He saith, “And Tet atsenoa only "miro emphatically and definitely ex the angels of God" worship Him. {ress the exelusive character of HiaSonship". 8008. 7 And of the angels He saith," Who maketh | 1, 9-14 (0, stove). SON OF GOD. BETTER THAN ‘manners=in many ways. Gr. polutropoe, Mia angels “spirits, and Mis “ministers a flame "ANGELS, (Alternation) offre.” B/a-a,2, Glory of His Person and wor 8 But °unto the *Son He saith, ‘Thy throne, [eh, Soperiority over angels. © °Goa, ts “for ever and ever: '°a “sceptre of| | a | «12, Glory of His charactor and eternal being. “righteousness {2 the sceptre of Thy kingdom bi] 14. Superiority over angels, 9 Thou-hast lovedsrighteousness,and"hated | hath. Omit, by. Gr. dia, Ap. 104. v. 1. cintquity ; “therefore "God, ¢ en’ Thy 1God, | also. Read after “worlds”. ohath “anointed Thee with the oll of gindness | mado. Or, propared. shove Thy °fellows.” Worlds Gratin Ap. 120, Band 1510.44 Op 10 And, “Thou, *Lono, °tm the Deginning IL 3. ches cron of the ceatth and | 3 brightness=effulgence, Gr, opavgasma. Only ee at Ce Oia oe Ne hanaee hers, Cp. Wisdom 7 as, glory. Seo p. 1811. the"heavensare the works ofThinehands: | ere, Cp Wisdom Ts. glory. Seap 1611, ‘word meant the exact impression ag when metal ia, pressed into di, or ass seal upon wax. paragon rabstance. Gr. Muposante. Seo2Cor.8.4. word Gr. rhéma. Seo Musk. s2. power. Gr. dumamia Ap 172.1. when, &c.—having made purification oh Dy Himself, ‘The texte omit, our. ‘The texts omit” sins. Gr. hamartia. Ap. 128, Lit. fon. Gren Ap, 108. vill. Majesty. Gr. megalomnd, Only hero, 81. Jude 38.” high. Op. Pr. $8.4; 118.4, 4 Being made—Having become, hath... obtained =bath inherited, ‘more excellent. Gr, diaphoros, Sea Rom. 12%. mame. Cp. Acted. 24; 1% Ten 9.¢. than, Gr. para. Ap. 104 xiL 8 B For... Theo? Fig. Erottss, “Ap. 6. begotten, fo. =broaght, Theo to the “Lerab reeurree: fiom, when the Son became the gloritied federal Head of's new order of beings. Cp.6.8; Acte 18,33, Hom, Lt with t Cor. 15. 48, &e., nnd Ps. 7 (Sept) jor (Gr. els) a, Quoted ftom Ps. 2.1, whieh, with ‘Acts 18.24, tells us that this day was the day of His resurrection. Father. Ap. 08. 111.’ @ ‘And, Ke, Road, "Bat when He again shall have brought in” Gp. 1 Thess. 414. Pirstbegotten. Gr. proto. tokoe, Seo Rom. 8.32. Col Lis," into. "Grisia, Ap. 104 vi world. Gr. oikoumena. Ap. 120 worship. Gr prostuned. Ap. 187, 1, Quoted from Deut. 2. #3, whieh in the Sept, reads, “Rejoice, yo Heavens; togetier with Tim, and. lot ell the angela of God worthip Him. Rejoice, ye nations, with His people, ke" 7 ofawith reference to. Gr. pron Ap. 104 xv... spirits, Ap. 101 IE 11.” minis- Hors, "Gr. leourgoe Ap. 100. 1.4. "This verse In from the Sept. of Pa. 104.4. @ unto, Gr. pros aa. God. Ap.0STi2- forever, &e. Ap 151. TT. Ai, 6. her -acaptre. ‘Cp. Ps.2.0. Rev. 2.2 Highteotsneas—rightnoss. “Gr. eulutze” Seo Ap. 191.8. 9 bast loved=lovedst. Gr. ogypad. Ap. H-T 1. righteousness, Gr. dikoiseun. Ap 101, 8, bated-=batedst. iniquity. Gr. anoméa, Ap. 138 111, thorefore-—because of (Ap 108-¥.2) thin. hath. Omit. anointed. Cp. Luke 4.16, ‘Abis 4-27; 10,98. 2 Gor. tl. above. Gr. fellows, Gr. metcchon Hore, 9. G4; Ta", and Lake 5.7, “Quoted from Ps. 48.6 VELA TB a. inthe boginning. Gr. kat arches. Soo John 1. 1, Aidst found.” Gx. themelion “Ap. 148. earth, Gr gt. Ap. 120. & ‘Of n0 other could this be mid. 10 Lor: Ap. 98. foundation, Lit, eo Matt. 6.8, 10, ieBC Lu. but Thon orematnest old asdoth a garment; jure shalt Thou *fold them they shall be °changed: but Thai art fe, and Thy years shall °not fail.” LL They shatt perish and they alisha ® 12 And up, ah 18 But °to which of the angels said He at any time, “Sit °on My right hand, until X make Thine enemles °Thy footstool”? 14 Are they “not, all °ministering spirits, sent forth °to minister *for them who "shall ‘be heirs of salvation? Q “Therefore we ought to “give the more ‘earnest heed to the things which we have Ineard, "lest “at any time we should let hem slip. 2'For°if the “word ° spoken “by angels was stedfast, and every °transgression and *dis- obedience received a ‘just’ "recompence of reward; ‘3 How shall we escape, “if we neglect so great salvation, “which at the first began to be Yspoken ! by the °Lord, “and was * confirmed unto us “by them that heard Him; 4° God also “beating them witness, both with signs and wonders, and with divers “miracles, gnd "gifts of the *Holy Ghost, "according t6 His own * will? 5 °For *unto the angels hath He not put in ‘subjection the “world to come, “whereof we G But “onein a certain place “testified, saying, ‘What fs°man, that Thou Sart mindful of him? or the°Son of” Man, that Thou’ visitest Him? 7.Thou °madest Him °a ttle lower than ctheangels; Thou °erownedst Him with °slory and honour,and didstset Him °over the works of Thy hands ‘8 Thou hast Sput all things in subjection under His feet.” For ‘in that He Sput all in subjection under Him, He left °nothing that is “not put under Him. But °now we °see “not yet all things *put under Him, 9 But we see *Jesus, Who was *made 7a, little lower "than “the angels, “for the suffer- ing of death, "crowned with "glory and honour, 8. 5-18 (8, p. 18%), SON OF MAN. BL CLS, &. God's parpos D3, ¢- Mana equipme First Adam's fe rarpore fallled in Prrenthesia (Ap! 6) inserted, HEBREWS. — “world. Gr. oikounene (Omit the comina after "death 2.9, 12 remsinest. Gr. diawend. Seo Gal. 2. ¢, wax old. Ge. palaiog. Only here, & 12, Luke 12.13, 12 vosture. Grperitotaion. Only horoand3 Cor.tl. 12, fold... upsroll...up. Gr. heli, Only here, But sea Rov. 6. 14 changed. Gr. allaest, See Acte 6,14. Bee on he 05 i, Gr elaip” Omiy hero and Lake 16,0 2292. Verse ors are from Pe 10 Bato." Ge" pron "Ap d0U 3. aes cr Thy footstool sn footstool (Gr. hupopadion) of Th fost. See Matt, 22, 44, Cited from Ps. 110, 2 ” TA not AD 108, Tay | Inistertng. “Gr. tstowrgtoe. Only here. Op. 1+ and Ap We ost Hoth apt, Ap 1741 | fe ministor tic ei) Mhaitry” (Gr, alakonta | Ap. 190, TI. 1). “ » ‘ fron accouat of, Gr. da. Ap. 04 v. 2 tall be botres aco about to ihre} cp 2 2 2 wherefore On account of (Gx. dia, Ap, 104, v9 th ‘eiv9, €o, Tit. give heed more abundantly. foot.” Gr. md ap 108.1 ¥ Toot... sipmtoet ae show tt mr how bitte," Only hoe ‘et any time heply. Bite Gre. Ap TI 2 n. ord. Gr. logon™ Ap, 121 10, spoken, Gr fated, Ap. 121.7, by. Gr. dia. “Ap. 104%. 1 stodfast. Gr. bebioe. Seo Rom, 4.1%. Cp. o. {ransgression, Gr. parabaain. Seo Rom, %, 3. | Apis Vie. Sisobedionce, Gx paratee, Ap. 128, ¥. 2 Suet, “tir endinon. “Seo ap, 303. Fooompence, te, Gr. mishapedosia, Only here, free; Dh te.” Gp. ta 3.if' wo nogleot~ neglecting. ve, I which, Ke, Lit, receiving a beginning. Lord.” Ap. 98. Veig.2 A contirmad, “Gr hebaiod. Se Rom. 18.5 unto. Gres Ap. 101 vi By. Ge Ang, Ap. 104.3 God. Ap 08 2 3. Soaring op, Ge, ameled. See - Omit, Sco Ap. 178, 8,2, 1. ‘merirmon.” Only hore’ and oly Ghost. Ap. 101. IL 14, ‘according to. Gr, kata, Ap. 104. x will. Gr. telzss. Only here. Cp. Ap 102.2, 2. 8-16 (For Structure eco below} 5 For, &c Read, “For not (Ap, 105. 1) to angels aid He Subject unto=te, Ap 128.8 op. tne LOWER THAN ANGELS. Alteration.) [Not angels, but man, to have dominion, for dominion, a His fitness for dazainion whereof -concering (Gr. peri Ap. 104. xiii) which @ one Ap. 1988. testified. Gr. alamar- uromai See Acta? #0, man. Gr. anthripos "Ap. 128, 1.” art mindful. Gr, mimnéakemat Op. 18-3 Son of Man, See Ap. 98 XVI, No article. viaitost, Gx. episkeptomat. Ap. 180,11 6. madeat| latiog, “Only here, v9, and Jobn 8. 10 (decrease a little for litle while, than: ‘he, Omit.’ crownedst. Gr. stephanod. Seo 2 Tim. glory. Seo p. 1811. Cited fromPs.8.4s, Bin. Gren. Ap 104, vii. nothing. Gr oudes, Tim, 1.2. This issaid by Fig Proféprinor Anticipation, Ap.é. “now. Empte " ot yet. Gr. cup,” putunder-aubjectedto, 9'see, Gr blepa. AP. 189. 1,6. “Rend, "600 Him Who was mado... angele, even Je Tens. Ap 08.X. for... honour. for=becnise of. Ge dia. Ap. 104 ¥, 3 1325