NOTES ON THE STRUCTURE OF JONAH (Pace 1246). For the Cayoxrcat ontor and place of the Prophets, see AB. 1, and p, 1206, For the Cuncwotowcas order of ehe Prophts, ase Ap. 7. For the Inter-relation of the Prophetic Book, see Ap. 76 ‘For the Formula of prophetia utterance, 0 Ap. 1 For References to the Pontateuch by the Prophots, $00 Ap. 92. or the Inter-relation of the Minor (or Shorter) Prophets, see pp. 1208-7. "The luo to tho date is given in 1.1: which, by comparison with » Kings 14, 25, falls within tho ti .d the eurlior yours of Unziah thetefore abot 600 m.. (eee Ap, 00, p. 89 jes are practically unanimous in declaring thet tha book is @ " combination of allegory and ‘augth”. But tho tact that Jonah the propliet was « historic personage is scttled by Kings 1d, And toe fact that tho prophecy, with its gront miracle, was referred to by Christ as a type of Himmselt places the bock it ke ha position as any other prophecy. ‘The Century Bible says that “wo aro not to conclade that the litera? vaiey of tho history of Jonah iy blighed by this reference” (nots on Mast. 12.40, p, 208). Buty aba from the fet that the Lawd soteered to ‘the Queen of Sheba in the very next sontonce, and thus places ‘Fonth on the same level of lieral vallaley’ ‘the question is placed boyond all controversy hy the furthor fact that goven times in John's Gospel the Lord Geclarod that ovary one of His words that Ho ultored was given Him to apouk by the Faiber tos below), ‘Those ‘ho strike at these words of Obiict aro striking a Gout Hiraself, and are making the whole of Divine Revelation ‘ot none effect. “All the pwerile and fanciful gerumptions wed for arguments are swept away with tae stroke, fand aro overwhelmed hy this decisive and sonclusiv fot. Modem erties must now perforce Rad the answers to thoir own objections, We need not bo at tho pains to repeat the refutation of thelr nsmurmption, thal because certain words have not boon requived or nocesitated hy tho subjosts ot the earlier Soripturen therefore such words did naz exist bofore, and are thas evidences of the book's Leing waitten at n inter periea of there, Only a mind already hontile could invent such a proposition, and only those who are iguotane at the laws of evidence” could make use of Ie ‘Tho prophecy of Jongh is literal history, and is besides a twofold type, Q) Ho was « typs of tho death, burial, tnd resurrection of ome Lord ; gee Matt, 12.40, where the “as” and tho'¥'g0” aro suficlent to show us that a'man’s being miraculously Kept ative for & particular period cam be Be type of another's being dead ond buried for the wanis perio. ‘As our Lord was raised from the dead st the end of that périod (ste Ap, 158), 9 Jonah must fave bees, ak airsenloualy, rained from the daca, Sonah’s prayor could have been uttered in tho last few tnoments of lift. Tn any casa the words of the prayer wore not written down til after he bad been vornited up slive (Jona 2 1-10), (“As Tonah was a sign unto the Ninevites, so shall also the Son of Man be to this generation (Euko 11,30). That generation wero as grieved and angry at the faith and repentance of thoso to whom the resurrection of our Lord was proclaiined, as Jonah was at the ropentance of tho Ninevites. ‘Both these types wero lidden in the history by the One Who knew the end from the beginning, and are Aeclared to be so by Him of Whom Jehovah aaid, “will put My words ia Bis mouth Seven tinge ia Fohn's Gospel our Lori testified to the fuldlment of that promise = “My doctrino (Le. teaching) is not Mino, but His that eout Be” (7.10) “as My Father heth taught Mo, I speak thoss things” (, 28) “Why do yo not believe Ma? ‘Ho that Js of God henreth God's words: ye therefore hear them not, focante yo aro not af God” 46,42) 1 have not spoken of (or from) Myself ; but the Father which sent ¥ what T'should say, and wioat T shonla speak” (12, 4) “The words that T speak uote you T speek 0t of Ge, from) Mytelt: but the Father that dwellsth in Mo" 10}. “The word which yo hear is not Mino, bat the Father's Which sent Me" (14, 24) “Thhavo givon unto them the words which Thou {the Father} gavest Me” {17 9) ‘The Century Bite (Jonah ; Intcodaotion, y, 200) may sty : “Tt is humilisting for @ commentator to collect Aoubtiul stories of sailors swallowed by sharks and vomited ont alive.” ‘Those ie truth im this, Wet if wo recognise te fact that the word "alive", inolades the thonght of resurrection, then wa have atsple svigene| ant this is conveyed and taught by the “as” and "go" in Mit. 12 46, Tn Any enss we have to romeraber {he words of Jehovah in Deut. 18 14, 19: 1 ill put. My words in Ha mouth, and He shall speak ato them Ul that Pshail command Himn, Aud it shall comet pass, that whosoever will hot hearken. to My words wbick Ho shall speak in My name, I will require it of hitm,”” We leave thy question with these solemn wort? ‘ST will roquite it of hima ‘The notes will show us Jonah, not ase wayward, thoughtless hilt, bué asa “men of God", willing to sacrifice himself (mistakuaiy, of course} in orter to nave his nation. le kiiew thet Assyria at chet time was im gremt difficulties. ‘There is a silonco of eighteon vonrs in Asiyrian history at thet time, and the slisroundsng sation | ‘were beginning to assert themselves, Jonal had just bean eoraaasioned to encourage Tevael to. restores position (@ Kings 14.28, 26). He mnst havo known also that Nineveh (Assyria) was to be Jehovah's fot of jadgesont fo Israel. "He lniew the wallmown character of Jehovah, and feared that if 4o made Jehovah's prociasnation ‘Nineveh might repont, and her overthrow be averted. Sea Jehoval's words 2) Tf, however, for the sako of his ution, he did not make the Proclamation at all, Ninaveb might be overthrown and Israel soved. Ho was mistaken, and had to be corrected (eh. & 4-1) ‘The great lesson of the hook isnot “Jehovah's cars for children and cattle”, Ke, but that the devices of man shall not frustrate His purpose, and that wha Be hath auid shall surely come to pasa ‘That is the lesson which gives to the book a dignity and importanes which is worthy of i, and ofits place in the ‘Word of Gol, fe, Ho gave mo a commandment, weet690 A (p. 1248) B) DADF EH) JON AH. 1 NOW." the word of “the LORD came unto * Jonah ° the son of “Amittai, saying, 2 ° Arise, go to “Nineveh, that great city, and °cry against it; for *their ° wickedness is come up before Me," '3 But ! Jonah °rose up to flee unto ° Tarshish ‘from the presence of ‘the LORD, and went down to Joppa; and he found a "ship going fo'"Farsbist': so “he paid the fare thereof, Jana went down into it, to go with them unto, ‘Tarshish °from the presence of !the LOR. 4 But ‘the LORD sent out a great ° wind into the sea, and there was a mighty tempest in the sea, so that the “ship ° was like to be broken. 5 Then the “mariners were afraid, and °cried cevery man unto his god, and cast forth the 1. 1 the word of the Lonp came, This statement istinanswerable, and covers the truth of the whole con- tonte of this book, ‘This, oF a like expression oeeurs seven tires in Jonah (1.17 2 10; 81,5 4-448, 1), ‘the LORD. Heb, Jehovah. Ap. 4. TE. ‘onah is the prophet named and deseribed in2 Kings 14.28. Ho was anative of Gath-hephon, now el Meahhed, ‘threo miles north-east of Neaareth. Nazareth waa in lilo (s00 Ap. 169). The statement of the Pharisees in Jobn 7. st was noe tra ‘the on of Amitiai. "Soo 2 Kings 14. ‘Amittai=the truth of Jehovah, ‘2 Arise, go. Contrast “rose up to lea” (e 3) Nineveh. Op, Gon, 16.11, 12. Mentioned again in 82,3; 4.11. ‘The eapital of Assyria, on the Toft bank ‘of tho ‘Tigris. Calleq. first Nina, from the patron {goddoas of the city; of Babylonian origin; founded by ‘®eolony from Nina in Soath Babylonia (eee Records of ihe Past, vo. iv, part i, OL. KBammaurabi, 1910 mc. (on, Companion’ Bible dating), code iv, pp. 60°62, spells it Nima.” Excavations reveal “the mound of Nabi. Yunus crowned by the tomb of Jonab, which could not ‘then be explored” (soe Art. “Nineveh” in the Bnoyel ‘Brit, 11th (Cambridge) edition, 1011). FY against it. Not whieper or speak softly, but exy, ‘making @ general proclamation. Heb, Fara’. Fade tor Toe 65. our Amon so. Oh, ‘thelr wickedne and cruelty ofall wares that were in the *ship into the sea, to lighten if of them, ‘But Jonah was gone down into the sides of the “ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep. So the °shipmaster came to him, and said unto him, “What meanest thou, O sleeper ? arise, call upon thy * God, if so be that “God will think upon us, that we perish not.”” Nineveh was noted for violaneo fads, rocorded in ita own bas-relief, Ko. (Gee Nah. 24-13), Rel, to Pont, (Gen. 18,20, 2) “wickedness. Heh pl. of pra ‘Brose up to flee. Jonah know that Assyrin was to bo God's sword of j Porishol, Tarealanigiit besaved. God's merey might arrest this overthrow of Nineveh, Was why Jonah ‘would sderifiee himself tosere his nation? ‘This would explain his fight hore, and hie izpleasnre, aa cleanly ated in 3, Whon he eald (12), Tako mo ap”, Ae, he had counted the cost He confesses to the men (oe, 4 10), but not to God, Ho gave his life to sive his People. ‘The type of Christ may have began Bore. "See Gai, 3.3% ani ep. Rom 8 1-3 Tarshish. Seo notoon1 Kings 10.2. from the rosonce of the Load, Hof. to Pont. Gon. & 26) Ap. 92 ‘Topps. Now Jaifa. Cp. Jor 19. « Theo, Bots. Acts 8.3, ‘Ship. “Heb. iniythany large merchant ship.” ‘Not the tame word as in ncn, he paid the fare: and counted the cost of his fight, "See notes on the Structure, p. 247. 1. 4-2 10 (D, p. 1246. CONSEQUENCES. RESURRECTION ‘OF SONAH. (Bstended Atternation) DJ A[1.c1s, Jouah’s Punishment |" BLT t6. Seerifice and Vows of Mariner 10 Anz, The Fish. Preperation and Reception A 2.147 Jonah's Prayer and Thanksgiving 1p} 3 6,9. Sucrifcn and Vow. 1G] te. The Fish. Bjection 1, 4-18 (A, above) JONAH'S PUNISHMENT, ‘Atlernation an Tutroverion.) A) D/B | 4. Tho Tempest VP ey bance Ey [ se 7 ‘Prager of Mariners. 2. Fonah. Selleacrifica, D) G12, Danger. |e [athe Tempest, B| H[14. Prasor of Mariners, afin Tosh. “Death. 4 wind. Heb, raach. Ap.8 waa Wko-thought, Fig. Prowpopaia. Ap.8. _ § marinera= atts,” Hob. mailach —sele corled cried in prayer, “Heb, sat. Not the samo word as in bv. 16. ‘every man. Heb. uh Ap. 14.11 ‘wares tackling. Heb. ité—implements. ‘into the Sido¥=bolow deck, or cabins. Cp, Bask, 82.22. Amos 6.10. ship=tho dock, or covered part. Heb. Fphinak. A genuine Heb. word, borrowed by inland. people, (Syrians, Chaldeans end Arabians), from fs maritime people: not vies vorea, Heb, oot gaphan = to cover (Deut. 83.1 (marg. ceed), "1 Kings 6. 4.5.2. Jer. 3214, Hag. 1.4). English “deck” jsfrom Dutch detkon. 6 shipmaster - chief of the rope, Pheonician for captain. “Heb. rab hachobal, Not a “lator word”, because a “captain” ix not mentioned farlien, Rab eapéain, or head. Seo? Kings 25.4, Eat. 1. 4 Dany 1.3. Ghobil occurs in, Baek, 27. ®, 31 45,20, where it la rendored ™ pilot God, Heb Elohim (ith 'eti) the true God. With th, in tho fecond ocenrrenes, “Ap 4, imsJal (p. 1349) 600 bt be bt DG cp. 1248) F EW AK) (p. 1350) t 7_And they said every one to his fellow, “Come, and let us cast lots, that we may Know for whose cause this “evil (s upon us." Sathey cast lots, and the lot fell upon t Jonah, 8 Then said they unto him, «Tell us, we pray thes, °for whose cause this “evil is upon us; ‘What is thine occupation? and whence comest thou? what és thy country ? and of what peo- ple art thou?” 9 And °he said unto them, “3 am an °He- brew; and 5 fear ' the LORD, ° the God of hea- ven, “Which bath made the sea and the dry Tana” 10 Then were the ° men ° ex: ly afraid, and said unto him, °" Why hast thou. done this?” For the "men knew that fe fled * from the, presence of ‘the LORD, becatise he had Ui Then said they unto him, « What shall we do unto thee, that the sea may be calm unto us?” for the sea “wrought, and was tem Pestuous. 12 Andhe said unto them, “Take me up, and cast me forth into the sea; so shall the sea be calm unto you: for "3 know that for my sake this great tempest is upoa you.” 13 Nevertheless the "men “rowed hard to “bring if to the land; but they could not: for the sca “wrought, and was tempestuous against them, pe 14 Wherefore they tcried unto "the LORD, and said, “We beseech Thee, O 'LORD, we be: Seech Thee, let us not perish for this" man’ “life, and lay not upon as innocent blood , OTLORD, bast done as it pleased for tg Phos 15 So the forth into her raging. 16 Then the **men feared the LORD exceed- ingly, and “offered a sacrifice unto "the Loao, ut fnde vows: 17 Now ‘the LORD had °prepared a °great fish to " swallow up ‘Jonah. And *Jenal “took up Jonab, and east im e Sea ad the sea "ceased from Swas in the "belly of the sh “three days ard | three nists, "Then Jonah prayed unto “the LORD his 2 doredeorthe tans Spey 2 And eald, “T° cried by reason of mine affice tion unto" the LORD, arid He heara me; out of the belly of °hell °ctied I, and Thou Sneardest my voice. 1 Then=Ana, See note on v.18 dpe elly'= bowels. Gp. 1. Note the Fig. Bvergaein (Ap. 6) at shown by the AUlernation in 0. 2. vale} Teried, | And He hoard Jonah’s request. el Oried 1, &e. S| And Thon heardest. } 2 cried=cried out, Not the samo word asin next clause, or in 1.¢ but the same aa in 1 28, answered. Heb, “Guth, Not the same wort sin tho next cla ‘ried ~eriod for help in distress Not th Pols; 116.3, JONAH. the LORD. Heb. Jehovah. Ap. 4 TI. oardost Sgavest heed to. Heb. shina’ 2. 1. 7-12 ( p 1248). JONAH. SELF-SACRIFICE, (epee AUternatin) Ja! |t-, Masiners. Conse Caring of lots, Ij a Jonah taken, © [efits “iy, #"donah Contesion. 8 toh. Mariners. 1s, Jonah" Determination 7 ovil=calamity: ns in Amon 6, si 8 for whose cause, fe. iad told them the person, but not the“ equss" they appenl to Jona ho tid, oo ooa not tall thom al Wo nd the fel eauon in 41-8 Hebrew, Hoferring tothe language apoken, A title used in telation ofoneignens (Ges dbs Ex, 814 0) ‘ho God of heaven. The tiie in relation to the Creators greataren. Seo note on 3 Chron, 96.18 ‘Which hath mado, So" Bef to Pent (Gen. 1.3, 0), Yo men. Heb, plist suveh Ap. 14 il. roan atria ig Pelli (Ay 0) feared grat toa ‘Why oP ‘They knew the fuct of his Hight, bat not the réaion, which ia not revealed tll 1-5. "This not therefore inter addition aa alleged, 1Y"wrought, tee more and tov tmpetaoen, Heb, Nas going on and tagione™ 12 Take mo up.) know. Re bad counted the cost, 38 rowed hard “The tackling had ‘ring it His. eh, Ape I Hob. nephesh "ap, 13, Heb, rae, 14 man's, life aoa Cp. Ps. 88.9. Take 8.2. Te offered, &e.=sacrifiood Le. they vowed that they ‘would offer [when they landed}. Heb. 2obach. Ap. 43 Tie, and 1. xi 7 prepared=—sppointed, or assigned. Prom Heb. uingh, to number, Hence, to appoint, as in Jeb 7.3. ‘Dan. 1, 10,11; and Chala” nan (Dan. 6:25, 26). Cp. 4°04.” Newer means to create. {great fish. Large enough to awallow him, In Matt 18.40, Gresk hitor “any large marine monster ; whenos Cetacia =the mammalian order of fish. No need for any name. "Gp. Matt, 2 20; 16,4. Luke 11,30" ‘swallow up. . belly. Not therefore kept alive in the fah's mouth, casomeimagine. ‘When thus swallowed ‘op, Jonata and thus beoame n type of Christ. The fo” in Matt. 12.40 require SJonah's death, He would have been no type i he hed iboon miraculously kept alive. Soo further notes below. "waa camo to ba, belly = bowels. threo ‘days ‘and threo nights. Tho Heb. idiom “threo daya” ean bo used for parts of three dave (and evan of years): but not when the word “nights” IS dded.” ‘Soo Matt, 12,10, and noto the Taree of Seo App. 144, and 166. 2. 1-7 [For Structure soo next page} God. Heb, Elohim, ke. Jonah's affliction. | hoard | Heb. Shast.' Ap. 85. Cp. | word as in precoding clause oF in Not the same word as in preceding clause. 9