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/*leggi i dati di ingresso*/: /*leggi lorario di partenza*/ printf("%s\n","Orario di partenza (hh,mm,ss)?"); scanf("%ld%ld%ld\n", &Ore, &Minuti, &Secondi); /*leggi il tempo di volo*/ printf("%s\n","Tempo di volo (in sec.)?"); scanf("%ld\n", &TempoDiVolo); /*calcola lorario di arrivo*/: Secondi = Secondi + TempoDiVolo; Minuti = Minuti + Secondi / 60; Secondi = Secondi % 60; Ore = Ore + Minuti / 60; Minuti = Minuti % 60; Ore = Ore % 24; /*stampa lorario di arrivo*/: printf("%s\n","Arrivo previsto alle (hh,mm,ss):"); printf("%ld%c%ld%c%ld\n",Ore,:,Minuti,:, Secondi);
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#include <stdio.h> #define dim 10 main() {int V[dim], i,j, max, tmp, quanti; /* lettura dei dati */ for (i=0; i<dim; i++) { printf("valore n. %d: ",i); scanf("%d", &V[i]); } /*ordinamento */ for(i=0; i<dim; i++) { quanti=dim-i; max=quanti-1; for( j=0; j<quanti; j++) if (V[j]>V[max]) max=j; if (max<quanti-1) { tmp=V[quanti-1]; V[quanti-1]=V[max]; V[max]=tmp; } } /*stampa */ for(i=0; i<dim; i++) printf("Valore di V[%d]=%d\n", i, V[i]); }
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Potrebbe essere conveniente scrivere algoritmo in modo piu DVWUDWWR: #include <stdio.h> #define dim 10 main() { int V[dim]; /* lettura dei dati */ leggi(V, dim); /*ordinamento */ ordina(V, dim); /*stampa */ stampa(V,dim); }
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Rappresentano nuove istruzioni che agiscono sui dati utilizzati dal programma, "nascondendo" la sequenza delle operazioni effettivamente eseguite dalla macchina. Vengono realizzate mediante la definizione di unita di programma (VRWWRSURJUDPPL) distinte dal programma principale (PDLQ). '
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Defiiniiziione:: Def n z one Nella fase di GHILQL]LRQH di un sottoprogramma (funzione o procedura) si stabilisce: un LGHQWLILFDWRUH del sottoprogramma si esplicita il FRUSR del sottoprogramma (cioe, linsieme di istruzioni che verra eseguito ogni volta che il sotto-programma verra FKLDPDWR); si stabiliscono le PRGDOLWDC GL FRPXQLFD]LRQH tra lunita di programma che usa il sottoprogramma ed il sottoprogramma stesso (definizione dei SDUDPHWUL IRUPDOL). Uttiilliizzo dii funziionii//procedure (FKLLDPDWWD):: U zzo d funz on procedure (FK DPD D) Per chiamare un sottoprogramma (cioe, per richiedere lesecuzione del suo corpo), si utilizza lidentificatore assegnato al sottoprogramma in fase di definizione (FKLDPDWD o invocazione del sottoprogramma).
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Vanttaggii:: Van agg ULXWLOL]]R GL FRGLFH: sintetizzando in un sottoprogramma un sotto-algoritmo, si ha la possibilita di invocarlo piu volte, sia nellambito dello stesso programma, che nellambito di programmi diversi (evitando di dover replicare ogni volta lo stesso codice). migliore OHJJLELOLWDC: si ha in fatti una maggiore capacita di astrazione sviluppo WRSGRZQ: si delega a funzioni/procedure da sviluppare in una fase successiva la soluzione di sottoproblemi. testo del programma piu EUHYH: minore probabilita di errori, dimensione del codice eseguibile piu piccola.
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In generale, i sottoprogrammi SURFHGXUH e IXQ]LRQL: Procedura:: Procedura E` unastrazione della nozione di LVWUX]LRQH. E` unistruzione non primitiva attivabile in un qualunque punto del programma in cui puo` comparire unistruzione. Funziione:: Funz one E unastrazione del concetto di RSHUDWRUH. Si puo` attivare durante la valutazione di una qualunque espressione e UHVWLWXLVFH XQ YDORUH Ad esempiio:: Ad esemp o main() { int Ris, N=7; stampa(N);/*procedura*/ Ris=fattoriale(N)-10;/*funzione*/ }; Formalmente, in C i sottoprogrammi sono soltanto IXQ]LRQL; le procedure possono essere realizzate come funzioni che non restituiscono alcun valore (YRLG). si suddividono in
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Bllocco :: B occo Il blocco contiene il FRUSR della funzione e, come al solito, e strutturato in una <parte dichiarazioni> e una <parte istruzioni>: la <parte dichiarazioni> contiene le dichiarazioni e definizioni ORFDOL alla funzione; la <parte istruzioni> contiene la sequenza di istruzioni associata al corpo (rappresenta lalgoritmo eseguito dalla funzione) I dati riferiti nel blocco possono essere FRVWDQWL, YDULDELOL, oppure SDUDPHWUL IRUPDOL: allinterno del blocco, i parametri formali vengono trattati come variabili. Isttruziione retturn:: Is ruz one re urn Per restituire il risultato, la funzione utilizza (allinterno della parte istruzioni) listruzione UHWXUQ: UHWXUQ >HVSUHVVLRQH!@ (IIHWWR: restituisce il controllo al chiamante e assegna allidentificatore della funzione il valore dell<espressione>.
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Esempiio:: Esemp o int maggioredi100 (int a) /*intest. */ { /*parte dichiarazioni: */ const int C=100; /* parte istruzioni: */ if (a>C) return 1; else return 0; } Esempiio:: Esemp o #define N 100 typedef char vettore[N];
Esempiio:: Esemp o int read_int () /* intest. */ { int a scanf("%d", &a); return a; } Possono esserci SLXC LVWUX]LRQL UHWXUQ: int max (int a, int b) /*intest.*/ { if (a>b) return a; else return b; } o QHVVXQD: int print_int (int a) /* intestazione */ { printf("%d", a); } In questo caso, il sottoprogramma termina in corrispondenza del simbolo ` ed il valore restituito e LQGHILQLWR
int minimo (vettore vet) { int i, v, min;/* def. locali a minimo */ for (min=vet[0], i=1; i<N; i++) { v=vet[i]; if (v<min) min=v; } return min; } i, v, min sono YDULDELOL ORFDOL: WHPSR GL YLWD: esistono solo durante lesecuzione della funzione minimo YLVLELOLWDC: sono visibili (cioe utilizzabili) soltanto allinterno della funzione minimo.
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Esempiio:: Esemp o /* funzione elevamento a potenza */ long power (int base, int n) { int i; long p=1; for (i=1;i<=n;++i) p *= base; /* p = p*base */ return p; /* ritorna il risultato */ }
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#include <stdio.h> int max (int a, int b) /*def. max*/ { if (a>b) return a; else return b; } void print_int (int a) /* def. */ { printf("%d\", a); return; } void dummy() /*def. dummy */ { printf("Ciao!\n"); } main() { int A, B; printf("Dammi A e B: "); scanf("%d %d", &A, &B); print_int(max(A,B)); dummy(); }
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Quale struttura devono avere i programmi che fanno uso di funzioni ? E necessario aggregare la definizione del main alle definizioni delle funzioni utilizzate, ad esempio secondo lo schema seguente: OLVWD GHOOH GHILQL]LRQL GL IXQ]LRQL! PDLQ! allinterno del file sorgente vengono prima elencate le definizioni delle funzioni necessarie, ed infine viene esplicitato il main. Ad esempiio:: Ad esemp o #include <stdio.h> int max(int a, int b); main() { int A, B; printf("Dammi A e B: "); scanf("%d %d", &A, &B); printf("%d\n", max(A,B)); } int max (int a, int b) { if (a>b) return a; else return b; }
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Se allinterno di un blocco viene utilizzata una funzione f, la definizione di f deve comparire prima del blocco che la utilizza. Esempiio:: Esemp o #include <stdio.h> int max (int a, int b) { if (a>b) return a; else return b; } int sommamax(int a1, a2, a3, a4) { return max(a1,a2)+max(a3,a4);} main() { int A, B, C,D; scanf("%d%d%d%d",&A,&B,&C,&D); printf("%d\n", sommamax(A,B,C,D)); }
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Esempiio:: Esemp o #include <stdio.h> main() { int A, B; printf("Dammi A e B: "); scanf("%d %d", &A, &B); printf("%d\n", max(A,B)); } int max (int a, int b) { if (a>b) return a; else return b; } In questo caso il compilatore segnala un HUURUH in corrispondenza della chiamata PD[$%, perche viene usato un identificatore che viene definito successivamente (dopo il main())
Solluziione:: So uz one #include <stdio.h> int max(int a, int b); main() { int A, B; printf("Dammi A e B: "); scanf("%d %d", &A, &B); printf("%d\n", max(A,B)); } int max (int a, int b) /*intestaz. */ { if (a>b) return a; else return b; }
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Spesso si strutturano i programmi in modo tale che la definizione del main compaia prima delle definizioni delle altre funzioni (per favorire la OHJJLELOLWD).
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Ad esempiio:: Ad esemp o Calcolo della radice intera di un numero intero letto a terminale. #include <stdio.h> /* dichiarazioni delle funzioni: */ int RadiceInt (int par); int Quadrato (int par); main(void) { int X; scanf("%d", &X); printf("Radice: %d\n", RadiceInt(X)); printf("Quadrato: %d\n", Quadrato(X)); } /* definizione funzioni: */ int RadiceInt (int par) { int cont = 0; while (cont*cont <= par) cont = cont + 1; return (cont-1); } int Quadrato (int par) { return (par*par); }
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Come viene realizzata lassociazione tra parametri attuali e parametri formali? In generale, esistono vari meccanismi di legame dei parametri. Meccaniismii piiu comunii:: Meccan sm p u comun Legame per YDORUH (C, Pascal); Legame per LQGLUL]]R, o per riferimento (Pascal, Fortran).
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Per spiegare le varie tecniche di legame faremo riferimento alla seguente situazione: Consideriamo una procedura 3 con un parametro formale SI. Supponiamo che P venga chiamata da una unita di programma &, mediante la chiamata: 3SD dove SD e una variabile visibile in C. Quindi, utilizzando la sintassi C: Unita C int pa; P(pa); Unita P: void P(int pf) { }
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Esecuziione dii P:: Esecuz one d P Il parametro formale SI viene trattato come una YDULDELOH ORFDOH al sottoprogramma P: puo essere modificato mediante assegnamento, etc.. In generale, al termine della chiamata, pf potra assumere un valore diverso da quello iniziale. $OOD ILQH GHOOHVHFX]LRQH GL 3
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Quiindii:: Qu nd Se il legame dei parametri avviene per valore, immediatamente dopo lesecuzione della chiamata, il parametro attuale (pa) mantiene il valore che aveva immediatamente prima della chiamata Parametri passati per valore servono soltanto a comunicare YDORUL LQ LQJUHVVR al sotto-programma. Se il passaggio avviene per valore, pa non e necessariamente una variabile, ma puo essere, in generale, una HVSUHVVLRQH. ,O OHJDPH SHU YDORUH HC O
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Ad esempiio:: Ad esemp o #include <stdio.h> void P(int pf); main() { int pa=10; P(pa); printf("valore finale di pa: %d\n", pa); /* pa vale 10 */ } void P(int pf) { pf=100; printf("valore finale di pf: %d\n", pf); return; }
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Esempiio:: Esemp o Utilizziamo la sintassi C per esemplificare il passaggio per indirizzo Il programma che segue e solo a scopo esemplificativo (in C, non ce il passaggio per indirizzo!). Funzione che scambia due variabili X, Y (di tipo integer) se X>Y e restituisce il valore minore tra i due. #include <stdio.h> void scambia (int A, int B); main() { int X=5,Y=0 ; scanf("%d %d", &X, &Y); scambia(X,Y); printf("\n%d \t %d %", X,Y); } void scambia (int A, int B) /* se fosse per indirizzo ! */ { int T; if (A>B) { T=A; A=B; B=T; return; } else return; }
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Esempiio:: Esemp o #include <stdio.h> void Fun ( ? int int N; main() { N=3; Fun (N); printf("%d", N); } void Fun ( ? int { X=X+1; printf("%d", N); printf("%d", X); } X) {1} {2}
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$OOFXQLL (VHPSLL $ FXQ (VHPS #include <stdio.h> void h (int X, int *Y); main() {int A,B; A=0; B=0; h(A, &B); /*B e un parametro di uscita*/ printf("\n %d \t %d", A, B); } void h (int X, int *Y) { X=X+1; *Y=*Y+1; printf("\n %d \t %d", X, *Y); } 1 0 1 1 (stampa di h) (stampa di main)
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boolean
radici(int A, int B, int C, float *X1, float *X2) { float D; D= B*B-4*A*C; if (D<0) return 0; else { D=sqrt(D); *X1 = (-B+D)/(2*A); *X2= (-B-D)/(2*A); return 1; } }
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int isPrime(int n); /*dichiarazioni*/ int primes(int n); void main() { int n; do { printf("\nNumeri primi non superiori a:\t"); scanf("%d",&n); } while (n<1); printf("\nTrovati %d numeri primi.\n", primes(n)); }
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int isPrime(int n) { int max,i; if (n>0 && n<4) return YES; /* 1, 2 e 3 sono primi else if (!(n%2)) return NO; /* escludi i pari > 2 */ max = sqrt( (double)n ); /* CAST:sqrt ha arg double */ for(i=3; i<=max; i+=2) if (!(n%i)) return NO; return YES; } int primes(int n) { int i,count; if (n<=0) return -1; else count=0; if (n>=1) { printf("%5d\t",1); count++; } if (n>=2) { printf("%5d\t",2); count++; } for(i=3;i<=n;i+=2) if (isPrime(i)) { printf("%5d\t",i); count++; } printf("\n"); return count; }
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scanf("%d%d%d%\n",&A1,&B1,&C1); scanf("%d%d%d%\n",&A2,&B2,&C2); sistema(A1,B1,C1,A2,B2,C2,&X,&Y); printf("%f%f\n",X,Y); }
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void sistema (int A1, int B1, int C1, int A2, int B2, int C2, float *X, float *Y) { int XN,YN,D; XN = (C1*B2 - C2*B1); D = (A1*B2 - A2*B1); YN = (A1*C2 - A2*C1); if (D == 0) {if (XN == 0) printf("sistema indeterminato\n"); else printf("sistema impossibile\n"); } else { printf("Determinante%d",D); *X=(float) (XN) /D; *Y=(float) (YN) /D; } }
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(VHPSLLR (VHPS R 3URJUDPPD FKH OHJJH H VWDPSD LO FRQWHQXWR GL XQ ILOH ELQDULR #include<stdio.h> typedef struct{ char nome[20]; char cognome[20]; int reddito; }persona; main() { FILE *fp; persona p; fp=fopen("archivio.dat","rb"); fread(&p, sizeof(persona),1, fp); while (!feof(fp)) { printf("%s%s%d",p.nome,p.cognome, p.reddito); fread(&p,sizeof(persona),1,fp); } fclose(fp); }
(VHPSLLR (VHPS R 3URJUDPPD FKH ULFHYH FRPH DUJRPHQWR LO QRPH GL XQ ILOH H VFULYH LQ TXHVWR ILOH XQ YHWWRUH GL LQWHUL #include <stdio.h> main(int argc, char **argv) {FILE *file; void stop(char *); int i,n,tab[]={3, 6, -12, 5, -76, 3, 32, 12, 65, 1, 0, -9}; if (argc==2) if ((file=fopen(argv[1],"wb"))==NULL) stop("Impossibile aprire file duscita\n"); else stop("Manca il nome del file di uscita\n"); n = sizeof(tab)/sizeof(tab[0]); fwrite(tab, sizeof(tab[0]), n, file); fclose(file); exit(0); } void stop(char *msg) { fprintf(stderr,msg); exit(1); }
(VHPSLLR (VHPS R 3URJUDPPD FKH ULFHYH FRPH DUJRPHQWR LO QRPH GL XQ ILOH GL LQWHUL H PHPRUL]]D LO FRQWHQXWR GL TXHVWR ILOH LQ XQ YHWWRUH GL LQWHUL GL DO SLXC HOHPHQWL #include <stdio.h> #define MAX 40 main(int argc, char **argv) {FILE *file; void stop(char *); int i, n, tab[MAX]; if (argc==2) {if ((file=fopen(argv[1], "rb"))==NULL) stop("Impossibile aprire file dingresso\n"); } else stop("Manca il nome del file dingresso\n"); n=fread(tab, sizeof(tab[0]), MAX, file); fclose(file); for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("%d%c", tab[i], (i==n-1) ? \n : \t); exit(0); } void stop(char *msg) { fprintf(stderr,msg); exit(1); }
(VHPSLLR (VHPS R )LOH GL UHFRUG #include <stdio.h> #include <ctype.h> #define DIM 5 typedef struct { char nome[15], cognome[15], via[10]; int eta;} Persona; Persona P[DIM]; main(int argc, char **argv) { int crea_vettore(Persona V[], int dim); int i, n; FILE *file; if (argc==2) {n=crea_vettore(P,DIM); if ((file=fopen(argv[1], "wb"))==NULL) printf("Impossibile aprire file\n"); else { fwrite(P,sizeof(Persona),n,file); fclose(file); } } else printf("Manca qualche parametro\n"); }
int crea_vettore(Persona P[], int dim) {int i=0, n=0; char s[80]; while (!feof(stdin) && i<dim) { scanf("%s\n",P[i].nome); scanf("%s\n",P[i].cognome); scanf("%s\n",P[i].via); scanf("%d",&(P[i].eta));gets(s); i++; n++; printf("%s\n%s\n%s\n%d\n",P[i].nome, P[i].cognome,P[i].via,P[i].eta); } }
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3RVLL]LLRQH FRUUHQWH QHOO ILLOOH 3RV ] RQH FRUUHQWH QH I H /D IXQ]LRQH IWHOO UHVWLWXLVFH OD SRVL]LRQH GHO E\WH VXO TXDOH VL HC SRVL]LRQDWL QHO ILOH DO PRPHQWR GHOOD FKLDPDWD GHOOD IXQ]LRQH UHVWLWXLVFH LQ FDVR GL HUURUH ORQJ IWHOO ),/( I ,O YDORUH UHVWLWXLWR GD IWHOO SXRC HVVHUH XWLOL]]DWR LQ XQD FKLDPDWD DG IVHHN
2ULLJLLQH GHOOOOR VSRVWDPHQWR 2U J QH GH R VSRVWDPHQWR 6((.B6(7 6((.B&85 6((.B(1' LQL]LR ILOH SRVL]LRQH DWWXDOH QHO ILOH ILQH ILOH
(VHPSLLR (VHPS R 3URJUDPPD FKH VRVWLWXLVFH WXWWH OH PLQXVFROH LQ PDLXVFROH LQ XQ ILOH WHVWR GDWR FRPH XQLFR DUJRPHQWR #include <stdio.h> #include <ctype.h> main(int argc, char **argv) { FILE *file; void stop(char *); int ch; if (argc==2) {if ((file=fopen(argv[1], "r+"))==NULL) stop("Impossibile aprire file dingresso\n"); } else stop("Manca qualche parametro\n"); while((ch=getc(file))!=EOF) if(islower(ch)) {fseek(file, ftell(file)-1, SEEK_SET); putc(toupper(ch), file); fseek(file, 0, SEEK_CUR); } fclose(file); exit(0); } void stop(char *msg) {fprintf(stderr,msg); exit(1); }
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