ISSN-2277-8780 G

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6 y 1424 ~! 2017
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9635359025, 9434552238, 9434165623, 9635508115
e-mail : sanjitdhanicha@rediffmail.com
sarmiladas16@rediffmail.com
amiarani@rediffmail.com

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2. D`qbvPvh weiwPZ bvqKzmygvwj
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9. igv PvUvx - e`v `kb h_ weZK `Lv w`qQ| Kvb cKvi mvc`vwqK ebi AveZ wbRK RovZ
10. bxi` eiY Pex - fviZxq `kb Pvbwb| Zuvi m jvjb Mvb wn`y I gymjgvb Dfq agi gvbyli RqMvb Kiv nqwQj|
11. `xcK Kzgvi evMPx - fviZxq `kb mywdev` Bmjvg agi K_v wekl Ki ejv njI jvjb dwKi Bmjvg wQjb wKbv
12. mgi` fvPvh - fviZxq `kb Zv wbq cwZ gnj GK gZ bq| gymwjg mc`vq jvjbK dwKi AvLvq f~wlZ
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Bmjvgi fZi _KB h mywdev`i Rb nqQ m welq cwZ gnj Rbgvbm Aek jvjbi Rxeb mK mevwaK cPwjZ gZ nj, jvjb
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mvbv cxi BZvw` wewfb cxi `iekK K` Ki iwPZ| myZivs evsjvi agxq, nwibv_, wkeP` we`vYei gZ wkwZ ew`i m jvjbi fvei jb`b
mvgvwRK, mvswZK I elwqK Rxebi bvbv mywdev`i cfve Azb iqQ| NUwQj| GgbwK wkjvB`ni VvKzi GU wZwb hZb| nvDmevUi Dci em
Zv jvjb mywdev`x mvaK wQjb wKbv m AvjvPbvq `Lv hvq jvjbi RvwZwi`bv_ VvKzi jvjbi P Ab KiwQjb|
Rxeb mK wek` Kvb weeiY cvIqv hvq wb| wK wZwb wbR hme Mvb iPbv Abw`K `Lv hvq jvjb RbMZfve hw` gymjgvb nZb Zvnj Zuvi
Ki MQb Zv _KB Zuvi Rxebi Dci AvjvKcvZ Kiv hZ cvi| wK mLvbI agxq cwiPq Mvcb Kivi Kvb cqvRb wQj bv| Kbbv Awef evsjvq ew`b
mgmv iqQ, jvjb Zuvi Mvb wbRi Rxebi Dci Kvb Z_ iL hvbwb| KqKwU ch ek wKQy gymjgvb Zv`i Bmjvgx AvPvi ZvM Ki Abyfeev`x gvidwZ dwKi
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mn KiI Zviv wbR`i mvabvq AUj wQjb| Kzwqv wbevmx RbK BgvgDwb Zuvi Kvb agxq Av`ki AMZ Kiv hvq bv| jvjb gvbe AvZvK weePbv KiQb
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fwi vi euvav AvQb muvB| Afii mvK Zzjbv KiQ Ggb GK cvwLi mv_ , hv mnRB LuvPvicx `ni
wn`y wK heb ej ... gvS Avmv hvIqv Ki wK ZeyI ZvK ew` Ki ivLv hvq bv| AvavwZK fveavivq
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wQjb gvwgb mc`vq| jvjb GK gymjgvb KbvK wbKvn KiwQjb| myZivs wZwb gvbyli cwZev`nxbZv, agxq Muvovwg Kzmsvi, jvf, AvZKw`KZv mw`bi mgvR
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fveyK| mB mvabvq bvUKxqZv Lye Riix bq, KviY jvKvqZ mvabv AbKUvB AvQ Avw` gv GB gvbe `n
`nev`x mvabvi AvPiYNwUZ Ges Zvi wekl Abyfe _KB RM IV Mvb| mvaK `Lj bvi gb fq
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4) evDj I mywdev`i Avjvq jvjb `kb (ce) c`vl Kvw miKvi|
5) A History of Sufism in Bengal - Muhammed Enamul Haq.
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19 20
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21 22
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25 26
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wK ^vgx bB (cyil`i ^vgx _vK bv, wcZv _vK| hw`I gvZv Ges x eZgvb DwKj, Wvvi BZvw` nj Ave`bKvixi gvb ekx| ^vgxi hvMZvi bxP Pvcv co
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27 28
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29
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30
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nvq nvq, Gevi wK ne, KvQ wcV Kv_vI h mvBKj mvivevi `vKvb bB| gwji Pv GB zj hZ w`b coZ Pvq m coZ cvie| zj Pvi wbKU nZ Kvb
PvL Gevi Rj bg Gj| wK ne Gevi? wK Kie gwj? fvMi Dci me wKQy UvKv cqmv bebv| Avi gwjK GB zj AvbyvwbK fve mseabv Rvbve|
Qo w`q nuvUZ jvMj gwj| nWgvvigkvB G K_vI Rvbvjb h, gwji GB welqUv wkv cl`i KvQ mwevi
31 32
wjwLZfve Rvbveb| welqUv QvU Ki `Lvi Kvb KviY bB|
zji KvR wgwUq h hvi evwoZ Pj Mj| APbv evwoi `iRvi mvgb
`uvwoq wQj| gYvjeveyi gyLi nvwm `L APbv eyS wbj zji LeiUv fvjvB ne|
Ni wMq gYvjeveyi gyL me b APbv cvki Ni gwji KvQ hvq| gwji Zvi
evevi gZv GvZv eyw Avgvi gv_vq bB ZvB ivMi gv_vq Po giwQjvg| Zvi Lye
jM wQj ZvBbv| wK h ejv gv K_v ej gwj - Po gi Zzwg GKRb gvqi gZvB
KvR KiQv|
gwji cvovi Ab GKwU gq gwji zj GKB Kvm co| zji GB
LeiUv cvovZ Gm Qwoq w`j| cii w`b mKvj APbvi PvL coj evwoi mvgb
cvovi AbK gvbyli wfo| APbv wKQy eySZ bv ci, gYvjeveyK Nyg _K Zzjjb|
gYvjevey evwoi evBi hZB mevB wNi aijb| gwj Kv_vq, hB gqwU cvovi
gyL Dj KiQ, ZvK mevB `LZ Pvq| APbv gwjK Nyg _K WK wbj| gwj
evBi hZB cvovi VvKzgv gwji Mjvq dzji gvjv cwiq w`jb| Kvei mv`K
gwji nvZ dzji Zvov awiq w`jb| Gwj ivZB Gb iLwQj| cvov KwgwUi
mfvcwZ ejjb, Avgiv `y-Pvi w`bi ga cvovi c _K gwjK mseabv Rvbvev|
KqKw`b cvi nq MQ| LeiUv Avk cvki cvovZI Qwoq Mj| H
me cvovi Kvewj gwji evevi mv_ hvMvhvM Ki ZvivI gwjK mseabv w`Z
Pvq|
wkv cl` _K gwjK Awfb`b Rvwbq zj wPwV GmQ, cl` G K_vI
wjLQ ci w`b ZvwiL wVK Ki gwjK cl`i c _K mseabv `e|
GB mseabvi ce hLvb hLvb nqQ, gwj me LvbZB PvK mv_
Ki wbq MQ| jLvcov kLvi Rb PvK Avi PvLi Rj djZ nq bv| gwj
Avi Pvi w`bwj Avb`i mv_B KvUZ jvMjv|
33
bcysmK
mvgbv_ `vm
wiqv, ZvgvK mvnvh KiZ cvwi| gvb, ZvgvK evwo Qo w`q AvmZ cvwi|
bv wig, Avwg evm ai Pj hve| AvgvK Qo Zzwg Avevi evwo wdie|
Zvgvi `wi nq hve|
bv wiqv, Avgvi wKQy `wi ne bv| Avwg Zv Zvgv`i Iw`K GK ezi
KvQ GKUv cvmj AvbZ hve| PvBj ZvgvK evwo ch Qo AvmZ cvwi - ej
Dii Acvq _vK wig|
wiqvi PvL Ges VuvU wKQy GKUv ejZ Pvq| bv ebvg nuv-Gi co Kx
hb fve| VuvU boPo ej, Avwg evm Pj hve wig| Zzwg hvI|
GiKg GKUv Di Avkv Kiwb wig| GKUv A^wi fve Zvi PvL gyL|
wiqv Pj hZ PvBj wig WK ej, GKUv K_v wQj wiqv| K_vUv AbKw`b gbi
Mfxi jvjb Ki iLwQ| wK ejvi myhvM cvBwb|
Kx Ggb K_v wig, hUv AvgvK ejvi wQj A_P ejZ cviwb! GZw`b ai
GKm KvR KiwQ, GKw`bI mgq nqwb K_vUv ejvi! Zvgiv cyiliv wK mevB
GKiKg? cU K_v A_P gyL bB - ej wiqv VuvUi KvY nvwm jyKvq|
wVK wK fve K_vUv i Kie fe bv cq wig ej, Avgiv GK Awdm
`xNw`b ai KvR KiwQ|y AvgvK `L Zvgvi Kvb wdwjsm nq bv?
wdwjsm ! Zzwg Kx ejZ PvBQ?
gvb Abyf~wZ| ZvgvK hLb `wL Avgvi gbi ga hb Kgb GKUv
Abyf~wZi mvZ eq hvq| Avi Zzwg GZ my`i h, GKevi ZvKvj Avi PvL divZ
cvwi bv|
K_vUv GLbB kl Ki w`Z Pvq wig| myhvMUv gvUB nvZQvov Kiv hvq
bv| wiqvi kixi Nul `uvovq wig| AvwiK kwZ m ej, AvB jvf BD wiqv|
Kx cvMji gZ ejQ wig ! Zvgvi _K GiKg GKUv K_v kvbvi Rb
Avgvi g~jevb mgq b KiZ PvB bv| ZvQvov Avwg ZvgvK GiKg fve fvwewb,
`wLwb| Zzwg Avgvi Rv ez| ZvgvK ezi PvLB `wL| Avi Zzwg Kxme Abyfw~ Zi
K_v ejQ| bv, ZvgvK `L Avgvi Kvb Abyf~wZ nq bv| Kvb cyilK `LB
Avgvi Abyf~wZ nq bv - ej wiqv Pj hZ PvBj wig nvZ Ub ai|
Zzwg Gme Kx KiQ? KD `L djj Kjvix nq hve - ej nvZUv
Qvwoq bq wiqv| Zzwg f`Zvi mxgv Qvwoq hvQ wig| GiKg eenvi Avwg Avkv
Kwiwb| Zvgvi fvjevmvK mvb RvbvB, Zzwg ZvK AcgvwbZ Kiv bv| Avi mUv
MnY Kiv Avgvi ewMZ| mLvb Zzwg Rvi LvUvZ cvi bv|
AcwZf wig WK ej, GZ ZvovZvwo Di w`I bv| mgq AvQ| fe `L|
34
wiqv cQb wdi `uvovq| ej - Avgvi fvevi cii DiUvI bv-B _vKe| Zzwg
AvgvK Avi G welq wei Kie bv| Zzwg wkwZ, wbq eySe - ej Pj hvq
wiqv|
Agvemvi AKvi wU jvBUi Avjvq wigi PvL `yUv zavZ evNi
gZv RjRj Ki IV| gvbyli gbi Mnb fvjv I g`i h ewk we`gvb Ki Pj wig| KvR KiZ KiZB wiqv wigK wRvmv Ki, Zzwg GLbI evwo
_vK, Zvi h w`KUvi cvj-v fvix _vK, gb mw`KB SuyK co| zavZ evNi cavb
j Zvi zavi wbeviY Kiv| ZvB wkKvi aivi Rb m IZ cZ _vK| zavZ,
wc, PZzi evN Kmva Pvq Zvi wkKvi aiZ mg nq| Lv`-Lv`K Gi GB
mK wPiKvjxb mZ| cKj GB mZ ^xKZ|
Gi ga KqKUv w`b KU hvq| wiqv I Zvi gv, evbi cixv wbq e
_vK| Awdm _K Pviw`bi QywU wbqQ| gv, evb Ges wiqvi msmvi wiqvB GKgv
ivRMi| evev eQi `yqK AvM gviv MQ| evevi PvKwiUv-B wiqv cqQ| ZvB
msmvii mg fvi wiqv wbRi Nvo wbqQ| Zvi gbi cvq mgM AskB mvsmvwiK
KvR e| AbwKQy fvevi AeKvk m cvq bv| evbi cixvi cwZ I gvi
kvixwiK hZ GB wbqB Zvi PZbvi RMr| wbR mvi Dcjw KijI ZvK m
AbKUv Acvsq Ki iLQ|
Pviw`b ci wiqv Awdm hvq| GKevi Awdmi MUi mvgbB wig `uvwoq|
wiqvK `LvgvB ej, Avwg `ytwLZ| mw`bi mB eenvii Rb Avwg jwZ|
ez fe AvgvK gv KiZ cvi bv|
wVK AvQ wig| Zzwg h Zvgvi fyj eySZ ciQ, mUv `L Avgvi fvjv
jvMQ - ej wiqv Awdmi dUK w`q wbRi Nii w`K hvq|
wig wcQb wcQb wMq wiqvK ej, Zvnj eyS wbZ cvwi h, Zzwg AvgvK
gv Kij| AvR _K Avgiv `yRb AvMi gZvB fvjv ez|
nuv| ej `yRbB nvm|
AvKvk cRv Zzjvi gZv mv`v gN cvj Zzj cvwo `q Kvb `~i bxjvKvk|
nvIqvq `vj Lvq Kvkdzji Q| iwOb Elvq e _K Lm co wkDwj dzj|
jyUvcywU Lvq gvwUZ| ivOv nq IV aiYx| c~Rvi Kw`bi QywUZ msmviUvK GKUz
wQq wbZ Pvq wiqv| GK_v fveZ fveZ Awdm cuQvq wiqv| Zvi Uwej AbKwj
dvBj co| KvRwj AvRB kl Ki evwo wdie|
nvq wiqv, ek `LvQ AvR ZvgvK| GK_v ej wig Zvi Uweji cvk
PqviwUZ em|
_vsKm|
wig GKUz Avbgbv nqB Pqvi em| gvS gvS wiqvi `w AvKlY Ki|
Zvi cvk Nul emZ Pvq| GBfve ek wKQyY KU hvq| wiqvi w`K AvoPvL
ZvKvq wig| GKUv wKQy fvebvq Zvi gbi Mfxi Mnb Av`vjb `vbv euva| Zvi
wevwiZ bqb wKQy GKUv Pvq| PvIqv cvIqvi fvebvq mgq eq hvq| mKvj Mwoq
`ycyi, `ycyi Mwoq weKvj nq| wiqvi KvR mgv nq bv| wiqv AvR KvR kl KiB
DVe| Abw`K Awdmi cvq mKjB evwo Pj hvq| AKviY em _vK wig| GZY
35
wig Awdm em GKUv KvRB KiQ| Zv wiqvi w`K ZvKvbv Qvov Avi wKQyB bq|
cvwLi wKwPiwgwPi k Rvbvjvi KuvPi duvK w`q wiqvi Kvb cek Ki|
Avi `yUv gv dvBj evwK AvQ| NUvLvbKi gaB nq hve KvR| GB fe GKUz
nvZ Pvwjq KvR Ki wiqv| Abcv KwDUvii wK-cvWUvK AKviY AvNvZ
hvIwb| Avwg fvejvg AvgviB GKgv KvR evwK| Zv Zzwg KLb hve?
GB Zv Avi wKQyY| Avi `yUv wW.wU.wc evwK AvQ| njB KvR kl| Zzg
KLb DVe? ej wiqvi `w AvKlY Kwi wig|
ejZ cviwQ bv - ej KvR gM _vK|
wig K_v ejvi Kvb K_v LuyR cvq bv| mI em _vK| Ze AKviY|
wU jvBUi Avjvwj AbKY AvMB Rj DVQ| evBi gvbyli
Kvjvnj AbKUv Kg Avm| GKdvwj euvKv Puv` DuwK giB Wye hvq gNi Avovj|
GKUv Ub hvIqvi Bmj bZ cvq wiqv| Nwoi w`K ZvwKq wegl `Lvq wiqvK|
KLb h ivZ `kUv eR MQ LqvjB Kiwb| Gw`K Zvi KvRUvI km nqwb|
wK Gevi KvR e Kiv Qvov Kvb Dcvq bB Zvi| dvBjwj wUq evM wbq
ewiq co| wK evwo hve Kx Ki? Mvwo Zv bB|
Zvgvi KvR nqQ wig ?
nuv, wiqv|
AvgvK GKUz Zvgvi evBK Qo AvmZ cvie ?
wbq|
h wiqv GKw`b Zvi GKv Abyiva mI Zvi evBK IVwb, m-B wKbv
AvR wbR _K hZ PvBQ! wigi gbi Avb`aviv gyLveqe cZxqgvb|
GKmgq wig evBK wbq GKwU KvbvMwjZ cek Ki| wiqv Avcw Rvwbq
ej, GUv Zv Avgvi evwoi ivv bq wig| LUKv eva Zvi gb| wig AKcU fwZ
ej, kUKvU ivv| ZeyI GKUv ARvbv Avkvq wiqvi Kcvj wPvi fuvR| hZ
hZ Rbnxb eo ivvi gvo MvwoUv `uvo Kivq wig| wiqv wRvmv KiZB wig nvZ
ai ej, AvB jvf BD wiqv| Avwg ZvgvK Qvov euvPe bv|
AvkvUv h mwZ ne GUv wiqv Kbv KiZ cvwiwb| weifve wiqv
ej, Zzwg ez bvgi Kj| fewQjvg mw`bi mewKQy Zzwg fyj MQ| Avgvi
aviYv fyj nqQ| ZvgvK ez fe wekvm KivUvB Avgvi Pig fyj nqQ|
Avgvi ga wKmi Kg AvQ wiqv| Zvgvi gv-evbi msmvi AvQ GUv
RbI ZvgvK Avcb KiZ PqwQ| ej wiqvK Rwoq ai|
wbRK wigi evcvk wQb Ki wiqv ej, Zzwg h biwckvP Zv Zvgvi
AvPiYB cgvY w`Q| Zzwg bcysmK|
Ze i - GK_v ej wiqvi Dci Suvwcq co wig| ZvK cvRvKvj Ki
Zzj wbq hvq Svci w`K| gaivZ Rbnxb cvi GKwU bvixKi evKzj AvZbv`
Svci AvovjB Pvcv co _vK|
36
 RvwZ, DcRvwZ I RvZxq i Avgv`i AnsevaK bvk Ki hw` fvjevmvi viv
mecj-x ivavKvbi wkvwPv mKjK Avcbvi Ki wbZ bv cvwi Zvnj Zv fwelZi c fvj ne bv| `yfv MekZ
Awbi mvnv, gy`vmvi bvRvi e`, AwfwRr gj Avgv`i wkvcwZvbwji Ggb Aev nqQ h GLvb wk`i PvgP Ki
welqeK LvBq `Iqv wKQyUv gbi cwkY `Iqv nq| wK gvbyli ga cvY
f~wgKv t Wt mecj-x ivavKvb wQjb eg~Lx ewZi AwaKvix| ivRbwZK mvwibx kwi cek NUvbv nq bv| ( Occasional Speeches and writtings
QvovI AvavwZK, `vkwbK, mvwnwZK PZbvi ziY Zuvi Rxebavivq g~Z nq DVwQj| third series)
gvbweKZvev`, cvP-cvvZi mg^q, agxq cv, AvRvwZKZvev` cfwZ w`Kwj wkvi A_ t
ivavKvbi KgRxebi m Avwfve hy wQj| wZwb wQjb we AvavwZK ivavKvY RvwbqQb, Education has been my special subject.
PZbvq mg Ges cvi AwaKvix| Rxebi AwaKvsk mgq mwkxj KvRi ga GRb wkvi cKZ A_ wbq Zuvi wbR^ wPvfvebv wQj| c_vMZ wkvK wZwb cKZ

AwZevwnZ Kivi Pv KiQb| Gnb weij ewZi AwaKvix ivavKvYi wkv wnmve MY Kibwb| GRb wZwb ejQb Education is there to help
wkvmsv wPvfvebvq wQj cMvp eveeva Ges AvavwZK vbi mswgkY| his to findout what we are for in this world. Is it merely to grow leaned,
or is it for the purpose of fulfilling yourself and making yourself an
GKwesk kZKi mgmvgq wek ZvB ivavKvYi Rxebv`ki AvjvKB gvbweK offering to the supreme? Man cannot be satisfied by wealth, by learn-
g~jeva RvMiY GB c mgqvwPZ cqvm ivavKvYi wkvwPv| ing, but by developing the quality of detachment, of renunciation, mak-
ing himself the instrument of a frigher purpose.
ivavKvYi wkv`kb t ivavKvY gvbweK, AvZvi cwiw Ges `qmvi weKvkKB wkvi
ivavKvY wQjb e`v`kb Ges Dcwbl`i wPvavivq Mfxifve wekvmx| cKZ A_ic MY KiQb| Zuvi gZ, .... it must include not only the
fveev`x `kbi wPvavivi vivI wZwb cfvweZ nqwQjb| Zuvi GB `vkwbK cvcU trainning of the intellect but the refinement of the heart and discipline of
wkvwPvi Dci cwZdwjZ nqwQj| wZwb GgbB GK wkvc`vbi K_v ejwQjb the spirit. No education can be regarded as complete if it neglects the
hv AvwZK DbwZi mnvqK| hv ZR ev bwZK kw RvMve| Zuvi gZ, Literacy is hear and spirit.(Occassional speeches and writings, 1956-p. 142)
not education, knowledge is not education, but the growth of wisdom, wkvi A_ GB bq h wewfb welq wKQy Z_ AvZ Kiv| wkv ne
the capacity to look upon other objects with Compassion, that is what PwiMVbi mnvqK| `yej Pwii ivK Kvb gnr KvR KiZ cvibv| wKsev Zvi
is necessary. viv RMZi Kvb KjvY nZ cvi bv| ivavKvYi gZ, The progress of the
ivavKvY cwZwU gvbylK mZ`v nIqvi K_v ejb| RMZi cwZwU nation depends on our character.
e, NUbvi cvZ h PZb^ic ZuvK Rvbvi K_v ejb| AgZm cyvt
Dcwbl`i GB evYx Zuvi ARMZK AvjvwoZ KiwQj| Dcwbl`i Awfg wZwb wkvi Kvhvejx t
mvnm mq KiQb| Dcwbl`B RMZi gvbylK Avnvb RvbvQ - n gvbe ZR^x wkvi KvR wK ne m mK ivavKvYi my wPvaviv wQj| ivavKvY
nI, ZR^x nI| exh Aej^b Ki| wkvi wbwjwLZ Kvhvejxi Dci iZ w`qwQjb
1962 mvji 5B AvM AvbvgvjvB wekwe`vjq fvlY w`Z wMq gvbeKjvY mvab t wkvi gvag gvbeKjvYK mywbwZ KiZ ne| G cm
ivavKvY ejQb - wkKjvi A_ nj `e Dcjw| wkKjvi viv Ab mvK ivavKvY ejQb, No nation in this world can hold its place of primacy
Dcjw Kiv hvq| wkKjvi Dk ayB Avgv` cgv` ev wekl aiYi wkv bq| in perpetrity. What counts is the moral contribution we make to human
wbR^ wkKjvi gvag wbRi ^Z kw Zix nq hv Abi _K wbRK c_K welfare ...... (Occassional speeches and writings, 1956-p. 142)
Ki| wkKjvK agxq mv _K c_K Kiv hvq bv| MYZvwK gbvfve MVb t ivavKvY ejQb, Education must be devel-
wkveevi AmvoZv mK Zuvi wPvaviv AvRI MnYhvM| 1956 mvji oping dedmocratic attitude. Educational institutions should train people
12B RyjvB Kwbqvi bvBivweZ Mvx ggvwiqvj GKvWwg DvabKvj ivavKvY for freedom, unity and not localism, for democracy, not for dictator-
ship.
ejb - eZgvb hyM h mUi myLxi Avgiv nwQ Zv nj AvavwZKevai msKU|
wevb wfwK PZbv MVb t G cm ivavKvY ejQb, Science is to
37 38
be used for productive work. We should develop spirit for enquiry and Avtwelq wfwK `wfw| wkv_xiv wewfb welqi vbi ga mg^q mvab KiZ
dedication in the persuit of science and sccholaarship. cPv Kie Ges GKUv mnhvwMZvi cwiek Mo DVe|
gvbweK g~jeva MVb t ivavKvY bwZK bxwZ mg~n Ges AvavwZK PZbvi kLjv t ivavKvY kLjv ejZ AvZwbqYKB eywSqQb| wZwb wekvm KiZb
viv gvbweK g~jevai weKvki K_v ejwQjb| h, AvZwbqYi AfveB wkv_x`i cvwZ, Pwi Ges HKi gvbK KjywlZ
Abymvbi nv weKwkZ Kiv t G cm wZwb Zvrchc~Y ge KiwQjb, Ki _vK| kLjv Qvov hvMKg Ges AvavwZK Kvhvejx cwiPvjbv Kiv me bq|
We should develop the spirit ofenquiry and dedication to the prrsmit of kLjvi ga w`qB AvZcvjw NUvbv me|
science and scholarship. We waste our years in college in trivialities
wkv_x`i ga kLjveva Mo Zvjvi Rb Zv`i ga myAfvm Zwi
and inanities. We need education in character.
KiZ ne| N.C.C BDwbUi m Qv-Qvx`i hy Ki Zv`i kLjv civqY Kiv
wkvi jmg~n t Wt mecj-x ivavKvY wQjb GKRb gvbeZvev`x wPvwe`|
hvq| wkv_x`i kLjv civqY Kivi Rb Ljva~jvi eev KiZ ne| gvbwmK
GRb wZwb wkvi egyLx ji K_v ejwQjb| wkvi jic ewZi
DbwZi Rb Avgv` cgv`i eev KiZ ne| Qv-Qvx`i mgvRmevg~jK KvRi
weKvk, Pwii weKvk, mswZi mvjb - msiY I DbqY mvab, AvavwZK
m hy KiZ cvij Avcbv _K Zv`i ga kLjveva Mo DVe| ( Disci-
g~jevai weKvk, ewg~jK `Zvi weKvk, RvZxq msnwZi weKvk, AvRvwZK
pline and University Education Commission, Chapter XII)
evSvcovi weKvk, wevbwfwK gbvfvei weKvk BZvw`K wZwb iZ w`qwQjb|
wZwb ejwQjb, The true aim of education, according to the Indian stages, wkKi f~wgKv t wkKi iZ Dcjw KiZ wMq ivavKvY ejwQjb,
is second birth. We are born into the world of nature and necessity, we Teacher is the corner stone of the arch of education. wZwb wkK`i
must reborn into the world of spirit and freedom. In silence and medita- AvPvh ic MY Ki ejwQjb - hvi AvPvi-AvPiY AbyKiYhvM mB-B cKZ
tion we discover the spirit in us, learn truth and love, acquire grace and wkK| ivavKvYi gZ, GKRb cKZ wkK bZzb bZzb cwiwwZi m gvwbq
strength by which we can implement our ideas. bIqvi , vbi cmvwiZ KiZ Ges fwelZi w`K wb`ki
wkvi cvVg t ivavKvYi gZ, cvVg ne Rxebi m mKhy| wZwb mnvqZv Kieb| ivavKvY wekvm KiZb h, A good teacher must know
PqwQjb, wkv_xiv bvbvwea wbqg wkvjvf KiK| fvlv, mvwnZ, mgvRwe`v how to arouse the interest of the pupil in the field of study for which he
(BwZnvm, f~Mvj, A_bxwZ BZvw`) `kb, bxwZZ, Zwe`v, ivRbxwZ, bvMwiKwe`v, is responsible .....
wevb (cvKwZK Ges gvbweK), MwYZ, Kjv, mxZ, Pviwk, ewg~jK/ckvMZ wkKi f~wgKv ne,AvbZvi AKvi `~i Kiv, bePZbvi Dbl NUvbv|
welqmg~n, Ljva~jv Ges kvixiwkv,hvM Ges ag BZvw` ewea welqK cvVgi wZwb ejwQjb, Teachers are thereservoirs of new spirit, the new spirit
Afy KiZ ejQb| ivavKvY fveev`x wPvavivq cfvweZ nqwQjb| mRb of adventure, in the intelectual matters, in social matters, in political
matters. If you do not have that spirit you cannot Communicate that
Zuvi cvVg fveev`x cvVgi welqwj AwaK iZ jvf KiwQj| vbg~jK,
spirit to the youth, who are entrusted to your care .... wkK wbRK
bwZK welqwji cvkvcvwk MwYZ Ges wevb wkvi Dci wZwb i Avivc
KiwQjb| bvix`i Rb c_K cvVgi K_vI ejwQjb| Mvnwevb, `v ic wkv_x`i myL Dcvcb Kieb| G cm ivavKvY ejwQjb, It
is education, it is instruction, it is knowledge and it is also the ex-
wkcwiPhv, mjvBqi KvR cfwZ welqK bvix`i Rb wbavwiZ Kivi K_v ample which the teacher give. (Aggarwal J.C., 2002, p 260-261)
ejwQjb| gvZfvlv, wnw` Ges msZ fvlv PPvi Dci wekl iZ w`qwQjb|
wkY cwZ t ivavKvY vb AvniYi Rb Kvbv wbw` cwZi K_v ejbwb| bvix wkv t bvix wkvi cwZ ivavKvYi mse`bkxj `wfw wQj| wZwb bvix`i
wZwb `ywU welqi Dci Rvi w`qwQjb| h_v wK kLvZ ne ? Ges wKfve cwZ Avgv`i iYkxj mgvRi wPvavivi cwZev` Ki ejwQjb, In ancient times, our
kLvZ ne? GB `ywU w`K mK wkK`i RvbZ ne| KviY Gwj KvhKix women had the ceremony of upanayana performed for them. They were
wkYi Rb LyeB iZcY~ | wkv`vbi cwZ wnmve cheY, cixY, AvjvPbv, also entitled to the chanting of the qayatrijapa.All these things were
open to our women .... it is essential, therefore, that our women should
avbi gvag wkLb, cvVcyKwfwK Kkj, mwgbvi, wUDUvwiqvj eev,
be treated as equal to others in every respect, political, economic,
hvMevqvg Ges Acivvbyfw~ Z (intuition) BZvw`i Dci wZwb Rvi w`qwQjb| cultural and spiritual, That is what we should do.
ivavKvYi wkY cwZi `ywU wekl w`K nj - mnhvwMZvg~jK cwZi m~Pbv Ges
39 40
ivavKvY mvgvwRK cwZeKZv _K bvixRvwZK gyw `Iqvi K_v ejQb| Dr. S. Radhakrishnan (1888-1975), philosopher, humanist, education-
bvixiv hvZ mvgvwRK Rxebi wewfb cyili mgK nq KvR KiZ cvi ist, orientalist and religious thinker was one of those few greatmen of
this Country who distinguished themselves equally in the fields of knowl-
Ges mgghv`vi AwaKvix nZ cvi Zvi Rb Dchy wkvi K_v ejQb| bvixiv
edge as well that of statemanship.
hvZ RvZxq Rxebi wewfb AskMnY KiZ cvi ZviRb Dchy wkvi
eev KiZ ne|
mnvqK Mcx t
wkvq cyK I Mv Mvii f~wgKv t ivavKvYi gZ cyKB mfZvi evnb|
1| eiY wkK mecj-x ivavKvY - we`yr weKvk `, eyK Iqv, Rvbyqvix 2010,
Avgiv MYZvwK, agwbic KjvYKvgx iv MVb KiZ PvB| GRb cyKi
KjKvZv|
cqvRb| Avgv`i RbmvaviYK ejv `iKvi MYZ ejZ Kx evSvq| cyKi
2| Wt ivavKvY - iYy mvivY, R.Avi.Wvqg, Rvbyqvix 2013|
gvagB Zv Kiv hZ cvi|
3| Aggarwal, J.C. (2002), Theory and principles of Education, New
ivavKvYi gZ, cvPxb Mwj mevrK| cvPxb cyuw_-cyK Avgv`i
Delhi : Vikas publishing house Pvt. Ltd.
mZvbymvb mvnvh Ki| mekv cqvRbg& Z`kbg&| kvvb jvfi gvag
4| Banerjee, A.K. (1991). Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, B.H.W., Varanasi.
mZ^icK Dcjw KivB mg kvi mviK_v|
5| Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (1957) Occassional speeches and writ-
wPwebv`b Ges Aemihvcbi cyKi iZc~Y w`Ki K_vI ings, second series, New Delhi, Publications Division, Ministry of In-
ivavKvY Zzj aiwQjb| wZwb ejwQjb AvRKvj wewfb jvK wewfb Dcvq formation & Broad Casting, Govt. of India. P-88.
mgq AwZevwnZ Ki| mevg cv cy Ki mvwba _K mgq AwZevwnZ Kiv| Ze 6| Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (1956) Occassional speeches and writ-
mB cyK ne bwZK Ges AvwZK DbwZi mnvqK| Zuvi gZ, The best life one ings, Volume 3, New Delhi, Publications Division, Ministry of Informa-
can have is the life in the company of great books and great men. tion & Broad Casting, Govt. of India. P-142.
wkv_x`i vbi Pvwn`v c~iY Ges vbi mxgv cmvii MvMvii 7| Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan(2009). The pursuit of truth, New Delhi :
f~wgKvi AcwinvhZv Dj-L KiZ wMq ivavKvY weki KqKwU k Mv Mvii Hind Pocket Book.
D`vniY w`qQb| Zvi ga Dj-LhvM AdvWi ev`jqvb jvBeix, jbi
wewUk wgDwRqvg wiwWs ig, KgweR wekwe`vjq jvBeix, IqvwksUb ` jvBeix
Ae KsMm Ges wbD BqK cvewjK jvBeix| e LvZbvgv jLK, `vkwbK Ges
mvwnwZK GB MvMviwji mvnvh wbq wbR`iK mg KiQb| ivavKvY
PqwQjb wkv_xiv MvMvii cwZ AvK nq wbR`iK mg KiK| GRb
wZwb MvMviwji Dchy eenvii K_v ejQb|
GKwesk kZKi cvcU ivavKvYi cvmwKZv t GKwesk kZKi
mgmv`xY Ges wekvqbi hyM Wt ivavKvYi wkvwPvi cvmwKZv wePvi KiZ
wMq ejv hvq, Zuvi wkv msv wPvfvebv wQj `vkwbK cvc~Y, my`~icmvix Ges
eveRxebavivi m mwZc~Y| wkvi cKZ A_ Ges j msv Zuvi gZvgZwU
LyeB MnYhvM| cvVgi m mwZc~Y| wkvi cKZ A_ Ges j msv Zuvi
gZvgZwU LyeB MnYhvM| cvVgi m ev^Rxebi mshvMmvab Ges egyLx
weKwfwK wkvcwZ msv w`Kwj GKvfve Acwinvh| eZgvb Qv wekLjvi
hyM ivavKvYi kLjvZ AZ cvmwK| wkKi KZe Ges f~wgKv mK
Zuvi wPvavivwU ayB MnYhvMB bq; cqvMhvMI eU| Zuvi Rxebavivi cwZ
G AbyKiYhvM| cwikl wnZev`i Dw w`qB AvjvPbv kl Kiv nj -
41 42
 cy : Rvwb bv hZxb`v, Avwg KiYv`exi KvQ cv_bv KiwQ, wZwb Mn`ei
wef~wZi `ehvb t eexq cgfvebv KvQ Rvbveb ejQb|
my`xc mb (wef~wZf~lY - `ehvb)
%# = Syy !yV !%y# # x ~v% eexq ivaviI K hb Si co mB GK myi
RwcZ RwcZ bvg Aek Kwij Mv
me_v asm iwnZs mZvwc asm KviY Kgb cvBe mB Zvi|
hvev eb h~bvt m cgv cwiKxwZZ \ (we`vcwZ - c`vejx)
(Dj bxjgwY/kxic Mv^vgx) cyi h cg `vbv euawQj c~e Rb, Rxebi cicviI m cgK
Agi Ki Zvjvi Rb Avkvq Avkvq eyK euva, cqi Avkvi c_ Pq _vK; ivav
kxic Mv^vgx Zuvi Dj bxjgwY M h_v_B ejQb asmi meiKg KviY hgb cqi Avkvq Amv Kib, hvwMbx cyI hb cq Avmvi cwZ wbZ Ni
_vKv mI hv asm nq bv ZvB h_v_ cg| ejvevj G cg Kvg-Mnxb cg, mvRvq, cqi AvMgb Kvji w`b MvY
`nK AwZg Ki Zv b`b Kvbbi mvgMx Zv eUB, eis evweK a~jv a~mwiZ ivavi cg cwZ t
RvMwZK Kvgbv evmbvK AwZg Ki IVv G cg hb ^Mxq cvwiRvZ| cKwZ I nv_K `icb gv_K dzj|
gvbe cwgK wef~wZf~lY Zuvi `ehvb-G GB cvwiRvZK GbB Zuvi K_v mvwnZi bqbK Ab gyLK Zv^yj ||
evMvbK mymwZ KiQb| Zuvi GK GKwU cuvcwo hZxb-cyi cg, weaevigbx `qK gMg` MxgK nvi|
- Zuvi ^vgx, hZxbi PZz_ Rbi gv I hZxbi AswiZUvb I Abvb bvbvwea Pwi| `nK miem MnK mvi||
wef~wZf~lY Dcbvm-Gi m~Pbv jMB ejQb cvwLK cvL gxbK cvwY|
meRxe mems en RxeK Rxeb nvg HQ Rvwb || (we`vcwZ)
Awb nsmv vgZ eP| cyi cg cwZ t
A_vr, G enZ meRxe Z_v mg wKQyB GB eP AvewZZ nq| cy I hZxb hZxbK cy GKUv QvULvUv my`i evoxZ wbq Mj| .... evoxi Pvwiavi
Zuv`i cg c~YZvi Rb GB eP AvewZZ nqQ, cy I hZxbi cg we dzji evMvb, meyR Nvmi gvV| `~i Mv `Lv hvQ| cy ejj Gme Avgvi
KvgMnxb wbKwlZ ng G cwiYZ nqQ mB ePi AveZbi Kwcv_i| Zix Rvbv| Avwg G`k GmwQ AvR AvVviv eQi, Zvgvi Acvq Ni mvwRq
c_gB Avm cyi K_v, eexq cwgKv kxivavi cgi gZv Zvi em AvwQ|
cgI hb wbKwlZ ng| wef~wZf~lY Zuvi cyi GK GKwU cuvcwo DbvPb Ki (`ehvb - wef~wZf~lY)
cyi cgi AtjK `wLqQb| h hb gB fvMx _K hvwMbx, bvix cgi GB cwZZ ivavi be msiY cy hb weZwZf~lYxq ivav nq DVQ|
_K mvwKvq wbRK DwiZ KiQ| Avevi cyi GB cg wPimyLi bq, Zuvi cg-i`vjvwKZ cfve hb
ivav kvgK cq wbR cgK c~Y Ki wbZ PqwQj, hvi Rb wQj Zvi nVvr i nq - kveY MMY Nvi NbNUv| hZxb`vi gyL kvb Avkvi wZPviY,
`ywbevi AvKvLv, wVK ZgbB cyI hZxbK cvIqvi Rb nq DVwQj AvKzj| Avkvi cwZ fvjevmvi AwaK cKvk ZuvK ew_Z Ki| KvQ cqI nvivbvi e`bv
hZxbi cwZ mgwcZcvYv| Dcwbl` ejv nqQ fyge gnvmyLg& bv myLbvw| ZvK cxov `q mvwaKv ivavi gZvB
h cyi AB myL wQj, m hZxbK ai ivLZ cviwb| Zvi c~eRb wbw` nq| ivav
Avi KvMwZi c_ AbveZb gyw jvf Kiv cyi Rb co _vK Kej gv myLi jvwMqv GNi euvwaby
nvnvKvi, m bxiefve RMZi wbqgK wkivavh KijI Zuvi Ai hb eexq Abj cywoqv Mj|
bvwqKvi gZvB AvZbv` Ki IV bvwgqv mvMi wmbvb KwiZ
hZxb : ejZ cvwim cy Rbi ci Rbvi mKwj Mij fj ||
njI Avgiv Kb wgwjZ nZ cviwQ bv| (vb`vm)
43 44
cy eZ ivavi cg hgb ivbyg weewZZ nq, cyi cgI Zgwb weewZZ nq
Rbvii wZZI Aq hb nq, DVQ b`bKvbbi mvgMx ^Mxq cvwiRvZ| iex`bv_ ejwQjb
Zvgvi hvIqvi c_ `eZviv dzj wgjb AvwQj evav ay GK VuvB,
djyK| hZz`v, Avwg nZfvwMbx, wein UzwUqv evav AvwK wekgq,
wPiKvj GKvB _vKe, GB Avgvi fvM|| ev nq MQ wcq|
(`ehvb - wef~wZf~lY) (ee KweZv / mvbviZix)
mZ mZB cy ai ivLZ cviwb hZxbK m Rbvi Qj Zvi _K cyi cg GB wein AwLj fyebi wbwLj AvKvk cwiev| GLvb Dwj-wLZ nq
Avjv`v nq hvq, hb eexq gv_yii nvnvKvi-B GLvb gyL nq IV giYvi Avkvi hZxbi cwZ cg evKzjZv, nvnvKvi, weaev igbxi ^vgxi cwZ
ivav cgi K_vI|
k~Y fj gw`i k~Y fj bMix| GQvovI AvQ evrmj cg| K-hkv`vi gZv hZxb I Zvi gvqi mKI
k~Y fj `kw`k k~Y fj mMix || evrmji AveiY gvov
(we`vcwZ) eexq evrmj t-
cy kx`vg my`vg `vg In b ejivg
`ex ejjb - ZvK Avgvi KvQ wbq hve, wgbwZ Kivq ZvgvRb|
cy ejj - bv AvgvKI cw_exZ cvwVq ej KZ AwZ`~i beZY Zvzi
w`b bv; w`b bv `qv Ki, mwZ ejwQ, Mvcvj jqv bv hvBI `~i ||
^M Avgvi `iKvi bB| mLvMY AvM cvQ Mvcvj Kwiqv gvS
(`ehvb - wef~wZf~lY) axi axi Kin Mgb|
wK, cyi cg wbKwlZ ng| Zv Avb cvov LuvwU mvbv, ZvB wcq beZY ZYvzi ivOv cvq hw` jvM
nviv e`bvq GKUz kvwi Rb hgb g`vm wKsev iNybv_Rxi KvQ hvq ZgbB ceva gvb bv gvqi gb ||
cqiwZUzKz AvuKo euvPZ Pvq, hv AbKUv Kwebv ivavi AbymvixI eU (ejivg `vm)
ivav `ehvbxi evrmj t-
Abi AvQq AbK Rbv hZxbi PZz_Rbi mvbnviv gvqi wejvc
Avgvi Kej Zzwg| gqwU Kuv`Q, Avi wejvc KiQ
civY nBZ kZkZ Y - I Avgvi abgwY; I Avgvi mvbv
wcqZg Kwi gvwb| ... Avgvi gvwbK; PvL PvI, Avgvi
(Px`vm) Kvj Lvwj Ki cvwjI bv Avgvi mvbv
cy Kv_vq hvev Avgvq dj|
gv QjK LvIqvq, KvQ em (`ehvb - wef~wZf~lY)
em coj c_g fvM avivcvZ mvb nvivbvi e`bv I gvqi kvZzi wPi evrmj hb AbKUvB eo nq IV|
cy em `L ek jvM Ii| ... gvqi cwZ hZxbi n gvv I cyi mKKI cKU Ki ewK|
NygvI hZz`v, NygvI; `yzwg Gi cvk AvQ eexq cg fveimi wbe`b, `vmfw| iNybv_ `vmi
Kij gvqi nvZi Po gb AvQ Zv! Mvcvj mev, cyi Mvcvj mev, weMni m evKvjvc GB fwKB cKU Ki
(`ehvb - wef~wZf~lY) ewK ? Kej ivgi fwI Gi Afy| `vmfwi ciKvvq g`vm we`vcwZi
c` AvIovb
45 46
 wKq gvbyl Rbwgq ccvwL A_ev KxUcZ|
Kig wecvK MZvMwZ cybtcybt gwZi Zuy m \
(we`vcwZ / cv_bv)
Zvnj `Lv Mj wef~wZf~lY hgb Dcbvmi ga evrmj cgimi
avivK `wLqQb, ZgbB `vmfwi eexq fMeZxq aviv| Avkv - bZbvivqY
- ivgjvji ga w`q cwjZvK `kb KivjI cyi ZvMi gwngvq, cg
fv^iZvq m cwjZv Pvcv co hvq| cy mB c cdzj nq cgK AgiZ
`vb Ki| wef~wZf~lY hvZ w`qQb eexq Avwjbv; hv ZvK K_vmvwnZ GK
wewk Avmb `vb KiQ| wZwb hb cKwZcwgK _K `ehvb cgfvebvq jjvU
imKwj AvuKv mv`v Kvco civ ee nq DVQb|
47
im
iweki mb
imi gvV `yi eM QyU Pjv NvovUvi wcVi mIqvixi w`K PvL coZB PgK
IV gvwiqvbv| Aeqmx QjUv A_ev Zvi NvovUv, KviI GKUv bv eywS RvK| mviv
gvV Ryo RbZv cvMji gZv PuvPvQ RvK - RvK| mIqvixi nvZi Rv`yZ hb
NvovUv QyU PjQ nvIqvi eM| GKUz GKUz Ki GMvZ GMvZ GKmgq mevBK
AbKUv cQb dj im wRZ bq RvK| mviv gvV RvK RvK ej Avb`
gvZvqviv nq IV| mgeZ RbZvi mv_ Zvj Zvj wgwjq RvK RvK ej bP
IV ivRKzgvix gvwiqvbvI|
GZ Avb`i ga weRqxi nvZ cyivi Zzj `evi mgq gvwiqvbv Avwevi
Kij QjUvi PvLi KvY wPKwPK KiQ Rj| `ytmvnmx QjUvi bvg RvK bq,
Bqvb| eqm AvVviv - Dwbk| iO `ya AvjZv| Uvbv PvL, wUKvjv bvK, cyi VuvU|
DPZv cvq Qq dzU| cyivi `evi mgq Bqvbi PvL PvL coZ gvwiqvbvi wKkvix
gbUv Kuc IV| gvwiqvbv j Ki mevB hLb QjUvK GKwUevi Quvqvi Rb
cvMj nq DVQ ZLb QjUv Kgb hb A~Z wbweKvi| ay Zvi PvLi KvY
_K Si covi Acvq Ujgj KiQ `yduvUv Rj| ivRKzgvix gvwiqvbvi gb nj
mB `yduvUv Rj hb Si coZ PvBQ Zvi gbi Dci hvi Avovj nqZv ev
jywKq iqQ Kvbv KiY inm| Avi ZvB eywSev AvR Zvi mvgb `uvovbv GK
gvngqx ivRKzgvix nq DVQ Avi mvaviY cuvPUv bvixi GKRb eBZv bq|
gvwiqvbvi gbUv c_g ay `yj DVwQj| Gevi hb Kvb GK ARvbv
Soi mvgb Zvi KwPcvZvi gZv kixiUv eywSev Kuc DVZ i Kij|
axi axi KLb hb QjwUi Qvqv wbtk Gm co gvwiqvbvi gbi
Dci| gvwiqvbv Zvi P eQi cvi Kiv RxebUvZ AvM KLbI imi gvV Avmwb|
AbKi AbK Abyiva mI GLvb AvmZ Zvi gb PvBZv bv| mw`b aygv
Kvbv GKUv wekl cie Dcj ivRcwievii ixwZ gb m` FZzgZx ivRKzgvixK
imi gvV nvwRi _vKZ nqwQj| Hw`b ivRKzgvixi nvZ w`q cyivi `IqvUvB
ixwZ| mBgZv gnvmgvivn NvlYvI Kiv nqwQj| A_P gvV DcwZ RbZvi hb
ivRKzgvixi w`K Kvb bRiB bB| Zviv gvZvqviv RvKi gvwjK BqvbK wbqB|
gvwiqvbv wbRI mB So Kuc DVwQj| ZeyI Zvi m` wKkvix gbi Zj Kv_vq
hb VuvB Ki bq Bqvb| Avi ZvBZv Gici _K cvqB imi gvV `Lv hZ
_vK gvwiqvbvK| gvwiqvbv hb mwnZi gZv gvV hvq Avi eyKi Zj wK hb
GKUv jywKq wbq Avm| axi axi KLb hb welei gZv cj-weZ nZ _vK
GKUv ck - wK AjwKK gZvq HUzKz QjUv cvqB im wRZ bq| A_P Zvi
48
Kvbv DQvmB evBi _K aiv co bv| QjwUi H wbweKvi Pvnwbi bxP hb
jywKq AvQ GK Amxg hYv| ARvbvK Rvbvi evmbvwU gvwiqvbvi wfZi KLb hb
jvMvgQvov nq IV|
gvwiqvbvi wcqmLx Avqbv| ivRKzgvixi wfZi -evBii cwieZb Zvi PvL
Govqbv| Iw`K gvwiqvbv gbi K_v KvDK ejZ bv ci gkt Amy nq coZ
_vK| Wvvi-ew` Gm Ilya w`q hvq| gvwiqvbvi evBi eivbvI e nq hvq|
ZeyI gvwiqvbv gyL dzU KvDK wKQy ejZ cvi bv| GgbwK AvqbvKI bq|
Avqbv wK Mvcb LuvRLei Ki wcqmLxi gbi Lei RvbZ ciwQj|
m eySZ ciwQj ivRKzgvixi AmyL mvivZ hv Kivi ZvKB KiZ ne| bv nj my
nevi e`j ivRKzgvix cvMj nq hve| ZvB Avi mKji eZvi duvK Mj Avqbv
hvMvhvM Ki Bqvbi mv_| m BqvbK Abyiva Ki m hb h KiB nvK
ivRcvmv` XyK GKevi AZt ivRKzgvix gvwiqvbvi mv_ `Lv Ki| Avqbvi K_v
b Bqvb PgK IV| evcviUv RvbvRvwb nj h Zvi wK cwiYwZ nZ cvi Zv
feB Bqvb fq KvuUv nq hvq| ZvB c_g Bqvb ivRx bv njI Avqbv ZvK cvv
fq `wLq ivRx Kivq| Avqbv ZvK GB ejI Avk Ki h GK_v Avi KD
NyYviI Ui cve bv| m mg e`ve Ki ivLe|
Mfxi ivZi gvqvex RvrvK mvx iL ivRcvmv`i GK KvY
miveii euvavbv NvU cvkvcvwk em Bqvb Avi gvwiqvbv| Kv, Amy gvwiqvbv hb
Mfxi kvwZ gv_v ivL Zvi cg`i Kuva| Zvi AembZv Quy q hvq BqvbKI| m
g`yK ej, ivRKzgvix, Zvgvi Zv wKQyiB Afve bB| Ze Zzwg Kb ......
gvwiqvbv Zvi Kv gvgi gZv ZRbx AvjZv Ki Quvqvq Bqvbi VvuU|
ej, Bqvb ZzwgI Zv imi gvV cvqB nvRvi nvRvi cvD RZv| ZeyI memgq
Zzwg Kb Agb D`vmxb _vKv| cyivi bevi mgq Lykxi cwieZ Kb Zvgvi
PvLi Kvj wPKwPK Ki IV? ejvbv Bqvb wK Zvgvi mB Ae hYv! Avwg h
RvbZ PvB|
ivRKzgvix, m Kvwnbx b Zzwg wK Kie? GKRb RwKi Rxebi KiY
Kvwnbx b Zzwg wK Kie? Zzwg wK Rvbv RvK Avgvi KZ wcq ! IK AvNvZ Kij
mB AvNvZ Avgvi gbi Dci Gm co| AvgvK Z weZ Ki Zvj| ivR
ivR| RvK& Kb, Avwg KvDKB AvNvZ KiZ PvBbv| ZeyI Zv ......
ZeyI wK Bqvb, Pzc Ki _Kvbv| Avwg AvR Zvgvi me K_v bZ PvB|
Zvgvi `ytLi fvM wbqB Avwg my nq DVZ PvB| ejvbv Bqvb Zvgvi K_v|
Ze kvb ivRKzgvix|
ivRKzgvix bq Bqvb, ejv gvwiqvbv| Zvgvi Kuva gv_v iL Avwg ZvgvK Avgvi
fvi eBevi `vwqZ w`qwQ| ZvK Zzwg A^xKvi Kiv bv Bqvb| Zzwg AvgvK GKwUevi
gvwiqvbv ej WvKv|
49
Bqvb gvwiqvbvi gv_vUv Kvj Ub bq| Puv`i Avjv avqvbv Kv PvL `ywUZ
PvL iL Mfxifve WvK - gvwiqvbv| cigyn~Z wbRK mvgj wbq ejZ _vK,
Rvbv gvwiqvbv, GKmgq Avwg IB imi gvVK fxlYfve NYv KiZvg| Avgvi
cvl, AKgY evcUv mvivRxeb imi gvV cvMji gZv `o eovjv| wRZjv
mvgvb, nvivjv me| Rvbv Zv Avgvi gvI wQj GKRb Amvgvb iceZx I YeZx
ivRKbv| fvjvem weq KiwQj Avgvi evci gZv mvgvb GK QjK| cwZ`vb
m Avgvi gvK jvKi evoxi wS ch evbvZ Qvowb| ay ZvB bq, imi gvV
wRZj g`- gqQj wbq dwZ KiZv AbLvb,Avi nvij mB Rvjv Gm DMi
w`Zv gvqi Dci| gv gyL eyR me mn KiZv ay Avgvi Rb| Avwg ZLb evcK
VKvZ cvwiwb| jywKq fq fq mme `LwQ Avi Kuc Kuc DVwQ| gv Zvi
fvjvevmvi cvqw KiZb gyL eyR| ZviZv AwfhvM Rvbvbvi gZv KD wQj
bv| Avwg gvqi Z nvZ evjvZ Mj wZwb nm PvLi Rj jyKvZb| Avi
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50
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51
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52
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Gb `uvo Kwiq w`qQ nvRviv cki gyLvgywL| gvwiqvbv fe cvq bv Kb m fvix
nq IVv PvLi cvZvq fi Ki evievi Gm `uvovq GB Lvjv AvKvki bxP| gbi
KvY jywKq _vKv GK wKkvixi ^c K AvuKo ai SzjZ _vK GK Mfxi k~YZvq|
Rxebi GB cv AvR Avi mB ivRvI bB, ivRZI bB| mewKQyB hb
AvR Mva~wji iwgvZ nvwiq hZ PvIqv ejvKv wejvm| mw`K ZvwKq _vKZ
_vKZ PvLi cvZv fvix nq IV GK evi| Avevi KLb hb K Gm ivwi
meUzKz Kvjv gyQ w`q gZ IV cfvZx Avjvi AvqvRb| Avi wVK ZLbB PgK
IV ev| UMeM - UMeM fm Avm wZbU - bv PviU Lyii AvIqvR| Avi
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`i`i Ki| `yB Kvb nvZPvcv w`q ev PuwPq IV - bv|
ivRKzgvix Pjyb - GIbv evK wdwiq wbq Avm evei gvwUZ| gvwiqvbv
vb Ki, c~RvcvV mi Mv _K So djZ Pvq j _vKv GKUv welv
AZxZK| wK PvBjB wK gvbyl me cvi! gvwiqvbvI cviwb| nqZv ev Kvb GK
wPZvi AvbB gyQ w`Z cvi me M-vwb| gvwiqvbv evanq AvRI ZviB cZxvq|
56
 MxZcavb Mvg wkiB DcKiY| cavbZ welnwi gv gbmvK ckw I e`b KivB G
Mvg evsjvi HwZnevnx hvvwk Mvbi gyL Dk wQj GB hvvMvb| wK AvR m HwZn gv^q Aejywi c_|
AvR Aejywi c_ PjwP RMZi wP ZviKv (Film-Star) `i RbwcqZvI bnvr wKQy Kg bq|
Kbbv AvaywbK hvvcvjvi AvKlY ewi Rb GB me wPwkx`i DcwwZ mwekl
Kzg`y ib `vm Dj-LhvM| KviY, hvvgv`x `kKMYi wbKU wPwkx`iI GKUv wekl AvKlY
cwijwZ nq| Gi dj `kK wKsev jvK mgvMgI nq cPzi| AbKi KvQ
hvvMvb wbtm`n GKwU HwZnevnx mgybZ wki GK Av`k wb`kb| wewfb welq
wPZviKviv cvq `eZzj| GgbwK e `kKi evwoZ Zuv`i my`kb I my`k QweI
wfwK hvvcvjv mg Mvg evsjvi gvbyli mvswZK KgKvi GK Dj `v
kvfv eab KiZ `Lv hvq|
enb Ki| cmZ hyMveZvi kx kx VvKzi ivgK cignsm `e AvaywbK w_qUvii
ZrKvjxb hvvcvjvZ cavb Pwiwji w`K j iLB bvgKiY wi
bvbvwea Dcvcbv cZ Ki h f~qmx cksmv KiwQjb mwU Avgiv bUx
Kiv nZv| hgb - ejv-jLx`i, Puv` mI`vMi, gbmv-wekKgv BZvw`| ZiRv I
webvw`bx hvvcvjvq weklfve j Ki _vwK| myZivs ZrKvjxb hvvcvjv I
KweMvbi K_v ejZ Mj Dfqwea MvbB mgRvZxq wKsev GKB cKwZi Mvb|
jvKwkvi GK ejxZg wk cqvm m`n bB| wK AvR cwiZvci welq - GZ
GZ`&mI GB `yB aiYi Mvbi gaI emv`k cwijwZ nq| weklZ ZiRv
ejx jvKwkvi GKwU wk gvagK AvR Avgiv cvq nvivZ emwQ| myZivs Gi
Acv Kwe AviI `Z jqi Mvb| Kbbv, KweMvbi AwgjbvZK ZvrwYK
eZgvb KiYZg AevbwU wbq wKQy BwZevPK AvjvPbv LyeB cvmwK ej gb
msjvci cqvM gZv wekl `Zvi cwiPq enb Ki| Ze G mg cvjvwji
KiwQ|
AwaKvskB civwYK| hgb - ivgvqY, gnvfviZ, wewfb cyivY I jvKmswZ I
weklZ h mg gvbyl Mvg evsjvi kvwc~Y cwiek emevm Kib, Zviv
jvKKvwnbx BZvw` ewPgq welqwjK Avkq KiB cwiekb Kiv nZv| Avevi
wewfb aiYi hvvcvjv `LZ cQ` Kib| ejvevj Zviv Qjejv _KB
wdwKix Mvb, `nZvwK Mvb Ges mevcwi evDj Mvb cwiekb KiZb| Mvg evsjvi
GBme hvvcvjv `LZ Af nq wP webv`bi gvag wnmve eQ wbqQb|
ZrKvjxb ^ wkwZ wKsev AawkwZ mvaviY gvbyli AvwiK cwPvq Ges mwq
wekl Ki Zv`i ga hvvcvjv `Lvi Acwimxg KZznj _vKv mI Zv`i G
AskMnY Dciv cvjvwj mv_K ic cwiekb Kiv nZv|
Pvwn`v c~iYi mvebv Av` Djgq| KviY, hvvwk AvR cvq Aejywi c_
Abw`K GiB cvkvcvwk cPwjZ wQj eov gvci hvvcvjv, hv g~jZ
wejxb nZ PjQ| cmZ Dj-L Kiv hvq, b`xqvi KbMii cZ Mvgvj
cgvsK wewk c~Yv hvvcvjv wnmve wPwZ| Ze mKvji RvZxq cvjvKvi`i
KweMvb, fvmvb, dwKwi Mvb, `nZvwK evDj Mvb cfwZ wewfb AvwKi Mvbi
ga wekl Ki Mi fo, eR`Kgz vi `, cgv`K fvPvh cgLy ^bvgab hvvcvjv
cPjb wQj `xNw`b ai| Mvg evsjvi mvaviY gvbyl Gwji gaB LuyR cZb
iPwqZv`i bvg mevwaK Dj-LhvM| cavbZ cvjvwj wQj civwYK, HwZnvwmK
Zv`i AvZZyw I wP webv`bi wewfb DcKiY|
I mvgvwRK GB wZbwU kYxZ wef| c_gZ GBme hvvcvjvq x Pwi AcvKZ
fvmvb Mvb ejZ g~jZt Avgiv gbmv gji KvwnbxK Avkq Ki GK
Aeqmx QjivB AskMnY KiZv| hvv PjvKvjxb bZ cwiekb cewU wQj hvvi
aiYi MxwZcavb Mvgxb wki gvagKB eywS| weklZ welnwi `ex gv gbmvi wZ
GK AweQ` A| GQvov hvvcvjvi iZB bZ cwiekb wQj LyeB mvaviY
I e`bv KivB njv G Mvbi g~j cwZcv` welq| gbmvgj cvjvq weklZ ejv-
evcvi| GK GKwU AsK kl nZB bZmLx`i bvPMvb h_vwbqg PjZv| GQvov
jLx`i, Pvu` mI`vMi G aiYi KqKwU cavb Pwi wewfb cvlvKi icmvq
weeK I GKvx Pwii gyLI msMxZ cwiekb kvbv hZv| weMZ kZvxi mvZ
nvwRi Kivbv nZv| hvv`j wKsev mc`vqi Ab KqKRb Kzkxje Kvwnbxi
`kKi c~eK vj ch G RvZxq hvvcvjv Kvbg Zvi AwZ eRvq iL euPwQj|
cqvRb gvZveK g DV msjvc mshvRb KiZb| cqvRb eva GKB ew
wK Kvji weeZb mvZ `kKi Mvovi w`K AvwKi Avg~j cwieZb NwUq
GKvwaK PwiI Awfbq KiZb| G mg hvvcvjv hnZz wQj MxZcavb, mB
AvaywbK ic hvv DcvwcZ njv `kKi `ievi| weklZ `y wZbwU Abymi
KviY wbevwPZ MvbwjK mshvwRZ Ki g~j Kvwnbxi MwZ mvi Kivbvi DkB
cwieZb hvvK `Z MwZZ mvdji DP wkLi cuQ w`q Mj|
g~jZ Gwj eenvi Kiv nZ| Ze Gwj KweMvbi bvq ZvrwYKfve iwPZ nIqvq
c_gZ, hvv RMZ AvaywbK gvBKi eenvi wkxK K^i cbi
msjvcwj Lye GKUv DPi cuQvZv bv|
wekl myweav Gb w`j, hv Abvqvm `kKi wbKU msjvci Ave`b cuQ w`Z
wekl Ki Suvcvb Mvb I gbmv gjK Avkq Ki Dcvcbv GK aiYi
mg nj| wZxqZ, AZvaywbK RbviUi Gi mvnvh iKgvwi AvjvK mwi dj
57 58
g AvjvK ewPi KvwiMix| ZZxqZ, cqvRbeva gi cwieZb, cwieab I
cybwebvm Ki bIqv nZv| PZz_Z, iKwWs Gi wekl myweav mwi dj gvb
wewfb aiYi k cqvMi eev KivI mnRmva njv| GB egvwK icvi
hvvcvjvK Mvg evsjvi AMwYZ gvbyli wbKU GKwU AvKlbxq wkmwi wb`kb
wnmve GK DbZ chvq cuQ w`qwQj| Gi dj ZiY hvvcvjvKviMYi wewfb
cvjv iPbvq AvMn cKvk I cvjvwji weKvk mvab my`xN wZb `kK ai mMie
Mvg M cej cZvc Zvi fvMgb NvlYv KiZ jvMjv| cieZxKvj Aek
Pjgvb hvvcvjvi PwiwjK mywbw` Ki AwfbZv Awfbxi msjvc wbaviYi
gvagB hvvwki AvaywbKxKiY me nqwQj|
GK wekl DP chvqi ee KweMY iwPZ `vkwbK fvehy c`mg~nK
mse ic weklZ ivavKjxjv welqK MxZ KxZbK jxjv KxZb wKsev cvjvKxZb
wnmve wPwZ Ki _vKb| weklZ GKRb KxZbxqv I Zuvi `uvnviMY wKsev mc`vq
mnhvM GB cvjv KxZb cwiekb Ki _vKb| Ze G cyil Ges gwnjv
Dfq kYxi KxZbxqvB Zuv`i wbR^ AvwK KxZb Mvb cwiekb Ki _vKb|
GQvov GB RvZxq cvjvwji cvkvcvwk Ab GK aiYi hvvi Av`j cvjvMvb
Avgiv j Ki _vwK| hwUK GKK_vq Khvv ejv nZv| Ze Gi msjvc A
Zt wKQyUv njI c~e wbavwiZ Ges PwiwjI ^Z mgyj _vKZv| Avevi GB
Khvvi Av`jB cwiKwZ nq wewfb jvKPwi I Kvwnbx| hvi Aej^b QvU
hvvcvjv MvbiI cPjb NUwQj| Ze AwaKvsk Pwii msjvci m
h_vchvMx MvbiI mshvRb _vKZ|
wK mewKQyB GKUv BwZevPK c`c Pjvi ci Kvb KwVb evei
gyLvgywL Gm `uvovZ nq| ZLb nqZv GK Pigvev cwijwZ nq| dj `Lv `q
gvebwZ| e`ywZK MYgvag cPvwiZ wekl gbgvwnbx webv`b gvag gkt
hvBkK Zvi cej mvnbx kwi wbKU civRq ^xKvi Ki Zvi wbw` Aevb
_K AcmvwiZ Ki wbRi vbwU myiwZ Kivi Rnv` NvlYv Kijv GB AZvaywbK
MYgvag| Aejxjvg mKji gbvmshvM NUjv eNii mxgve `~i`kbi QvU
c`vi Dci| ejvevj, GB AZvaywbK e`ywZK gvagi cej mvnbx kwi
wbKU P~ovfve civ nq mKji Aj gkt Aejy nZ jvMjv Mvg
jvKmswZi AbZg aviK I evnK GB HwZnevnx I Miegq hvvcvjvi gnvb
wk|
59
Rxeb mvZw^bx
Zcb fwgK
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Avjv, Pw`gv, gNi Qvqv| So, ew, kxZ, Mx GiKg KZ wKQy weqvwe
mwi cw_exZ Avgv`i Kvjvi emevm| Gi gaB gvbyli evmf~wg| BwZnvm
cvPxbZv _K AvRKi kZvx| GKK `kK kZK ai gvbyl ZvBZv cengvb
RxweZ Ges RxeRMrI Z`c Pjrer| Rb - gZz GB KvjP hvbi Awfhvx| ew
I q Ges jq| mKjiB cek Avi cvbi wbw` mgq ewZKv|
AZtci Avgiv KvjvwZgYi nvZ ai mgKvji hvx Ges wbwZ avegvb
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ekZv A_ev Rq I civRqi wPiKvjxb hy Ges mLZv| Lv` Ges Lv`K -Gi
cKwZ c` cwiYwZ|
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viv mfZvi mw I mU meKvjB cvkvcvwk _KQ| mB cKwZ c` Lv` I
Lv`Ki f~wgKvq| GQvov Dg ebvg Aag GB `ywU g~j kYx webvm, Dg kYx`i
ev gZv aviK`i zpZvq mgvR Rxebi DbqY I jvbv cii _KQ| AvRI
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ivRbwZK `vqeZvi wkw_jZv, mvaviY gvbylK Drmvnx nZ fxZ Ki| jve,
cwZcw, Ansmg Ajvi hb Avw`g cew i evnK Ges kvmK, ivRv, cf,y AvRKi
ivRbwZK ivRv| Avw`g cRv h_v RbmvaviY QyUQ| jvfi evZvm jMQ
Mvq| Giv Avgv`i fvB, ez, AvZvi AvZxq, AZGe mfZv mw I mUi eo Mfxi
wbKU AvZxq| iv njI Avgvi i| Avgv`iB i| hv Kvj wbiewa cengvb|
Ges A_t h_v_ g~jvqY aygvwqZ| ivRivl Z weZ gvbe `n| gbi
wPb iLv A^Q| PZbv eKx Kvievi e`x| gvbeZvi cKvk I weKvk cPvii
mvgMx| A`j e`j wfb Ab Kvb Av`j bB| GB ici AvKvi wfb, wK cKvi
Z_eP| dj ew mv I msMVb ev msv, ivRkw I ckxkw viv jvwZ| gvbx
ewi mvb ivq wbZvB ewnmvex|
GB hvt GZ fvebvi `vq Kx ! wbivc` `~iZ myL euvwP| Amvbi wbivcv
exgvq Avvkxj _vwK| weeK wewZ nvK Pjgvb mfZvi mwLb evRvi| cwivi
f`jvK _vKZ euvav bB| wK gvbe gbi A`i e`i, gvbe mfZvi RvnvR
60
fuv fuv k Zvj| gbi f~Mvj cvKwZK PZbvq ay Avwg bq gvbyl _vKZI
Pvq| ZvBZv mvcb GKv nq hvq| eYgq cw_exi weeY eZvq cwikv eva nq,
fvj-vMbv ....| Aekl gb cwe cvq,my`ii mvbx nZ Pvq| my`ii c~Rvq
gvbyl AvZgM nZ fvjevm| wPZvi wmz cvo AvuQo co XD .... PZbvi PZb
fvjvevmvi AvwKb| `yi XD MoQ .... fvOQ .... MoQ| AvZgM Abyfe hb
DPvwiZ cvwLi KvKwj|
Kx ..... h my`i emyiv !
meyR cvZvq Qwoq AvQ Avjv|
nvmQ iv`, cwiq `ytL kvK
Rxeb Zv bq - AKvi ...|
bv ....| Rxeb Aekl AKviv bq| myi AvQ| AvQ mxZ| ZvB Mvb nq
IV Rxeb| iOZzwj LuyR bq wkxi nvZ| mw I mvi mvabvq cw_exi M` I
KweZvq Avkq, ckq| fyeb fiv KZ m` Avgv`i ! ay mKji bq ZvB `ytLi
enZv evZvm| Rxebi KvjmvZ ZeyI cengvb RxweZ RMr gvbyl| AwaMZ bq
mKji myL ZvBZv hy h_ver| fvjv g` Ges myi I A-myii kvkZ ` Anin|
Kvjvnj gvbyli| ivRbxwZK`i| ivRbxwZi QvU eo iKgvix fvi i`
cLi Zvc `vn| GB `nb Rvjvq RjQ mgvRNi| myLi evox| cgi DZv| civMi
DviY| `vZi m`h| Avb`i ivyi| cUi w`| A_P K bq mgvRez| Abvq Kiwe bv, wg_v K_v ejwe bv, wg_v ejj Zvi wRe Lm coe| gvqi K_v
fvebv Aweivg| DviYi wekvm Zey euvPvZB ne| Rxeb mvZw^bx ..............|
`ytL hvi mvnvM Ki bxie PvLi Rj, Zvi AvZwejvc mg GB wm
Rj cevwnZ nvK PZbvi mivei| b`xZ| mgy`| Ges Aekl GB fviZi
gnvgvbei mvMiZxi| wekKwe iex`bv_ VvKzii cvqi cvZvq| ^vgx weeKvb`i
PZbvi Avkq| gnvZv Mvxi `vkwbK fvev`k| bZvRxi ^`k cgi AvZ ewj`vb| hb GK ` `LwQj| c` eveyK cvwLwUK `wLq ejwQj,evey m evi Avcwb h
mxgvwqZ Rxebi Qv cwimi wevwiZ nvK Rxebeva| AwgKvj AwgZ bq|
iL hvq Ab mKvj|
Aii ki Pq eo k gvbyli Avi nZ cvi bv|
ZvB Awekvm ^ic Mn kK fq KiZ ne ...........
- bZvRx myfvlP` emy
61
ivRvi Av`k
Zvcm nvj`vi
cwZw`b fviB KZvevey Nyg _K DV ewiq cob cvZtgY| AvRI wbZw`bi
gZ mv_ iqQ Zvi `xNw`bi wek KgPvix c`| c`K wbq cvZtgY ewiq
coZB evwoi `Iqvj jLvi w`K bRi co eveyi| `Iqvj jLv AvQ ivRvi
Av`k| GB ivR Kn KLbv wg_v ejZ cvie bv, wg_vev`xK KVvi kvw
fvM KiZ ne| ivRi ga mKj wgj wgk PjZ ne| SMov weev` Kiv Pje
bv, Kvb mgmv nj ivR`ievi bvwjk RvbvZ ne| mZev`xK ivRv mvb Rvbveb
I cyivi `eb| wg_vev`xK KVvi kvw cZ ne|
KZvevey AbK mgq ai `Iqvji wjLb `uvwoq `uvwoq weo weo Ki
co c`K wRvmv Kij - nuvi c`; `Iqvj wK jLv AvQ, eySZ ciwQm ? bv
evey, Avwg I jLv coZ cvwibv| ZvB wK Ki eySe wK jLv AvQ `Iqvj| b
Zvi Avi eyS KvR bB, Pj H eUMvQZjvZ wMq GKUz ewm| ILvb wMq ZvK me
eje `Iqvj wK jLv AvQ| evey c`K `Iqvji me jLv me eywSq ejZB,
c` Nvo bo ejj, ZvBZv ewj evey gv ejwQj c` hZ wec`B AvmyK KLbv
gZv Avwg KLbv Abvq Kwibv, ev wg_v ewj bv| c` mnR mij jvK, I KLbv
Abvq AvPiY Ki bv|
GKw`b MvQ ZjvZ em evey I c`i ga bvbv M nwQj| Ggb mgq
MvQi gMWvjZ GKUv my`i cvwL Gm em| evey I c`i w`K cvwLUv ZvwKq wK
cvwLUvK ekx Lvq ej LuvPv _K Zvwoq w`qwQjb, AweKj H cvwLwUi gZ
`LZ| evey c`K _vg ej, evM _K GKUv wezU ei Ki cvwLwUi w`K Quyo
w`jb, cvwLUv MvQ _K bg mB wezU Lvevi Rb GwMq Gj| evey ZrYvr
nvZi jvwV Quyo cvwLi w`K gviZB cvwL fq cvwjq Mj| eveyi jvwV wVKi
b`xi Rj wMq coj| GK mvZ fvmZ fvmZ Pj Mj| cvwLUvK AbymiY Ki
b`xi cvo w`q DoZ _vK, wKQy`~i wMq `LZ cj jvwVUv ivRevwoi vbi NvU
_K GKwU gq Kzwoq wbq ivRevwoi w`K Mj| gqwU jvwVUv wbq mvRv
ivRevwoZ wMq ivRvi KvQ Rgv w`q ejj, ivRvgkvB GB jvwV Avwg b`xi NvU
vb KiZ wMq cqwQ| ivRv gqwUK jvwV ivR`ievi Rgv w`q evwo Pj hZ
ejj| cvwLUv ivRevwoi Qv` Do Gm em| LvwbK ev`i Rvbjvi duvK w`q
ivRKzgvix my`i cvwLUvK `LZ cq cnix`i ai AvbZ ej| cnix cvwLUvK
aiZ Mj, cvwL cvwjq DoZ _vK| cnixiv wcQy wcQy QyUZ QyUZ nuvwcq co
62
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MvQZjvZ em wbR`i ga M KiwQj| nVvr Iiv mevB `LZ cj cvwLUv Wvbv
fi Ki Do Gm eUMvQi gMWvjZ wMq emj| ivRevwoi cnixiv cvwLwUK
aievi Rb Pv Ki wedj nq ivRevwo wdi Gj|
ek wKQy mgq ci GK`j ivRevwoi cnixiv Xuov wcwUq ej Mj,
ivRevwoZ GKUv jvwV Rgv coQ| hvi jvwV ne ZvK Dchy cgvY w`q jvwVUv
ivRevwo _K AvMvgxKvj wbZ ne| evey I c` GB K_v b ciw`b mKvj
ivRevwoZ wMq nvwRi nq, ivRvgkvBK jvwV dir cvevi AvwR Rvwbq `ievi
Kivq, ivRvgkvB ZvK H jvwVi cKZ gvwjK h Dwb, Zvi Dchy cgvY `evi K_v
ejb| nuv ivRvgkvB Avwg Dchy cgvY w`qB jvwV dir wbZ PvB| wK cgvY AvQ
Zvgvi KvQ? evey ZvovZvwo ivRvi w`K GwMq hZB , GKRb eqv gwnjv Gm
ivRvgkvBK cYvg Ki ejj, ivRvgkvB GB eveyi evwo Avwg Kvbv GK mgq
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jvwVUv `Lj wPbZ cvie Ges `v`yi h wZ H jvwVi m Rwoq AvQ Zvi
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ejyb Avcbvi wK cgvY `Iqvi AvQ? evey ejjb, H jvwVUvi AMfvM icvi Puvw`
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63
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AvR hb GKUy ekx Kov nq MQ g`Uv, Avmj ew`b AvM g`i U `yB _K gawe cwievi| ZvB wbRK cwZv Kivi ZvwM` cwZeQiB Pj Avm KvR KiZ
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Agwb dvb jxi fvB I gvqi mv_ K_v ej me wVK Ki wbj| wUDkvb cwoq
jxi weq `Iqv me bq ZvB Zv`i m^j gv jxi bvg Rgvbv 70 nvRvi
UvKv hv jxi evev RxweZ Kvj ev iL wMqwQjb| ZvB weKvk ee c`vejxZ
cowQj cgi Avb` wgjb bq ZvM| ZvB GB myhvM nvivZ Pvq bv| nvivZ Pvq
bv Zvi fvjvevmvi gvbyli gyLi nvwm| Acivax Zv m jxi KvQ mviv Rxebi
gZ nqQB, hw` gyLi nvwmUvI Pj hvq Zvnj weKvk wbRi KvQ wPiKvji Rb
Acivax _KB hve| ZvB weKvk Zvi wbRi cwieviK ivwR Kwiq I jxi gv I
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weKvki we.GW. Kivi Rb GK jvL Pwj-k nvRvi UvKv Zzj w`qwQj jxi gvqi
nvZ jxi ARv Ges wbRB meiKg eev Kij weqi Rb| jxi mv_ hvi
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Zvi weqi LiP h weKvk w`qQ Zv wPiKvj ARvbvB _vKe GgbB cwZv Kwiq
bq jxi fvB I gv-K w`q| weKvk wbR nvZ jxi fvBqi mv_ nvZ nvZ
jvwMq KvR KiwQj wK gyL `LvBwb jxK KviY hLbB KvR KiZ KiZ
`yRb `yRbvi myLxb nqQ| ZLwb weKvk Aejxjvg gv_v bxPz Ki cvk KvwUq
Pj MQ| weqi Avmi hLb jx emQ ZLb weKvk GKUv evPv gqK w`q
QvU GKUv Dcnvi cvwVq w`j Ges mUv hnZz jxi KvQ GKUv evPv gq wbq
MQ ZvB mKj wgj jxi mvgb AvMn wbq Lyj djj| `Lv Mj evi ga
a~cKvwV I a~c`vbx| cvk GKUv wPiKU jLv AvQ GB GKkv a~cKvwVi myMi
gZv Zvgvi Rxeb myiwfZ nvK| jxi Avi eySZ evwK iBjv bv K cvwVqQ|
jxi Lye BQ wQj Gg.G. coe| ZvB Zvi LiP eve` cbi nvRvi UvKv jxi
QvUfvB Gi nvZ Zzj w`q ejj GB UvKvUv h Gg.G. covi LiP wnmve kievwo
hvevi w`b nvZ w`q `q ej we`vq wbj weKvk| weqevwoi cvk duvKv gvV| gvV
Gm emQ weKvk jvj myav wbq| Avi mvbvBqi AvIqvR fm AvmQ Kvb, hvi
gvbUv wVK GBiKg
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70

wekvqbi cwicwZ bwZKZvi cvmwKZv
gvnb Kzgvi gj
xy S, !yV yyy #y
bqwZ BwZ bxwZt| A_vr hv gvbe mgvRK mywbw` c_ PvwjZ Ki ZvB bxwZ|
hw`I bxwZkwU ivRbxwZ,mgvRbxwZ, A_bxwZ I agbxwZ cfwZ evcK A_ chy
nq| G bxwZ kwU kvmbagi ewk, mgvR Rxebi mymshZ aviv, A_msv
wbqgvejx, agwfwK AvPvi AvPiY BZvw` A_ eeZ nq _vK| AvRKi wekvqbi
hyM bwZKZvi cvmwKZv wK AvQ? nqZv wePvii GUvB h_v_ mgq| Avi hw` bv
_vK Zvnj gvbyli Kw, mfZv I mswZ meB wg_v cwZcb ne| AvRKi wk
AvMvgx w`bi fwelr| Zv`i bwZK wkvi gvag gvbwmK `pZv I PvwiwK DrKl
mvab bxwZevK keY, gbb I wbw`avmbi AZvekK cqvRb AekB iqQ|
AvRKi wek^i cZK ciZ ciZ ivweivax KvhKjvc gbyl mgvR AwZ,
jvwZ, cZvwiZ I wekvm fi gvn wbgwZ| wekevmx gi` mvRv Ki cwZev`i
fvlv nvivZ emQ| Zviga h cwZev`i cwZawb kywb Zv bwZKZvi I gbylZi
Rqawb| GB wekvqbi hyMI gvbe gb cKZ gbylZ eva Dy KiZ, cviwiK
gxfve RvMZ KiZ, cg I cxwZi eb `p KiZ, bxZ m^wjZ mvwnZ cvVi
iZ Abyf~Z nq|
vbb nxbvt cwftmgvbvt| GB vbB gvbyli wekl wbR^ m`| GB
vbB Zvi fvjg` wePvii cwiPvqK| GB vbi Afve gvbyl cZ cwiYZ nq|
hnZz AvRKi wek kvw kLjv, my cwiek I cviwiK mve AbKLvwb
m`vPvii Dci wbfikxj ZvB eZgvb mgqi cwicwZ wKQy bxwZevKi AvjvKcvZ
KivB cei Dk|
wesk kZvxi cvq kl w`K cw_exi eyK h AvjvK ewZKv wbq nvwRi
njv Zv wevb I chywi hyM| ZviB nvZ ai wek wkv, ag, Kjv I KwZ GK
gjeb i njv| mgvRZvwK _K abZvwK A_bxwZ cvKvcvwKfve mg wek
nvZQvwb w`Z _vKjv| wekvqbi Quvqvq mg ivB Zv`i AvRv wZK mK vcb
ecwiKi| wK Mvj euvajv mB bwZKZvi ck, Kwei iex`bv_i Zuvi Kvegq
fvlvq ZvB h_v_B ejQb - K KZUv w`e Avi wbe| wgjve wgwje gnvgvbei
mvMiZj| (1) wekgvbei KvQ ck RvMjv, Avgiv wekvqb PvB bwZKZvi gvMK
Qvov, bv wek|evqb I bwZKZv hyMc` PvB, KvbUv ? Gi KviY GKUvB Avgiv
Avgv`i RxebK my`ifve Mo ZzjZ Mj bwZKZvi AbymiY Kiv cqvRb| Zv
bv nj wekvqbI GKw`b wdK nq hve| Kbbv hw` wekvqb PvB bwZKZvK eRb
Ki, Zvnj fnwii bxwZevKB wPib mZ nq Avgv`i Dbqbkxj weki KvQ
71
Gi _K eo `v eva nq Avi ne bv|
jvf`Yb wKs wcbZv h`w wKg& cvZK:
mZs Pcmv P wKswP gbv h`w Zx_b wKg& |
mRbs hw` wKs wbR: ^gwngv h`w wKs gb:
mwRv hw` wKs abichkv h`w wKs gZybv|
fnwi / bxwZkZK/55/90 c:| (2)
GB wekvqbi hyM DbZ I DbqYkxj `kwj hw` cviwiK DP
AvKvLv ic AZvekK jvfi ekeZx nq Ze mZB wek gZzgyL cwZZ ne|
LjZvi AwZ Ab Kvb cvci cqvRb ne bv| ZvB DbZ I Dbqbkxj `kwji
mZwbv, cweZv, mRbeva I mrwe`v ic bwZK wkvi cqvRb| ime
AgZg&| (3) AgZ im _K GB cw_ex ewZ ne| ZvB hw` Avgiv GB cw_exic
Mvfx `vnb Awfjvlx nB, Ze ermZzj GB RbMYK cvlY KiZ ne| (4)
RbMY AbeiZ c~Yfve cwicy nj KjZvi bvq cw_ex bvbv cKvi dj c`vb
Kie| (5) ZLb wekvqbi A_B h_v_ nqQ ej gb ne|
GLb ck| wekvqb cw_exi megvbyli Avw_K myiv Ges mxwgZ ^vQ`
A_vr Avw_K mvgi wfwZ cwZ gvbyli ewK I bv`wbK weKvk Zivw^Z KiZ
cvi? Avgvi gZ gvbyli ew^v_i ga wbwnZ AvQ Zuvi hyw I wevbmZ
bwZKZvi Drm| axkwi viv ew gvbyli gb bwZKZvi Dcjw Rbvj wbR
gvbyli `Z weKvki ^v_ m wbR _KB mvg I ^vaxbZvgq RMr eevi cev
ne| Avi mvg I ^vaxbZv cw_fxZ icvwqZ nj gx mnRB Rb be| hgb
AvR wek gvbe mfZvi ewK I bv`wbK weKvki Rb hgb cwZwU gvbyliB
`vwi` _K gyw Ges Avw_K myiv cqvRb| mBic Anxb fvMev` I gvbyli
ewK I bv`wbK weKvki c wZKi| G fn wii mB bxwZevKB eZgvb
wekK mZKxKiY KiZ cvi| KviY ab bvk nZz wenxb gvbyli KvQ GKgyVv
avbi g~j AbK ekx| Avi A_evbi KvQ GKgyVv avbi g~j AwZZzQ| Hkh
weivU cw_ex ZYi gZv ej gb nq|
cwixYt Kwr nqwZ hevbvg& cmZq
m cvr m~Yt KjqwZ awixs ZYmgvg& |
AZvbKv`ijNyZqv_ly awbbv -
gev ewb c_qwZ P msKvPqwZ P ||
fnwi / bxwZkZK/45/81 c:| (6)
`vwi` gvbylK Afve, Acyw, A^v I Awkvq Agvbyl Ki ivL Ges
ZvK Anxb KvwqK kg eva Ki| Zv`i ewK I bv`wbK weKvk Ki|
Aciw`K Pig `vwi`i ga h gvbyli Anxb A_ Ges fvMwejvmi mvb
Rxeb hvcb Ki, ewK bv`wbK `wKvY _K mI cZzj Rxegv| iex`bv_
72
Zvi Kvegq fvlvq h_v_B ejQb - cvZ iLQv hvi m Zvgvi cvZ
UvwbQ| (7) ZvB cw_exi me gvbyli Avw_K myiv Ges mxwgZ ^vQ` A_vr
hgivRi `ievi
Avw_K mvgi wfw Zivw^Z KiZ AvR wek bwZK mZKxKiY eo cqvRb| ckv cvj
cwikl GK_v ejZ PvB mZB eZgvb wek bxwZwkvi cvmwKZv AvQ|
KviY Avgiv wejvm Hkh GZUvB g h DcKvixi DcKvi KZZv ^xKvi cibyL| weeK t
Avgiv fyj hvB mB wkv - djvMg ewj AebZ nq, gNwj b~Zb RjKYv wek evi mg wKQyi mvx mgq|
viv AbK `~i ch cmvwiZ nq, gnvcyilMY mgwKvj DZ nb bv| civcKvix mgq KLbI _g _vK bv|
ewMYi ^fveB Gic| (8) Avgiv fyj hvB mB wkvB -mRb gnZi, cwZwbqZ mvgb GwMq Pj m me`v MwZkxj|
evKmshg khi, Bw`qwbew vbi, webq kvvbi, mrcv eq abi, mgqi mv_ mv_ GB gnvweki -
vanxbZv Zcmvi, gv cfyZi, AKcUZv agi f~lY| (9) GB Ywj RvbZ mewKQyB cwieZbkxj|
nj Avgv`i mrPwievb nZ ne| ZvB mrPwiB mek f~lY|(10) hv`i we`v, mgqi kke, heb I evaKK
Zcmv, `vbkxjZv, vb, mr^fve, m`Y I agfve wKQyB bB, Zviv cZzj, Avgiv Dcjw KiZ cvwi bv|
cw_exZ fvi^ic| Zviv gZjvK gbyl wePiY Ki|(11) cwikl GB wmv Ze Kx mwi kl jMI mgq kl nq hve bv ?
Avmv hvq GB cki mgvavb hg-`ievi AvR,
GZ mrcyilvt civ_NUKvt ^v_s cwiZR h wevwiZ Di `eb, ^qs hgivR||
mvgvbv civ_gy`gfZt ^v_vweivab h|
Zngx gvbeivmvt ciwnZvs ^v_vq wbNw h hgivR t
h Zz Nw wbi_Ks ciwnZs Z K b Rvbxgn| bgt Pvgyvq bgt, bgt Pvgyvq bgt, bgt Pvgyvq bgt
fnwi / bxwZkZK/74/108 c:| (12)
Kve K_vi hg `ievi mevi DcwwZ
B`ex Pvgyvi KvQ fw I cYwZ|
weeK gbyl wPmn mKj YxRb
mevi AbygwZ wbq, hg - `ievii Y|
wewai weavb mgZv Avb, mw-wwZ-jq
wbqwZiB Kgx Avwg, hgivR cwiPq|
wePvi Avwg wbic, eywS bv Avcb ci
hgb Kg Zgb dj, nZ cvi fqi|
bgt Pvgyvq bgt, bgt Pvgyvq bgt, bgt Pvgyvq bgt

weeK t
mv _K mwi Rxeb hv wKQy wbq wek
ivRB gviv e nwQ wZj wZj Ki wbt^|
AvR ei Qv KzuwowU dzj nq dvU Kvj
wki RxebI heb kl Avm eKvj|
n Av`i hZ jvwjZ GB gbyl `n
73 74
 cf~Z wejxb nj Avcb ie bv Kn||
gbyl t
Rb nqQ gvbyl icZ, iqQ gZzfq
gvbe `n giYkxj Agi KLbI bq|
vcZ, AvwacZ hZ AcZ Uvb
wZ nq ay ibxq ie `n ne wbcvY|
wein e_vq we `q Kie nvnvKvi
k~Y cvlvK kqb Kwiq `n ne mrKvi|
wZPviYi Agq Rvqvi fjvq fvme Kn
AwPbcyii Aaiv AvZv, ie ay Abygq|
wkx t
Rbi kl cwiYwZ gZz
GB kvkZ evYxi mc
KweK awbZnq -
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Zzwg _vKv cf~Z, meRxeZB||
wP t
Elv _K Mva~wj Avi mv _K cfvZ,
m~hi mvgb cw_ex, Ki cwYcvZ|
A GKwU AveZbB, w`b Pj hvq,
eQi, hyM, kZvxI hvq - cwZw`bi bvq||
gZi k cvYx, gvbyl hw` awi,
wk, hyeK, e me, h hvi Kg Kwi||
fvj-g`, fvM-ZvM, AvPvi-wePvi
hgivRi Kvhvjq, nq mywePvi|
civwYZ gZ, wnmve - Avwg wP ivwL,
gvbyli me KZKgi, AsK Kl _vwK|
wkx t
gyLvm gyLUv iL/ cvlvK A XK
c Avi R wKQy gvbyl mR iq
75
ejbv evey gvbyl Kv_v cvq|
hgivR t
bgt Pvgyvq bgt, bgt Pvgyvq bgt, bgt Pvgyvq bgt
^M, gZ, cvZvj GB wZbwU fyeb
mevB Avgiv mgxn Ki hgivR ej gvb|
Kgdji wePvi Avwg bvgB fqi,
cvcx Zvcx vbxYxI Kuvc _i_i|
myhvM cj AvwgI eje Avgvi gbi K_v,
Kg Avwg AwePj bB Kvb e_Zv|
gZevmx ej hg wbzi, cvl, k
gZ KD AvgvK c~Rv Ki bv k~b Avgvi f|
Kwei fvebvq AvgviI AbK myL `ytL AvQ
kxZ, Mx, So, Sv, wechqi gvS|
KZ DcPvi KZ `eZv c~Rv cvq cwZw`b
hgcyixZ gnvivR nq ay Avwg KvUvB w`b|
mvivRxeb gbylKzj hv hv Kg Ki
wP wnmve ivLb cwZ i i|
gnvmwPe wP GB Zv cvkB `uvwoq
wbweK wnmvei K_v ejeb K evwoq||
wP t
KwZ GB hgcyixZ, DcwwZ AvR
YxRbi ga, Kwi GKmv_ weivR
mKj MYgvb mn, agivR Abb
mKji gvS _K, wbRI Avwg ab|
wbe`b AvQ gvi, KqKwU K_v,
mB mZhyM _K, wjL fiwQ LvZv|
gvvZvi Avgj _K, wjLwQ Avi wjLwQ
cwZ gyn~Z wbZbZzb, msweavbI wkLwQ|
mZ, Zv, vcii wZbwU hyM cwiq
Nvi KwjhyM AvR, GBLvb `uvwoq|
wnmve wgjvZ wMq, ivR LvB nveyWyey
KZevi Ave`b KiwQ, ejyb cfy ?
weij emwZ wQj, cvYx mB hyM
76
 wcucoi gZv AYwZ cvY, AvR GB hyM| AUv wgje Kxm, K ev Rvb|
GKv GKv mvgjvZ cvwi bv Avwg Avi Rxebi Awg GB jMb
cwZw`bB `vex Kwi PvB KwDUvi| wnmve e gb, msMvcb||
ZeyI kvbbv KD, Avgvi K_v, wfo Vvmv cw_exi g Qo
cfy ejb wPi, wnmveI e_Zv? cvwo w`Z ne `~i e`~i
AvaywbK MwZkxj, KZ hvbevnb wZ weRwoZ gvqv, ggZv dj
GKeviB myBP wUcj, K kvb Kvi eviY? we`vq gbb, wbRK gy Ki ||
nVvr Scvs Ki, ogywoq Nvo
KZ cvY AKvjB, hvq cicvi? fvj g`i me wnmve kl
AhyZ wbhyZ AvR, gZz nQ wbZ hgivRi gZ AvMgb wNi
ZeyI cfy ejb, gZzB wPimZ| PjZvq DwM nq, cvw_e Rxeb
Mvm Ki k~bZv, gb axi axi||
Mvb t
fewQjvg hve Kvwk/ nq ie Kvwkevmx wnmve wbKvk cv - wP
Kvgwmz bxo Avwm Wywejvg Avevi wbglZ WK bq - wePvivjq|
Avgvq Ki cvi, Gevi Avgvq Ki cvi| LvZv Lyj, wgj Ki AsKUv
wbt^ nq, hZ nq, hgvjq||
hgivR t
bgt Pvgyvq bgt, bgt Pvgyvq bgt, bgt Pvgyvq bgt weeK t
bgt bvivqbvq bgt
hgb Zvgvi Kg ne ZgbB ne dj bgt kxKvq bgt
DcvwRZ cvii KwowU ie ay m^j| bgt bvivqbvq bgt
iqQb gnvgbyl kxgvb ivgcyix `ni AvZv we`nxi ci Kvji cevn iZ
Zvi fvebvi K_vI wKQy keY Kwi || ^Rb nvivbv mvZ eq hve dy avivi gZv|
kxnwi wbRI gvbyl icZ gZ RbQb
gbyl t AeZvi nqI myL `ytL fvM Ki MQb|
wcZv gvZvi Avkxev`, ab gvbe Rxeb ZvKI Kg KiZ nqQ mZ cwZvq
e`bv Kwi wmw`vZv, MYcwZi PiY| Kzi Ksm iveY asm ZviB cPvq|
Aemy beMn, `k w`KcwZ Avcb Kg DwbZ nq kvkZ Qwe GuK
Zvgv`i Avkxl nvK AMwZi MwZ| Zuvi AvZvI we`nx nqQ bki `n iL|
`xvi wkvi mbvZb i`i cvq bgt bvivqbvq bgt
bZgK nq mevBK cYwZ RvbvB| bgt kxKvq bgt
fvM ZvMi gvbe Rxeb AvQ wKQy e_Zv bgt bvivqbvq bgt
kvmn GB `ievi ejwQ wKQy K_v|
wbqg bxwZZ evav, GB fyeb gbyl t
77 78
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gvbe`n giYkxj, Agi KLbI bq
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wbe`b mgcY,me fvebvi kl
KZznj ck Kwi, `eZv mKvk||
hgivR t
bgt Pvgyvq bgt, bgt Pvgyvq bgt, bgt Pvgyvq bgt
mv _K mwi Rxeb fvebv _KB nqQ mw
fvebv nj fvei Avavi, fvebv _KB cy Kw|
fyfvMxiv fvebvZ cvq fvM I ZvMi Kvgbv evmbv
gnr fvebvi AvKlYB gnwl`i Dcvmbv|
wbZbZzb fvebv _KB Avwevii ^Mevm,
KzPx`i fvebv -Mij nq AbKi mebvk|
fvebv KLbI mvMii gZv gbi mKZ XD w`q hvq
Dcjwi Avjcbv w`q mRb wkx fvlvZ mvRvq|
AbK gvbyli c_g fvebv gie bv Zv m Kvbw`b
cf~Zi GgbB wewqv bexb GKw`b neB cexY||
gbyl t
AvZvbB k vb, kv Dj-L Kiv
gvbyli GB `ngw`i cf~Z Mov|
f~wg Rj AvKvk evZvm - Avi Avjv
G`i mgZv wbq cvYxi Rb njv||
wkx t
Avgvq gvbyl Kiv bvMv Avi .......
hgivR t
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meRxeZ Avwg AvwQ cigvZvi AbyMvgx|
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AvZv Qvwo wei `n wbcvY jY|
h cvYxZ hZ _vK `eZ Y
mB cvYxi PZbv Mf ZZ DbZ Y||
g` fvjv Kgi dj AvZv aviY Ki
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wP t
Kvji MwZZ mKvj `ycyi mvi ci wbwk
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`vb Ki w`ZB ne kl wbtkvm|
hgivR t
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cf~Zi KviYI AvZv `qK Ki |
AvbZvB mecKvi myL I `ytLi KviY
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GKic _K AviK icZ, wbqZ AvewZZ|
gbyl GB `nicI ZvB icvii Aaxb
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weeK t
80
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myi eua GKZvivZ, gb evDj Mvb Mq hvq,
AvZv icx, GKwU Zvi, jvUvB Nywoi Rxeb KvUvB||
weeK t
gvbe `n wZbwU kwi RvMZ wgkY
Rxebevcx PjZ _vK `n gb gb|
c_g kw gvZMfi Azi Awavb
wZxq kw `q cwiek, hv cf~Zi `vb|
ZZxq kw mviv Rxebi Kg _K cv
wkwi GB fvMdj Kvji MwZZ ev|
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_vKZ PvB ckv `vjvq, Zvgvi KiYvq, cfy Zvgvi KiYvq
wP t
AvZv AweKvi mykw Awebvkx evqexq
A`k - RvwZ eicx hyM hyM Abygq|
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gsjy t
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mvgbi w`K Ub wbq hZ _vK| _vgvi myhvM `q bv, b`xi mvZi gZv fvwmq Zvi KvQ _K Rv`yeveZvi iPbv cwZwU wbB| Avgvi gb nq h, Avwg Avgvi
wbq hZ _vK| Zvi GKwU wb`kb Avgiv Zzj aie| Kvwnbx ZixZ AbK `~i ch ^vaxbZv wbZ cvwi, Avgvi KbvK mveZvi cv
Dwbkk cuPvwk mb GKw`b jxevRvii kvgvcmv` Payix jbi hyeK ch wbqv hZ cvwi|(10)
Ave`yj gwR`i cvqi mvj cwiwwZi m mwZ weavb e_ nq dU Ki wQuo Avgiv GLb Dcbvm Aski Rv`y eveZvagx iPbvixwZi GKwU `v Dj-L
hvq| Avmj ei cvYZ hw` evbxKfve cwZwZ nZv Zvnj nqZv ejv hZ Kie|
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cengvbZvi ^v_B fvlvq AskMnY cqvRb| KjKvZv, exq mvwnZ msm``, 2013, ct 133|
2. Avwg K_vmvwnZi ay msjvc bv, UUi I bZzb evKwebvm I fvlv 4. `ek ivq, cwZe`b t PviwU Dcbvm GKm, KjKvZv, `R cvewjwks,
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RvMvo KiZ ne| .... Avgv`i cqvRbB Avgiv GB fvlvUvK Zwi KiwQ| Avgvi 5. ^cb cvv, `ek ivqi cwZe`b wbq `yB cvVKi evKevwR, KjKvZv, ez
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GB Dw _K evSv hvq h jLK Zuvi Dcbvmi fvlv h Kwg Zv 291|
B ^xKvi KiQb| wK mB KwgZvK ejZ ne kwK KwgZv| 6. 3 - Gi Abyic, ct 136|
Dcbvm Rxeb cfvweZ nqQ, nqQ| weow^Z nqQ ivRbwZK 7. KgjKzgvi gRyg`vi, Mvjvc my`ix, KjKvZv, Avb` 1982, f~wgKvsk (mybxj
eveZvi viv| Rxeb-Ave`yj gwR`i, Zvi Avcv (w`w`) gvgbvi, kwdKi,LvRv e`vcvavq wjwLZ)
Avng` Avwji Ges AviI mvZRbi; mBm evsjv`ki evOvwji| Avi ivRbwZK 8. Z`e, ct 23|
eveZv evi evi gvbyli RxebK wech Ki| m~vKvi Dcbvmi Afy mB 9. iweb cvj, Rv`yeveZv t eveZvi wfb ^i (cvvZ mvwnZZ I mvwnZfvebv/
eveZvK Avgiv `L be| mvt be`y mb), KjKvZv, iZvejx, 2009, ct210
1. 1971-Gi cP AZvPviI Ave`yj gwR` evwo Qvowb; Qvoj ^vaxb evsjv`k| 10. 3 -Gi Abyic|
2. Ave`yj gwR` wK msLvjNy mc`vqfy bq evsjv`k; msLvjNy nj AB 11. Z`e, ct 134|
wev nIqvi mvebv wQj| Avv nevi ev wbivcvnxbZvi ^vfvweK eva _K 12. Z`e, ct 134|
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BwZnvm I gywk`vev` Kvwnbx cojB Zv evSv hvq| gywk`vev`i gymwjg Rbgvbmi
weeZbi cm AvjvPbv KiZ wMq GKvji jLK we`kx fvlKvii gZi gywk`vev` : msw fMvwjK Z_
AbyMgb KiI (BLwZqviDwb KLwZqvi wLjwR c_g evsjvq gymwjg fvevbyli ckvmwbK webvm Abyhvqx eZgvb gywk`vev` Rjvi Aevb `wYe ev Mvq
wevi NUvb) Rvbvb h, 1203 Lxt ZzwK weRqi ci _K 1757 mvj wmivR`j-vi cwgei Di cwg cv 23 wWwM 40`30``Di Avsk _K 24 wWwM
civRq ch mvo cuvPkv eQii gaeZxKvj gymjgvb mgvRi cb, MVb I 50`20`` Di I 87 wWwM 49`17``c~e `vwNgvsk _K 88 wWwM 46`c~e
103 104
`vwNgvski ga| Rjvi AvqZb 5324 eMwKwg|2. 2001 mvji RbMYbv Abymvi
G Rjvi jvKmsLv 58,64,291 Rb| Rjvq gnKzgvi msLv 5, DbqYg~jK
AvQ 26wU, bMi msLv 26, cimfv AvQ 7wU|
bvgKiY :
ckvmwbK webvmi mgq Rjvi bvgKiY nqQ gywk`vev` knii bvg _K| 1704
mvj evsjvi `Iqvb gywk`Kzwj Luvv cv`wkK ivvR^ msMni K` XvKv _K gywk`vev`
kni vbvwiZ Kib| Aek bMii cb `xNKvj AvMB nqwQj| wewfb M GB b`xqvi Askwekl, eov exif~gi GKvsk Ges fvMjcyi| BsiR Avgj G Rjvi
bMii wewfb bvg `Lv hvq| GKwU gZvbymvi mb kvn Avgj (1493-1519
Lxt) bvbKcx mbvmx gyKmy`b `vm GB bMi cwZv Kib Ges Zuvi bvgB GB
bMii bvg nq gyKmy`vev`|3.
GB knii Dj-L gj c`k-lvok kZK iwPZ fwelcyivYi ev
L AskI| mLvb GB bMii bvg gvivmy`vev`, hv KvbI GK heb KZK cwZwZ|
Ze wewfb bvg cPwjZ _vKjI gywk`Kzwj Luv mviv c`ki ivR^ K` GLvb
vbvwiZ Kivi AvM `ywU bvg ej cPwjZ wQj Zv nj gyKmy`vev`, AciwU
gLmy`vev`| kvmbK` Ges vbxq ivR^ msMni K`^ic G knii iZ wQj| 1793 mvji 11 Rvbyqvwi Mfbi Rbvij-Gi Av`k 5
mevcwi GLvb GKwU UvKkvj wQj| 1679 Lxt gyKmy`vev` UvKkvj gy`vwZ GKwU
gy`v mveK cwg cvwKvbi jvnvi msMnkvjvq msiwZ AvQ|
wiqvR-Dm-mvjvwZb Abyhvqx gKmym Lvb bvg GK ewYK GLvb mivBLvbv
Zwi Kib| GB ewYK I AvBb-B-AvKeixZ Dj-wLZ gKmym Lvb GKB ew|
AvKeii KvhKvj evsjvi myev`vi mC` Lvbi fvB wQjb gKRym Lvb| cvUbv
Rjvi nvwRcyi gKmym Lvbi Zwi cv_ii gmwR` AvQ| 1786 Lxt jLv wmqvi-
Dj-gyZvwiYi Abyev`K igi gZ vbwUi cvPxb bvg gyimy`vev`, cieZx bvg
gKmymvev` Ges mekl nq gyiwk`vev`|
Avevi GI cPwjZ BwZnvm h, 1700 mvj JiRe gywk`Kzwj LuvK
evsjvi `Iqvb Ges gKmymvev`i dR`vwi wbhy Kib| ci gywk`KzwjB XvKv
_K ivR^ Av`vqi K`I gKmymvev` mwiq wbq Avmb| mgvU JiRe ZvK
evsjv, wenvi Ges Dwolvi bvqe-bvwRg c` wbhy Kib| gywk`Kzwj bvwRg
c`vwfwl nIqvi ci knii bvgKiY Kib gyywk`vev` Ges gywk`vev` bMi nq
IV evsjv, wenvi Ges Dwolvi ivRavbx| cyivbv bvgwUI ew`b ch eeZ nq|
1760 mvj ch wewfb `wjj `veR gyKmymvev` bvgwU `Lv hvq| gy`v q bvgvYi
wfwZ wbwZfve bvgKiYi mvj wbw` Kiv hvq| 1704 Lxt gyKmymvev` UuvKkvj
kl gy`vY nq Ges H eQii wWm^i gvm gywk`vev` UvuKkvj c_g gy`vb nq|
gywk`vev` ckvmwbK mxgviLvi cwieZb
105
gywk`vev`i `wY Ges `wY c~e eagvb Ges b`xqv Rjv| `wY c~ei GB Ask
b`xqv Ges gywk`vev`i mxgv wPwZ KiQ Rjx| gyywk`vev` Rjvi cwg, `wY
cwg exif~g Ges muvIZvj ciMYv Rjvi Di Ges Di c~e Mv Ges cv
gvj`n Rjv Ges evvsjv`k| dj cvkeZx Rjv, c`k wKsev ivRi f~cKwZ
Rjevqy, ag, mswZ Ges fvlvi cfve gywk`vev`i cvxq GjvKvq Qwo iqQ|
GQvovv 1793 _K 1925 mvj ch GB Rjvi mxgviLv ckvmwbK KviY eevi
cwiewZZ nqQ| bevex Avgj gywk`v-PvKjvi AMZ wQj gvj`n-cvebv-ivRkvnx-
mxgviLvi bvbv cwieZb NUwQj|
ivR^ eevi msvii j B Bwqv Kvvbxi Avgj KwgwU Ae&
ifwbD MwVZ nqwQj| GB KwgwUi cwieZ evW Ae& ifwbD KvR i Ki
1786 mvj| evWi cwmWU mvi Rb kvii cve gvZveK 1787 mvji 29
gvP KvjKvUv MRU wew Rvwi Ki dZwms ciMYvK gywk`vev`i m mshy
Kiv nq|4. exif~g I wezcyii Rwg`vwi m mgq gyywk`vev`i Afy wQj| H GKB
ZvwiL (29-03-1787) exif~gK hy Kiv nj wezcyii m|
1.cvi cwg wbR ivRkvnxi GjvKv wQj Zvi GKvsg gywk`vev`i Afy nj|
evwK gnjwj b`xqvi m hy nj|
Ggbfve gnjwji cybwebvm Kiv nj hvZ Rjvi mxgvbv cv ev Mvi
Dfq Zxi bv _vK| (Rjv webvm cavb b`xwji GKUv f~wgKv _vK fvMxi_xi
Gcvi KjKvZv, Icvi nvIov Rjv| Gcvi Di Pwek ciMYv I b`xqv, Icvi
Mwj Rjv| Gcvi gywk`vev`, Icvi gvj`n| evMi Lvj bvgK Rj wefvwRKvwU
b`xqv I Di Pwek ciMYvK c_K KiQ| Gi ewZgI AvQ fvMxi_xi
Aci cvi nIqv mI HwZnvwmK KviY bexc ckvmwbKfve b`xqv Rjvi ga
_K wMqQ| wK fMvwjK ev A_bwZK Aj wnmve Aayybv bexci m
eagvb Rjvi ^vfvweK mshvMK ^xKvi KiZ ne| b`x I b`xi ZxieZx Aji
b`xRxeb mB Aji gvbyli Rxeb I hvcb KZUv iZc~Y Zv Avgiv mKjB
Rvwb| myZivs GKwU Aji aviYv KiZ Mj f~Mvj, ckvmwbK webvmmn GKwU
^Z mvsw ZK Aji cKbv MVb KiZ nq|6) 27 m^i, 1793 gywk`vev`i
250wU Mvg ckvmwbK KviY hy Kiv nj exif~gi m| wPivqx e`vei mgq
Rjvi eZgvb fMvwjK cwiwai Di cwgvski wKQy GjvKv gywk`vev`i A
fy wQj bv| Abw`K m mgq exif~g Rjvi mgM ivgcyinvU gnKzgv Ges m`i
gnKzgvi GKwU Ask gywk`vev` Rjvi ga wQj| mgKvjxb wewfb wicvU `Lv hvq
Rjvwji ga mxgvbv wb`k wbq mskq wQj| Rwgi gvwjKvbv, ivR^ Av`vq,
dR`vwi eev MnY Gme welq wbq mgmv `Lv w`Z| Zv mI wPivqx e`ve
106
i ci 1794 - 97 G mgq KqKwU QvULvUv i`e`j Qvov Kvb cwieZb NUwb|
3. 1806 mvj gywk`vev` RjvK wejvc Kivi K_v fvev nqwQj| GgbwK Rjv
gvwRU I Rjv RRi c` AejyI Ki `Iqv nqwQj| kl ch Aek cwg exif~g _K ^ic wms, kicyi I Kzbcyi ciMYvi 39wU Ges muvIZvj
Kvjiwkc& wejvc Ki exif~gi m hy Kiv nqwb| wK fvMxi_xi cwgi
wexY GjvKv mvKzwjcyi (bvbyi), cuvPgywY (eoTv), `ybMvg(`ywbMvg), cjmv,
bjnvwU GB _vbvwjK exif~gi m hy Ki `Iqv nj| (ijkb 1,
1806)7.
4. 1809 mvj exif~gi Kvji-Gi c` Aejy nj| exif~g hy nj gywk`vev`i
m Ges GKRb AvwmvU Kvji (wmDwo) H Aski `vwqZ _vKjb| H eQiB
Avw_K mvkqi Rb gywk`vev`i ewkifvM Ask Pj Mj exif~gi RRi nvZ|
1820 mvj Avevi exif~g ^Z Rjv wnmve ^xKwZ cvq|
5. 1824 mvji 17 gvP jb Pzwi ej WvP`i KvQ _K KvwkgevRvi mwbwnZ
KvwjKvcyi Mvg gywk`vev`i m hy Kiv nq|
6. 1834 -G cjmv _vbv Gj gywk`vev`, wK fiZcyi _vbv hy nj exif~g|
1839 -G cjmv _vbv Avevi hy nj exif~gi m| 1854-G fiZcyi _vbv
gywk`vev` wdi Gj| Rjx I bI`v _vbv hy nj b`xqvi m| Zwi nj Kwigcyi
gnKzgv|
7. 8-3-1854 mvj fvMjcyi _K I KvwjKvcyi dvivvev` _vbv gywk`vev` Gj|
8. 1852-55 G KYj MvmUji cwiPvjbvq Rjvq Rwic nq hv ifwbD mvf
bvg cwiwPZ| m mgq Rjvq wQj DwbkwU _vbv mvgkiM, myZx, gxRvcyi,
Lvgiv(GLb iNybv_M), `Iqvb mivB (GLb jvjMvjv), ivYxZvjvm, Mvqvm (eZgvb
nwinicvov), `jZevRvi (`jZvev`), Di kni _vbv (eZgvb Kv`x), `wY
kni _vbv (eZgvb ejWvOv), PvqbWvOv (AgZKzi KvQ), KjvYM (beMvg),
e`xnvU (eZgvb mvMi`xwN), MvKY, LoMvg I fiZcyi|
ckvmwbK GjvKvi cwieZbi m m ivR^ msMni GKKwj gk
Aweb I wew nq co| MvmUji cwZe`b Abymvi c_g wefvMwj wQj Mv-cvi g~jmvZi ga h we`yi mijiwLK `~iZ me _K Kg ne, mB
mymse | Rwg nvZ e`ji m m `Lv w`Z bvbv AmwZ| GKwU ciMYv ev Rjvi
evwm`v hw` Ab Kvb ciMYv ev Rjvi Rwgi gvwjK nq, Zvi g~j Rwg h ciMYvi
mLvb ivR^ ZvwjKvq bZzb RwgwU Af y nq hvq| Gfve GKwU Rjvi Rwg XyK
co Ab Rjvi ivR^ ZvwjKvq| gywk`vev`i ivR^ ZvwjKvq `Lv hvq XyK coQ
XvKv I Pwek ciMYvi Rwg|
9. 1855-56, ifwbD mvfi ci `k nvRvix ciMYv gywk`vev` _K muvIZvj
ciMYvi m hy nq|8
10. 1863 mvj b`xqv _K weay c vov,jvKbv_cy i , GKWvjv bvwRicy i ,
Av`yjewoqv, WvKvwZqvcvZv, evwj cfwZ 340wU Mvg gywk`vev` Afy Kiv nq|
107
11. 1875 mvj Mvi `wYZxi gvj`n Rjvi h Mvgwj wQj Zv gywk`vev`
Gj| Mv,cv I Rjx nj Rjvi h_vg Di c~e, c~e I `wY c~e mxgvbv|
ciMYv Rjvi KvKRvj ciMYv _K 7wU Mvg gywk`vev` hy nj| GB wewZB
gywk`vev` Rjvi cwZwU _vbvi Aaxb Ajwj mywbw`fve wPwZ Kiv nq|
12. 30-10-1876 ZvwiL gywk`vev`i 170wU Mvg hy nj exif~gi m|
13. 1879-G eoTv _vbv exif~g _K gywk`vev` Gj| ivgcyinvU I bjnvwU Pj
Mj exif~g| H eQi mvgkiM, mywZ, iNybv_M, jvjMvjv, fMevbMvjv,
mvMi`xwN, gywk`vev`, wRqvM, enigcyi, nwinicvov, ivYxbMi, ejWvOv, WvgKj,
bI`v, Rjx, beMvg, Kv`x, LoMvg, fiZcyi I eoTv GB KzwowU _vbv wQj gywk`vev`
Rjvq| H eQi _K Rjvi MVb I AvqZb gvUvgywUfve AcwiewZZ _vK|
Gici 1925 mvj cvi MwZc_i wePzwZi Rb Rjvi cwiwa mvgvb cwiewZZ
nq| H eQi 15 m^i GK wewi (3514 wc:Gb) ej ivRkvnx Rjvi PviwU
Mvg gywk`vev` Rjvi Afy nq|
14. 1947 mvj `k ^vaxb nq| evsjv nq LwZ| ivWwKd ivq`v` Abyhvqx
gywk`vev` cwgei Afy nq| ivWwKd ivq`v`v NvwlZ nevi ci gywk`vev`
cwgei m hy njI ivWwKd iLv eivei c~e I Di-c~e mxgvbv wPwZ
KiZ wMq wK Amyweavi myLxb nZ nq| ivWwKdi wb`k Abyhvqx Mv-cvi
g~jmvZi wVK gvSLvb eivei AvRvwZK mxgvbvi Aevb| wK KvQ cvb`xZ
KqKwU Pi _vKvq GLvb gamvZi wbkvbv KwVb nq co|
GB mskq wbimbi Rb 1949 mvj MwVZ nq evM UvBeybvj| evM
UvBeybvji Av`k ejv nq gv_vfvOv b`xi g~jmvZi gvS eivei fviZ-cvwK
vbi mxgvbv iLv| 1948 mvji Gqvi dUvMvd Abyhvqx Rjx Mvgi _vbv I
Kvws MvDi `wY cwg we`y A_vr b`xqv Rjvi Di c~e KvY Mvb`xi
_vbvi mxgvbvi Di ch `wYvwfgyL Zv eq Pj| gv_vfvOvi Drmwe`y _K
we`ywU ne fviZ-cvwKvb AvRvwZK mxgvbvi `wY c~e we`y| GB we`y _K Mv-
cvi g~jmvZi gvS eivei fviZ-cvwKvb AvRvwZK mxgvbv wbw` ne| evM
UvBeybvji ivq Abyhvqx Pi ki`vRcyi I cvkeZx GKwU Pii wKq`sk gywk`vev`
Z_v fviZi Afy nq| AwaKvsk Pi GjvKv Pj hvq mveK c~e cvwKvb| GB
nj eZgvb gywk`vev`i MVb|
ckvewPi Avfvm :
ckv I ewwebvmi eZgvb GB cwimsLvb ZLbB Rxe nq IV hLb Avgiv
108
`wL h, GB Aji wn`y RbMvxi ckvMZ Rxebi m gymwjg RbMvxi Qvov Zvi cwiPq Dvi Kiv `ytmva m`n bB| Avgiv msw mgq I cwimi Zvi
ewi wfwMZ mv`k I emv`k mvgvwRK mZi w`K Avgv`i gbvhvM wb`k wKQy AMvQvjv bgybv nvwRi KiZ cvwi gv|
Ki| Kuvmv, wgvb wKsev kLwk hgb wn`y RbMvxi cvavb ZgbB gymwjg
RbMvx wewfb ckvq wbqvwRZ AvQb| byij Avwgb wekvm c~ev M Zvi GKwU Z_m~ t
wek Qwe Zzj aiQb| ZuvK AbymiY Ki Avgiv gywk`vev`i gymwjg mc`vqi 1. gywk`vev` Rjv MRwUqvi: Iq ej wWw MRwUqvim& DPwkv wefvM,
wewP ckv cwiPqi GKUv aviYv cZ cvwi| cwge miKvi Ges RjvkvmK I mgvnZv, gywk`vev`,bf^i, 2003, ct 1|
wn`y RbMvxi gZv AwaKvsk gymwjgB KwlRxex I wbZv `wi`| GB
Aj emsLK wenvwi gymjgvb Gm emevm i Kib Guiv RvZ Rvjv ev Avbmvwi 1K. kZxe ivnv: AjPPvi Zwek (cKvwkZe), AvRKi cwZfvm, ct 12-
gvwgb ZuvwZ| Rxcyii eiR, gn`cyi, iNybv_cyi, euvai avi, wgavcvov, dzjevwo, 13|
Aivev`, aywjqvb, ejWvOv BZvw` vb GB Rvjv`i `Lv hvq| Avwgb RvbvQb 1L. Z`e|
h, Lvv ev LvvB bvg Gu`i wbR^ GK fvlv AvQ| Avgv`i Abygvb LvvB 1M. Z`e, ct 18|
cyivcywi gyLi fvlv| nwinicvovi ZiZxcyi _vKb e`iv| jvjevM gymwjg 1N. gywk`vev` Rjv MRwUqvi, c~ev, ct 1|
mvdvBKgxi `Lv gj| Gu`i AwaKvsk GLb PgKvii KvR Kib| nwinicvovi 2. gywk`vev` Rjv MRwUqvi: Iq ej wWw MRwUqvim& DPwkv wefvM,
MvavwiZ gymwjg PuvBiv evm Kib| Kvw`i wnRj evm Kib gymwjg wbwKwi cwge miKvi Ges RjvkvmK I mgvnZv, gywk`vev`, ct 1|
mc`vqi gvbyl| Gu`i ckv gvQ I UwK gvQi eemv| aywjqvb, fMevbMvjv, 3. Z`e, ct 3|
Rxcyi I AvLwiM ek wKQy gymwjg cwievi gvQi eemv KiZv| nwinicvovi 4. Z`e, ct 3|
^iccyi, WvgKji fvZkvjvq evm Kib jvnvwo mc`vq| Gu`i RvZ eemv 5. Z`e, ct 3|
jvvi eemv| mvMiw`wNi evwjqvZ evm Kib Ave`vj mc`vq Guiv Mviy, 6. kZxe ivnv: c~ev , ct 19|
gvl,QvMjK Lvwm Kib| jvjevMi gnbviv avB Ges nv^jv| Gu`i cyiliv 7. gywk`vev` Rjv MRwUqvi, ct 3|
Nvovi cvq bvj civbvi KvR Kib| enigcyii LmvWvOv, nwinicvovi `icvov, 8. Z`e, ct 4|
bI`vi WvOvcvovi fiviv mc`vqi gymwjgiv evmbi dwiIqvjvi KvR Kib|
myZx Ges `vMvwQi kikvevw`qv RbMvxi ckv weqi bvP, Mvb I Kvc Kiv| Kvw`
gnKzgvi MvKY, cuvP_ycx, `wYL, MvjvnvU, KuvZzinvU, QvwZbvKvw`, emvqv
wezcyi cUzqv mc`vq evm Kib| Guiv AbKB mvcyowMwi Ki, euv`i bvwUq,
fvjyK bvwPq, cvwL wkKvi Ki RxweKv wbevn Kib| Gu`i AbK Avevi cU
AvuKb, cU Ljvb| iNybv_Mi Ave`vj mc`vq Pvlevmi m NuyU wew Kib|
gywk`vev`i egvbyl wn`y gymjgvb Dfq agKB AvPiYi ga w`q cvjb
Kib| jvjevMi Kzgxi`n I aigcyi gymjgvb KZvfRv mc`vqi evm `Lv hvq|
cUzqv, mvcyo, e`, jvjewM Ges Ave`vj mc`vqi gvbyliv Dfq agKB gvb
Ki Pjb| nwinicvovi LvgvigvwU, Rvgbvev`, kicyi, ZiZxcyi, WvgKji
Kzgvicyi, ejWvOvi iZbcyi, evaewoqvZ e `vdvwj cwievi evm Kib| Guiv
cuvPcxi I gvwbKcxii DcvmK| Guiv GKw`j cxii Mvbi ceZK|
gywk`vev` Aji gyLi fvlvq GB wewP ckv I agvPiYi Mfxi cfve
coQ| ckvMZ fvlv ev cdkbvj jvyqR QvovI GB wewgk RbmgvRi fvlv
eenvi mxgvnxb ewPi mw nqQ| eRbi wgwjZ cqvm Ges weZZ cwimi
109 110
 wLwZ nqwQj agK wfw Ki| ZvB GKUv Av`kMZ Aevb _KB fviZ
fviZ Bmivqj mK bZzb gvo DmivqjK mg_b wavM wQj| cvjvBb mgmvi mgvavbK ivmsN 1947
Wt wmivRyj Bmjvg Gi g gvm BDbvBUW bkbm& kvj KwgwU Ab cvjvBb MVb KiwQj|
y# xy z!y !y Syyy V #y fviZ ZLbI ^vaxb nqwb ZeyI GB KwgwUi 11Rb m`mi AbZg wQj fviZ|
KwgwUi 8 m`m cvjvBbK Bw` I Avie`i ga fvM Kivi cve w`qwQj|
Rbi cvq mv_ mv_ BmivqjK ^xKwZ `vb KijI fviZ c~Y KUbwZK mK fviZ, Bivb I hyMvk-vwfqv GB cv ei wec gZcKvk KiwQj| fviZ wQj
vcb KiwQi cvq 42 eQi ci| fviZi c_g w`Ki Bmivqj bxwZ wQj bv k msLvjwN `j| msLvMwi `k cvei mc fvU w`qwQj| mB myev` 1948
bv wg| fviZi bxwZ wQj Aviecx wK fviZ bvbv welq Avie `kwji KvQ Gi g gvm Bmivqj iv Zwi nq| fviZ m m BmivqjK ^xKwZ `qwb| GB
_K h_vh_ mg_b bv cq KUbwZK bxwZZ cwieZb Ki eveg~Lx we`kbxwZ welq fviZ Zvi ^vaxbZvi AvMi bxwZB AbymiY KiwQj| RvZxq KsMmi bZviv
AbymiY i Ki| fviZi Bmivqj bxwZZ bZzb gvo Gj 1992 mvj, cvjvBb Bw``i Pvwcq `Iqvi wei wQj| 1936 mvj Aj Bwqv KsMm
wc.wf.bimxgv ivIqi Avgj| KwgwU GK weewZZ Rvwbq wQj KsMm BDivc Bw``i `yfvMi cwZ mnvbyfw~ Zkxj
fviZ Bmivqj mK `ywU chvq wef| c_g chvq 1950-1992 wK wewUk mgivi mvnvh wbq Bw`iv cvjvBb wbR`i `vex cwZv Kivi
Ges wZxq chvq 1992 Gi cieZxKvj| c_g ce, fviZi Bmivqj bxwZ nj h Pv KiQ Zv wb`vRbK| KwgwU wekvm Ki h Avie I Bw`iv cZ
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fviZ cvwKvb hy wgki, AvjRwiqv I wmwiqv wbic wQj| KzqZ, mw` Avie
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1993 mvji g gvm Bmivqji we`k gx wmgb ciR fviZ mdi Kib Ges
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1. wj Ae KvwUm evB ccyjk, http://simple.m.wikipedia.org.
2. wRqb nj RiRvjgi GKwU evBejxq bvg| Bw`iv ivgvb`i wei we`vn
e_ nIqvi ci wbevwmZ nqwQjb| wbevmb emevmi mgq Zviv me`v RiRvjgi
K_v gb ivLZ Ges cZn cv_bvi mgq ejZb cii eQi RiRvjg| GwU nj
agxq wRqbev`| Ze Dbwesk kZK w_qvWvi nvRj bvg GK Rvgvb Bw` Gi
ivRbwZK Dk e Kib| wZwb The Jewish State (1896) bvg GKwU
cywKv iPbv Kib hLvb wZwb wjLQb h Bw` mgmvi mgvavbi GKgv c_
117
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ivRbwZK Av`vjb i KiwQj ZvB wRqbev` bvg cwiwPZ|
3. G. wR. G Gm. wR. RvBw`, ` GvBKcw`qv Ae ` Bwqvb bvkbvj KsMm,
fwjDg 8, bqvw`wj-, 1977, ct 478|
4. ivR` Afqvi, ` BfywjDkb G wdDPvi Ae Bwqv Bmivqj wijk|
www.tau.ac.il / humanities/abraham/india-israel.pdf, ct 7
5. K wc wgk, Bwqvb cwjwm Ae wiKMwbkb Ae Um G MfbgUm, `
AvgwiKvb Rvbvj Ae BUvibvkbvj, fwjDg 55 bs 2, Gwcj 1961, ct 406,
GBPwUwUwc // WejyWejyWejy.
6. Z`e, ct 406 - 407
7. Z`e, ct 408
8| wbKjvm e-vij, ` iwfwjDkb Ae Bw`qvm Bmivqj cwjwm KbwUwbDwqwU,
PbR G KcvgvBR wm 1922, AdvW BDwbfvwmwU cm,bqvw`wj-, 2015,
ct 124-129.
9. Av_vi wR iwebd, bigvjvBRkb Ae Bw`qv - Bmivqj wijk xjeY di
diwU Bqvm, Gwkqvb mvf, fwjDg 35, bs 5, 1995, ct 493.
10. Z`e, ct 494
11. Z`e
12. Av_vi wR iwebd, cvMv, ct 502
13. Rvmd nvw`m, B`-Bmivqj wijkbm, Bwqv BUvibvkbvj mUvi
KvqvUviwj, fwjDg 29, bs 2, 2002, ct 101
14. Av_vi wR iwebd, cvMv, ct 502
15. Pxbi ci fviZ nj wZxq A Avie `k h wc Gj I K ^xKwZ w`qwQj| G
welq miKvwi weewZ wn`yvb UvBgm, 11 Rvbyqvwi, 1975.
16. Av_vi wR iwebd, cvMv, ct 502
17. e-vij, cvMv, ct 195.
18. gvBKj e-Pvi, Bwqvm dib cwjwm Avb BUviwcUkb, wbDBqK BbwwUDU
Ae cvwmwdK wijk, 1957, ct 14
19. Avi K kxevf, Bwqv-Bmivqj wijkbm, ` Rvbvj Ae cwjwUKvj mvq,
fwjDg 31, bs 3, 1970, ct 244-245.
20. Av_vi wR iwebd, cvMv, ct 494
21. e-vij, cvMv, ct 157.
22. Av_vi wR iwebd, cvMv, ct 499.
23. Z`e
24. ivR` Afqvi, ` BfywjDkb G wdDPvi Ae Bwqv Bmivqj wijk|
118
www.tau.ac.il / humanities/abraham/india-israel.pdf, ct 11, Gdg
Bbevi, ` Bwqv-Bmivqwj AvuZvZ, www.biu.ac.il >Besa>Inbar
25. e-vij, cvMv, ct 159-162, 167-172.
26. e-vij, cvMv, ct 158-159
27. Av_vi wR iwebd, cvMv, ct 503.
28. Z`e
29. ` wn`y wembm jvBb| 7 RyjvB 2013.
30.UvBgm& Ae Bwqv, 22 deqvix, 1992
31. Bwqv UzW, 19 Ryb, 1993
32. e-vij, cvMv, ct 290
33. kwgi nvmvb, BfywjDkb Ae Bwqvm cvjvBb cwjwmt G dj dg ` nvBUm?
mvkvj mvqwU, fwjDg 36, bs 1/2, 2008, ct 89
34. ` wn`y, 10 m^i, 2003
35. Bwqv Bmivqj wijk, DBwKwcwWqv.Kg
36. Z`e
37.Z`e
38.Z`e
39. ` wn`y, 22 wWm^i, 2014
40. Dekx miKvi, BR Bwqvm UW DB_ Bmivqj wmwMwdKv Gbvd Uz RwUkwbs
BUm mvcvU di cvjvBb? 17 Avei, 2015, Wejy W ejy W ejy .
GmwmAviIGjGj.Bb(www.scroll.in)
41. Z`e|

119 120

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me ej wZwb gb KiZb| wZwb Avkv e KiwQjb, fviZeli RxweKv hw`
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cixv wbfi Drcv`b eevq gvbyli kg jvNe nq Ges A_bwZK m` `Z ew
cvq - GB mZ wekvmx Kwei mB KviYB MvwwRi PiKv Av`vjbi weivwaZv
KiwQjb| Pvli DrKl Dvebi viv Pvwli D`gK lvjv Avbv LvUvevi Pv
bv Ki ZvK PiKv NvivZ ejv kwnxbZvi cwiPq|
iex`bv_ wkjvB`n _vKvKvjxb Kwleevi cwieZb NwUq KlK`i
A_bxwZi g~j wfwK cv KiZ PqwQjb| ZvB wZwb i Kijb nvZ Kjg
121
KvR| KzwVevwoi evMvbi GKw`K bvbviKg dzji MvQ I msjM RwgZ wPbev`vg,
Avjy, gUiwU, Kwc BZvw` Pvli eev Kijb| GK`j ZiY `vwqZ wbj GB
dmj djvbvi| AbfveI i nj bvbv cixv wbixv| AvgwiKv _K f~vi exR
I gv`vwR avb Avwbq jvMvbv eevI wZwb KiwQjb| ezei wR`jvji mnvqZvq
Avjy PvlI i KiwQjb| wZwb wbR GB Pvl Avkvbyic dj bv cjI , cieZxKvj
AbK Pvwliv cPzi djb cqwQjb| iex`bv_ eySwQjb, Pvli KvR AvaywbK
vb-wevb I chywi cqvM KiZ nj wkwZ gvbyl`iB c_g GwMq AvmZ
ne| mB fvebvK cwZv w`ZB 1906 Lxt cy i_x`bv_ I ezcy mvlP`
gRyg`viK AvgwiKvi Bwjbq wekwe`vjq cvVvjb Kwlwe`v I Mvwe`vq cvi`kx
_KB evSv hvq Kwlwe`vi cwZ, iex`bv_i HKvwK AvMn I Avw_Kfve wcwQq
cov nZ`wi` KlK`i Kx AvwiK wQjb wZwb| cy ev RvgvZvK evwivwi ev
`kb-mvwnZ coZ bv cvwVq, Kwlwe`v coZ cvVvbv mB AvwiKZviB cwiPvqK|
RvgvZv bM`bv_K jLv GKUv wPwVi wKQyUv Ask DZ Kij Kweii gbvfve
Aviv fve evSv hve| wZwb wjLwQjb
Zvgiv `ywf cxwoZ cRvi AbMv mi Ask wbq we`k Kwl wkLZ MQ|
wdi Gm GB nZfvM`i Ab Mvm wKQy cwigvY hw` evwoq w`Z cvi, Zvnj GB
wZc~iY nq gb mvbv cve; gb iL Rwg`vwii UvKv Pvli UvKv Ges PvwlivB
Zvgv`i wkvi eqfvi wbRiv AvacUv Lq Ges bv Lq enb KiQ wbR`i
mvsmvwiK DbwZi PqI GBUB Zvgv`i c_g KZe ne| [cwj-cKw Z (M cwiPq
Ask), 12 KvwZK 1314, cv - 230]
Bwjbq wekwe`vjq _K evPjvm Ae mvq wWwM wbq i_x`bv_
`k wdijb 1909 Lxt| iex`bv_ ZLb kvwwbKZb Avkg we`vjq MVb K
evcZ ZeyI wkjvB`ni KzwV msjM 80 weNv RwgZ dvg Zwi Ki w`jb| mLvb
nvZ Kjg KvR i nj| gvwU cixv I mvi Zwii MelYvMvi, cvi mvnvh
RjmP Ges AvgwiKv _K cqvRbxq hcvwZ Avbvbv nj| civaxb `k Kwli
BwZnvm G GK wec-e|
KlK`i GKUv eo mgmv wQj gnvRbi KvQ _K bIqv FY| GB FY
Zv`i Ub wbq hZ mebvki `viMvovq| Zv`i iv Kivi K_v feB Kwe
mgevq wfwZ Kwl evi cwiKbv Kib| 1905 Lxt Kwei D`vM vwcZ nj
cwZmi Kwlev| mvgvb my` KlK`i FY c`vbi eev nj| wK Pvwn`vi
Zzjbvq mwZ wQj Kg| 1913 Lxt bvej cyivii jvwaK UvKv Kwe cwZmi
evB Rgv iLwQjb| Kwlev, MvgxY ev GB kwj GLb cwiwPZ njI
ZLb Zv wQj fvebviI AZxZ| G welq iex`bv_i RxebxKvi cfvZ Kzgvi gyLvcvavq
wjLQb - ..... iex`bv_ hLb cRv`i ga wgZewqZv I mgevq kw RvMiK
122
Kwievi K_v fvweZwQjb I mvgvb Kg ce nBqvwQjb ZLb evsjv`k miKvwi Rj cwivi Ki GB evwoZB cwj- cybMVbi cixv wbixv i KiwQjb
Kv-AcviwUf Av`vjb nq bvB| (iex`Rxebx - cfvZ Kzgvi gyLvcvavq, 2q Kwe| GB ce Kwecy i_x`bv_, RvgvZv bM`bv_, kvwwbKZbi wkK mvl
L, Zq msiY, ct 145) wg cgyLi gvag cv_wgK KvR i njI g~j KvRwU KiwQjb Gj&gnv wK
AvaywbK chywZ Kwli DbqYi gvag cwj-MVb hgb iex`bv_i Gi Rb Acv KiZ nqwQj AZ `k eQi| Gjgnv Zvi AwffveK`i BQvi
fvebvq wQj, Zgwb wZwb wekvm KiZb cwj-gvbyli `b NvPvevi AbZg cavb wei GKcKvi Rvi KiB fviZel Pj Avmb 1921 Lxt bf^i gvm| 1922
Dcvq wkv| memvaviYK wkv w`q weki me gvbyli m Zv`i hvM NwUq w`Z Gi 6 deqvix wZwb myij Kwl MelYv K` vcb Kib| cieZx Zvi bvgKiY
ne| KviY, wek _K wewQb nq Zv`i gbUv Mvg Ges GKNi nq AvQ| Zv`iK Kiv nqwQj cwj-msMVb K` ev Institute of Rural Reconstruction |
me-gvbei RvZ Zzj Mie w`Z ne| Ze GB wkvi Avjv wbq Zv`i KvQ c_g GwU wQj myij mwgwZiB Aaxb| ci 1923-G Pj Avm kxwbKZb mwgwZi
cuQvZ ne kvi m| AbyMn ev AbyKv Ki bq| G`i gbK cZ ne, ga| GB ce Kvjxgvnb NvlI nq DVwQjb Kwei wekl mnhvMx, whwb 1907
Zv`i m wgjZ ne| Lxt kvwwbKZb Gm ePh we`vjq hvM w`qwQjb| Gjgnv Ges Zvi x
1915 Lxt Wvt wR`bv_ g wnZmvab gjx bvg GKwU cwZvb Wivw_ BU hgb nvZ Kjg KvR KiwQjb Zgwb Avw_K mnvqZvI c`vb
Mob| iex`bv_ ZuvK DrmvwnZ Kib| iex`bv_ wnZmvab gjxi c _K KiwQjb| kxwbKZb bvgK GB KgK`i KgbxwZ Kx ne Kwe Zv AvMB
cwj-i DbwZi Rb GKwU Kgmw~ P iPbv Kib| GB Kgmw~ P cKvki ga w`qB wjLwQjb The object of Sriniketan is to bring back of life
iex`bv_i cwj-fvebvi ^icwU cKvk cvq| 1) wbii`i wKQy wKQy jLvcov I in its completeness into the villages making themself reli-
A kLvbv| 2) QvUv QvUv Kvm I cywKv cPvi viv ^viv, mevhZ mK ant and self-respectful acquinted with the cultural tradition
wkv`vb I gvjwiqv, hv, bvbv aiYi ARxY D`ivgq ivM cfwZ cwZivai of their own country andd competant to make an efficient
Rb mgeZ Pv| 3) wk gZz wbeviYi Dcvq wbaviY I eev Aej^b| 4) Mvg use of modern resources for the improvement of their physi-
Mvg cvbxq Rji eev| 5) Mvg Mvg h_ FY`vb mwgwZ cwZv I `wi` jvK`i cal, intellectual and economic conditions. (kxwbKZbi Mvovi
KvQ Gi DcKvwiZv c`kb| 5) `ywf, ebv, goK cfwZi mgq `yt`i wewea K_v - mZ`vm PeZx, ct 19)| cieZxKvj kxwbKZbi KgcwZK cavbZ
mvnvh `vb| 1890 _K 1915 ch c~ee I Die (wkjvB`n, cwZmi I AvUwU fvM fvM Kiv nqwQj Zv _K wekl iZcY~ `ywU welq GLvb Dj-L Kiv
mvRv`cyi) Ges 1922 _K 1940 ch exif~g iex`bv_ cwj- -cybMVb hy nj t
wQjb| LvRbv evwK coj cRv`i Rwg hvZ gnvRbi nvZ Pj bv hvq Zvi Rb * I win the friendship and attention of villagers and cultiva-
iex`bv_ GKUv eev iLwQjb| hvi Rwg Zvi `Lj iL, dmji AaK _K tors by taken a real interest in all that concerns their life and
wKwZ eKqv LvRbvi Rgv Iqvwkj Ki bIqv| Avgjv`i AZvPvi _K cRv`i welfare and by making a lively effort to assist them in solv-
ivi Rb iex`bv_ ciMYvwjK KZKwj Aj fvM KiwQjb| ing their most pressing problems; I take the problems of
eZgvb Pvwl ev Abvb ewi ^v_ Mvgvbqb h mgevq Av`vjb I the village and the field to the classroom for study and dis-
mgevq msMVbi Ici Rvi `Iqv nQ, iex`bv_ Zvi cw_Kr| nwk-cwkY cussion and to the experimental farm for solution.
I Drcv`bi ga w`q gq`i ^wbfi Ki Zvjvi KgKv AvR Pvwiw`K PjQ| gv wZbwU MvgK wbq kxwbKZbi Avw`cei KvR i nqwQj|
G KvRi m~Pbv iex`bv_ KiwQjb Zuvi cyea~ cwZgv `exi mvnvh| ZuvZ, evwUK, cieZxKvj GB KgKv weZZ nqwQj 85wU Mvg, hvi AvqZb wQj cvq lvU
KvwUs-Ujvwis, m~Pxwk cfwZZ cwkwZ nq gqiv hvZ msmvi Avq evovZ eMgvBj| g~jZt wZbwU GjvKvq fvM Ki djv nqwQj GjvKv| mymsnZ I wbweo
cvi Zvi Rb gq`i cwkY K` cwiPvjbvi eev KiwQjb wZwb| GjvKv ic wPwZ MvgwjZ Kwl, wkv I ^v msv welqwji Ici ewk
civaxb fviZel wewUk Kwlwe` Gjgnv -Gi wekl mnhvwMZv jvf bRi `Iqv nZ| mcmvwiZ GjvKvq Kvbv wekl Kgmw~ PK K` Ki `yB GjvKvi
KiwQjb iex`bv_| kxwbKZb MVbK Gj&gnv-Gi Amvgvb Ae`vb iqQ| gvbyl GKwZ nq Zv`i AwfZv wewbgq KiZb| Avi cveZx GjvKvq kxwbKZbi
1912 Lxt kvwwbKZbi wKQyUv `~i myij Mvg AewZ GKwU KzwVevwo iex`bv_ Kgxiv Aevr nvbv w`q Mvgevmx`i m wewfb welq AvjvPbv Ki Zv`i AwfZvi
wKbwQjb ivqcyii Rwg`vi KYj bi`cmv` wmsni KvQ _K| Avkcvki kwiK nZb|
123 124
kxwbKZbi mgvRKgx`i Kwe PvifvM fvM KiwQjb| mymsnZ I mcmvwiZ N) Kwl FY`vb mwgwZ
GjvKvq hviv ZYg~ji KvR KiZb Zv`i ejv nZ MvgKgx| KqKwU MvgK wbq O) mP mgevq
MwVZ msm`i `vwqZ wQjb K`Kgx| Avi GK Kgevwnbx wQj AvgwZ wekl| P) mgevq grmPvl mwgwZ
Avi PZz_ fvM wQjb MvgxY mnhvMx bZZ| eg~Lx KghK Kwe GBfve we Q) mgevq eqb mwgwZ
vijvf NUvZ PqwQjb| wbw` mgqi eeavb wbqwgZ Kgx`i wbq mfv KiZb R) wekfviZx mgevq K`xq ev
Kwe ^qs mLvb Zuvi eZv Ges MvgxY cybMVb welqK jLvwj Kgx`i weklfve
DrmvwnZ KiZ| kxwbKZbi mywekvj KgKv GKwU mviwYi ga w`q cKvk Kiv mvgvwRK wkv K) wkvm
nj, hvi ga w`q GKwU msw cwiPq cvIqv hve| L) cv_wgK evwjKv we`vjq
M) wkvPPv
kxwbKZbi I welqwfwK KgcwiKbv t N) jvKwkv msm`
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welq KgcwiKbv I cqvM P) vggvY MvMvi
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M) Kwl mcmviY S) MvgxY weev`i wbw
N) Mv-cvjb
O) gyiMxcvjb ^v K) Rb^v mgxv
P) gvQPvl L) wKwbK
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N) wKwbKvj jveiUwi
MvgxY wkv K) eqb O) Kz wPwKrmv K`
L) Pvgov cvKv Kivi KvR
M) Pgwk MelYv I cwkY K) Mvgmgxv
N) `viwk L) avb MelYv
O) grwk M) f~wg mgmv msv MelYv
P) Mvjvi KvR N) ^v mgmvv welqK MelYv
Q) eB euvavbv
R) nvZ Zwi KvMR MvgxY Drme D`&hvcb I mxjb K) kxwbKZb cwZv-evwlKx D`&hvcb
S) euvk I eZi KvR L) njKlY Drme
T) evwUK I Abvb Kviwk M) wkvrme
U) gwkb kc I cvIqvi nvDm (mRbt mva-kZel iex`iY msLv,2015)
MvgxY gvbyl`i msMwVZ Ki, Zv`i vb, `Zv Ges AwfZvK KvR
mgevq K) cwj- Dbqb mwgwZ jvwMqB MvgxY mgmvi gvKvwejvi eev KiwQjb iex`bv_| GK`j weklI
L) mgevq ^v mwgwZ ivLv nqwQj hviv g~j PPvK` _K wekl mgmvwjK wPwZ Kie Ges wek-lY
M) agMvjv Ki Zvi mgvavbm~ Mvg _K Mvgvi cuQ `e| GBfve GKwU mmsnZ cwiKbv
125 126
cwj-i mvaviY LU LvIqv gvbyli Rb Dcnvi w`qwQjb iex`bv_|
weMZ GKkv eQi ai eZgvb fviZeli Mvgvbqb cwiKbvq iex`fvebvi
mywbw` cfve iqQ| kxwbKZb I wekfviZx cwZvi ga w`q mviv fviZeli
KvQ GKwU evZv iL MQb| wK ^vaxb fviZeli c_g cwiKbvi `wjj
mgw Dbqb Kgm~wPi Dci GKwU m~Y Aavq hme Drmi K_v ejv nqQ, ZvZ
kxwbKZbi Dj-L bB| A_P cwj-evmxi h AMMgb Avgiv cZ KiwQ, Zvi
kKo wbwnZ AvQ iex`bv_i gaB|
127
AvwRI m G gb
mykxj miKvi
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GB gjvjx gvoB Nvivdiv KiZ `wL| Ze jvKUv h cKZ bq Zv `LB
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cwiPq Rvbevi Rb vbxq jvKRb`i wRvmvev` Ki Kvb nw`k cjb bv|
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fuvR LyjZB ewiq Gjv GKwU dUv| bv, Kvb cyili dUv bq| dUvwU GKwU
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x nVvr `wL wfo Vj wfZi wMq cywjkK ejQ, mvi, dUvUv AvswUUv wK
`LZ cvwi? I wmIi wmIi, GB wbb, ejB GKRb cywjk dUv Ges AvswUUv
wgZvi nvZ w`j| Avwg Pq `wL, I eov eov Ki PvL Ki GKevi dUvi w`K
Ges GKevi AvswUUvi w`K ZvKvQ Avi Nb Nb wbtkvm QvoQ| cywjk ej DVjb
- gvWvg, Avcwb jvKwUK Pbb bvwK? Kvb K_vi Reve bv w`q I Awbgl
128
ej wPrKvi Ki mjm nq cojv| c_Pvixiv Ges cywjk aivawi Ki cvk KvjKvUv cywjki eo Awdmvi| Dwb evcviUv `LQb| ZvQvov H jvKUv GKUv
G.Avi.Gm. nmwcUvj wbq fwZ Ki w`j| Wvvievey ejjb, nVvr kK cq Ggb evDyj cvMj | wZbKzj KD AvQ ej gb nq bv| wKQy UvKv hve ZvQvov Avi Kx
nqQ| `yw`b i wbj me wVK nq hve| `yw`b ci nmwcUvj _K wgZvK evwo ne| Zv GZw`b ci nVvr G K_v| bv Ggwb| eySjvg wgZvi gb IB jvKUvi K_v
wbq Gjvg| Wvvievey ejjb, Ii gbi Ici Pvc co Ggb Kvb K_v ejeb GLbI NyicvK LvQ| ejv wZbU cvq| weKj gNjv w`qv Aviv NbNvi nq
bv| Wvvieveyi Dc`k Avwg Ai Ai gb PjwQ, wK Avgvi `q GK Amn Gjv| nvIqvi ZxeZv gkt evoQ| Lvjv Rvbvjv w`q Vvv nvIqv AvmQ| Avgvi
hYvq me`v Zvjcvo Ki| wbRi gbK ck Kwi - K GB Awbgl ? wK mK kxZ kxZ KiQ `L I GKUv K^j wbq Avgvi Mvq Ub w`Z w`Z ejj, Zzwg
wgZvi mv_ Ii? Kb I Avb nq Mj? Ggb nvRviv ck AvgvK cvMj Ki Lye wPv KiQ ZvB bv? Avwg eySZ cviwQ Zvgvi gbi Ici w`q wK So eq
Zzjjv| gb gb cwZv Kijvg, GB inmi g~j D`NvUb AvgvK KiZB ne| hvQ? Rj wmMviUUv ZLbI Avgvi nvZB wQj| myLUvbUv w`q Rvbjv w`q dj
ek wKQyw`b nq Mj wgZv AbKUv ^vfvweK, my| Zey Avo AveWvj w`jvg| auvqvi Kzjx QvoZ QvoZ evwjkUv eyKi wbq DV emjvg| ejjvg nVvr
_K Pq `wL Kgb hb D`vm D`vm fve, wbwj| Lvjv AvKvki w`K Pq Gme K_v Kb? wgZv kvfve Avgvi nvZ`ywU Pc ai ejj - Avwg Rvwb, Avwg
_vK, WvKj PgK IV| ciY `yGKwU gvgywj wRvmv - Kx Awdm QywU nq Mj, me eywS, Avwg Zvgvi mv_ AbK Awfbq KiwQ| Avwg AvR aiv co MwQ ckv
KLb Gj? Zvici Kvco mvgjvZ mvgjvZ ej - cvlvK Qo gyL nvZ ayq evey| wekvm Kiv Avwg Avi Zvgvi mv_ Awfbq Kiev bv| Avwg jvwdq DV ewj
Gmv, Avwg Pv KiwQ| GKB weQvbvq `yRb| gb nq, `yB AcwiwPZ ewi kvb wKmi Awfbq? Kvi mv_ Awfbq? Kb Awfbq? wgZv kvfve ejj - wPrKvi
mnvevb| Avwg eySZ cvwi wgZv GK Ae Amn hYv wbq w`bvwZcvZ Ki| wK Kivbv, Pzc Ki ay kvbv| h cki So Zvgvi `qK `ygo gyPo Pzigvi Ki
Kb I AvgvK me ejZ cvi bv| mvivw`b ivZ AvwgI GK Amnbxq Pvcv hYv w`Q - m cki Di Zzwg cq hve| Avwg mwZB ZvgvK eje - K IB Awbgl?
wbq hi gZ euP AvwQ| LvB `vB Awdm Kwi, bnvZ bv nj bq ZvB| Avgvi mv_ Ii wK mK? Avwg me eje ZvgvK| Avi jyKvPzwi Ki wK jvf?
cl gvm| kwbevi| kxZi mKvj| GK kxZ Zvi Dci gNjv AvKvk| GKUv -vb nvwm Ii VuvUi duvK gyn~Z wgwjq Mj| Avwg Ii gyLi w`K GK `
wngj nvIqv| wekx jvMQ| Pvb bv KiB Awdm QyUjvg| kwbevii Awdm| ZvovZvwo Pq AvwQ Avi I AbMj ej PjQ -
QywU nq Mj| gvbwmK Akvw I `yhvMc~Y AvenvIqvq ez`i mv_ Avv `Iqvi ZLb Avgvi eqm, 15 eQi| Kvm Ub G DVwQ| megv iRv AvDU
gvbwmKZvB wQj bv| mvRv evox wdi Gjvg| evox XyK `wL, G Kx! G Kvb wgZvK nqQ| Rvbyqvix gvmi 8/9 ZvwiL ne| covbv fvjfve i nqwb| wUwdbi
`LwQ! G h m~Y Avjv`v wgZv| K eje Kw`b ai Ii gbi Ici w`q So eq ci zj QywU nq Mj| wPv ejj - Avgv`i evox nq Pj| ZvK GKRbi mv_
PjQ| ^vfvweK ejj fyj ne| m~Y A^vfvweK| nvwmLywk fve| NiUv wQgQvg cwiPq Kwiq `e| Avwg ejjvg - Kvi mv_? I ejj - Pj `LZ cvwe| Zv ej bv
Ki mvRvbv MvQvbv| dzj`vwbZ bvbv is Gi dzj| gyL K_vi dzjSzwi| fvewQ K GmQ Zv`i evox? Qj bv gq? wK nj Zvi fvj nq? - Avgvi fvjvi
Kvbv iYxq w`bwUb bv Zv? iYxq w`bi K_v ejZ Avgv`i weevn evwlKxi mv_ cwiPqi mK wK? wPv ej - `LjB eySZ cviwe|
K_v gb nj| wK bv m Zv 24 k dvyb| AvRZv wek cl| AbK w`b ci Avwg Gevi wPvK ewj - Avwg wK wmwiqvmwj ejwQ - ejbv, K GmQ Zv`i
wgZv bvbv AvBUg ivbv Ki AvgvK ewmq LvIqvjv| LvIqv kl Ki nvZgyL ayq evox?
eWig wMq LvUi GKcvk njvb w`q em evwjkUv Kvji Ici iL wmMviUUv Avgvi evevi GK ez wQjb| Pvi eQi nj gviv MQb| evox eWvii KvQ eqov
awiqwQ Ggb mgq wgZv kvwoi AvuPj nvZ gyQZ gyQZ Avgvi Mv Nul emj| Avwg Mvg| ILvb KvwKgv Qj gqK wbq _vKb| Awbgl`v Lye gwiUvwiqvm, GBP.Gm
AbK w`b ci Ii Kvgj kixii D cik Abyfe KiwQ| Ii w`K gyL Nywiq G vi cq cvk KiQ| Bswjk Abvm wbq nveov KjR fwZ nqQ| Avgv`i
ejjvg - Kx evcvi Zzwg Lj bv h? - wL` bB ci LvevY| BZemi evox _K covbv Kie|
wigvU wbq wUwf Ab KiZB wgZv Avgvi nvZ _K wigvUUv Ko wUwfUv e Ki fvjvB Zv, Zvi me mveR Awbgl`v `wLq `e| K_v ejZ ejZ wPv`i
w`j| ejjvg GUv Kx nj? I Avgvi K_vi Kvb Di w`j bv| Ni wb| `wL I evox Gm nvwRi njvg| wPv Avgvi ay KvmgUB bq| Avgvi Nwb ez| mB Kvm
`ynvZ w`q eWmxUi myZv wQuoQ| gyLUv gyn~Zi ga dvKvk nq Mj| fvejvg Iqvb _K GKmv_ covbv Ki AvmwQ| wPv`i evox hgb Avgvi Aeva hvZvqvZ,
Kx hb eje| bxieZv fO I wRvmv Kijv - GB mw`b cywjk Zvgvi Mvwoi Zgwb wPviI Avgvi evox Aeva hvZvqvZ| `yRbi nwiniAvZv|
bv^vi bvgvavg wjL wbj, Kvb LuvR wbqQv| ejjvg Avgvi KwjM igbi gvgv wPvi Ni XyK `wL - GKwU Qj em eBqi cvZv DvQ|
129 130
 wPv ejjv - Awbgl`v, wgZv| Avgvi Lye fvjv ez| GKmv_ cwo| Zvgvi
KvQI I wK coZ Avme - ej wPv AvgvK ejj - Zviv K_v ej, Avwg AvmwQ|
wPv ev_ig Mj| Avwg Awbgl`vi mvgb Pzc Ki `uvwoq AvwQ| Awbgl`v c_g
_KB Pzc Ki em wQj| KqKwU evi ay PvLvPvwLB nj| K_v Avi njv bv| wK
w`q i Kie Zv fveZ fveZ wPv Gm Mj| Avwg wPvK ejjvg AvR Pwji
- ci Avmev| ejB `Z evoxi w`K cv evovjvg| gbi ga KZ K_vi So eq
PjQ| c_g `LvZB Avgvi `n gb GKUv we`yr SjK w`q Mj| Kb Ggb
nj? GB `yPvL w`q Zv KZ gvbylK `wL, KB Ggb nqbv Zv! gbi ga Kej
GKwUB bvg NyicvK LvQ - Awbgl`v, Awbgl`v, Awbgl`v|
bvbviKg Qj Quy Zvq Avwg GLb cvqB wPv`i evox Avwm| Avwg evev gvqi
GKgv mvb| evev wgwjUvixZ PvKzix Kib| eQii AwaKvsk mgq evoxi evBi
_vKb| gv Avgvi Kvb evcviB evav `q bv| wekl Ki wPv`i evox| wbqwgZ
Avwg Avi wPv mvi mgq Awbgl`vi KvQ cwo| Awbgl`v me mveRB fvjv|
Zvi KvQ BsivwR,A, wevb meB cwo| ivZ cov kl nj Awbgl`v AvgvK
cwZw`b evoxZ cuQ `q| wbRb wbivjv Avuavi `ywU cvYx cvkvcvwk 15 wgwbUi
c_ 1NUv ai GwMq PjwQ| gvS gvS gb nZ ewj - GB c_ hw` bv kl nq,
Ze Kgb nZ Zzwg ejZv? GfveB w`bi ci w`b, gvmi ci gvm, eQii ci
eQi Pjj `ywU ZwlZ `qi bKwUK AvmKvwgZv| cw_exi hv wKQy my`i, meZB
Avwg Awbgl`vK LuyR cZvg| Ii mvwba AvgvK GK ^Mxq Abyfe w`Z| GKw`b
hw` bv `LZvg, eo wbtm jvMZ| Awbgl`vI Avgvi Afve `viYfve Abyfe
KiZ| - fvejvg, Gi bvgB fvjevmv, cg, gneZ| Gi RbB gvbyl e wKQy ZvM
^xKvi KiZ cvi| gvbe Rxebi GLvbB ^v_KZv| fvjvevmvnxb cgnxb `q
a~mi evjyKvgq gif~wg| meyRi mLvb Kvb vb bB| KweZvi Kveaviv - wkxi
Kvbfvm mis Gi Zzwji Uvb, m Zv cgiB m`h| mxgvi euvab Qvwoq Avgv`i
cg Amxgi w`K avweZ nj| Avgv`i evoxi cvk w`q eq PjQ wcqvjx b`x|
Qv b`x| Ze eviv gvmB Rj _vK| GB b`xZB Mvgi jvK vb Ki, muvZvi
KvU| Avwg I wPv GB b`xZ gvS gvS vb Kwi| muvZvi KvwU| KZ Rvrv ivZ
hLb mevB Nyg AvQb ZLb AvKvki Puv` Avi meyR Kvgj `yfvi Dci Avwg I
Awbgl`v cii D mvwba KvwUq w`qwQ mK wgwbU NUv| Avgv`i PvIqv
cvIqv gjvgkv meB PjZ wPvi AMvPi| wPvi evevi LyeB Avkv, Awbgli
mv_ wPvi weq `e| we.G Abvm cvk Kivi ciB wPvi evev Awbgli gvi KvQ
cve wbq hve gbvwi KiB iLQ| wPv Avi Avwg nveov Mvjm zj _K Avi m Ni nq biK hYvi| eve eo KwVb| Avgiv myLi jvwMqv euvwae Ni| Avi
GBP.Gm cixv w`qwQ| Awbgl`vi cixv kl| GLb wZbRbB evwoZ _vwK|
AXj mgq| wZb wgj NyiZ ei nB| wPvi evev cvgvvi| evoxZB cvAwdm,
GKw`b wZbRb Nyi evox wdiZB wPvi evev kkxKvevey AwbglK WK ejjb
131
Zvgvi gvqi wPwV| wPwVUv LyjZ LyjZ Awbgl evpxi wcQb AvgMvQZjvq Pj
Mj| Avwg wMq `wL - wPwV nvZ wbq Awbgl`v Mxi gyL `uvwoq AvQ| - ejjvg,
Kvb Lvivc msev`? - Kvb Di bv w`q wPwVUv Avgvi nvZ w`j ejj - co `L|
wPwV co eySjvg - Awbgli KvKv ev^i Kvb GK emiKvix Awdmi
eo Awdmvi| Awdm KqKRb jvK be| AwbglK wbq Dwb AvMvgx iweevi
ev^ cvwo `eb| evii ga evox hZ wjLQ| wPwV coB Avgvi eyKi
ga acvm Ki IV| Avwg bxie wPwVUv Awbgli nvZ w`q ZworMwZZ evox Pj
Mjvg| mvi ci _K Avwg weQvbvq qB AvwQ| Kvb wKQyB fvjv jvMQ bv|
KLb h ivZ 9Uv eRQ RvwbB bv| nVvr `wL - gvqi Vvv nvZi nk Avgvi
Kcvj| PvL gj ZvKvZB gv ejj - wKi kixi Lvivc? bv bv kixi Lvivc bv|
fvjv jvMQ bv| ejj AvB DV AvB| nvZ gyL Rj `| Avwg fvZ evowQ ej gv
evBi Gm ej, wK evcvi, bexb KLb Gj? gvqi gyL bexb Lyovi bvg b
eySZ cvwi| Awbgl cvwVqQ| Avwg m m DV Gm ewj - Lyov wfZi Gmv|
Lyov wfZi Gm Avgvi nvZ GKwU wPiKzU awiq w`q ej, AvR Avi eme bv
gvgwb, Pwj| bexb Lyov wPv`i evwoi KvRi jvK| Lye fvjv| Awbgli NiB
_vK| `yRb fvix fve| gvS gaB Lyov Avgv`i bvbvfve n Ki| wPiKzU
jLv AvQ ciw`b mKvj 10Uvq evox hvwQ| Kvj ivZ bUvq b`xi NvU eKzj
Zjvq Zvgvi Acvq _vKe| K_v AvQ| wVK bUvq| fyj nqbv hb| BwZ Awb|
wPiKzU cq Avwg fe cviwQbv wK Kiev? nvmev bv Kuv`ev| GK myLi hYvq
Avgvi `q Zvjcvo KiZ jvMj| cii w`b evi ivZ bUv| wcqvjx b`xi
NvU| bxj AvKvk GK L Puv`| eoB gwjb| ZviB AveQv Avjv Gm coQ wcqvjxi
g`y ZvwqZ eyKi Dci| Pviw`K bmvb| euvavbv eKzj MvQ Zjvq GKwU Qvqv
g~wZ| eo AvcbRb| gyn~Z cuQ Mjvg eKzj MvQi Mvp AKvii eyK| cvq cuvP
wgwbU wbie wb_i| nVvr gbZv f Ki Awbgl ej IV - Kx evcvi K_v ejQ bv
Kb? wc-R wKQy ejv| Ii `ywU ev AvgvK Ave Ki ej| Wvwjs ZywgB ay K
cvQ, Avwg cvwQ bv? wewjf wg, AvB jvf BD,AvB jvf BD,AvB jvf BD dg `v
Kvi Ad gvB nvU| Rxeb gvb ayB myLi w evmxK mgxiY bq| Rxeb gvb
Mx, elv, kir, ng, kxZ I em| m~hi Zxe `nb Puv`i gvjvqg mylgv| GB me
wKQyi gZB Zzwg Avgvi KvQ mZ| Kvb SoSv mvBKvb wKQyB ZvgvK Avgvi KvQ
_K Avjv`v KiZ cvie bv| ev^ wMq PvKwiUvi Kbdvgkvb KiB Avwg Qgvmi
ga ZvgvK wbq ev^ cvwo `e| eKvi Rxeb ^c `Lv hvq| Ni euvav hvq bv|
gv Qgvm Acv| Avwg ggyi gZv Ii K_v b PjwQ| KLb h wbRK
Ii KvQ DRvo Ki muc w`qwQ eySZB cvwiwb| nVvr Awbgl ej Pj div
hvK, ivZ nqQ| Avwg mw^Z wdi cq Avgvi m` Zvjv GKwU dUv Ii
132
cKU XywKq w`B| Avgvi Avyji mvbvi AvswUUv Awbglb Avyj cwiq w`q Avi evox wdi hvqwb| `v`v h Kv_vq nvwiq Mj KD ejZ cvi bv| gv Kuv`Z
cv Quyq cYvg Kwi| Awbgl AvgvK Rwoq ai Ii mvnvMi Kvgj k Avgvi Kuv`Z A nq MQ| Avwg KvbiKg cvBfU wUDkvwb Ki msmvi PvjvB| Avgv`i
`n gb fwiq Zvj| hvIqvi AvM Avgvi Mv Quy q kc_ Ki ej cwZ mvn GKwU KZ Avkv wQj `v`vi Dci| me kl| gvUv gvBbi PvKixI cqwQj| jvK ej
Ki wPwV wjLev| fyj nebv `Lv| `v`v bvwK Avi euP bB| gv ej I GKw`b bv GKw`b wdi AvmeB| wgZvw` Zvgvi
Qq gvm AwZevwnZ| Awbgli Kvb wPwVci nw`k cjvg bv| ivM wekvm nq! `v`v gviv MQ? Zzwg wK ejZ cvi wgZvw` `v`v Kb Ggb nq Mj?
`ytL Avgvi `q we`xY nq Mj| evev QywUZ evox Gm Avgvi weqi Rb DV co gyn~Zi ga Avwg cv_i nq Mjvg| PvL eyR Avwg gb gb ejjvg, n fMevb,
jvMj| Avwg weqZ evua mvajvg| Aekl gwiqv nq ejjvg, AwbglK Qvov Avwg G Zzwg wK Kij? GB cvc PvLi euva fO KLb h `yKzj c-vweZ nq cw_ex
KvDK weq Kie bv| Kvb dj nj bv| ei Aviv Dv nj| GKw`b wPv gvK Svcmv nq Mj eySZB cvwiwb| Giga wkcv ej IV, wgZvw` Zzwg Zv bvbv
Gm ejj - h evOvjx KvvbxZ Awbgl RqU KiQ m Kvvbxi gvbRvii RvqMvq hvI, GKUz LuvR Ki `Lvbv? gv ej, `v`v KvjKvZvB Kv_vI AvQ|
GKgv gqK bvwK m weq KiQ| K_vUv b Avwg wekvm Kwiwb| wK evev - ZvB ckvevey ,Zzwg hLb KvjKvZvq eovZ hvIqvi Rb AvgvK ejj,
hLb ejj LuvR wbq `LQ - K_vUv h_v_ ZLb Avwg Avi ah ivLZ cvwiwb| ZLb Avwg Avi AgZ Kwiwb| Avwg Rvwb, AwbglK LuvRvi Rb G GK myeY myhvM|
ivM `ytL fewQjvg wbRK kl KiB `e, ciYB gb njv - bv, Pig AwbglK `Lv cvIqv Avgvi GKv `iKvi| ZvB MvoxZ Zvgvi cvk emI Avgvi
cwZkva be| kl ch evevi BQvK gb wbjvg| Zvi ezi GKgv cy ckv `ywU PvL Awbgli A^lY m`v e wQj| Avgvi gb ejwQj Awbgli mv_
ivqi mv_ Avgvi weq nq Mj| GZw`bi myLi ^c Zvmi Nii gZ Pzigvi nq Avgvi `Lv neB| GLb ckvevey eySZ cviQ - Awbgl Avgvi K? wK mK Zvi
Mj| i nj meyR ebexw_Kvq `vevbji `nb| AvwfRvZi Pig wkLi DVI mv_ Avgvi? Avwg ZvgvK wKQyB w`Z cvwiwb| Avwg VM, ceK| cwZwbqZ Zvgvi
gyn~Zi Rb fyjZ cvijvg bv AwbglK| ZzjZ cvijvg bv Ii Qwe Avgvi `q mv_ Avwg Awfbq KiwQ| Zzwg `nUvK jyV KiQv wK gbi Ni gwYKvbi
nZ| cq nvivbvi wK hYv Avwg gg gg Abyfe KiZ jvMjvg| GB weq gb nw`k Zzwg cvIwb| G wPvwiZv Avgvi Avi mn nQ bv| AvgvK Zzwg gv Ki `vI
_K gb wbZ cvwiwb wK fvMK gb wbq gvwbq wbZ PqwQjvg| cvwiwb| c-kv--ev-ey|
evievi Pv KiI ni MwQ| Aeva gbUv eo eBgvbx Ki| eo hYv `q| eo K_vUv k nZ bv nZB wgZv nVvr gyL _yeo gSi Dci coj| ckv
e_v `q| weqi Pvi gvm ci evci evoxZ Gjvg| Gi ga wPviI weq nq evey fvejb, mw`bi gZ kK cq mjm nq MQ| ZvovZvwo nmwcUvj bIqv
MQ| gb gvbwmKZv fvjv bv _vKvi Rb Ii weqZ AvmZ cvwiwb| wPv GLb nj| Wvt evm cixv Ki ejjb, G vb Avi wdie bv| cUvwmqvg mvqvbvBW&
Kvjbvq kievoxZ| Ii LuvR Lei bevi Rb I`i evoxZ Mjvg| Avwg Avi LqQ|
wPv h NiUvq emZvg mB Nii LvUi Dci emZ w`q wPvi gv Pv KiZ ivbv Ni
Mj| Avwg `wL LvUi ZvlKUv ek wKQyUv DuPz| ZvlKUv DvZB `wL 24/
25Uv Lvg| cZKwUi Dci Avgvi bvg| Lvgjvi cZKwU gyL Lvjv| Lvgwj
kvwoi ga jywKq `Z evox wdi Gjvg| wPwVwj hZ cwo ZZ Avwg GK Amn
Ae hYvq wng nq hvB| kl wPwVZ wjLQ Kzwo nvRvi UvKv gvm eZb|
knii DcK GKwU evmv fvov wbqwQ| KvQB mgy`| gbvgyKi cwiek| Ni
mvRvevi `vwqZ wK Zvgvi| 24k dvyb Zvgv`i evox hvwQ| 26k mvRv ev^|
cZxvi bB cqvRb| GB 24 ZvwiLB wQj Avgv`i weqi w`b| wPv Avgv`i GB
fvjvevmvK KLbB mybRi `Lwb| wK I h Avgvi mv_ GZ eo eBgvbx Kie
Avwg Zv ^cI fveZ cvwiwb|
weqi cuvP eQi ci wPv`i cyKziNvU Awbgli evb wkcvi mv_ `Lv|
Kgb AvQv wRvmv KiZB I nvD nvD Ki Ku` DVj| ejj wgZvw`, `v`vi Kvb
LuvR bB| H h mevi ev^ _K GmB Zvgv`i GLvb Gj, Zvici _K `v`v
133 134

eKwYK wek-lYi Avjvq myaxi `i Zuvey
gB I k KweZvQ (Avb` cyivi 1422
cv KveM)
1422 ev Avb` Rqx KveM, myaxi `i Zuvey gB I kKweZvQ|
KveM, bvwK k KweZvi msKjb - GB iKg GKUv cv_wgK g Zix nq KveMi
wkivbvgi ga w`qB| hw`I mB g Yvqx| Zvici GK GK DNvwUZ nq
hvwcZ mgq I mgqnxbZvi GK GKwU cv| Ze Zvi Ai gvjvi Zvrch Dvi
h_B Avqvm mva| mvwnZ ZvwK ivjuv evZ mvwnZK Lisible ev cvV^fvex
Ges Scriptible ev jL^fvex GB `ywU kwYZ fvM KiwQjb| myaxi `i GB
KveMi KweZvwj coZ coZ gb nq mBwj Scriptible ev jL^fvex
kwYiB AMZ | GB aiYi cvVKwZi cvV MnY Kvj cvVK wbRK wbwq Dcfvv
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hvi Avw`Z KjvY, ga KjvY I klI KjvY| mevB myLx nvK|
weki gvbylK myL Ges kvwZ ivLvi Rb ey ivvq bgwQjb| eyw
`kwji w`K ZvKvj Zv cwZfvZ ne| Zvi eo D`vniY Rvcvb| AvgivI PvB
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ZvB Avgv`i wmv ne Akvw bq - kvw PvB, wnsmv bq - Awnsmv PvB; NYv bq -
fvjvevmv PvB, elg bq mvgi RqMvb Avevi wdi AvmyK ey, mgvU AkvKi
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156
 bvU wkx ky wg (kZel iY) I wZwb h_fve bevb chvRbv Ki mviv`k mvov dj `b|
1948 Lxt gbvib fvPvhi mnhvwMZvq Mo Zzjjb eicx bvU
Wt wkwki Kzgvi wekvm msv| bevb bvUKi gvag eicxi hvv i, GLvbB gv^q AwfbxZ nj
DjyLvMov, Quov Zvi, Pvi Aavq| eicxi mevwaK Dj-LhvM chvRbv
Kvj wMq Pj Zvi Avcb MwZZ| mgvR, mvwnZ I wki MwZcKwZI iKiex(1952)| GB Awfbqi msev` mgM fviZel mvov dj| Lvj` Payixi
cwiewZZ nq Zvi mv_ Zvj wgwjq| wk I msw Zi RMZ Avg RbZvi gbvhvMi g, Zvcm mbi Avjv Ges ky wgi AmvaviY chvRbvq iKiex bvUK
I e`jvq| Aek Zvi mv_ cwieZgvb mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK cwZwUI wePvh| fviZxq bvUPPvi BwZnvm GK weivU gvo divq| GKvavi iex`bv_i WvKNi,
GLb ewjDWi Abyv kgv, kv Kvcyi, wmv_ Kvcyi, mykv wms ivRcyZ, kvniL Bembi cyZzjLjv BZvw` chvRbv Kib| cKZA_ ky wgi bZZ eicx
Lvbi bvg Rvb bv Ggb Qj gq bB ejjB Pj| Avevi Dwbk kZKi kl fviZxq bvUPPvi BwZnvm GK wfbZi gvv `vb Ki| Zuvi ayc`x Awfbqi ga
bUx webvw`bx, wMwikP` Nvl Ges wek kZKi mZxbv_ fv`ywoi RbwcqZv mevP iqQ iex`bv_i ivRv Ges mdvwKmi Aqw` cvDm| Avi AvaywbK bvUKi
i cuQvq| wek kZKi wZxqva _K mvaviY `kKi gbvhvM bvUKi w_qUvi ZvwjKvq ev`j miKvii evKx BwZnvm ev wsk kZvx Ges weRq ZyjKvii
_K wmbgvi c`vi w`K AvewZZ nZ _vK| ZeyI mB mgq Kvbv Kvbv bvU Pvc Av`vjZ PjQ| 1978 mvj `j cwiPvjbvi msNvZ mw nIqvq wZwb
ewZ Avcb `Zvq mvaviY `kK gnj cek KiQb| cmZ AekB kZeli wPiKvji gZv eicx ZvM Kib| 1978 mvji 16B Ryb AvKvWwgZ `kPB
cvvj cev`cwZg ky wgi (1915 - 1997) K_v iY Avm| Zvi Rxebeva eicxZ Zuvi kl Awfbq|
mgvRPZbv I wkPZbv AvRI Avgv`iK cvwYZ Ki| wZwb GKvwaK DcvwaZ f~wlZ nqQb| 1970-G cf~lY, 1976-G
ky wgi Rb 1915 mvji 22k AvM, `wY KjKvZvi Wvfvi ivW| gvMmvB, 1983-Z wekfviZxq `wkKvg| Ze Zuvi Rxeb AbK e`bvg,
wcZv kir wg| evjwkv evwjM MfbgU zj| Kejgv jLvcovi msKxY Aenjv RyUQ| ZvB AwfgvbvnZ ky wg PqwQjb gZzi ci ZvK wbq hb
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w`qQ| weklfve AvK nqQb bvUvwfbqi cwZ| Ag kwYZ covi mgq wqv mb nq|
wR`jvj ivqi bvUK Awfbq KiZ wMq zj KZci KvQ _K euvav cvb| wZwb ek KqKwU gwjK bvUKi mv| Zvi ga Dj-LhvM -
ci wZwb DPwkv jvfi Rb mU Rwfqvm KjR fwZ nb| Ze MZvbyMwZK DjyLvMov, GKwU `k, wefve, Kvbi, (AwgZ wgi mnhvM), MfeZx
jLvcovq Zvi gb Ave _vKwb| GB mgq wZwb wcZvi cnix PvLi Aivj eZgvb, N~Yx Puv` ewYKi cvjv, AZzjbxq msev` cfwZ| Zuvi bvUicwji
jywKq jywKq wewfb w_qUvi bvUK `LZb| g c_vMZ we`vPPv Qo bvUvwfbq ga iqQ iex`bv_i Pvi Aavq, BIwRbi bvUK Aej^b Iwbj-Gi
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iOgnj w_qUvi Awfbqi ga w`qB Zuvi bvUPPvi m~Pbv| GB mgq wZwb Aqw`cvDm BZvw`|
cwiwPZ njb bvUwkx gbvib fvPvhi mv_| cici Awfbq Kib wgbvfvq DjyLvMov bvUK Zvi MvxPZbv Ges ewPZbv ciii nvZ ai
Rqx Ges bvUwbKZb Kvwj`x Z wgvi gyLvxi f~wgKvq| kxig g PjQ| GB ew gvbyl Aek Kvbv wbw` kwYi cwZwbwa bq, m AewqZ mgqi
Awfbq hvM w`q wZwb cev`cwZg AwfbZv wkwki fv`yoxi msk Avmb| GB cwZwbwa| GKwU ae wekvmi RMr I Av`k evai ciYv bvU KvwnbxZ cwZdwjZ
msmM Zvi Awfbq RxebK AbKvsk cfvweZ KiwQj| nqQ| mB wekvm _K bMb ej t - Avwg wekvm Kwi cw_ex _K mg wKQy
1939 Lxt i nq wZxq wekhy| BDivcmn wewfb `ki jLK I fvj GLbI ayq gyQ wbtkl nq hvqwb|
wkxiv GB gnvhyi wei gk mvPvi nZ _vK| G`k 1942 Lxt Mo IV wZb A I PviwU `k mgv gwjK bvUK N~wY (1950)| hLvb
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m hy nb| GKBm hvM w`jb fviZxq MYbvUi m| mLvb wZwb Avb, mvgvwRK, A_bwZK I mvswZK g~jevanxb `qvnxb cwieki N~Yv eZ DcvwcZ
jeiUwi, nvwgIcvw_, Revbew`Z Awfbq Kib| Avi 1944 Lxt weRb fvPvh nqQ|
157 158
Zuvi wefve (1950) bvUKwU Rvcvwb KveywK bvUKi AbymiY iwPZ GKwU bZzb g mvi Kbvgq webvm I msvb Zvi AvM KD evsjv w_qUvi icvwqZ
aiYi bvUK| Aek GwUK chvRK msvi bw_Z eicxi m`m`i h_ iPbv Kibwb|
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Zzj aivI wQj GB bvUK iPbvi AbZi Dk| RvbZb AvMvMvov wg_vPvi Avi eBgvwb w`q Awfbq Kiv hvq bv| KVvifve
Zuvi mek bvUK Puv` ewYKi cvjvq (1964) wZwb ki bvMwiK myweavev`i weivax ky wg gb KiZb, wbRi KvQ hv Avkv Kiv hvq bv, Zv
Rxebi cwieZ jvK Rxebi wg_K bvUK icvwqZ Kijb| Puv` I gbmvi mgvRi KvQI Avkv Kiv e_v| Avwg K Ki mr ne bv, A_P mgvRUv mr nq hve|
bvUK Avjv Avavii icK e nqQ| gbmvgj Kvei biLi KvwnwbK Avgv`i gZv jvKK wbqB Zv mgvR|
bvUKvi AvjvP bvUK Afy KiQ| bvUKi bvqK P`ai ev Puv` ewbK evOvwj Zuvi myhvM Kbv kuvIjx wgi ge _K ky wgi wkv`k I Zuvi
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wke Qvov Ab Kvbv `eZvK gb bIqv Zvi c Ame| bvUKwU cvjv Mvbi Abymvb KvhKviY mK cwZwU NUbvi wcQb mvb Kiv, memgqB GKUv Kb?-
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ivRbxwZi `yevqbi PnvivwUK ic w`qQb| Puvv` ewYKK K` Ki m mgqi gvbyl wnmve| [`k cwKv, Ryb 1997]
MvUv RvwZi cwZQwe weewZZ nqQ| kZeli gvn`Y Zuvi DbZ wkeva, mgvR mK Mfxi wPv I
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159 160
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A_kv wavnxb wP NvlYv KiQb h ^vgx `ywi, wPicevmx, ivR`vnx, GwUMvbvmi wei hy Rqjvf Ki|
evZ ev Kxe nj x m weevn f w`Z cvib| Zgwb x hw` ay Kbv m we`wkivI Kvjg fviZxq ag, mfZv, msw Z MnY Ki| GBme we`wkiv
vbiB Rb `q Zvnj AvU eQi Acv Kievi ci ^vgx ZvK ZvM KiZ cviZb| mvZevnb BvKz,wjQwe cfwZ fviZxq ivReski mv_ eevwnK mK vcbb
Ze m ^vgxK xi fiYcvlYi `vwqZ MnY KiZ ne| Kib| kK& ivR i``gbi GK Kbvi m mvZevnb ivR MZgx cy mvZKwYi GK
cvPxbKvj weaev weevnI cPwjZ wQj| weaev`i weevn ev cybweevn cyi weevn nq| cwg kK ivR gnvc wZxq i`mbi Kbv i` fvwiKvi
FKe` Dj-L AvQ hv gZ cwZi Kwb vZvi mwnZ Abygv`b hvM| en rmswnZvq m BvKzivR exicyil `i weevn nq| GQvovI `Lv hvq wZxq P`i Kbv
weaev`i cybweevn I Zuv`i mvb-mwZ`i K_v Dj-L AvQ| Agi Kvl, hve, cfveZx i mv_ evKUK ivR wZxq i`mbi weevn nq| Gi dj evKUK
evrmvqb mgvR weaev weevni cPjbi K_v Dj-L KiQb| mvb jvfi Rb ivResk kvmb ivReski cfve `Lv hvq hLb bvevjK cyi cwZwbwa
weklZ weaev`i wbqvM c_vi K_v Rvbv hvq Ges ^vgx Kxe nj bvix`i ic ivwbgv cfveZx kvmb Kib| cylf~wZ eski ivRv nleab _vbkii
DcwiD wbqvM c_vi myhvM w`Z nZ| wbqvM c_v welqwU mvbjvfi Rb m AwaKvix njI fwMbxi eevwnK m~ ai Mnegvi gZzi ci wmsnvmbi Abvb
hyM Abygv`b hvM wQj| Ggb wK Dfq ci ki-kvwo`i Abyygv`b cqvM `vex`viK VwKq fMx ivRkxi AwffveK wnmve KbRi kvmb Kvh cwiPvjbv
welqwU myhvM cZ| evjweevn mgvR mfve wQj bv| Ze fviZxq mgvR ZLbKvi Ki| ci wZwb wbRK KbRi mgvU ej NvlYv Ki| RivUi ejfx ivRv
w`b ^q^i weevni cPjb wQj| wMK jLK wbqviKvm Zvi eYbvq Zv Dj-L KiQb| aembi kwewZ kwZ nl aembi m wbR Kbvi weevn w`q ejfx ivRi
wewfb wZkv, agkv ev AvBb mswnZvwjZ weevn msv wblavv m wgZv vcb Kib|
AvivwcZ nZ `Lv hvq| weevni Dci KZwj wewawbla j Kiv hvq mLvb mvgvwRK BwZnvm weevn GKUv iZc~Y Ask| weevn eZxZ cwievi
163 164
MwVZ nq bv| Avi cwievi nj mgvRi g~j wfw| cvPxb fviZxq PZzeYi ga
weevn, wein KvVvgvq hgb cwieZb GbQ, Zgwb AmsL eYmsKi RvwZi mw
KiQ GB weevn| eZgvb wn`y mgvR h eevwnK ixwZ `LZ cvB, cvPxb fviZxq
weevn eev wQj Zvi Drmj| GB HwZnvwmK ciivKB hyM hyM ai Avgiv
AbymiY Ki PjwQ| GB eevwnK mK KLb KLb ivRbwZK kw ew I kwkvjx
mvgvRev`i cwiPvqK wnmve cvPxb fviZ `Lv hvq| GB ciiv Avgiv myjZvwb
I gyNj hyMI `LZ cvB| gyNj mgvU`i m ivRcyZ Kbv weevn mK ejZ
cvwi| weLvZ `yB gyNj mgvU Rvnvxi I kvnRvnvb `yRbB wQjb ivRcyZ ivRKbvi
MfRvZ mvb| AvaywbK MYZi hyMi cviwiK eevwnK mK ivRbwZK I
mgvRZi wfZK gReyZ KiQ|
Mm~ t
1| w`jxc Kzgvi Mvcvavq, fviZ BwZnvmi mvb Avw`ce t c_g L, mvwnZ
jvK, 2000
2| G.Aj.emg, AZxZi Dj fviZ, (cMwmf cvewjkvm, 2005)
3| w`jxc Kzgvi Mvcvavq, fviZ BwZnvmi mvb Avw`ce t wZxq L, mvwnZ
jvK, 2007
4| fvi Pvcvavq, fviZi Av_-mvgvwRK I ivxq eev, cvPxb hyM, cMwmf
cvewjkvm, 2001
5| ivwgjv _vcvi, fviZeli BwZnvm, IwiqU, e-vK mvqvb, nvq`vev`, 1980,
(evbyev` Kvv)
165
evsjv jvKmvwnZ cev` cePbi iZ
AavwcKv ekvLx Mv^vgx
jvKmvwnZ welqwU jvKmsw Z bvgK wevbe kvi AZ iZcY~
GKwU kvLv| Avgiv BsiwR FolkloreGi cwZev` wnmve jvKmswZ kwUK
evsjvq MnY KiwQ| jvKmswZ nj GKB ic fMvwjK, mvgvwRK, A_bwZK,
HwZnvwmK cwiek wekl wekl RbMvx h AvPvi, AvPiY, RxebPPv, mvwnZ,
wk I jwjZ Kjv BZvw`i HwZnvbyyhvqx Abykxjb ^vfvweK cvigZv ARb Ki
Zvi AvjvPbv, wePvi, msiY, PPv cfwZB jvKmswZ wevbi AMZ| hgb -
jvKvPvi (Folk Custom), jvKwekvm (Folk Belief), jvK Drme (Folk
Festival), jvKwk (Folk Art), jvKbZ (Folk Dance), jvKag (Folk
Religion), jvK msvi (Folk Superstitions), jvKmvwnZ (Folk Lit-
erature), jvKmswZ mgM gvbemgvRi AMZ GK GK RbMvxi mvswZK
`cY ej AwfwnZ Kiv hvq|
Folklore is the material that is handed on by tradi-
tion, either by word or mouth or by custom and practice.
jvKmsw Z h weivU welqK Zvi vb ivRi AMZ KiQ, jvKmvwnZ
ZviB GK HwZnmb I ewPgq c`k|
A_vr jvKmswZi mevcv mgkvjx kvLv jvKmvwnZ| Pwi Ges
MVb cKwZ Abymvi jvKmswZ ev Folklore-K `ywU cavb fvM fvM KiZ
cvwi|
K) e wbfi jvKmswZ ev Material Folklore
L) A-e wbfi jvKmsw Z ev Non Material Folk-
lore.
GB `yB fvMi ga c_g fvMi AMZ nj cvlvK cwiQ`, KzwUi
wk, jvK fvh, wewfb kYxi cv ev `Iqvj wP BZvw`| GK K_vq ejZ
Mj ejZ nq jLv evcvii Kvb mvnvh QvovB wekl RbMvxfy gvbyli
Dvebx kw h mKj eK icvwqZ Ki ZvB nj e wbfi jvKmsw Z| Acic
jvKmvwnZ nQ A-e (Non Material Folklore) wefvMi AMZ | GKRb
cvvZ mgvjvPK jvKmvwnZi msv w`Z wMq ejQb - Folk literature
is simply literature transmitted orally. A_vr jvKmvwnZ nj mB
mvwnZ hv mvi gyL mw nq gyL gyLB cmvi jvf Ki| weeZbK ^xKvi Ki Ges
gvbe AwfZvK Avkq Ki RxweZ _vK|
AbKi gZ, jvKmvwnZ AcwikxwjZ ev wbii Mvg RbMvxi mw|
166
Gi Mvq jM _vK gvwUi M| ^vfvweKfveB GB mvwnZi Rb nq gvbyli gyL
gyL| DPZi mvwnZ hLvb GK GK wekl ewi wbR^ m` jvKmvwnZ m wbw` fMvwjK Li ga AewZ GKwU `ki cvKwZK cwiwwZi mwVK aviYv
mgM mgvRi m` ic MnxZ I weewPZ nq _vK|
jvKmvwnZ cev` ev cePb AwZ cvPxbKvj _KB Pj AvmQ| cev`i
eqm wbaviY Kiv me bv njI cev` h jvKmvwnZi cvPxb kvLv m welq Kvb
m`n bB| Ze cev`i De mK mwVK wmv cuQvbv eoB KKi| wK Rbjvf Ki jvKvw wnmve kwZ ciivq Pj AvmZ _vKjI ^ k cqvM
GK_v wVK h gvbwmKZvi ev gbbkxjZvi w`K w`q h mKj RvwZ Lye ekx`~i
AMmi nZ cviwb Zv`i ga cev`i cPjb bB wKsev _vKjI Zv wbZvB
AwKwrKi|
cev` ev cePb RvwZi my`xN eenvwiK AwfZvi mswZg imvwfew|
cev`K ejZ cvwi, cK ePb| Awfavb cev`i GKwU A_ nj t ciivMZ
evK| ciiv ejZ jvK ciiv DfqKB evSvq| cev` GKw`K w`q hgb
cvPxb Zgwb Abw`K w`q AvaywbKI| GwU ew`b ai cPwjZ nq AvmQ, GB
A_ cvPxb Avevi cPwjZ gbvfve cKvk Ki wewfbgyLx ew I mgvR Rxeb e
cixwZ Dc`k I bxwZ cPvi KivB Gi j| cev` ew I mgvRRxebi KZe
wb`kK Ges ip mgvjvPK ZvB cev`wj jvKwcq I jvKMvn| jvKi gyL
gyLB cev`i cPvi I cmvi| jvKwZ nj cev`i evnb| mvaviY eywii e`wkZvi
cwiPq cvIqv hvq cev`| Avi mB e`wkZvi cKvk mim I msw| cev` nj
AvcvZ ZzQ wK ^icMZ Mfxi Dw| mvaviYi m` ZvB mnRhvM| cev`i
welq ewP Ab^xKvh| bvbv KviY GB cev`i msv wb`k Kiv AZ KwVb|
wewfb mgvjvPK wewfb fve cev`i msv wb`k KiQb
`ywbqvi cZK RvwZi mvwnZ I cvZwnK Rxebi K_vevZvq wc,
imgq msw evKi cPjb `Lv hvq, GwjK cev` ej|
cev` mwKZ b`kxq Dwi BsiRx Abyev` A proverb is
a short sentence baased on long experience. A_vr ewi ev
RvwZi my`xN eenvwiK Rxebi AwfZv _K h msw A_P imwfwK wc
evKi Drcw nqQ ZvK ej cev`| cev`i mZ nj `kRb gvbyli AwfZvi
mZ| evsjv cev` GB mK ejv nq - `kRb ivwR hLvb, Lv`v ivwR mLvb|
Wt mykxj Kzgvi ` Zuvi evsjv cev` msMni f~wgKvq Dj-L KiQb, cev`
GKRbi mnReywZ mnmv cwZdwjZ nBjI Bnv eRbi myjf eywi Dcvq I
wc cqvMi A| cev` mK divmx wkvwe``i ge Proverbs wZxq aiYi cev`i D`vniY cii KvR Kvgvi e A_ev gvNi kxZ
are crystalizedd forms of human experience and as human
experience gives no definite solution aany problem, prov-
erbs can not do so other.
cvvZ `vkwbK eKb cev` mK ge KiQb The genious
167
wit and spirit of a nation are discovered by their proverbs.
cvIqv hvq cev`i ga| Ckvb KvY gN/ So IV RM| cev` wisedom
Gi _K experience Gi g~j AbK ekx| hgb - Muv b Kvbvq / cyKzi b
cvbvq| e gbxwli aviYv h cev`wj gvbemfZvi Dbli m mB gwLKfve
mimZvI Mfxi fve cKvk KiZ mg_| Kgej Rxeb cev`i g~j Lye ekx,
KviY A mgq Avgv`i AbK KvR mgvav KiZ ev K_v ejZ nq|
cev` nj my`xN eve Rxebi e cixwZ mZi imgq cKvk| Ze
GwjZ mnR gvbweK ew mg~ni I wbM~p Zi Avfvm cvIqv hvq - Correc-
tive and creative step for better life. mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK, ewMZ
wewfb fvebvi cKvk NUvq cev`| evsjvi e cev` bvix Rxebi `ytL e`bv,
mvgvwRK wP mn A_- ivRbwZK, BwZnvmI Qwoq AvQ|
Kvb Kvb cvvZ cwZ gb Kib, cev`i QqwU Y _vKv AvekK|
hgb mswZv, mijZv, mvaviY Y, Ajvi, cvPxbZv Ges mZZv| Wt AvZvl
fvPvh Aek gb Kib, cev`i GB mg jY Avbyc~weK MnY Kiv hvq bv|
gvUvgywUfve cev`i msv _K Avgiv cev`i wZbwU Yi K_v RvbZ cvwi|
hgb - mswZv (Brevity), A_enZv (Sensibility) Ges mimZv (Saltness)|
cev`i mimZvUzKz wbtm`n DcfvM| KLbI KZzK, KLbI evMe`, KLbI
e we`c, KLbI Avevi k-l-PvZzhi mvnvh GB mimZvi mw Kiv nq| hgb -
Kuv`j PvLB hvq, kvK hvq bv| A_ev hZ MR ZZ el bv| A_ev ejv MQ
Kjv Zjvq| Avcg~jZv cev`i Avi GKwU ewk - cii KvR Kvgvi e|
cev`i jvKwcqZvi GKwU KviY nj mimZv| hw` el gvNi kl/ ab ivRvi
c~Y `k| AbK mgq cev` `vi f~wgKv bq| hgb - msmvi myLi nq igbxi
Y| A_ev bvPZ bv Rvbj DVvb euvKv|
MVbMZ ici w`K _K cev` wZb aiYi nZ cvi|
K) Ac~YevK ev evKL (Phrase)
L) c~YevK (Sentence)
M) GKvwaK evK
c_g aiYi cev`i D`vniY f wN Xvjv, Av`vq KuvPKjvq BZvw`|
evNi Mvq|
ZZxq aiYi cev`i D`vniY nj Agvemvi gv_v fvix/ c~wYgvi jR fvix|
A_ev AwZ eo NiYx bv cvq Ni / AwZ eo my`ix bv cvq ei|
cev`i `yB ic K) GKwU M`cev` I L) AbwU c`cev`|
168
M`cev`i Pq c`cev`i msLvq AbK ekx ay ZvB bq AbK ekx wPvKlK| wK m aviYv cvQ Ges jvKmvwnZ welq mPZbZv ew cqQ, mB m
M` cev`i D`vniY ej cvKj KvKi wK? A_ev bqi Mi, evgybi bvI| jvKmvwnZi AbZg kvLv cev`I Rbwcq nZ ciQ|
AZGe GBme AvjvPbv _K evSv hvq evsjv mvwnZ cev` cePbi eZgvb cev`i eenvi AcvKZ Kg kvbv MjI Gi evcK cPjb
iZ Acwimxg| Wt AvZvl fvPvhi gZ cev`i Dvebi Rb cqvRb wKqr I RbwcqZvi wkLi h cuQwQj - GK_v meRb ^xKZ| cev`i mnRmvaZv mij
cwigvY wP cKli| wP cKl h Kejgv wkv`xvi vivB me Ggb gb cKvkfx cfwZ ewkjv cev`i cwZ `w AvKlYi mnvqK nqQ| GQvovI
Kiv fyj ne Kbbv mvgvwRK Rxebi HwZni aviv AbymiY Ki civ ev `xNw`bi cvZwnK, mvgvwRK Rxebi AwfZvB cev` cwZdwjZ nq|
cZfve mB cfveK wbRi Rxeb AxKZ Ki wPi cKl mvwaZ Kiv me| evsjv cev` jvKRxeb I gvbyli GK mv_K djkwZ Kvj Kvj wbZ
Kvb RvwZKB wK AbMmi ej gb Kiv hvq bv| Zv`i AZxZ BwZnvm chvjvPbv bZzb avivq Zvi icvi| Avi GB icvi GB gvbe RvwZ Mvx, wfb wfb fvlv
Kij Rvbv hvq H RvwZB nqZv Kvb GK mgq AMmi wQj wK Kvji AgvN MvxK Avengvb Kvj ai AvewZZ mgqi cevn ai ivLe, weKvki wbZ bZzb
cwinvm AvR Zvi icvi NUQ gv| hgb cwgevsjvi Wvgg RvwZ| gahyM w`K DbvwPZ Ki `e| ZvB cev`K ejv hvq RvwZi `cY|
Zviv khexhi AwaKvix wQj| gahyM Zviv mg ivRv`i mbic `kivi
`vwqZ cvjb KiZ| wK BsiRi AvwacZi KviY Wvg RvwZi mvgvwRK weeZb Mcx t
NU| mB Wvg RvwZi ga _K Ggb wKQy wKQy cev`i mvb cvIqv hvq, hv 1| evsjvi jvKmvwnZ (1g, 6) AvZvl fvPvh|
Zv`i cwZekx Zdwkjxfy RvwZi ga mB cwigvY cvIqv hvq bv| myZivs GBiKg 2| evsjv jvKmvwnZ PPvi BwZnvm - Wt eiY Kzgvi PeZx|
e AbMmi RvwZi cvPxb msvii AwZ Abyfe Kiv hvq cev`| wK cvPxb 3| evsjv cev` vb-Kvj-cv - Wt eiY Kzgvi PeZx|
HwZnkvjx`i ga mB cev`i mvb cvIqv hvq bv| 4| evsjv cev` - Wt mykxj Kzgvi `|
Wt AvZvl fvPvhi gZ, h RvwZi fvlv mg Ges cqvM Kkj AwZ 5| evsjv jvKmvwnZ HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb - Wt iex`bv_ kvmgj|
PgrKvi, Zv`i gaB mePq ekx cev` cvIqv hvq Ges mB RvwZi mvswZK
eywbqv` AwZ my`p nq| cev` AjsKZ fvlvq, my Kkji viv m KvRB cev`
h KD iPbv KiZ Ag| Gi Rb wekl cwZfvi cqvRb|
cev` cavbZ Acywiev`i cvavb cvq| x mgvRi ga D~Z nq,
mKj mgvRB cPvi jvf Ki| gqwj fvlvI cev` cKvwkZ nq| AwkwZ bvixi
cvZwnK Rxebi eenvwiK fvlvi ga `LZ cvIqv hvq wcZv, cev`i fveI
Zv eZgvb| GKK_vq cev`i fvlvB bvix`i gyLi fvlv, cev`i Rxeb`kb bvixiB
Rxeb`kb| myZivs gbbkxjZvi AMmi wbii bvix mgvRi gaB wc Ges
h_vh_fve cKvki cqvRb cev`i c_g De nqwQj Ges cieZxZ Gi
welqe cyili ewngyLx Kvhi Kvjg wevi jvf KiQ|
jvKmvwnZi cZKwU Mvbi hfve De NUQ cev`iI De nqQ
mB fveB| hgb x mgvRi ga ciii K_vq Ggb GKwU evK mnmv ei
nq Gj, hv mnR GKwU PgK mw Kij, mB PgrKvwiZi Y GwU ZrYvr
DcwZ Ges mKji gb Mu_ Mj| GfveB gyL gyL mgM mgvR Zv cPwjZ nq
Mj|
wKQyKvj c~e ch jvKmvwnZ wQj Pig AenwjZ Ges AevZ| hb
jvKmvwnZ GKvfve AwkwZ ev AawkwZ Mvg gvbyl ev Z_vKw_Z BZi RbiB
wQj DcfvM welq| ZZvKw_Z wkwZ gvbyl GK `LZb Aevi `wZ| AvR
169 170
 gZzqv agxq gZv`k t Av`vjb XvKv, gqgbwmsn Ges dwi`cyi - GB QqwU Rjvq| Awef evsjvq wn`y mgvR
G`i vb wQj wZxq - c_g vb wQj gvwniv| 1901 mvji RbMYbvq bgt``i
I mvswZK HK msLv wQj 18,48,483 Rb| 1931 G Zv nq 20,94,957 Rb| c~e evsjvi gvU
Mvcvj gj I my`xc gj wn`y RbmsLvi Zzjbvq bgt`iv wQj 1901 mvj 17.66%| 1931 G wQj
18.94%| Avi Dwj-wLZ QqwU Rjvq Zviv wQj msLvi| gvU RbmsLvi 75%
fviZi RvZxq Av`vjbi RvZcvZi mgmv GKwU AZ iZcY~ wQj bgt`| ckvi w`K _K Zviv wQj KwlRxex Ges Abvb Drcv`bi mv_
mgmv| RvZxqZvev`x Av`vjbi mgM chvq Ryo `ki HK Mo Zvjvi KvRK hy wK wn`y mgvR Zv`i Kvb ghv`v wQj bv| wkv mw, gw`i cek,
KUKvKxY KiQ GB mgmv| FKe`i cyilmyZ ejv nqQ - evbvnm mvgvwRK Abyvb hvM`vb cfw Zi AwaKvi _K Zviv ewZ wQj| Zviv wQj DPeYi
gyLgvmx`, e ivRbKZ, DKZ`mh`& eks, c`fs `vZvRvqZ A_vr evi AZvPvi I kvlYi wkKvi| GBme KviY mvgvwRK ghv`vi A^lY GB mc`vqi
gyL _K Rb wbqQ evY, ev _K wq, Di _K ek I c`hyMj nZ e gvbyl Bmjvg I Lxvb ag `xwZ nq|
`| eYK agi m hy Kivi RbB GB vwU FKe` cw nqwQj| fviZ RvwZf` I RvZ eevi KviY Dbwesk kZvxZ wewfb mc`vqi ga
Avh`i AvMgbi mgq Zv`i ga eY eev wQj - KgwfwK A_vr Kgi wfwZB wewfb mgq Av`vjb msMwVZ nqwQj| Zgwb bgt`ivI AvZghv`v wdi cvIqvi
eYi cwiPq wbw` nZ| GB KviYB Fwl fi mvbiv i_ wbgvY KiZ| Avi AbK Avkvq Av`vjb msMwVZ KiwQj| GKUv NUbvK K` Ki Zviv msNe nevi
Rb m~ nxbew avixivI eZ jvf KiZ cviZ| Kvjg eY eev nq Mj cqvRbxqZv Dcjw KiwQjb| ivNeMoi Avg Mvgi GK Aevb Mvg gvoji
Rb wfwK I kvlYi nvwZqvi| evevi kvi wbgY MnY Kiwb DPkYxi wn`yiv| GB NUbvi m m mg bgt
fviZi RvZxqZvev`i BwZnvm iPbv KiZ wMq mvgvRev`x HwZnvwmKiv gvoj`i GKwU mfv WvKv nq Ges DPkYxi wn`y`i KvR eqKU Kivi Rb x-
eY, fvlv, mc`vq BZvw` mgmvwjK wePvii gaB Avbbwb Avevi RvZxqZvev`x cyil wbwekl mg kYxi bgt`i KvQ Avnvb ivLv nq Ges eqKU i nq| wKQy
HwZnvwmKivI GB mgmvwjK Avoj Kievi Pv KiQb| wK RvZcvZi mgmv, w`b eqKU Pjvi ci `vwi`i KviY GB Av`vjb e_Zvq chewmZ nq|
mvc`vwqKZv KuvPv Zi gZ wPiKvjB iiY NwUqQ| h mg wbeYi GB cvcU c~eei dwi`cyi Rjvi mdjvWvv Mvg nwiPuv` VvKzi
RvwZMvx wPiKvj AenwjZ AZvPvwiZ nqQ RvZxq Av`vjbi ce Zviv RvZxq (1812-78) Rb MnY Kib| c~eei wbcxwoZ mc`vqK wZwb bZzb Rxeb `kb
Av`vjb _K gyL wdwiq wbqQ, wbR`i mvgvwRK Aevi DbwZi `vex RvwbqQ| Dy Ki Zv`i ga AvZkw I AvZghv`v evai weKvk NUvb| wZwb gvZzqv
mviv fviZel wbkYxi gvbyli wbR`i Aev DbqYi Rb Av`vjbi D`vniY bvg GK mvgev`x agi ceZb NUvb| wZwb Dcjw KiwQjb h agi gvag Qvov
AbK| evsjvi hw`I RvZcvZi mgmv Kvbw`bB Zgb Zxe AvKvi aviY enr gvbylK msNe Kiv me bq, Zgwb msN kw Qvov DPkYxi nvZ _K
Kiwb wK evsjvq bgt` mc`vqi Av`vjb RvwZ Av`vjbi AZ AwaKvi wQwbq bIqv me bq| evLiMi bgt` bZe` Dcjw Kijb h
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avg Z_v Av`vjbi K` gvZzqv gnvmsN vwcZ nq| eZgvb cKi Avgiv RvZxq KsMmi m wQj bv| wewUk miKvi I gymwjg jxMi mB mcxwZ eRvq
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171 172
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emwZ vcb Kib| `kfvMi dj gZzqv AaywlZ c~ee i hkvni, Lyjbv, ewikvj, msiY) cwge ivR cyK cl`, KvjKvZv 1985
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GK Ask cvwKvb _K hZ gb Kib| hvMb gj wjqvKZ Avwj Luvi gx wbwLj fviZ cKvkbx, KvjKvZv 2011
mfvq cvwKvbi c_g AvBb gx nb| Abw`K cg_ib VvKzii bZZ AviKwU 5. KwcjK wekvm iPuv` I Zuvi AbyMvgx`i wkv Av`vjb (c_g msiY)
Ask fviZ Pj AvmZ _vK| wbwLj fviZ cKvkbx, VvKzibMi Di Pwek ciMYv 2009|
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mB mgq VvKzibMi Kvb ij kb wQj bv, ebMuv _K wkqvj`n ch Kqjvi
Bwb ij PjZ| 1952 mvj cg_ib VvKzi cwgei ivRcvj I mncvVx
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nevi m m GB iZ e`j hvq| e gvbyli AvMgbi dj GB Aj axi axi
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173 174
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ga w`q mvgvwRK gZvMZ cv_K m~wPZ nq| GB gZvMZ cv_Ki wewfb wfw cqwQj eYwfwK kYx wefvMi AcevLvi dj Ges agxq Muvovwgi KzdjZv
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weePbv Kiv nq| fviZxq wkv Kwgkbi cwZe`b wkvi GB w`KwUi Ici myhvM myweavi msKxYZv, Avw_K mnvqZvi KcYZv Ges mevcwi PuyBq cov
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175 176
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myweav mwi Aivq nq `uvwoqQ| GB wekvj `k Ggb AbK Aj AvQ, eev MnxZ nqQ| msweavbi 341 I 366 (24) bs aviv `ywUZ Zdwmwj RvwZ
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177 178
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Rb| 1929 mvji ga fviZel gvU 95wU PUKj Mo IV hvi kwgK msLv
wQj 3,47000 Rb| Gi ga 90wU cvUKjB wQj evsjv`k| evsjv`ki
cvUKjwji cavb K` wQj nvIov, Mjx, KjKvZv I 24 ciMYv Rjvq|
Mjx Rjvi PUKjwji ewkifvMB AewZ wQj kxivgcyi gnKzgvq|
1882 mvji ga Mjx Rjvq gvU 5wU PUKj Mo IV| 1866 Z kxivgcyi
Bwqv RyU wgj, 1873-G Puvc`vbxZ Puvc`vbx RyUwgj, 1888 Z Zjwbcvovq
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nvIovi 5wU wgj gvU 20,323 Rb kwgK KvR KiZv hvi ga cyil kwgK wQj
10,228 Rb,bvix kwgK wQj 4698 Rb, wk kwgK 1923 Rb| 1888-89 mvj
GB `yB Rjvq gvU PUKj kwgKi msLv wQj 24,525 Rb| 1898 mvji ga
Mjx Rjvq h cuvPwU RyU wgj Mo DVQ Zvi kwgK msLv wQj 17,689 Rb|
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Giga cyil kwgK wQj 21,609 Rb, bvix kwgK 5638 Rb Ges wk kwgK
3128 Rb| 1912 mvji Industrial Statistics _K Rvbv hvq Mjx Rjvi
9wU PUKj cyil kwgKi msLv 41,300 Rb, bvix kwgK 9875 Rb , 14 eQii
Da Qji msLv 16,879 Rb, gqi msLv 7,180 Rb, 14 eQii bxP evjKi
msLv 1054 Rb Ges evwjKvi msLv 308 Rb|

kwgK wbqvM t - PUKjwji gvwjKvbv wQj BDivcxq`i nvZ| GB BDivcxq

gvwjKiv m`vi wbqvM KiZ| Bwqvb RyU wgj Avmvwmqkbi wicvU m`viK

179 180
The lower subordinate ejv nqQ| AbK PUKj m`viiv dvigvb
wnmveI KvR KiZ| kwgK wbqvMi gvwjK m`vi Pzw _vKZ| Avi Gi djB
PUKj m`vi`i wbqY I KZZ eRvq _vKZ| m`viiv AvoKvwV nq `~ieZx Mvgvj
_K kwgK wbq AvmZ| AbK mgq Giv wbRi cwiwPZ Mvg _K wbRi PbvRvbv
ez, AvZxqRbKI KviLvbvq wbqvM KiZ| 1921 mvji Av`gmygvix wicvUI
ejv nq - kwgK wnmve KviLvbvq KvRi Rb m`viiv Mvg _K jvK msMn Ki
cvqB Zv`iK m Ki KjKvZvq wbq Avm, GKm ivL Ges hZY bv ch
Zv`i Kv_vI eev KiQ ev Avevi evox cvVvQ ZZY ch Zv`i ga kLjv
Ges wbR^ wbqY eRvq ivL Ges GB m`viiv mvaviYZ wenvi, Dwolv A_ev
Dic`ki jvK Ges Zv`i wbqvM mxgve _vKQ Zv`iB Mvgi `wi` jvK`i
ga| GB KviYB evsjvi PUKjwjZ GK GKwU Aji jvK`i cvavb
`Lv w`Z| AbK mgq m`viiv ew Zix Ki kwgK`i fvov w`Z| kwgKiv hZY
ch m`vii AbyMZ _vKZ ZZY ch m`vi`i evmvb _vKZ cviZ| AvbyMZ
bv cj m`viiv aygv evmvb _KB DrLvZ KiZ bv, Zvi wbR^ cfve LvwUq
KvR _KI QvUvB KiZ| Ze m`vi`i AZvPvii gvv mxgv Qvovj AbKmgqB
kwgKiv m`vi weivax Av`vjb I agNU mvwgj nZ| Avevi AbKmgq Kvb Kvb
wgj m`viiv kwgK `i`x wnmveI f~wgKv cvjb KiQ| Avevi KLbI KLbI
kwgK Av`vjb ev agNUi mgq kwgK`i mv_ nvZ nvZ wgwjq Av`vjb ev
agNU mvwgj nqQ| 1890 ch PUKjwjZ evOvjx kwgKi msLvB wQj ewk
wK beB Gi `kKi ci _K ewnivMZ kwgKi msLv evoZ _vK| GBme
kwgKi ewkifvM AvmZ wenvi, Dic`k, Iwokv, gac`k, gv`vR cfwZ Aj
_K| c_g w`K PUKjwjZ kwgK`i 15/16 NUv KvR KiZ nZ| h gRyix
cZ Zv w`q `yejvi Lvevi RyUZ bv| bvix I wk kwgK`i Ici PjZ AK_
AZvPvi, Aeva kvlY I wbhvZb| dvix AvBb _vKjI gvwjKiv Zv gb PjZ
bv| Avevi cvc gRyix _K GKvsk m`viK Lykx ivLvi Rb w`Z nZ| kwgK`i
evmvbi AevI wQj kvPbxq| AKvi, fvcmv, A^vKi, Avjv evZvmnxb
NycPx Ni Zv`i GKmv_ Mv`vMvw` Ki _vKZ nZ| kwgK`i KvbviKg exgv ev
wZc~iYi eev wQj bv| dvix Kwgkbi wicvU _K Rvbv hvq bvix I wk
kwgK`i kvlYi gvv wQj AeYbxq| KviLvbvi wZb Pvi gvBj `~i _K fvi
ivZ bvix I wk kwgKiv nuU KviLvbvq AvmZ| w`bivZevcx KvR Kivbv nZ|
Gi dj Zv`i ^v fO coZ, bvix kwgK`i eZb wQj Lye Kg, hw`I Zv`i
KvRi evSv Kg wQj bv| bvix kwgKiv KvR Kivi mgq Zv`i wk`iI m wbq
AvmZ| KviLvbvi A^vKi cwiek _vKvi Rb H mg wk`i AbKB Amy
nq coZ| kwgK`i Ici GB AgvbweK kvlY Zv`i bwZK RxebK cyivcywi
asm Ki `q|
181
kwgK msMVbi m~Pbv I kwgK Av`vjb (1850-1930) t- JcwbewkK
KvVvgvq fviZeli wkvqb nqwQj Avi GB cwigj PUKj kwgK Av`vbKI
bvbvfve cfvweZ KiQ| GRbB c_gw`K kwgK`i GKvsk wQj AvswkK mgqi
kwgK| ZvB Zviv msMwVZ kYx wnmve Mo DVZ cviwb| GQvov Mvovi hyM kw gK`i
KlK myjf gbvfve, ag, eY, Mvxi cfve Zv`i GKwU kwY wnmve Mo DVZ
evav w`qwQj| wK Gme evav mI JcwbewkK KvVvgvq AvaywbK wk weKvki
cvq m~Pbv _KB kwgKiv Zv`i kvlY I ebvi wei ^ZtZfve cwZev`
RvwbqQ| KLbI KviLvbvi gvbRvi I mycvifvBRvii AgvbweK AvPiYi wei
KviLvbv PZi `vv, nvvgv ev gvbRvi mycvifvBRvi`i `wnK cxobi gvag|
axi axi Zv`i mPZbZv hZ ew cqQ ZLb Zviv wbR`i bvbviKg `vex hgb
KvRi NUv nvm, gRyix ew, agxq Drme QywU, m`vi I myycvifvBRvii AgvbweK
AvPiYi wei cwZev` Av`vjb msMwVZ KiQ| GgbwK agNU Av`vjbI
mvwgj nqQ| Avii GBme cwZev` msNwUZ nqQ ewnivMZ`i KvbiKg nc
QvovB| GB chvq wkecyi, KuvwKbvov, kvgbMi, NyNywo, KvBf, eivbMi, kvggbMi
Mjx, MvWbixP cfwZ PUKjwjZ kwgKiv wewfb `vex Av`vqi Rb agNU
msMwVZ Ki| Gi ga Dj-KhvM `ywy U agNU nq eReR PUKj I MvWbixPi
Mjx PUKj| 1895 Lxt 2iv g eReR PUKji cvq 7000 kwgK m`vii
kvlYi wei cwZev` Rvwbq KvR e Ki `q| 6 mvn KvR e _vK|
Kvvbxi wZi cwigvY `uvovq 80,000 UvKv| ay A_bwZK `vex`vIqv bq, GB
ce kwgK`i msnwZevaI j Kivi gZ| mnKgx `i QvUvB ev wbhvZbi cwZev`
ev Ab PUKji agNUx kwgK`i mg_bI Zviv KvR e Ki w`qQ| 1895
mvji Avei gvm MvWbixPi Mjx PUKji kw gKiv 2 Rb mnKgx K QvUvBqi
cwZev` agNU Ki| 1900 Lxt KuvwKbvov wgj kwgK`i agNUi mg_b Puv`v
msMni Rb KvgvinvwU wgji KqKRb kwgK`iK eiLv Kij cwZev`
kwgKiv wevf `Lvq|
myZivs ejv hvq h, PUKj cv_wgK chvhi Kvb cwZev` cwZivaB
wPvfvebvnxb cwZev` wQj bv| KviY h Kvb cwZev` Rvbvbvi Rb GgbwK GKwU
wgji GKwU wWcvUgUi kwgK`i GKm Rov Ki KZci KvQ `vex ck
Kivi Rb I msMVb I cwiKbv cqvRb| ZvB Lye QvU cwimi njI kwgK`i
ga c_g hyM _KB msMwVZ nIqvi PZbv ev kvlYi wei msMwVZ cwZev`i
PZbv Zix nqwQj|
Mjx RjvZI GB ce AbKwj agNU nq| 1879 -80 Z Mjxi
Puvc`vbx wgj wmvj wmdU c_v Pvjyi wei kwgKiv agNU Ki| 1881 Z
kvgbMi wgj GKRb m`vi I UvBgwKcviK eiLv Kivi cwZev` agNU nq|
1895 Z Puvc`vbx wgj gRyix ewi `vexZ agNU nq|
182
 wesk kZKi m~Pbvq `kRvov mvgvRev` weivax ^`kx Av`vjbi
cUf~w~ gZ kwgK cwZev`, msNl I agNUi bZzb Rvqvi Avm| GB ce Av`vjbwj
wQj ^vaxb, Avevi GB ceB kwgK Av`vjb ewnivMZ A_v r mwq ivRbxwZwe``i
Abycek NU| GB c_g RvZxq Av`vjbi mv_ kwgK Av`vjbi GKwU hvMm~
vwcZ nq|
mvweK ivRbwZK RvMiYi cwZ kwgK`i gaI GKaiYi ivRbwZK
mPZbZv `Lv `q| RvZxq Av`vjbi wKQy wkwZ gawe bZv hgb Awkbx
Kzgvi evbvRx, cfvZKzmyg ivqPayix, Ac~e Kzgvi Nvl, cgZvl evm cgyLiv
kwgK`i msMwVZ Kivi D`vM bb| Zv`i mnhvwMZvq AbKwj BDwbqb Mo
IV Bwqvb wgj nvm BDwbqb| wk kwgK`i AskMnY RvZxq Av`vjb GK
Rx Pwi wbq GmwQj| GB mgq kwgKiv AbK ewk msMwVZ wQj| evsjvi 37wU
PUKji ga 18wUZB kwgK agNU nq| hw`I GB cei agNUwj nqwQj g~jZ
A_bwZK `vexK K` Ki; Z_vwc Av`vjbwjZ ivRbwZK cfve GKevi
A^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| 16B Avei 1905 - G efi w`b nvIovi dvU M-vi
PUKj evcK Amvl `Lv `q| PUKji evOvjx Kivwbeveyiv gymjgvb kwgK`i
nvZ ivLx civZ hvq Ges mvPvii e`gvZig& awb `q GZ KZc evav w`Z
Mj msNl ea hvq| KZci Ryjygi cwZev` kwgKiv KvR e Ki `q| GB Congress| Aek mefviZxq i UW BDwbqb Mo IVvi ciI ivRbwZK
cwiewZZ cwiwwZZ kwgK`i Avw_K `vwe`vIqv iZc~Y nq `Lv `q| 7000
kwgKiv 15 w`bi HwZnvwmK ivRbwZK I A_bwZK msMvg Aekl Rqjvf
Ki| KZc kwgK`i mg `vwe`vIqv gb bq| GB wgji wZxq agNUwU nq
1905 Gi 7B wWm^i| gvbRvi divi `yyRb kwgKK e`gvZig& awb `Iqvi
Rb cywjki nvZ Zzj w`j cwZev` kwgKiv `jefve agNU Ki| GB kwgK`i
nq gvgjv job evwivi Awkbx Kzgvi evbvRx|
Mjx Rjvi PUKjwjZI ^`kx Av`vjbi cfve `Lv hvq| 1905
Gi bf^i wilovi IqwjsUb RyUwgj agNU nq| kxivgcyii Bwqv RyUwgj
mycvifvBRvii `yeenvii cwZev` GKeQii ga wZbevi agNU nq| (31k
RyjvB 1906, 17B wWm^i 1906, 29k RyjvB 1907)| 1907 G wilovi
IqwjsUb I nwsm wgjI agNU nq|
GB Av`vjbwji ga ^`kx hyy Mi g~j mvZi RvZxqZvev`x ivRbxwZi
AbK jYB Z aiv cowQj| GK_v A^xKvi Kiv hvq bv h ^`kx hyM
PUKj kwgKiv Zv`i Av`vjb Amvgvb D`vM I msnwZi cwiPq w`qwQj, Ze
^`kx hyyM agNUwj g~jZ evOvjx kwgK`i vivB AbywZ nqwQj| PUKj weivU
msLK AevOvjx kwgK`i hy Kivi Kvb ivRbwZK cqvm wQj bv| ZvQvov GB
cei Av`vjb AbK mgq mc`vqMZ PZbvI AbK mgq KvR KiQ| Ze GB
mc`vqMZ PZbv wn`y I gymwjg kwgK`i ga Kvb vqx wef` iPbv KiZ
183
cviwb| GB mgq RvZxq bZe ` `kxq wkcwZ`i evcvi wQjb GKevi bxie|
ZvQvov kwgK`i ga ivRbwZK mPZbZv I msMvgx gbvfve _vKv mI
RvZxqZvev`x bZe` Zv KvR jvMvZ cvibwb|
^`kx Av`vjbi Dvj cei ci kwgK Av`vjb LvwbKUv fuvUv
cowQj wVKB, wK Av`vjb GKevi _g _vKwb| kwgKiv wbR^ D`vM
wewfb `vexZ wekl Ki A_bwZK `vexZ Av`vjb Pvwjq hvq| c_g wekhy
cieZx eQiwjZ kwgK Av`vjb Zxeic aviY KiwQj| hy cieZx A_bwZK
msKU, `eg~jew, gRyix nvm, kwgK QvUvB cfwZ kwgK`i Rxeb h msKU Zix
KiwQj Zvi dj gRyix ew, evbvm, LvivwK BZvw` `vexZ evievi Av`vjb
Suvwcq coQ| Zgwb mgKvjxb ivRbwZK RvZxq I AvRvwZK cwiwwZ kwgK
Av`vjbi ZxeZv ewZ mnvqK nqwQj| 1919 Lxt ivIjvU AvBbi cwZev`
mviv `kevcx h niZvj wevf AbywZ nq ZvZ kwgKivI AskMnY Ki| 10B
Gwcj MvxwRK Mvii cwZev` h ^ZtZ niZvj cvwjZ nq ZvZI kwgKiv
AskMnY Ki| kwgK`i GB msMvgx gvbwmKZvK j KiB RvZxq Av`vjbi
bZviv RvZxq Av`vjbK kwkvjx Kivi Rb kwgK`i msMwVZ KiZ GwMq
Avmb| Avi GiB cwicwZ Mo IV 1920 Lxt All Inddia Trade Unionn
bZv`i cfvegy AvcwK A_ ^vaxb kwgK cwZev` I mwqZv AevnZ wQj|
wLjvdr I AmnhvM Av`vjbi cvcU weki `kKi Mvovi
w`KwjZ kwgK mwqZv I h_ msMvg bZzb gvv cvq| AbK B kwgK`i
ga _KB D`vM DV GmQ| PUKji ZuvZx ev wbvi A_ev QvcvLvbvi
KvwRUvi ev gwmb kwgKiv cwZev` Mo Zvjv ev agNU Pvjvbvi evcvi
D`vM wbqQb| KLbI agNU Pvjvbvi Rb cwZev`x kwgK`i ga _KB Avqx
adhoc KwgwU MVb Kiv nqQ| 1920-26 Gi ga e PUKj BDwbqb Mo
IV| 1921 G Mo IVv KuvwKbvov jevi BDwbqb, 1925 G Kvwj`vm fUvPvhi
D`vM Mo Zvjb fvUcvov jevi BDwbqb| 1925 G wkebv_ evbvRx nvIovq
Mo Zvjb RyU jevi BDwbqb| 1923 G bnvwUZ cwZwZ nq Mixcyi IqvKvm
Ggc-qxR Avmvwmqkb| 1925 G cwZwZ nq ej RyU IqvKvm Avmvwmqkb|
cieZxKvj hvi bvg cwieZb Ki ivLv nq PUKj gR`yi BDwbqb|
Avevi GB Kzwoi `kKB gvKmev`xiv kwgK I kgRxex`i msMVbi KvR
wbR`i hy Kib| g~jZ gvKmev`x`i D`vM Mo IV IqvKvm G cRvUm
cvwU| GKw`K kvlY I wbcxoY mK kwgK`i AwfZv I PZbv Abw`K
KwgDwb`i ZrciZvi NvZ cwZNvZ Kzwoi `kKi kl `yy-wZb eQi kwgK kYxi
ivRbxwZ I Av`vjb eo iKgi AMMwZ NU| 1928 G `ywU chvq PvBji
jvRjv PUKj AvUgvm ai agNU nq| evDwoqv PUKjI agNU nq| Gw`K miKvi
184
kwgK`i ggeagvb msMvgx gbvfve wePwjZ nq kwgK Av`vjbi Ici cuvokx
AvgY PvjvZ i Ki| GKw`K Rbb wbivcv AvBb I wkweiva AvBb Gi gZ
`gbg~jK AvBb cvk Ki AvPgKv kwgK Av`vjbi MvUv ivwWKvj bZZK
Mvi Kii i Kij gxivU loh gvgjv| 1929 Gi 20k gvP 31 Rb KwgDwb
bZvK Mvi Kiv nj| GB cUf~wgZ i nj PUKj kwgK`i c_g mvaviY
agNU 1929 Gi RyjvB AvM gvm| GB agNUi cavb KviY wQj kwgK`i KvRi
NUv 54 _K 64 NUv ew Kiv| miKvix weeiY _K Rvbv hvq h, 1929 Gi
22k RyjvB _K RMj fvUcvov I KuvwKbvov Aji mg PUKj, 5B AvM
wkqvj`n I ejNvUv Aj mg PUKj agNU i nq| 13B AvM agNU Qwoq
co Mjx Rjvq| GB agNU bZZ w`Z GwMq Avm ej RyU IqvKv m BDwbqb|
hvi mfvcwZ wQjb kwgK`i wcq gvZvRx cfveZx `vk| GQvov wQjb ewg
gyLvRx, Kvjx mb, Avyj gvwgb, Avyj ivK Luv cgyL| gvwjKci Abvq
gbvfvei dj agNU `xNvqx nq| agNUi bZvmn e kwgKK Mvi Kiv nq|
evsjvi mvaviY gvbyl agNUi mg_b GwMq Avmb| 10B AvM AvjevU nj
KjKvZvi bvMwiK`i GK mfvq agNUi cwZ mg_b Rvbvbv nq Ges Avw_K mvnvhi
Rb Ave`b Rvbvbv nq| `pZvi m GB agNU PjZ _vKvq kl ch miKvi
gxgvsmvq AvmZ eva nq| AKwgDwb`i kwgK bZv`i GKvski m Bwqvb
RyU gvbydvvwis Avmvwmqkbi KZwj kZmvc gxgvsmv nq| PUKji c_g
agNU wQj c_g UW BDwbqbi gvag msMwVZ agNU|
185
Avw`evmx weevn wewPv
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AwaKvii Afyw NU|
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ewZg mwi avivevwnKZv ivq Kvb c_ bB| gbyl Rxeb Phvq GB wPib
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wekl ^ZZv hvi ga iqQ cf~Z wbqg I e weavb| weevnB GKK fve
gvbemgvR x cyili ga hb wgjb wbqY Ki _vK| mgvRi GB wekl
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ga Rxei Rxeb AZvekK hb zavi ckgbi eevi mv_ mv_ ewea
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186
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Boas, F.(Ed.)- General Anturopology D.C. Health & Co.
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Newyork, 1938.
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Brace, C.L. - The stages of Human Evolution, Human and
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cultural origins, Englewood ......, N.J prentice hall, 1967
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Chattopadhay, G-Rajanaa - A village in wwest Bengal
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Bookland pvt, Ltd. calcuttta, 1964.
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gvbe mfZvi DbwZi mvcvb hLvb AvKvk Quyq hZ PvBQ mLvb ecvZg~jK
lishing house, NewDelhi, 1978.
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wewPv|

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Dr. R.M. Sarkar, 1997, Kalimata Press, 19/D.H.23
Gayaleagans,Calcutta - 700006.

Bose N.K. - Cultural Anturopology and other essays, Indian

Associated publishing co. calcutta 1953.
189 190
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199
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gvb gZz nxb| AKvwj gvb gZz nxb GKwU welq| eZgvb GwU GKwU wkL`i ivRbwZK
`j cwiYZ nqQ| ....The word Akali, a term now appropriated
by members of the dominant sikh political party.1
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i`vqvi| GB i`vqvi HwZnMZfve axi axi wkL RvwZi agxq, mvgvwRK,
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ga Wye hZ i Ki| ....most of the sikh shrives had passed
into the control of the hereditary Mohantos and the Govern-
ment nominated managers and custodians and the religious
leaders of the Sikh community had fallen prey to a number
of social evils.2
GB Aev _K wkL mc`vqK DiYi Rb wewfb mvgvwRK msvi
Av`vjb i nq| GB Av`vjbwji ga wQj wbisKvix Av`vjb, bvgavix
200
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mv_ mv_B GB Av`vjb wewUk mvgvRev`i weiI GK cej Av`vjb wQj|
The religio -political struggle of the Akali - directed against
the priests, Mahantas and other vested interests in the sikh
shrines and consequently against the British imperialism -
was one of the most powerful movements of modern India.3
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Zviv Mvxi bZZ AmnhvM Av`vjb AskMnYi mv_ `ki ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi bZZvaxb Mvx GB mgq wewUk miKviK c~Y mg_b `Iqvi K_v ejwQjb|
kwiK nqwQjb| AKvwj Av`vjbi mgq _KB AKvwj-KsMm cii mnhvwMZv
I wbfiZv i nq Ges `yB `j cii ciii KvQvKvwQ Avm| 1939 mvj
ch GB cviwiK mnhvwMZv Ges RvZxq Av`vjb AKvwj `ji AskMnY
PjZ _vK| GB AKvwj `ji `yB bZv evev LiK wms Ges Zvici gvvi
Zviv wms Gi Ae`vb h_| It was mainly due to the Akali congress
association during the Akali movement that two leaders
come closer to each other and that the sikhs become
inextrically involved in congress activities. Actually, the two
groups among the sikhs the Akali advocates of purely reli-
gious reform and others who looked upon gurdwara, re-
form only as a part of the larger programme of the countrys
freedom - remained united till 1939, initially under the lead-
ership of Baba Kharak Singh and later that of Master Tara
Singh.4
201
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KsMm hgb Zvi msMVb weZZ KiwQj Zgwb AKvwj `jI cvvei RbMY I
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Ki ZzjwQj|
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hvIqvi mv_ mv_ kl nq hvq wb| 1942 mvj fviZ Qvov Av`vjb AKvwj
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wekl Zvrchc~Y|
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Rji Rjvi jvmviv Mvgi m`vi `yjv wms Gi cy jvf wms mBwb| 1921 mvj
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mZvMn Av`vjb, fviZ Qvov Av`vjbi cZvKvZj mgeZ Kivb Ges fviZ 1. www.Sikh wiki.org./index.pup/Akali.
Qvov Av`vjb bZZ `Iqvi Aciva Rj hZ eva nb| fviZ ^vaxb nevi 2. Mohinder Singh, The Akali Movement, Delhi 2008, P-6.
ci wZwb jvKmfvi m`m nb, KsMm IqvwKs KwgwUi m`m wbevwPZ nb, cvve 3. Ibid, P- 75.
c`k KsMm KwgwUi mfvcwZI nb| GQvov wZwb jvf wms Gi gZvB cvvei 4. Ibid, P- 77.
gyLgxI nb| 1976 G Zvi gZzi ci ZvK giYvi cwef~~lY cyivi fviZ 5. In wikipedia. org/wiki/ Labh - singh - saini.
miKvi ZvK mvwbZ Ki|6 6. In wikipedia. org/wiki/gaini.
fviZi v`kZg cavbgx AvB.K.Rivj I RvZxq Av`vjbi mv_ 7. In wikipedia. org/wiki/ I.K.Gujral.
hy nb Ges fviZ Qvov Av`vjb bZZ `b Ges h_vixwZ wewUki Kvcvbj 8. www. Indianetzone.com > thome > Reference > History
co KviveiY KiZ eva nb|7 of India > Indian Freedom struggle > Quit India Movement.
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wQj memgq wQj `vjvqgvb| So the reaction of the sikhs was much
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(2) Nadia District Wikipedia,, the free encyclopedia.
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ga djQ, ZvB KD Avi bvixi cwZ Aenjv ev AwaKvi nbb-Gi _K weiZ Bengal 1951 - 2011.
_vKZ eva nqQ dj ^vfvweKfveB Zcwkwj kYxi bvix wkvi cmviZv ew 13) Kgj Payix, Di 24 ciMYvi BwZe, gWj cvewjwks nvDm, KjKvZv -
cvQ GgbUv Avkv Kiv hvq| 73, c_g cKvk - 1987|
^vaxbvi ce fviZ miKvi I ivR miKvi Zcwkwj bvix`i wkv 14) Govt. of India, Sarva Siksha Abhiyan : A programme
AMMwZi Rb bvbv cwiKbv, mvsweavwbK avivi cqvM, wewfb Kwgkb, KwgwUi of universal Elementary Education , Ministry of Educa-
MVb NwUqQb| Zv mI Zcwkwj bvix`i wkvi AMMwZ mvlRbK bq| Kbbv tion, New Delhi, MHRD.
wcwQq cov kYxi cwZ mKj m`& gvbwmKZvi eovB Afve `Lv w`qQ| Gic 15) Govt. of India, Mandal Commission, New Delhi, 1980.
cwiwwZZ miKvii Aviv mwq f~wgKv wbZ ne| hvZ Ki cwgei Zcwkwj 16) Kanya Shree Prakalpa, 2013, http://wbkanya
bvixiv AvaywbK wkvq wkwZ nq DVZ cvi| shree.gov.in / kp. Date - 12/10/2015.

m~wb`k t
1) Jawaharlal Nehru, Foreword to the first Edition of
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4) T.A. Koshy, Tribal Education in India, Tribal Education
unit, Dept of Adult Education, New Delhi, 1967.
5) wkvq msiY, AbMmi KjvY Abyl`, KjKvZv, 700073, 2011|
6) P.K. Bakshi, The Constitution of India, Universal law
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9) Govt. of India, The Indian Education Commission,
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10) Govt. of India, National Policy of Education , depart-
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11) RvZxq cvVgi iciLv, ivR wkv MelYv I cwkY cwil`, (ctet)
KjKvZv - 700019, gvP 2009|
12) Census report, Growth of Female literacy in West
225 226
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! @ y xyy y y! y y y! xyy xy! M ! z y!z ~ y%% y %y
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x ~! y ydy! ! y x%y = y! ! y # ! !! xy x ! xyy

233 234
 ~ z y y% y xy ! xyy !! ~z xy y y# xy y
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y! y # yy y y y ~z ! %o ~ yv

235 236