Present Simple FORM 17 You /We /They walk He/She /itwalks I Yeu We They do not walk He / she /It doesnot walk ol /you/ wa/ they walke Does he /she (it walk? Short forms: donot don't does not + doesnt T USE EXAMPLES: often play chess with Jack Pandas spend most of the day eating, She opens the door and gets a surprise, He kieks the ball and seores! |The ferry leaves 2t 730m, 77. habits and regular actions general truths o facts totell stories and jokes to describe sports events ‘umetables or scheduled events inthe fuuure | 6 todescribe permanent situations 1 2 3 4 5. | My grandparents live ina small vilage. For spelling ules for adding sto third person singular in Present Simple, ‘TIME EXPRESSIONS every day / week / month /year,on Mendays/ Saturdays In pring / winter ‘once / twice a day / week month /yeat,at the weekend ‘They goon holiday once a year. “Time expressions come atthe beginning or the end ofa sentence. On Sundays i ger ulate ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY sully, often, always, never, sometimes, frequently seldom, rarely, hardy (ever) He rarely tidies his becom. Adverbs offrequency come before the main verb or after the verb be. © page 160, hardly ever read magazines. ‘Mur and Dad are sometimes angry vith me, Present Continuous - FORM i Use T EXAMPLES | am waiting |. actions that are happening atthe | Slow downYou are driving too fast. He/She /It is waiting time of speaking ‘We/You/They arewaiting 2, temporary actionsoractions that | amstaying with my grandparents, | am not waiting | stestillin progress He/ She/Itismot waiting future plans and arrangements He staking an exam next week ‘We /You/They arenotwatking | 4. with abvays fore end constay | Theyre forever breaking things ‘Am waiting? | whenacionsare annoying amusing Shesalwaysbuyingretiti presents, | Ishe /she it waiting? ‘orhappen too often ‘are we /you /they walting? Shore forms: isnot isnt are nat arent ‘TIME EXPRESSIONS or speling rules for adding ing in Present Continuous, see page 160, atthe moment, now, ight now, soon, today, tonight, this week / month / year, next week/ month / year ‘tative verbs describe states, not actions. Stative verbs are usually used inthe Present Simple, not the Present Continuous. nate this cold weather, ‘Some common stative verbsare: appearance: appear, look seem ‘emotions: dislike, fc! like, hat, lke love, need possession: belong 1a. have, own ‘measurements: cost, equal, measure, weigh senses: feel, hear see, smell taste thoughts / opinions / states: believe forget, imagin mean, prefer, remember, think, understand, want, Wis ‘She seems unhappy today. hate thiscold weather Who does this CO belong tor ‘Ten plus two equals twelve, This cushion feels so soft ne,know, What does thls word mean? ish ‘There are some stative verbs that can be used in Present Continuous but with a change in meaning ‘Tom hasa new bike. (possession) am having dinner with Jane tonight. (eating) ‘They think the flmis boring. (osinion) Weare thinking of getting a dos. (considering) ‘That cake looks delicious. (appearance) He looking at the pictures. (action) |see my friend over there. (sing the sense of sight) This fish doesn’t taste fresh. (has a certain flavour) Hels tasting the soup. (eying i) Dinnersmells good. thas a certain aroma) They are smelling the roses. (action) Claire weighs about sixty kilos. (measurement) ‘The greengrocer is weighing the oranges. (action)T USE EXAMPLES 7 He/She /itwas sleeping 1. actions that were in progress ‘Ar aclock, all the children were You/We/They weresteeping | atacertain time nthe past © siting at thee desis, I/ Hey She/itwas mot sleeping | 2. an unfinished action (Past Continuous) | was swimming in the sea when law You/We/They were not sleeping | interrupted by another shorter action a shark. (ast Simple) : Wasi/he/she/itsleeping? | 3, two ormore unfinished actions taking Rob was washing up while Mary was Were you/we/theysleeping? | placeatthesametime | tidying the living room. 14. background information ina story It waa raining hesvly and a strong “wind was lowing Short forms: was not = wasn't ay werenot werent | ‘TIME EXPRESSIONS while, as While twas wsiting my composition, my cousin calle. [AS was walking down the treet, [met an old friend of mine Notes | When we tela story, the events ofthe story ae often in Past Simple and the description and background information are in Past Continuous. She opened the door and went outside, Some children were playing football inthe street 2. Wedon' usually use statve verbs (lie, ove, hate, think, believe, nov, understand, et - see Unit 1) in the continuous form. We use Past Simple Instead. Nobody believed his story. not: Nobody was believing his story. %) sea to; woula FORM i USE i EXAMPLES weed | bce [thabstnataba aver | Whenhewnad fe endo (Pout SrosttnedantGocnyme | wehaktT\ Werrourthey )seéterlay | We did useto vei the cy nao cmap Alcoa ee Se MiervourTey ) évtusetoplay Diesen ee baleen Jeeta | | [wood = brani | oval aboutrepeated pacactons | Evry Wedhesdy.| would buy my We can use never to express the negative of used. She mever used to cat vegetables. = She didn't use to eat vegetables. ‘We can use wouldto describe pat actions, but not pst states. Every Saturday they would take the children tothe beach. (not As acl, he would be lonely. %) For questions and negative sentences, we normally use used t, not would. We didnt use tolivein the city (not: We wouldnt ive inthe city. X) 4. Be careful not to confuse used o (past habit) with be used to (to be accustomed to something). | ‘She used to listen to music every day after school. (past habit)Present Perfect Simple FORM 1 You £We /They have started ‘He/She /ithas taken | 1/ You /We /They have not started | He/She /Ithas not taken Have |/ we /you/ they started? las hes she /it taken? ‘Short forens: |have +e | she has — she's have not» haven't USE |. actions that happened in the past bbut are stil relevar (the specific time the action took place is ‘unknown or unimportant) 2. actlonsthat wire repented overa Period of ume, and which may [happen again £3. actions that started inthe past and te still going on (usvally with for, has not — hassrt sa aint 44. with This isthe fst secone time... This ithe best fworst.., neve ever, betore | 5. te announce recent events | 6. recently completed actions (with just ateodty) or unfinished actions with sti yee) “TIME EXPRESSIONS ‘Som has already Fuad lunch. Ihave newer met a famous person. Have you aver travelled iy plane? Angela hasn't posted the im Have you read any goad books lately? ‘The Band has been very tueeessful ea fa. Fee worked here for six months. for-+ length of time} Fe worked! here since February. (since « beginning of the period) Notes “There i 8 difference in meaning between ave been and have gone. ‘Olga has been to Scotland. (She was in Scotland at come paint inthe pact) ‘Otaa has aane to Scotland. (She it in Seatland faht sow) FORM You We They have been sleeping He/She /Ithas been sleeping /You/We/ They haven't been sleeping He/She /Ithasn't been sleeping Have |/ you / we /they been sleeping? Has he/she /it bean sleeping? use 1, actions that started in the past and continue to the present (usualy with for and since) 2 actions that started in the past the results of the action in the present. ‘TIME EXPRESSIONS: all day / night / morning for, since, how long, lately, recently “he waiter has been serving customers all day. How long have you been waiting for the bus? ‘We don't use stative verbs in the contin vous form, ‘ye hawe known each other for forty years and have just finished, We can see: __ EXAMPLES: have found 3 job 2: a tour quid | Has anyone seen ry jacket? Have you read the newspaper yet? | Joe hasn't sent ut an email recently. He has taken his driving test twice. Me hag won the Best Actor award four Poul has known Ann for 10 years. Weave lived! in Athens sinee 2001, How long have you worked here? we never eaten pineapple before. ‘This he fit time they hawe seen flor This the worst meal have ever had! ook! It has stopped airing. We've just eaten all havent done ny homework Just already, ssvays, never, ever, yer lately, secant, fr. since, 26145 todty, this week marth / year how long tions yet. (used in questions and negative sentences) Haw lang have you owned a motorbike? (to atk about the duration of an a nro [Riis peogeesire” Past.Perfer’ CADtRUPIR. wang sn [Lie use for period of time (two hours, | We use since + the start of a period SMPLES | Fix weeks ety (8 o'clock, Monday, 1999 etc.|: an shethad been cry Bort © T've been waiting for two hours. © ve been waiting since 8 o'clock. ! sd because he E for two hours | | since 8 o'clock pam * two hours ago noe 8 o'clock. now Singin how ‘ for since fa) two hours longtime — aweek || So'elock April lunchtime #20 minutes six months ages Monday 1985 we arrivi . e days 30 vears veal Mav iristmas vor un HNC Ba ysa NT omega eum eee acme | We don't use the continuous form with stative verbs. Emma had known David far years belore they ent out on a date. (not: had Been knowing >)Future Tenses FORM FUTURE SIMPLE i 1 You / Hes she /t wero hey plete 1U You Fe She it Wertoustney ) Menthe 17 youd ne she i wi {wes youtey Short tarens: | vil tri not wont help? ‘be going to lam going toleare He / She fit going toleave We /You/ They are gotng to leave Lam not going toleave He/She /it snot going to teare We FYou/ They are net going to leave ‘Am | going to leave? Iighe/she/it going to leave? |_Are we /you/ they going to leave? FUTURE CONTINUOUS She) a be wokdng ‘We rYou/They sn] 1/87 fate weap J be working? | Meraeasaey | varies | yivou! Mer she) opt have areived |e vo er | we youre howe scrived?™ | PRESENT SIMPLE ‘ext Sunday / week / month, soon in afew minutes / hours ina week's /twa yeas’ time, ater ‘They re leaving for the airport ina few minutes, ‘The new TV seties starts next Tuesday, Ulsee you tomorraw aftemoon. 1. to give information about the future fordecitions made atthe moment of sneaking tomake offers, suggestions ‘orrequests to make predictions, ‘quessesorto givea warning {0 say what you think will happenusing words like ‘think, be sure, suppose. expect, know probably 2 1. totalk sbout plans, Intentions oF decisions for the future to make prediétions about she fucure based on things swe know oF ean see naw 1. fo talk about actions that will be happening at a ‘certain trwe in the future totaik about future arrangements to talk about actions that will becompleied.at aspeciicime Inthefature ‘w talk about timetables and schedules in the fue EXAMPLES “The lesson will start 000, Fon thiesty- Pl get some juice. PM feed your cat while youre on holicay. Will you turn-on the TV. please? Put ajacket omer you'll be cold! {rm sare emma wil win the race | Tony il so he probably wont go oh | concert, Lam going to spen | my brothers hause. 1s Thm going te invite Julie to his part | Look out! You're going te break that va! | 1st going to snow. irsmuen ro0 wae theweckend at ‘This time next wok, | will be taking ay German exam. Wil you be seeing Jane when you go 16 London? They will have arrived at the Rotel ty | pine siclock Bythe endo the week. | wen'thave finished my history project. The concert begins at 9.00 tonight. The feery doesn’t leave url 7-30. ‘We can use expressions like this time next week / month / year with Future Contlauous, and by the end ofthis year 2010 vith Future Perfect,‘can rides bike but | canrt drive o car. Vean 1 ably inthe present or foture | 2. requests | Can you land me some money? | 3. to.ask for or give permission “Can | have another swwcet?"Of course you ean” | 4: can't to show you don't believe that ‘That big dog can't be John's ~ he sald he had a pup something i tee | could 71, abiity inthe past | hen las sit | could speak German but 'eoulda | read or write it 2. polite requests Could you pass me that book, please? 5. suggestions We could go ta concert at the weekend, possibilty ‘The maseum could be closed. | don know whethe fchsopen on Mondays may (might 1, possiblity nthe present or future | Temay / might snow tomarcaw. | 2, Mayle ~t0 ask for permission fformal) May we ask you some questions, please? 3, may to give permission | You may leave class early today. must 11. obligation or necessityin the present You must show your passport atthe alspart erfuture ‘vie must pay this bill by Wednesday 2. certainty He ln'tweoring acoat~ he must be cold | 4. suggestions rrecommendations [UYou must try the new nian zestaurant. The foods | sector [muse | te shaw something is forbicdten You mustrrt drop litte inthe streets. should / 1 topive advice or opinions ‘You should / ought to spend tess sime watching T ought to U2 wash foradvice Should ibuy these trousers? | polite suggestions with should? me 4. toshow that we expect something 10 | happen Mote: Ought to Isn't commonly used in questions and negatives. ‘You don't look well. Should tealla doctor? “The film should be / ought to be good = Itike thos ‘repeated actians in the past 3. used as the past form of will aw Teshow future certalnty The saperorias wort’ be open av on predictions | ww win te Word Cup nent year Gectlonsmade tthe ne ofspeuking fan hungry Fl make. sone, eaves ‘rll youtend me yourner CO? a ie ps | ri or horamieo i ola it ct would pote requets orate ‘Would you apen the window please? ‘When | wasa child, Dad would sometimes take me aHfootball match ‘We roalised we would be late for dinner, we calle teapotogive.pS ee a eee Joe waser’t able to come to the porty. __Mill people be able to travel to Mars one day? hasshaveto obligation ornecessity: Sue has to finish her project tonight. | havea can be usedin different tensesto They had to-gat up early yesterday morning, ‘express the past and future of must Billwithave to buy some new tainers don't/doesn't to show that something isnet necessary; | Iwon’t Rave to cook tomorrow night Im going out have te, rad in all tenses (same as needn't) | fordinnes, | She doesn’t have to work tomorrow, He didn't have to walle to schoo! yesterday, i You don't have to do the shop ping for me. Notes Look atthe different meanings of must and how we express the negative of each ane. 1. positive Youmustbe atschool ontime. (Youre obliged to be at school ontime,) nogative Yourmustn't belate for school. {i's wiong to be late for school) 2 positive Youmust feed thedeg, it's necessary to feed the dog) negative Youdon'thaveto feed the dagil already gave him some food. (t's not necessary to feed the dog) 3. postive Simon has won somemoney-Hemust be happy. (Im certain hes happ.)smusthave + to show meare sure about something He must ha been seared when hesaw past participle that happened in the past the snake. ‘carrt/eouldnithave+ te shaw weave cevtain something Jason can't couldn't have paid the bil — past participle did nat happenin the past he didatthave any mosey. could have + | to show we had the ability to de Heould have gone to the cinema with the past participle something inthe past but didnt eit thers but i decided not to may / might could have+ to shor weare guessing about knn’s not here = she may have taken the do: past participle | something that happened in the past for aval. dort have my purse; | might hawe left it at | werk, I never teceived the invitation, They could have last my actress, should/ ought tohave+ | to say that somebody did't do. Andrew should have called to say hed bela past participle something he/she was supposed to do Linda ought te have told the ruth ! _ You shouldn't have stayed up so ite, would have + 1, walingnessto do something that didn't know Joe was.in hospital last week. post participle | wagntdone ‘would have visived him. 2. possible action thet didn't happen Thanks for reminding me abaur Toms birthday - would have foraatten about it Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses RELATIVEPRONOUN | USE for people “The bird whieh | sawin the garden was ted and black. for people, animals and things __ Bem hes go for animals and things ha shaays barks ot toshow possession know a boy whese brother won an Olympic medal for paces “The town wihere live quate big fortime ‘Summer is the tine when people go-on hetiday DEFINING RELATIVE GLAUSES EXAMPLES ‘Defining relative causes add necessary information toa “The man whe helped me was very kind, sentence. This information helps to kdentify whoorwhat | The book that Sean is reading iscealy exciting. swe are talking about | Theres the boy whose house was damaged in the storm, “The office where Mike works isniear Nis howe, Notes 1. The relative clause comes immediately afer the noun it relates to, havea friend who I learning Chines “The jacket that Sally wants is expensive, 2. We an leave out the relative pronoun when itis the object of the relative lause. ‘Thesetar (who) ike won an Oxcar last year, “This is the DY (hich) they watched lastnight. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES: ‘Non defining relative causes do nat identify whoorwhat | My cousin Bob, wie lives in Bertin always writes realy ‘we are tiking about They addexera information andthe long letters. Seatence makes sensewithout them, Johns favourtecate, where lots of students go, near Notes 1, Non-defining relative clauses are always separated from the restof the sentence by commas. Now York. which | visited last year. ts an exciting ity. ‘spent the afternoon with Shella, whe ks in my elas. 2. We cannot leave out the relative pronoun in 3 non-defining relative clause. 3. Therelative pronounthat cannot be uied ina non defining relative clause, Notes ‘We can ise both defining and non- defining relative clauses to combine two sentences ‘Sam came on holiday with us. His sisters a model. Sam, whose sister is a model, came on holiday with us. Kim enjoyed the cake. Her murn had made the cake im enjoyecthe cake which /that her mum had mode faces fortesPassive ‘TENSE T ‘ACTIVE I PASSIVE aie {Glee —___ | ae Roe | omer The dieing made sei adineeatbeiton The nner as ween made ‘Past Simple ‘She made the dinner, |The dinner was made. ‘Past Continuous: ‘She was making the dinner, i The dinner was being made. Past erect Simple She had made tbe cre. The dinner had been made Future Smpie {Seentnmne on aves +e dinner be made, ve oinate She going toraehe me cer The inne gong tobe made ‘Mod: She can make the dinner, | The dinner can be made. Semi-modal She has to make the dinner. | The dinner fas tobermede. Notes 1. To form the passive we use the correct tense of be + past participle, 2. Passive negative statements ave foumed by adding not Dinner is net being made. Diner had net been mage 3. Passive questions are formed by changing the word order of a passive statement. Active Passive Does shemake cinner? Is cinner made? Did she make dinner? Was dinnermade? Has she mace dine? Has dinner been made? 4. ACTIVE or PASSIVE? Ve use an active verb when the subject does the action ‘The farmer picks tho apples in the autumn. (The farmer does the aekioe.) When did the police tcl the thief? ‘They havent sold thetr business yet We use a passive verb to say whats done to the subject. ‘The apples are pickod by the farmer in the autumn. (The apples dent des anything) when was the thief caught? ‘Thele business hasn't been sald yet. 5. To change a sentence from active to passive, we PUR the verb be in the same tense asthe active web and ad the post participle. The object ofthe active sentence becomes the subject af the passive sentence, Sam is cleaning the house dane sen the invitation. + —— + ‘Thehouse is being cleaned by Sam, Theis 295 Sent by Jame John’s watch has been found. (The emphasis son the fac thatthe wateh has been found tt isnt important who found td 7. If we warit to Say who oF what causes the action, we use by + person / thing. The Hany Potterbooks were writen by K Rowling. The picnic was spoiled by the bad weather, ‘Inthe passive, verbs tke beteve, consider, expect, now, say, and suppose are followed by th infinitive. French cooking Is sald tobe the best inthe word ‘The team are mot expected to win the championship.REPORTED SPEEGH Past Simple he abi that she worked in a bank. | Past Continuous ‘She said.“lam working ina bank” | She sai that sine was working in 2 bani, | Past simple Past Perfect Simple She Sad“ waked bn bani | She said that she had worked in.a Bonk, Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous ‘She said."| was working na bank’ he said that she had been working ins bank. Presamt Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple _She sag" have worked in bank? She said that she had worked in.a bank Pretamt Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous She sai,"I have been working in bank” __ She sb thar she hag been waking ina bank. Future Simple Future rast ‘She sai.“ workin. a Bask | She said that she would workin e bank Modal/ Semimedal Sho sag, "lean work io a bank She sad "Imay work i a book” She sad, “hava to work ina bank” local / Semi-modal She said that che eould werk ina bank. he sale that she might wark in & bank he said that shehad te work in 9 bank. Imperative (not) to + bare infinitive He sac, "Becaretull | He told her to be careful He sai “Dom ery” He told her mot tery. ‘Yer /No questions | ti whether + word onder for sentence She asked,"Can borrow your umbre’ Wh. questions Sheashed if whether she eauld borrow my umbrells, Question word + word order for sentence ‘yesterday “+ the day before /the previous day | tomomrow + the next day/ the following day Aonight “+ that night now + then nent week/month / year “+ the Following week / month/year lastnight / week /month/ year + the previous night / week/month / year, the night / week/month / year before alweek/ month year ago + the week/month /year before. ‘his + that ‘these + those | here’ + there Notes 1. Thetense doesn't change when: the eporting verbisin Present Simple She says “im itsty"—+ She says that shes thitsty the verbin divect speech isin Past Perfect Simple orPast Perfect Continuous “the partyhad tinished by michight sa: Peter. + Peter said thatthe party had finished by midnight “Sam had been playing footbal for howrs"sic Ted,» Tec said thot Sam had been playing Foote for hows. the models cout, shouts, would. might and cught to are used “itcould snew ister she sa + She said that it could snow ate. | &. the statement is always tae (eg. lente set) n this. cone, we can ithe leave the ves in the passant ate or | change ittothe pas. a conn see nore We can leave out that in reported speech with no change in meaning. ‘She said that she had aheadache She said she had » headache. 4, To reportstatements we use: a. areperting verb (say. admit, promise, expla, coniplain, ade, deny) ollowed by the reported statement He explained (that) he had to leave, b. teil followed by an object and the reported statement ‘He told them (that he had ta feave. 5. Toraport questions, we use reporting werbs such as ask (+ object, wontto know, wonder followed by the reportee statement, Jane asked Timothy wheve he wasgoingUSE EXAMPLES: ‘have / get + object = (1. when we arrange for \had/ gat my car serviced last week | ast participle: | something to-be done by: | They will get the house painted before they may | other people (we can add by + rm having 'm getting my haircut ya well ev | agen hairdresser, | 2. can be used in all tenses ‘hove + agent + bare infinitive | when we arrangefor samething You shoulet have a doctor look at your leg, | tobedone and we mentionthe | hnd Peter makes copy of the cD for me Lee get+ agent « infinitive | when we arrange forsemething She gather friends to help he: | tobe done and we mention the | am getting Marieto teach me French. | Soin L Notes ‘Thee is no differenee in meaning between hove ad get in the causative, but get's more informal, She had her photograph taken, = She gat her photoaraph taken, emporals TIME EXPRESSIONS FORM PUse EXAMPLES [Time Clause | Main Clause | shen, before, after. Present Simple | Future Simple | timelauseswith | After Janecomes home, vre sntilonce. astong as, | afuture meaning | wallhave dinnes. #5 500n as, by the tiene, | | wilteail you as soon as | get hemoment (that) my exarn results. | They won't goto the perk unt [the ain stops, | Presénr Simple imperative When you get off the bus i cross the soad,USE ___ EXAMPLES Zero Conditional if» Prevent Simple | Present Simple 1 taikabout se wneather i bad, © General tuths er ferties do not sail selene facts First Conditional if Present Simple will/can/mey+ | totalkabourfurure | It snaws, we will ma : bare infinitive possibilities 3 snowman. i Wiosh Invites you to h | panty, youcan go Lite presentSienple imperative togivecommands | Call melf you need he ‘Second Conditional | IF Past simple would ‘could might + | total about ‘Alex would buy 9 new | bare infiutive imaginary | skateboard ithe had i i | suations in the enough money. (but hy | present orfurure | doesn't have enough | money) | | Ifyou wisited London. you could see Big Bon Third Conditional (f+ Past Perfect Simple | would / ‘have + past participle | situations inthe the concert, she wouk post thot we hhavegone to i (buts change _ didnt know about it) Notes 1. When a sentence begins with ifr a temporal the conditional / temporal clause must be followed by a comma ‘There ismo comma after the main cause. Hf see hie, |i giae him the parcel | il give him the parcel M1 see hirn ‘Once Tim gers here, we will watch the DVD. We willwatch the DVD once Tim gets here. 2. Unless is often used instead of ifnot. (We will go 26 the museum tomorrow unless iis closed. (if itis not closed) 3. _Astong 9s can be used in conditional sentences to mean only ‘You can borrow my beok as long as you give itback tase. only ifyow give it back to mel 4. inthe second conditional we usually use were instead of was. Simon would help us f he were here today. 5. Weean use the phrase If] were you (second conditional to give advice, If were you, | would join a-gym. sh # Past Simple jOexpress regret about a present | ish | had 2 matorb ke uation = She wishes she were. better dances she could bare infinitive _ woexpresreqretabout something we They wishthey could go on hoidoy next | areumble todo: arses ths would + bare infinitive | 1. to.complain about present situation = | wish my parents would let me ceive the car ‘ar about somebody else's behaviour | | wish youwould be quiet! 2. to-express dissatisfaetion with the | | wish it would rain soon. present and awish for achangein the = future she Past Perfect Simple tovemess regret about past action or Tomwishes he had invited Seto his pity, situation = Lwvish you adie toled every what tsa otes Wish + would cannot be used with the same suibject. We use could instead. | wish he would keep his room tidy Iwish L job than go to than + bare infinitive 5 anatner | university would rather + another subject + when youwantsomeone ¢heto _ Fdrather yeudidn’t smoke. Past Simple | da something (refers tthe | present or future) too + adjective “adverb infinitive | tosay that somethingis more | Rabert is to dhét to reach the lop shell [thon itshould elabwayshasa | Hes diving tao slowly te-get there oatim toomuch ‘many noun | megative meaning) There are too many fectoriesin this aes ‘and there too much pallution. toa — for somebady / something It 00 late for me to-go out. ‘adjective / adverb + enough + to say that somethingisthe | Flaabeth is no old enaugh to-get marrice Inti necessary amount ‘You ploy well enough tobe on the team. lenough + noun | leat make you 8 sandwich because there [sn'tenaugh bread. “enugh — for somebody / something | Thete isnt enough het water for a shower. rain ‘get used to+ gerund / noun o-saythatwearebecoming Mike I slowly getting used to workin iccustomed to something night Have you got used todeiving on the | mountain roads yet? = _ can't getusedte the feod neve. Notes 1. Wexan use get used to in alltenses. Se used to isnot used wth perfect tenses or the cantinuaus form. Thope | will getused tomy new phone. Beverly wasn’t used to wearing high-heeled shoes. He Is still getting used to working on a farm, The children arent used to their new school. 2, The negative of get used 0s often formed with conrt couldnt, Cats sometimes can’t get used to s new home. Jeremy couldn't get used te being famous. 3. Be careful not to confuse be used to and get wed to with used (0. Used 10 /cldnttuse ro refers to past habits and state ‘which are nolonger wwe See Unit 2. ‘Mateused to ¢riveto work but now he takes the bus. | didn't use to eat much frat but now | eat apples and bananas everyday.‘Adverbs deseribe how, where and when seenething happens. Ma ‘Anadjective describes arnoun anditis usualy placed before {read an interestiag book. the noun itdescribes. ‘Adjectives usually go after these verbs be appew, become, ‘ee: Took, seem, sound, taste and sme COMPARISON OF ADTEGTIVES eae comparative (fortwo people or things) adjective + er + than for short adjectives) more + adjective + than (lor longer adjectives) | superlative (for three or more people or things) | the + adjective +-est(for short adjectives) ‘the most ~ adjective (for longer adjectives) Notes 1. For speting rules for adding er and -est. see page 161 Harry has a dificult job, | Cathy often feels unapey. Pauls nevrgilriend seems nice This chicken tastes goed, = = EXAMPLES My joke was ws funny es yours Athens ist a big ae London. | Andeeris younger than Saroh __ Siting s more exciting than ice-skating, This s the oldest buildingin our town, __This isthe most valuable diamond in the word, 2. Iveqular adjectives may change completely inthe comparative and superlative forms. Good —+ better =» best bad -+ worse + worst fot —+ farther? Further —» farthest /Rarthest litle + tess + least much - more -+ most 3. Before the comparative. we can add:o bit. afte much. oft for. ‘The flim we savrtodly was much better than the one we saw last week 4. We use the + comparative... the + comparative ..10 sy that one thing depends on another thing. Thehotter iets. the worse Ifecl ny adverts ace fourved by adding -ly tothe adjective, Other savers have different forms Notes 1 2 3 Forspelling rules for ading 1), sne page 161 ‘The adjective good becomes the advert wel Steven is 3 good football player (adjective) ‘The hawrar the tribe sha einen lend in tecsses Mary walks very quickly. ‘twas taining heavily wien Left ehe house How high can you jump? Steven plays football well.aderb) Some adjectives and their adverbs have the same form and meaning e.g. early. late hard fast, straight). We eaught the eaey tain. adjective) Karen is ahard woke (adjective) Jolin left schoo} eardy to go tothe denis. (adverb) Karen always works had, (atverb) In some cases adding to an adjective to fore an adverb changes the meaning of the word. My new shirt has short sleeves. (nat tong) The sand felt hot on is Bare feet. (without shoes) ‘Thereisa difference in meaning inthe folowing adverts: hard / harety ‘oy hard and youl do well an the-exam. (very much) ‘near / nearly Come near and tell you a secret. (close) late lately Tho meeting wil gin shertly (coon) They barely have any money. (almost none) | hardly eve’ see Javon these days almost neverd inearty time to leave, (almost)COMPARISON OF ADVERSS: i EXAMPLES: (Pot as adverb cas ‘Thomas an speak English ax walla ereony | did check ny werk as eareflly at Doral comparative ‘Mary woke up eatier than her brother You eat more sensibly than Ido. sopertative ata works the hareest ofa te empioyees en the company Mysister talks the most loudly in ny farniy Notes 1 Te les forthe comparative and superlative forms of adverbs ar similarto those of adjectives. Fer speling rues see page 161 2. regula adveros may change completely i the comparative and superlative forms. well + Better + best tle + less + least badly + worse —+ worst 3. Belore the comparative we can 306: litle, much, 2 ot for “Te sun i shining far more brightly todo}. sovauch EXAMPLES $0 + adjective / adverb Thetest was soveasy! ‘That walters spoke se politely to us such (+ 8 /am + (adjective! + now | The chien were making such mots, They nein auch a big house! 30+ adjective / adverb + that to connect causeand esut | iRwasao hot that |tuined onthe air condito ‘such (+ a fan + (dectve) + noun, Inwassuch asweet kitten that we rook it ho that | ‘Wecan leave out that in sentences with s9 and suchVERB PATTERNS LYERB+ ing __ VERB + to > infinitive these verbs are followed by afford another verb, the structure agree ist verb + -ing allow (passive) admit ‘appear adore amange allow ask avoid tempt can’t stand ‘choose carry on dae consider decide expect fail (don't) mind forget enjoy help | hope yearn sive up manage imagine offer involve plan keep pretend eepon promise postpone refuse practise ween put off tend recommend threaten tisk want suggest ‘would like to He avid writing the test Keep sing! Did youenjoy reading the book? He denied sealing the purse {ont mind beping you. [can't to g0 om lay. Siesstcsded Eo ny ae Ieseoms to be ance da He agreed to lend me cme ony: YYeusate nt allowed o smoke fre. He docs tallow stoking in bis howe, He rommended staying in that oe Note! LIKE We us ke +g hen we talk tout hobbies ad sth. Wed wth pleasure. Like=enjo: 1k cooking ond eading the ooks, When lite doesnt mean enjoy, but ‘we tlk about sth We think good ‘or right todo, or tis a abit we say ke +infitive Tike todo the washing up immediatly ater he mea. We ike to eat out very Suny. A. VERB + object + to 4 advise allow ask beg encourage expect force order permit persuade recommend remind teach tell want Would like itd wt say in tir She told ‘They asked us a to mike sch 4. VERB + -Ing/to int, ‘no change in meaning begin ‘continue fend start eg sti to rain ining Let me show you The nows made her ery. 1 elp you doit6 VERB + -ing /to + inf, change inthe meaning REMEMBER doing sth. = when you did something and now you remember it; after you did sth Ee. [don't know how the burglar got in. [clearly remember locking the door and shutting the windows. todo sth = you remembered that you hnad to do sth, so you did it; before you did it eg. [remembered to lock the door but I forgot to shut the windows. ‘TRY doing sth. tty something to see ifit works or solves the problen eg. = I've got a tetible headache. = Why don’t you try taking an aspirin? todo sth, = altempt to do, make an effort to do sth Ez. [tried to keep my’ open Dut Feouldn’t, STOP doing sth. to give up, finish with sth ce. I stopped smoking two years ago. (I don’t do it anymore) todo sth. = stop doing what you are doing atthe moment in order to do sth else cg Iwas reading a book. The phone started to ring. I stopped to answer it NEED doing sth. sth, needs tobe done about sth else (the meaning is passives eg, Look at this room. It needs painting. todo sth itis necessary for me to do it eg, He put on weight. He needs to take more exercise, Teed to do the shoppi today REGRET doing sth = Tid sth and now Tam sonny stn Eg. [now regret sayimg what Tsai to do sth = regret to say/telfinform you = I'm somry [have to say, eg. [regret to tell you that you have failed the test. MEAN doing sth = an impersonal subject, refers to what is involved eg. I'we catch an ently train, it will mean getting up at 6.00, todosth cg, Sony, [meant to ell you about the pat GOON doing sth = to continue doing the same thing eg. The minister paused for a moment and then went on. talking about the education, todo sth = to start sth new cg. The minister talked about education and after a break be ‘ent on to talk about health FINAL NOTE! HELP Help is followed by infinitive Everybody helped (10) clean up. Everybody helped her (to) lean up. BUT! 1 can’t help doing sth = 1 ‘can't stop myself from doing sh, Ez. [tried tobe serious but I couldn't help laughing.