‘ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 1] effect of a capacitance. Figure 6-2 shows the symbols for inductance (1), commonly a coil of wire, and capacitance (C), com- monly made of shoots of conducting mate~ rial separated by nonconducting, sheets. Energy can be stored in the magnetic field of an inductance as woll as in the electrical charges an the plates af a capacitance. The interchange of energy between two such storage systems can result in a resonance effect. Pethaps, the simplest example of this is a weight on a spring. Figure 6-3 shows two forms in which an inductance and a capacitance can oxhibit resonance. Let us assume that an alternating current of constant amplitude, but varying frequency is flowing in the parallel resonant circuit of Fig. 6-3A. As L Generator >) c 8 L ty + Freq. —> aired Voltage > Voltage —> , \ ‘A comparison of (A) parallel resonance and (B) series resonance, For a constant alter- nating current flowing, the voltage across the parallel resonant circuit peaks at the res- onance frequency while that of the series resonant circuit is a minimum,122 CHAPTER six the frequency is varied, the voltage at the terminals reaches a maxi- mum at the natural frequency of the LC system, falling off at lower and higher frequencies. In this way the typical resonance curve shape is developed. Another way of saying this is that the parallel resonant cir~ cuit exhibits maximum impedance (opposition to the flow of current) at resonance. Figure 6-3B illustrates the series resonant arrangement of an inductance Tanda capacitance CAs the alternating current af con- stant magnitude and varying frequency flows in the circuit, the volt- age at the terminals describes an inverted resonance curve in which the voltage is minimum at the natural frequency and rising at both lower and higher frequencies. It can also be said that the series res- onant circuit presents minimum impedance at the frequency of r onance. Filters The common forms of filters are the low-pass filter, the high-pass fil- ter, the band-pass filter, and the band-reject filter as illustrated in Fig. 6-4. Figure 6-5 shows how inductors and capacitors may be arranged in numerous ways lo [orm very simple high- and low-pass fillers. Fil- ters of Figure 6-5C will have much sharper cut-offs than the simpler ones in (A) end (D). Thore are many other highly specialized filters with specific and unusual features. With such filters, a wideband signal such as speech or music can be altered at will. Low-pass filter High-pass filter Band-pass filter Band-reject filter i Bs Frequeney > Response —>> Basic response shapes for the low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-reject filters.ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 99 Tligh-pass filter Low-pass filter fh . ae nian —f _ | _ High-pass and low-pass filters of the simplest form. The filter cut-off than the others. (C) will have sharper Adjustable filters can be readily shifted to any frequency within their design band. One type is the constant bandwidth filter which offors the same bandwidth at any frequency. For example, a spectrum analyzer may have a 5-Hz bandwidth whether it is tumed to 100 Hz or 10,000 Hz, or any other frequency within its operating band. An even mor widely used adjnstable filier offers a pass hand-width thal isa constant percentage of the frequency to which it is tuned. The ¥-octave filter is such a device. If it is tuned to 125 Hz the ¥-octave bandwidth is 112 to 141 Hz. Ifit is tuned to 8,000 Hz the #-octave bandwidth is 7,079 Hz to 8,913 Hz. The band- width is about 23% of the frequency to which it is tuned in either case. Active Filters Active filters depend on integrated circuits for their operation, An integrated circuit can have many hundreds of components in a small enclosure. Their fabrication depends on growing transistors and