Aperture Antennas

INEL 5305
Prof. Sandra Cruz-Pol
ECE, UPRM

Ref. Balanis Chpt. 12

Aperture Antennas
z
z
z

Most common at microwave frequencies

Can be flushed-mounted
We will analyze radiation characteristics at
far field

Rectangular aperture
Circular aperture

Far field is the F of the near field

z

W (k x ) = w( x)e jk x x dx

Fourier Transform for 1-D

w( x) =

1
2

W (k x )e jk x x dk x

For two-dimensions, x and y;

U(k x , ky )=

u(x, y)e

jk x x + jky y

dx dy

u ( x, y ) =

1
4

U (k x , k y )e

jk x x jk y y

dk x dk y

Properties of Fourier Transform

ds (t )
= jY t s (t )
dt
u ( x, y )
Yx
= jk x Y x u ( x, y )
x
u 2 ( x, y )
2
Yx
= ( jk x ) Y x u ( x, y )
2
x
u 2 ( x, y )
Y yx
= k x2 Y yx u ( x, y )
2
x
Yt

 2 E + k o2 E = 0
E = 0

2 + 2 + 2 E + ko2 E = 0
z
y
x
E x ( x, y, z ) E y ( x, y, z ) E z ( x, y, z )

= 0
+
+
x
y
z

Taking the Fourier transform of the 2 equations above:

2
E(k x , k y , z ) + (ko2 k x2 k y2 )E(k x , k y , z ) = 0
2
z
E (k , k , z )

k x E x (k x , k y , z ) + k y E y (k x , k y , z ) + j z x y = 0
z

k z2 = ko2 k x2 k y2

Now, we define,

2 E( k x , k y , z )

And we obtain,

z 2

+ k z2E(k x , k y , z ) = 0

jk z
Which has a solution of E(k x , k y , z ) = f (k x , k y )e z

Then we take the inverse transform

E( x , y , z ) =

1
4

f (k x , k y )e jk r dk x dk y

If z=0, then, we are at the aperture

E a ( x, y ) = E tan ( x, y,0) =

1
4

f (k x , k y )e

jk x x jk y y

dk x dk y

Which looks like:

u ( x, y ) =

1
4

U (k x , k y )e

jk x x jk y y

dk x dk y

Which is the inverse of F

This is the Fourier transform for 2 dimensions, so:

U(k x , ky )=

u(x, y)e

jk x x + jky y

dx dy

ft ( k x , k y ) = Ea ( x, y )e

jk x x + jk y y

dxdy

Sa

It can be shown that,

E(r )

jk o cos jko r
e
f t (k o a cos cos , k o b sin sin )
2r

Therefore, if we know the field at the aperture, we can

used these equations to find E(r).
=>First, well look at the case when the illumination at
the rectangular aperture its uniform.

Uniformly illuminated rectangular

aperture
E a ( x, y ) = Eo x
=0

for |x| a

|y| b

elsewhere
a b

ft = Eo x e

jk x x + jk y y

dxdy

a b

= 4abEo x

E(r ) =

sin k x a sin k y b
kxa
k yb

= 4abEo x

sin (ko a sin cos ) sin (kob sin sin )

ko a sin cos
kob sin sin

= 4abEo x

sin u sin v
u
v

jk o 4abEo jko r sin u sin v

sin cos cos
e
2r
u
v

*Note: in Balanis book, the aperture is axb, so no 4 factor on the eq. above.

How does this pattern looks

u = ko a sin cos
v = ko b sin sin

TE10 illuminated rectangular aperture

- a / 2 x' a / 2
x'
E a ( x, y ) = Eo cos y for
- b / 2 y' b / 2
a
=0
elsewhere
a b

ft = Eo y cos(
a b

u
2
v
Y=
2
X=

E(r ) =

jko abEo e jko r

4r

cos X

x
a

)e

jk x x + jk y y

dxdy

u = ko a sin cos
v = kob sin sin

sin Y
sin cos cos
2
Y

X 2
2

Rectangular Aperture:
Directivity

4
Do =ap ab 2

z
z

For TE10 illuminated Rectangular Aperture the

aperture efficiency is around 81%.
For the uniform illumination, is 100% but in practice
difficult to implement uniform illumination.

Circular Aperture

(Uniform illumination)
z In this case we use cylindrical coordinates
a 2

ft = Eo x e jk o sin cos( ') d ' d

0 0

= 2a 2 Eo x

J1 (ko a sin )
ko a sin

Circular Aperture w/ uniform illumination

C
Do =ap

z
z

For TE11 illuminated Circular Aperture the aperture

efficiency is around 84%.
For the uniform illumination, is 100% but in practice
difficult to implement uniformity