a SECTION -1 _ Number of Questions = 25 DIRECTIONS for questions 1 10 3: Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way. 1. The body politic, a9 well as the human body, begins to dic from its birth, and bears in itself the causes of its own destruction. But both may have a constitution more or less robust, and fitted to preserve them a longer or shorter time. The constitution of a man is the work of nature, that of the state is the work of art. (1) The legislative power is the heart of the state; the executive power is its brain, giving movement to all the parts. (2) A man remains an imbecile and lives, but as soon as the heart ceases its functions, the animal dies. (3) It does not rest with men to prolong their lives; nor with the state to aspire to more than a practicable constitution, (4) In every well-constituted state the laws far from being weakened, are forever acquiri vigour. (5) If we wish to form a durable constitution, we must not dream of making it eternal. fresh 2. The emerging political system in Russia is not yet a dictatorship, but nor is it democracy in “anything bur formal terms. Opposition parties can exist = but only within certain bounds. Elections are held — but their results are a foregone conclusion. The power holders are chosen in Kremlin corridors long before the polls open. (1) In many ways the problem is not the growing power of the Russian state, but the chronic weakness of a civil society. ‘Q) The most successful oligarchs are shadowy figures in the presidential entourage and political connections are the fastest way to become rich. (3) And all the country's senior politicians are multimillionaires, their money safely stashed abroad for them hy Kremlin-favanred businessmen (4) There is only a very small number of human rights associations, tu counteract the power of. the state, (5) There is no real political dehate in the public media and no broader culture of democracy to foster diyersity of opinion. Like tenure, the sabbatical is a defining element of actos life.that is almost wien oh in the ne ut careful planning, the opportunity can aly be wasted, ide ed 10 Increase the depth of one’s knowledge or learn anew techniques isalso meters to do something outside the normal academic year routine,ae DIRECTIONS Jor questions 4 to 13: Read the following passages carefully and choose the best ‘answers for the questions that follow them. ©" aehe lah te PASSAGE -1 To-confront 2 mind that radically alters our perception of the world is one ¢f life’s most unsettling. yet liberating experiences. Unsettling because it can undercut carefully constructed rationales, Ji ing because at last the obvious is scen for what it is. [lowcver troubling reality may be, human © dignity is not affirmed in fleeing it. Rather, dignity lies in Seeing reality for what it is — and acting | responsibly in the face of it In all American history, no one’s writings are more unseitling than Noam | Chomsky’s. He is among our greatest dissenters No intellectual tradition quite captures his voice: thinking within traditions is anathema to him. No party claims him; he is a spokesman for no ideology. His position is not a liberalism become radical, or a conservatisin in revolt against the hetrayal of claimed principles. It is an indication of the radical nature of his dissent that it fits nowhere. Such a radical stance is hard to sustain. Even our most famous dissenters have often turned back from ‘what they saw. Their insights became too painful. Many lapsed into despair, lamenting as did Mark * Twain the follics of human nature, or as did Henry Ada Chomsky does not turn back, He. relentlessly pursues what he sees, No one has exposed more forcefully the self-righteous beliefs on which America’s imperial role is based, or delineated more effectively the appalling actions which maint 5 the failure of the American promise. But it, No one has focused more compellingly on the violence of our world, or conveyed more directly the responsibility of the United States for much of it Few haye so carefully dissected how America’s acclaimed freedoms mask its irresponsible power and unjustified privilege. Chomsky’s insights, though forbidding in their intensity, bring that sense of relief that comes when Someone speaks the truth directly. That relief was palpable among Chomeky’s readers in the 1960s and 1970s when the war raged in Vietnam. Bluntly, unsparingly, he marshalled the evidence and described the brutal realities of the war ~ American aggression, genocide, war crimes, mass murder. He showed its how these realities were carefully homogenized and sanitized on the evening news to make them acceptable to the powers that be. And he asked why this was so. His answer is shocking at first: there is a pervasive, omnipresent ideological process of indoctrination that permeates American life, makes us immune to the suffering all around us, and blinds us to what is all too obvious. In these writings, Chomsky explores logically and methodically how the process works. As he looks at its workings in Vietnam, Central America, and the Middle East, he makes us confront the way in which the very foundations of American civilization and its economic life are at war with the prospects for an dignity and freedom — here and abroad. city is extraordinary. It is there in the skilfully crafted logical character of his writings, the fathering of evidence, the undiminished ardour over the years to expose the mystifications so ip ly used to conceal the truth, It is thee as well in his vutpouring uf writings for even the lest journals, in his determination through countless speaking engagements to reach any audience ten. In the early days of the antiwar movement, Chomisky willingly came and spoke with ople, with students in all disciplines ~ from physics to Asian studies ~ urging them Hot just their bodies to oppose the war; to not have illusions about America’s or the long-term character of the struggle to end it; to not seck easy alternative ro’s Cuba, or Ho\Chi Minh’s Vietnam, or Mao’s China,igus large audiences of college students never exposed to his writings about “his impact is comparable: his direct portrayal of U.S. policy around the workd ates a sense that people can see if they care to, if they step back just long enough to i ideological miliet: which shapes them, Now as then, his is not the counsc! of despair. msky does not believe that the truth by itself will simply win out, given the realities of describes. Rut he refuses to turn from analyzing the reasons for the evils and horrors of our iss are neither unknowable nor intractable, They are all too understandable. Otherwise so efforts would not be undertaken to deflect such realities, much as the psyche deflects painful truths deeply known within, but for that reason consciously denied all the more fervently as irrelevant. ig < "The analogy of the mind is drawn to show that (1) certain unpalatable truths are best left alone 2) truth has little chance to win in the confrontation with the evil ad Korrorelar ir iE (3) there is no point in analyzing the motives behind evil deeds. (4) the shortcomings in the American system can and must be confronted, if they are to be dealt with. GY American people are so thoroughly indoctrinated that there is little hope for the country. 5. Chomsky’s analysis of America’s role in wars overseas showed that (1) State actions and ideologies contradict the core values of the American society Ds news is ‘homogenized and sanitized’ (o spare the American people the pains of reality (8) the powers that be want to hide behind euphemisms and ideologies. (4) people feel relieved when someone else ulters the truths that they have not the courage to utter. (6) in the face of heavy odds, the country still stands for the ideologies formulated at its inception. 6. Chomsky is distinct from the other American writers in that (1) he revealed the ugly face of America behind the freedom mask: (2) even as he brings to light shocking truths about his country, he does not succumb to pessimism. ~G) his radicalism is tinged by remorse Ay he believed America used its powers irresponsibly and enjoyed its privileges guiltlessly. (5) he was not shocked by the ugly realities on which he focused. All of the following are true, as per the passage, EXCEP1 baareaive minds. against wars see ie f > in defence Gti paleleant