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UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA

FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA
CONSTRUCCION 1
ARQ. EDWIN SANTIZO

EVELYN ANDREINA GARCÍA MEJÍA


200711211
VICTOR ALFONSO MARROQUIN SOTO
200810838
ROSA EDDLIN JUDITH MOLLINEDO CANÁ
200719071
 JAQUELINE VICTORIA QUILL CIPRIANO
200617421

1
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DANIEL GUILLERMO QUIROA CARDONA


200718967
25 DE OCTUBRE DE 2009
INDICE Pág.

1 INTRODUCCION…………………………………………………..... 1
2 OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………
OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………...
…... 2
3 CIME
CIMENT
NTAC
ACIO
IONE
NES
S ESPE
ESPECI
CIAL
ALES
ES……
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…….. 3
3.1 PILO
PILOTE
TES…
S………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
……….
…. 3
3.2 MURO
MUROS
S PANT
PANTAL
ALLA
LA……
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
………
… 8
3.3 ANCL
ANCLA
AJES…
JES………
…………
………
……………
………………
………
……………
………… 10
3.4 MICR
MICROP
OPIL
ILOT
OTES
ES……
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
………
… 11
3.5  TABLAESTACAS………………………………………
 TABLAESTACAS……………………………………… 12
3.6 INYECC
INYECCCIO
CIONES
NES Y JET-
JET-GRO
GROUTI
UTING……
NG……………
…………..
….. 13
4 PLACA
ACAS DE CIMENTACI
ACION………………………………………. 14
5 PLACA
ACAS FL
FLOTAN
TANTES ………………………………………………. 16
6 POZO
OZOS DE CIMEN
IMENTA
TAC
CION……………………………………….. 17
7 CAJON
CAJONES
ES ……………
…………………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…… 19
7.1 CAJO
CAJON
N ABIE
ABIERT
RTO…
O………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
……….
…. 19
7.2 CAJO
CAJON
N DE
DE AIR
AIRE
E CO
COMPRI
MPRIMI
MIDO……
DO…………
…………
………
…. 20
7.3 CAJON
CAJON NEUMAT
NEUMATICO
ICO FLOTAN
FLOTANTE
TE …………
…………………
……….. 24
8 CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………….. 26
9 RECO
ECOMENDACI
ACIONES………………………………………………. 27
10 BIBLIOGRAFIA……………………………………………………….28
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INTRODUCCION

Los cimientos de un edificio son las partes de este que están en contacto
con el suelo,
suelo, al cual transmiten
transmiten las cargas. Cuando el suelo firme queda
a profundidad superior a 2.5 m. las cimentaciones ordinarias resultan
difi
dificu
cult
ltos
osas
as en para
para cons
constr
trui
uir.
r. Ésta
Éstass deben
deben tener
tener un coefi
coefici
cient
ente
e de
seguridad adecuado respecto a la rotura de la cimentación o del terreno,
pero
pero que,
que, ademá
además,s, deben
deben tener
tener defor
deformac
macio
iones
nes admis
admisib
ible
less para
para la
estructura.
Damo
amos a conocer los disti stintos cimientos esp especi
eciales, alg
algunos
comú
comúnmnmen
ente
te cono
conoci
cido
doss como
como lo son, son, los
los pilo
pilote
tes,
s, muro
muross pant
pantal
alla
la,,
trab
trabla
laes
esta
taca
ca,, micr
microp
opil
ilot
otes
es,, etc.
etc. Y otro
otross util
utiliz
izad
ados
os en caso
casoss muy
muy
especiales como lo son las placas de cimentación, placas flotantes, los
pozos de cimentación
cimentación y los cajones.
cajones. Daremos una explicaci
explicación
ón concisa
concisa
de cada uno de los temas expuestos anteriormente, graficándolas para
su mejor comprensión.
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OBJETIVOS

Conocer algunos de los sistemas de cimentación


cimentación especial que existen.
Ident
entificar por sus
sus carac
aractterí
erísticas, los disti
stintos sistema
emas de
cimentaciones especiales y su aplicación en la construcción.

Describir el proceso de colocación de pilotes in situ.


Reconocer cuando es necesaria la utilización de placas de cimentación y
placas flotantes.

Conocer el proceso de construcción de los pozos de cimentación.


Identificar las ventajas y desventajas de la utilización de cajones de aire
comprimido.
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• PILOTES
• MUROS PANTALLA
• ANCLAJES
• MICROPILOTES
•  TABLAESTACAS
• INYECCCIONES Y JET-GROUTING
PILOTES
Se denom
denomininaa pilote a un elem elemen
ento
to cons
constrtruc
ucti
tivo
vo util
utiliz
izad
ado
o para
para
cimentación de obras, que permite trasladar las cargas hasta un estrato
resistente del suelo,
suelo, cuando este se encuentra a una profundidad tal que
hace
hace invi
inviab
able
le,, técn
técnic
ica
a o econ
económ
ómic
icam
amen
ente
te,, una
una cimentación más
convencional mediante zapatas o losas.
Pilotaje "in situ". Este sistema se basa esencialmente en la perforación
del terreno para la posterior colocación de armadura mas vertido de
hormigón. Con esto conseguimos cilindros de hormigón armado que
básicamente se pueden emplear en dos campos:
1. Como
Como cime
ciment
ntac
ació
iónn base
base de estr
estruct
uctur
uras
as en
suel
suelos
os poco
poco cons
consisiste
tent
ntes
es o inco
incohe
here
rent
ntes
es..
Con esta solución se busca un buen terreno a cierta
profundidad que permita el apoyo de los pilotes en los
cuales ira apoyada la estructura.
2. Como
Como pa
pant
ntal
alla
la de pilo
pilote
tes
s trab
trabaj
ajan
ando
do por
por
vuelco

Este sistema se está


utilizando muchísimo para la construcción de
parki
parking
ng dada
dada la falt
falta
a de apar
aparca
cami
mient
entoo en
suelo urbano y su gran demanda.

Con esta pantalla se pueden hacer diferentes


diferentes
plan
planta
tass de sóta
sótano
no sirv
sirvie
iend
ndo
o ademá
ademáss como
como
cimentaciones para la estructura.
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Este sistema tiene la misma finalidad que el anterior. Su diferencia


consiste en una disminución del empotramiento del pilote y el anclado
de éstos al terreno por medio de tirantes o micropilotes. El anclado
puede ser en varios niveles.

Principales técnicas de pilotaje

1. Pilo
Pilota
taje
je "in
"in situ
situ"" en seco
seco.. Este
Este tipo
tipo de pilo
pilota
taje
je comp
compre
rend
ndee
diferentes fases como son la perforación del subsuelo con hélice o cazo,
colocación de armadura de acero y vertido de hormigón mediante tubo
tremie que se realiza de abajo a arriba.

2. Pilotaje "in situ" con camisa recuperable o perdida.


perdida . En terrenos
fangosos o cercanos al nivel del mar o cuencas de ríos. Este pilotaje
comprende la introducción de camisas para sujeción de las paredes a
perforar, perforación del terreno, colocación de armaduras y vertido de
hormigón.

3. Pilo
Pilota
taje
je "in
"in situ
situ"" con
con ayud
ayudaa de lodo
lodos
s be
bent
nton
onít
ític
icos
os.. Esta
sta
perforación no se realiza en seco ya que hay que suministrar el lodo
bentonítico a la perforación, el cual penetra en las fisuras del terreno
para crear una pequeña "costra" que impida la caída de las paredes
perforadas. Así estos lodos se recuperan en un tanque en el cual se filtra
y se vuelve a reutilizar en la siguiente perforación. Después de este
proceso se coloca la armadura y se vierte el hormigón.
4. Pantalla de pilotes secantes "in situ". Este es el método más
util
utiliz
izado
ado ya que
que permi
permite
te hacer
hacer una
una excav
excavacació
ión
n del
del terr
terreno
eno a gran
gran
profundidad, sin preocupación de que se puedan deteriora
cimentaciones de viviendas contiguas como también del acerado de la
calle, así impide el paso del nivel freático a los sótanos. Con este método
se puede eden construir diferenrentes plantas de parki arkin
ng que, como
ante
anteririor
orme
ment
nte
e hemo
hemoss indi
indica
cado
do,, es solu
soluci
ción
ón inmi
inminen
nente
te por
por el gran
gran
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PROCESO DE COLOCACION DE PILOTES IN SITU


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Encepado después del descabezado

Descabezado
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Descabezado
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MUROS PANTALLA
Las pantallas son generalmente elementos de contención ejecutados
previamente a la realización de vaciados que no puedan ser acometidos
directamente, debido a la existencia de terrenos poco estables, o a
razon
razones
es de segu
seguri
ridad
dad por
por cerc
cercan
anía
íass de edifi
edifici
cios
os,, carr
carrete
eteras
ras,, líne
líneas
as
férreas, etc.

Las pantallas pueden realizarse de forma continua (muros-pantalla),


mediante equipos específicos, o bien de forma discontinua (pantalla de
pilotes) empleando perforadoras a rotación.
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Ejecución progresiva de los paneles de la serie impar:

Ejecución progresiva de los paneles de la serie par:


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Los anclajes son utilizados para mantener la estabilidad de taludes,


pantallas de hormigón, tablestacados, etc.
Pueden tener carácter definitivo o bien provisional, como ocurre
norm
normalalmen
mentete en loslos empl
emplead
eadosos en pant
pantal
alla
lass para
para edif
edific
icac
ació
ión,
n, con
con
carácter de arriostramiento hasta la ejecución de los forjados.
Para su ejecución se realiza en primer lugar la perforación, con la
inclinación y longitudes proyectadas, utilizando los medios adecuados en
función del terreno perforado (rotación, rotopercusión, con entubación o
sin ella, etc.), procediéndose posteriormente a la inyección con mezclas
de cemento o aditivos, caso de ser necesario y al posterior tesado de los
anclajes.
anclajes. En ciertas
ciertas ocasiones,
ocasiones, el proceso de inyección se realiza
realiza en dos
etapas: inyección primaria e inyección secundaria.
Los anclajes habitualmente utilizados suelen ser de cable de acero
postensado o bien de barras de acero de alto límite elástico.
Los anclajes o tirantes son similares
a los microp
micropilo
ilotes
tes siendo
siendo su princi
principal
pal
diferencia en que en la perforación se
introducen diversos cables,
consecutivamente se inyecta lechada o
mortero a baja presión y finalmente se
tensa
tensann esto
estoss cabl
cables
es hast
hasta
a obte
obtener
ner el
tone
tonela
laje
je de disediseñoño.. En esen
esenccia los
anclajes son elementos que trabajan a
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MICROPILOTES
Los micropilotes
micropilotes son elementos con una capacidad portante inferior
a la de los pilotes, pero que son necesarios en trabajos en los cuales no
es factible la ejecución de pilotes convencionales, ya sea debido a la
naturaleza de los terrenos a perforar, dificultades de accesos, etc.
Se aplican en recalces, contenciones, consolidaciones de terreno.
Con
Con diám
diámetr
etros
os comp
compren
rendi
dido
doss habit
habitual
ualmen
mentete entr
entre
e 100
100 y 300
300 mm.,
mm.,
inyectando el núcleo interior de la perforación con lechada de cemento o
mortero y disponiendo armadura formada por redondos o tubulares de
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por barras longitudinales y cercos. A continuación se procede a inyectar


lech
lechad
ada
a de cemen
ementto o mort
morter
ero
o a baja
baja pres
presiión hast
hasta
a rel
rellenar
enar la
perforación de abajo a arriba. El contacto con el terreno suele quedar
rugoso, lo cual aumenta la resistencia por el fuste.
Ejecución de un micropilote.

A.-Perforación.
B.-Colocación de la armadura tubular.
C.-Inyección de la vaina.
D.- Inyección del bulbo de anclaje.

TABLAESTACA

Las tablestacas son perfiles,


general
generalment
mente e metálic
metálicos,
os, que pueden
pueden
ser
ser util
utiliz
izad
ados
os para
para obra
obrass defi
defini
niti
tiva
vass
(muelles, defensas de cauces, etc.), o
bien
bien como
como entiba
entibacio
ciones
nes provis
provision
ionales
ales
(apert
(aperturas
uras de zanjas
zanjas para
para colect
colectores
ores,,
ejec
ejecuc
uciión de enceenceppados
ados bajo
bajo nive
nivell
freático, etc.)
En los primeros casos (tablestacas
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extracción de dichas tablestacas una vez hormigonados los encepados,


empleándose
empleándose sucesivamente
sucesivamente las mismas
mismas tablestacas
tablestacas para la realización
realización
de los siguientes encepados.
INYECCIONES Y JET-GROUNTING
Las
Las inye
inyecc
ccio
ione
ness gené
genéri rica
came
mentnte
e cons
consis
iste
tenn en un conj conjun
unto
to de
operaciones necesarias para rellenar huecos o fisuras no accesibles en
el terr
terren
eno.o. Su obje
objetoto fund
fundamamenenta
tall es mejo
mejorararr las
las cara
caract
cter
erís
ísti
tica
cass
mecáni
mecánicacass del
del suel
sueloo (inc
(increm
remenento
to de resi
resist
stenc
enciaia,, dism
dismin
inuc
ució
iónn de la
deformabilidad, etc.) así como la disminución de la permeabilidad. El
fluido de inyección es variable, pudiendo ser exclusivamente químico
(resinas y mezclas). Las presiones en las inyecciones convencionales no
suelen sobrepasar los 50 bar.
La técnica del Jet-Grouting tiene múltiples aplicaciones (mejora del
terr
terren
eno,
o, impe
impermrmea
eabibili
liza
zaci
ción
ón,, túne
túnele
les,
s, etc.
etc.),
), sien
siendo
do el flui
fluido
do de
perforación
perforación también
también variable
variable (cemento,
(cemento, bentonita,
bentonita, mezclas
mezclas químicas,
químicas,
etc.)
Su ejecución se desarrolla en dos fases, la primera la perforación
hasta la cota final y la segunda la inyección del fluido y la recuperación
de la tubería simultáneamente. En este caso las presiones de inyección
son elevadas, entre 350 y 600 bar. Las variables en la ejecución son
presi
presión
ón,, veloc
velocid
idad
ad de rotarotaci
ción
ón,, veloc
velocid
idad
ad de avanc
avance e y consu
consumo
mo de
cemento, fundamentalmente. El radio final de la inyección dependerá de
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Por su Definición:
Elemento estructural de hormigón armado cuyas dimensiones en planta
son muy elevadas respecto a su canto, define un plano normal a la
dirección de los soportes.
Campo de Aplicación:
Para la estabilidad de una cimentación por placa o losa es sumamente
import
importante
ante que la resultan
resultante
te de cargas y la reacció
reacción
n del terreno
terreno se
encuentren
encuentren paralelos
paralelos en la misma
misma línea recta
recta y pasen por el centro
centro de
gravedad de la placa.
Forma de Trabajo:
Su forma de trabajo es inversa a la de un forjado unidireccional. En la
placa los pilares están más próximos y trabajan en las dos direcciones.
Disposición de las Armaduras:
Se dispone de barras dobladas por las dos direcciones
direcciones para la absorción
absorción
del cort
cortant
ante
e cuand
cuando o el tamañ
tamañoo del
del horm
hormig
igón
ón no es sufi
sufici
cient
ente.
e. Las
Las
armaduras se colocan de la siguiente forma:

Dos
Dos mall
mallas
as de mont
montaj
aje
e + las
las barr
barras
as dobl
doblad
adas
as nece
necesa
sari
rias
as para
para la
absorción del cortante cercano de los pilares
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Para
Para edifi
edifici
cios
os más
más gran
grandes
des pero
pero con
con suel
sueloo ines
inestab
table
le se nece
necesi
sita
tan
n
cimientos flotantes, donde toda la estructura se sostiene con una sola
placa de hormigón o en pilotes de rozamiento.
Las losas de cimentación son superficies bidireccionales integradas en la
estructura y apoyadas en el terreno, cuya misión es recibir las cargas
del rest
resto
o de la estr
estruc
uctu
tura
ra y tran
transm
smit
itir
irla
lass al terre
terreno
no.. A ella
ellass lleg
llegan
an
normalmente pilares de cualquier tipo, y sobre ellas se pueden definirse
vigas que las refuercen localmente (puede ser útil para colocar zunchos,
refuerzos puntuales o crucetas)
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El pozo de cimentación, es un tipo de cimentación profunda, que es


utilizado cuando los suelos no poseen buena resistencia y por lo tanto no
son adecuados para cimentaciones superficiales
Se podría decir que su proceso constructivo consiste en que los tubos
de hormigón armado se introducen en el terreno hasta alcanzar las
capas firmes mediante perforaciones,
perforaciones, y luego se rellenan
rellenan con hormigón
hormigón
apisonado.
El consu
consumo
mo de acero es muy escaso ya que solo se necesita una
armadura en los tubos de la envolvente y la cabeza del pilar como
enlace con las losas de cimiento colocados encima. En cambio, requiere
gran consumo de hormigón.
Su ejec
ejecuc
ució
ión
n es simi
simila
larr al sist
sistem
ema
a de cimen
cimenta
taci
ción
ón con
con pilotes por
perforación.
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La part
articularid
ridad del pozo de cimen
mentaci
ación es la de que se va
construyendo a medida que se va hundiendo en el terreno
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CAJONES

Existen diversas tipologías de cimentaciones mediante cajones.


Aplicación
El sist
sistema
ema de los
los cajo
cajones
nes neumá
neumátitico
coss viene
viene apli
aplicá
cánd
ndose
ose,, en prim
primerer
término, para
– la construcción del cuerpo de cimentación en obras subterráneas,
obras hidráulicas y en obras de puentes, así como para
– obras completas, tales como galerías, túneles de vías de comunicación
y garajes subterráneos.
Siguiendo este método, el elemento a construir es prefabricado total o
parc
parcia
ialm
lmen
ente
te para
para ser
ser colo
coloca
cado
do,, a cont
contin
inua
uaci
ción
ón,, en su posi
posici
ción
ón
definitiva.
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excavar en seco y, más tarde, por debajo de dicho nivel, en húmedo. El


nivel interior y exterior de las aguas freáticas deberán corresponder
para que no se produzca un sifonamiento con el subsiguiente acarreo de
material desde fuera hacia adentro.
El rozamiento entre el elemento y el terreno circundante se atenúa
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destinado, donde ha de colocarse con mucho cuidado. Una vez allí, se


llena de agua y se hunde hasta que toca el fondo. Posteriormente, se
aplica peso para desplazar la campana hacia abajo, a medida que se
construye el muelle.
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1 escl
esclus
usaa par
para
a per
perso
sona
nass
2 esclu
sclusasa de
de mat
matereriial
3 nive
nivell de
de agu
aguasas fre
freát
átic
icas
as
4 inst
instal
alac
ació
ión
n de
de asp
aspiriraci
ación
ón
5 cañón de agua
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así como los humos producidos por las opera- ciones de soldadura o
cort
corte
e en la cáma
cámara ra de trab
trabaj
ajo.
o. Una
Una norm
norma a gene
generarall consi
onsist
ste
e en
proporcionar seis metros cúbicos de aire por minuto por cada trabajador
en la camp
campan
ana.
a. Tamb
Tambié
ién
n se debe
debe cons
consid
idera
erarr el aire
aire que
que se pierd
pierde
e
cuan
cuando
do se util
utiliizan
zan las escl
esclus
usas
as para
para el paso
paso deldel pers
person
onal
al y los
los
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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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