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FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA
CONSTRUCCION 1
ARQ. EDWIN SANTIZO
1
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1 INTRODUCCION…………………………………………………..... 1
2 OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………
OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………...
…... 2
3 CIME
CIMENT
NTAC
ACIO
IONE
NES
S ESPE
ESPECI
CIAL
ALES
ES……
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…….. 3
3.1 PILO
PILOTE
TES…
S………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
……….
…. 3
3.2 MURO
MUROS
S PANT
PANTAL
ALLA
LA……
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
………
… 8
3.3 ANCL
ANCLA
AJES…
JES………
…………
………
……………
………………
………
……………
………… 10
3.4 MICR
MICROP
OPIL
ILOT
OTES
ES……
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
………
… 11
3.5 TABLAESTACAS………………………………………
TABLAESTACAS……………………………………… 12
3.6 INYECC
INYECCCIO
CIONES
NES Y JET-
JET-GRO
GROUTI
UTING……
NG……………
…………..
….. 13
4 PLACA
ACAS DE CIMENTACI
ACION………………………………………. 14
5 PLACA
ACAS FL
FLOTAN
TANTES ………………………………………………. 16
6 POZO
OZOS DE CIMEN
IMENTA
TAC
CION……………………………………….. 17
7 CAJON
CAJONES
ES ……………
…………………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…… 19
7.1 CAJO
CAJON
N ABIE
ABIERT
RTO…
O………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
……….
…. 19
7.2 CAJO
CAJON
N DE
DE AIR
AIRE
E CO
COMPRI
MPRIMI
MIDO……
DO…………
…………
………
…. 20
7.3 CAJON
CAJON NEUMAT
NEUMATICO
ICO FLOTAN
FLOTANTE
TE …………
…………………
……….. 24
8 CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………….. 26
9 RECO
ECOMENDACI
ACIONES………………………………………………. 27
10 BIBLIOGRAFIA……………………………………………………….28
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INTRODUCCION
Los cimientos de un edificio son las partes de este que están en contacto
con el suelo,
suelo, al cual transmiten
transmiten las cargas. Cuando el suelo firme queda
a profundidad superior a 2.5 m. las cimentaciones ordinarias resultan
difi
dificu
cult
ltos
osas
as en para
para cons
constr
trui
uir.
r. Ésta
Éstass deben
deben tener
tener un coefi
coefici
cient
ente
e de
seguridad adecuado respecto a la rotura de la cimentación o del terreno,
pero
pero que,
que, ademá
además,s, deben
deben tener
tener defor
deformac
macio
iones
nes admis
admisib
ible
less para
para la
estructura.
Damo
amos a conocer los disti stintos cimientos esp especi
eciales, alg
algunos
comú
comúnmnmen
ente
te cono
conoci
cido
doss como
como lo son, son, los
los pilo
pilote
tes,
s, muro
muross pant
pantal
alla
la,,
trab
trabla
laes
esta
taca
ca,, micr
microp
opil
ilot
otes
es,, etc.
etc. Y otro
otross util
utiliz
izad
ados
os en caso
casoss muy
muy
especiales como lo son las placas de cimentación, placas flotantes, los
pozos de cimentación
cimentación y los cajones.
cajones. Daremos una explicaci
explicación
ón concisa
concisa
de cada uno de los temas expuestos anteriormente, graficándolas para
su mejor comprensión.
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OBJETIVOS
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• PILOTES
• MUROS PANTALLA
• ANCLAJES
• MICROPILOTES
• TABLAESTACAS
• INYECCCIONES Y JET-GROUTING
PILOTES
Se denom
denomininaa pilote a un elem elemen
ento
to cons
constrtruc
ucti
tivo
vo util
utiliz
izad
ado
o para
para
cimentación de obras, que permite trasladar las cargas hasta un estrato
resistente del suelo,
suelo, cuando este se encuentra a una profundidad tal que
hace
hace invi
inviab
able
le,, técn
técnic
ica
a o econ
económ
ómic
icam
amen
ente
te,, una
una cimentación más
convencional mediante zapatas o losas.
Pilotaje "in situ". Este sistema se basa esencialmente en la perforación
del terreno para la posterior colocación de armadura mas vertido de
hormigón. Con esto conseguimos cilindros de hormigón armado que
básicamente se pueden emplear en dos campos:
1. Como
Como cime
ciment
ntac
ació
iónn base
base de estr
estruct
uctur
uras
as en
suel
suelos
os poco
poco cons
consisiste
tent
ntes
es o inco
incohe
here
rent
ntes
es..
Con esta solución se busca un buen terreno a cierta
profundidad que permita el apoyo de los pilotes en los
cuales ira apoyada la estructura.
2. Como
Como pa
pant
ntal
alla
la de pilo
pilote
tes
s trab
trabaj
ajan
ando
do por
por
vuelco
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1. Pilo
Pilota
taje
je "in
"in situ
situ"" en seco
seco.. Este
Este tipo
tipo de pilo
pilota
taje
je comp
compre
rend
ndee
diferentes fases como son la perforación del subsuelo con hélice o cazo,
colocación de armadura de acero y vertido de hormigón mediante tubo
tremie que se realiza de abajo a arriba.
3. Pilo
Pilota
taje
je "in
"in situ
situ"" con
con ayud
ayudaa de lodo
lodos
s be
bent
nton
onít
ític
icos
os.. Esta
sta
perforación no se realiza en seco ya que hay que suministrar el lodo
bentonítico a la perforación, el cual penetra en las fisuras del terreno
para crear una pequeña "costra" que impida la caída de las paredes
perforadas. Así estos lodos se recuperan en un tanque en el cual se filtra
y se vuelve a reutilizar en la siguiente perforación. Después de este
proceso se coloca la armadura y se vierte el hormigón.
4. Pantalla de pilotes secantes "in situ". Este es el método más
util
utiliz
izado
ado ya que
que permi
permite
te hacer
hacer una
una excav
excavacació
ión
n del
del terr
terreno
eno a gran
gran
profundidad, sin preocupación de que se puedan deteriora
cimentaciones de viviendas contiguas como también del acerado de la
calle, así impide el paso del nivel freático a los sótanos. Con este método
se puede eden construir diferenrentes plantas de parki arkin
ng que, como
ante
anteririor
orme
ment
nte
e hemo
hemoss indi
indica
cado
do,, es solu
soluci
ción
ón inmi
inminen
nente
te por
por el gran
gran
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Descabezado
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Descabezado
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MUROS PANTALLA
Las pantallas son generalmente elementos de contención ejecutados
previamente a la realización de vaciados que no puedan ser acometidos
directamente, debido a la existencia de terrenos poco estables, o a
razon
razones
es de segu
seguri
ridad
dad por
por cerc
cercan
anía
íass de edifi
edifici
cios
os,, carr
carrete
eteras
ras,, líne
líneas
as
férreas, etc.
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MICROPILOTES
Los micropilotes
micropilotes son elementos con una capacidad portante inferior
a la de los pilotes, pero que son necesarios en trabajos en los cuales no
es factible la ejecución de pilotes convencionales, ya sea debido a la
naturaleza de los terrenos a perforar, dificultades de accesos, etc.
Se aplican en recalces, contenciones, consolidaciones de terreno.
Con
Con diám
diámetr
etros
os comp
compren
rendi
dido
doss habit
habitual
ualmen
mentete entr
entre
e 100
100 y 300
300 mm.,
mm.,
inyectando el núcleo interior de la perforación con lechada de cemento o
mortero y disponiendo armadura formada por redondos o tubulares de
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A.-Perforación.
B.-Colocación de la armadura tubular.
C.-Inyección de la vaina.
D.- Inyección del bulbo de anclaje.
TABLAESTACA
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Por su Definición:
Elemento estructural de hormigón armado cuyas dimensiones en planta
son muy elevadas respecto a su canto, define un plano normal a la
dirección de los soportes.
Campo de Aplicación:
Para la estabilidad de una cimentación por placa o losa es sumamente
import
importante
ante que la resultan
resultante
te de cargas y la reacció
reacción
n del terreno
terreno se
encuentren
encuentren paralelos
paralelos en la misma
misma línea recta
recta y pasen por el centro
centro de
gravedad de la placa.
Forma de Trabajo:
Su forma de trabajo es inversa a la de un forjado unidireccional. En la
placa los pilares están más próximos y trabajan en las dos direcciones.
Disposición de las Armaduras:
Se dispone de barras dobladas por las dos direcciones
direcciones para la absorción
absorción
del cort
cortant
ante
e cuand
cuando o el tamañ
tamañoo del
del horm
hormig
igón
ón no es sufi
sufici
cient
ente.
e. Las
Las
armaduras se colocan de la siguiente forma:
Dos
Dos mall
mallas
as de mont
montaj
aje
e + las
las barr
barras
as dobl
doblad
adas
as nece
necesa
sari
rias
as para
para la
absorción del cortante cercano de los pilares
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Para
Para edifi
edifici
cios
os más
más gran
grandes
des pero
pero con
con suel
sueloo ines
inestab
table
le se nece
necesi
sita
tan
n
cimientos flotantes, donde toda la estructura se sostiene con una sola
placa de hormigón o en pilotes de rozamiento.
Las losas de cimentación son superficies bidireccionales integradas en la
estructura y apoyadas en el terreno, cuya misión es recibir las cargas
del rest
resto
o de la estr
estruc
uctu
tura
ra y tran
transm
smit
itir
irla
lass al terre
terreno
no.. A ella
ellass lleg
llegan
an
normalmente pilares de cualquier tipo, y sobre ellas se pueden definirse
vigas que las refuercen localmente (puede ser útil para colocar zunchos,
refuerzos puntuales o crucetas)
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La part
articularid
ridad del pozo de cimen
mentaci
ación es la de que se va
construyendo a medida que se va hundiendo en el terreno
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CAJONES
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1 escl
esclus
usaa par
para
a per
perso
sona
nass
2 esclu
sclusasa de
de mat
matereriial
3 nive
nivell de
de agu
aguasas fre
freát
átic
icas
as
4 inst
instal
alac
ació
ión
n de
de asp
aspiriraci
ación
ón
5 cañón de agua
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así como los humos producidos por las opera- ciones de soldadura o
cort
corte
e en la cáma
cámara ra de trab
trabaj
ajo.
o. Una
Una norm
norma a gene
generarall consi
onsist
ste
e en
proporcionar seis metros cúbicos de aire por minuto por cada trabajador
en la camp
campan
ana.
a. Tamb
Tambié
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