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Abstract. La qualificazione della domanda nei processi di realizzazione delle per la collettività avendo soprattutto una visione proiettata alle
opere comporta necessariamente una definizione più puntuale in ordine ad
aspetti di funzionamento nel tempo delle strutture e di efficacia del rapporto
condizioni di esercizio, ai costi globali e al grado di adeguatezza
costi e benefici dell’investimento. Ciò significa attribuire alle fasi iniziali del pro- nel tempo della struttura ipotizzata.
cesso nuove valenze decisionali e nuovi strumenti di controllo e guida delle fasi È quindi indubbio che quanto più si riescono ad anticipare i ca-
successive in vista di obiettivi di razionalizzazione del processo in una logica
di ottimizzazione degli apporti progettuali. Da questo punto di vista assumono
ratteri distintivi dell’intervento tanto più si riesce a comprender-
particolare importanza sia la prefigurazione di scenari e corrispondentemente di ne l’efficacia ovvero l’inutilità.
regole fondate sul complesso di conoscenze acquisite sulle differenti soluzioni, Si ricorda che dello studio di fattibilità dovrebbero fare parte i
sia l’adozione di nuovi strumenti di controllo digitale del progetto in vista della
fabbricabilità degli elementi che lo compongono attraverso processi sempre più
seguenti capitoli fondamentali:
orientati sotto il profilo industriale. – Analisi propedeutiche e alternative di progetto
Parole chiave: Analisi propedeutiche, Progetto integrato, Forme complesse, – Fattibilità tecnica
Modellazione digitale, Automazione dei processi – Compatibilità ambientale
– Sostenibilità finanziaria
– Convenienza economico-sociale
Introduzione Come è noto, la legislazione – Verifica procedurale
vigente riconduce l’origine del – Analisi di rischio e sensitività
processo progettuale e realizzativo alla puntuale definizione dei Se ci si sofferma sui primi due punti, risulta evidente come l’av-
contenuti del Documento Preliminare alla Progettazione. Do- vio di un iter progettuale e realizzativo capace di intercettare la
cumento nel quale dovrebbero essere definiti in modo esaustivo domanda e le aspettative sociali non possa prescindere da una
obiettivi e strategie del processo progettuale. In realtà, nono- fase strategica fondata sulla disamina di possibili alternative di
stante la programmazione delle opere pubbliche nel nostro pae- progetto. Ciò significa che per ogni nuova opera debbono essere
se debba fondarsi su un’attenta analisi della fattibilità di ciascun formulate precise ipotesi progettuali su cui verificare non solo
intervento, questa fase così decisiva viene tuttora praticata con la rispondenza ai bisogni, ma anche il livello di costo nonché i
strumenti a dir poco improvvisati e quasi emergenziali, minan- possibili ritorni economici. Occorre quindi anticipare sin dall’o-
do sin dall’origine la correttezza dell’iter attuativo. rigine la fase di definizione dei caratteri del progetto: anticipa-
Lo studio di fattibilità dovrebbe contenere al suo interno capi- zione che, peraltro, dovrebbe ricomprendere anche una coerente
toli di approfondimento finalizzati a valutare sia le condizioni disamina degli aspetti realizzativi sotto il profilo della fattibilità
ostative sul piano regolamentare, dell’impatto ambientale, delle tecnica. Si viene in tal senso a rovesciare, in qualche modo, il
risorse, sia il grado di soddisfacimento dei bisogni atteso1. principio di una progettazione tecnologica unicamente come
In sintesi si tratta di valutare l’opportunità di un investimento fase avanzata del processo ideativo progettuale.
Toward the Abstract. The demand within the pro- in which a series of targets and strat- - Preparatory Analysis
cess of building construction requires egies of the design are to be written - Technical Feasibility
simplification of the necessarily a deeper definition in terms and exhaustingly defined. - Environmental compatibility
of time and cost management. It means
design process chain that new instruments of control are to
This phase, especially important - Financial sustainability
in the design of public buildings, is - Socio-economical Convenience
aimed at optimizing be are to be inserted in the first phases
sometimes overlooked and poorly - Procedural record
of any design. The prefiguration of sce-
the productive narios and the presetting of rules and
studied, damaging from the begin- - Risks analysis
ning the realization process. It should Just by looking at the first two bul-
processes to improve constraints along with the adoption of
new digital fabrication softwares as- include chapters studying the site let points, it is clear how the starting
innovation and sume particular importance in process and local regulations, environmental of a design process can’t disregard a
more and more oriented into a file to and resources impacts, and the ful- strategic phase funded on the exami-
competitiveness factory/fabrication method. filling of all the needs. The document nation of different project options.
Keywords: Preparatory analysis, Inte- at last aims to the evaluation of an in- This means that for every new pro-
grated design, Complex shapes, Digital vestment for the collectivity, through ject there must be several alternatives
Modeling, Process Automation a specific vision towards costs, use which may identify different scenar-
and time (Bambagioni, 2012). ios, costs and economical returns.
Introduction There is no doubt that the more ob- But to do so it must also be prede-
The Italian current regulation con- jectives are studied beforehand the fined the technical feasibility of the
nects the origin of any design process more understanding you get of their work almost up to the details. This
to a specific definition of contents values, either positive or negative. might also lead to an anticipation
within the ‘Documento Preliminare The different chapters that should of the technological design, usually
alla Progettazione” (Design Prelimi- be part of the document are hereby seen as an advanced part of the de-
nary Document). This is a document cited: sign process. And since the executive
part deals also in the costs definition no more appropriate. In fact, if on the defining a vision of European sus- 3) have minimised operational com-
and in the building management, one hand the European Commission tainable buildings in 2020-2030 and plexity while allowing easy monitor-
we must now operate with new ap- attributes great importance to the identifying the most promising in- ing of technical and environmental
proaches that could link the design improvement of the energy efficiency novations (technologies and process) performances;
process to an immediate connection of buildings to reach the 20-20-20 that would allow its implementation. 4) be adaptable to changes in capac-
to the production world. goal in 2020 (Commissione Euro- The vision resulting from the con- ity, type of users and performance
pea, 2007), on the other the design frontation with stakeholders is based requirements;
The environmental challenge strategies and technologies required on recent international standards de- 5) include local issues in all aspects
There is today a new awareness, de- to attain the necessary performance fining sustainability for the construc- of design, construction, use and dis-
riving not so much from the econom- levels are already available. For this tion sector (ISO 15392:2008) and mantling;
ic and financial crisis of the building very reason, the Directive 2010/31/ on other definitions, such as those 6) facilitate ease of dismantling – re-
sector as from the inadequacy of cur- EU on the energy performance of contained in CIB’s Agenda 21 (CIB, use, recycle, restore.
rent design techniques and practices, buildings (EPBD) requires that all 1999), in various national legislations As anticipated, the Directive on the
that is fostering a global reflection private buildings should comply with and in environmental certification energy performance of buildings de-
about new possibilities for a restart. the nearly zero-energy standard as of tools. fines pretty clearly the requirements
With new, planet-wide challenges in January 2021. According to the resulting vision, a on energy efficiency and carbon
the fields of sustainability, energy ef- The recent European research pro- Smart-ECO building in fifteen years emissions from 2019 on, with at least
ficiency, resilience to climate change ject Smart-ECO (Sustainable Smart should: an intermediate step of improvement
and, in general, a more thorough re- Eco-Buildings in the EU) (Iannac- 1) be designed from a lifecycle point before then. Other aspects are not yet
spect for the environmental balance, cone, Imperadori and Masera, 2013) of view; defined by regulations or best prac-
the construction technologies widely involved a large number of stake- 2) be constructed with limited re- tices, but were deemed significant for
used after the war, and sustaining the holders from the construction sector, sources and minimised energy con- the evolution of buildings (and ar-
building expansion in that period, are from all over Europe, in a process sumption and waste production; chitecture) in the next twenty years.
Among them are the following. considerations of energy efficiency and work. These often make tradi- technologies and on the sourcing,
- Mitigation and adaptation for cli- on an urban scale. The challenge for tional building approaches obsolete. transformation and installation of
mate change: mitigation is tackling the future is the integration of cen- A design based on the adaptability materials and components.
the causes of climate change through tralised and de-centralised sources of and flexibility concept makes it pos- In fact, today the whole construction
reduction of greenhouse gas emis- energy, balancing demand and sup- sible to continue using the building process is strongly challenged by the
sions; adaptation is adjusting to the ply (which is intermittent due to the even if needs have changed: this is the difficulty of conciliating the men-
physical impacts of climate change nature of renewable sources) into the “loose fit, long life” concept. tioned performance goals (which,
(increased temperature, extreme cli- so-called “smart grids”. While most of these issues may look at least in part, a complex and often
matic events, etc.), by reducing vul- - Reducing depletion of resources: common sense or obvious, the real fragmented body of regulations tries
nerability and finding opportunity. increasing scarcity and the con- challenge for the European Commis- to define rigidly) with a much more
- Adaptation to new forms of energy: sumption of fertile land and natural sion is to have these concepts trans- variable reality, full of new expecta-
short term energy crisis is a concern resources are a significant global ferred to the market, making them tions from the social areas and, above
of energy development. Buildings problem. The life cycle of buildings current practice for decision-makers, all, requiring a continuous adapta-
constructed today will very probably and their components should be con- designers, clients, construction com- tion to the complexity of contempo-
be still in use when fossil fuels will sidered in the design process: besides panies, etc. rary life.
be no longer available and should be using reused / recycled / recyclable The challenges identified by the The bafflement experienced by de-
ready to be retrofitted for other forms materials, the “second use” and the Smart-ECO research invest the whole signers in front of today’s wealth of
of energy supply (including renew- de-construction of buildings should building process, from integrated de- technological and constructional
able solar energy, which is certainly be assessed from the beginning. sign, to the management of energy possibilities is a typical situation:
inexhaustible). - Adaptable and flexible design for (saving and production) at differ- what was, until recent years, part of
- Integration of buildings in the en- future needs: changes characterizing ent scales, to the construction and a consolidated practice is no longer
ergy networks: energy efficiency in our society include an ageing popu- management of the building, with adapted to today’s standards and re-
buildings needs to be embedded in lation, urban migration, our lifestyle significant fallouts on construction quirements of reliability.
This inadequacy highlights once is able to coordinate and integrate a sector strongly characterised by past few years may lead to new prem-
again that the sector is late and frag- effectively the different disciplinary handcrafted procedures to a mature ises for a new control over the project,
mented, with an organisation devoid inputs, modulating the amount of industrial sector cannot derive only over the different components, their
of common rules – if, however, sin- work and information according to from investments and the creation of assembly, life cycles and recycling af-
gular excellent examples are not lack- the available resources. integrated and competitive produc- ter their dismission. This is more and
ing. Through the IDP, it is possible to im- tion chains, but requires the recog- more possible if we imagine build-
The point is not the identification of agine the construction site as a place nition of a common territory where ing characterized of interchangeable
different, more appropriate technical where elements that were industrially knowledge is shared, allowing to di- parts and dry building systems.
solutions, but to imagine new and produced off-site are assembled; no rect every design choice towards its The research allows us to identify
more efficient alternatives for de- more a place of improvisation and consequence in terms of production, new materials and shells with spe-
velopment in this phase of apparent continuous redefinition of the design on time and on budget. cifically designed characteristics and
stagnation and backwardness. choices based on a whole world of features; it allows us to introduce
The diffusion of information technol- possible alternatives. The prefiguration of new scenarios sensors and new nano-materials that
ogy in the design process prefigures The higher efficiency deriving from The increasing complexity of the ar- could manage the energetic behavior
the ideal condition for the use of tools the elimination of wastage, the faster chitectural designs, not only in the of the building in reating to climate
that are not only aimed at graphical assembly process, the efficient use of technological field, but more and and temperature changes and foresee
representation and calculations, but labour and, above all, the guaranteed more in the introduction of new ge- the aging of certain elements in or-
also at governing the whole fabrica- performance levels, free of devia- ometries, requires new instruments der to keep the building in shape and
tion process of components and their tions from the design specifications, of design control and management controlled.
assembly on, or off, site. can be reached thanks to a thorough linked to digital modeling. The global design approach, allows
The indispensible precondition for cultural change based on a more The progressive diffusion of the BIM a larger sharing of the negative and
this scenario is the adoption of an advanced training of all the partici- (Building Information Modelling) positive aspects of the design thus
integrated design process (IDP) that pants in the process. The shift from and software interoperability in the leading to new solutions and self
awareness in the different operators. occasion for a deep reconsideration tion, which are technically generated now possible to design buildings that
More and more buildings are to be on the importance of the quality of by algorithms and lines of code. take into account multiple levels of
constructed with interchangeable architecture for the re-launch of the The creative process is empowered performance, including the optimi-
components, adding flexibility and building industry. by the definition of rules that have zation of structural behaviors, energy
adaptability to different uses of the the potential to generate new type of performances and aesthetic qualities
spaces. Digital modelling as a premise for spaces, visionary shapes and evolved of a building (Gramazio and Kohler,
In front of us stand now new oppor- robotic fabrication organizational systems. 2008).
tunities of change that cannot be ig- Nowadays scientists, researchers, ar- The computational designer knows From a construction standpoint,
nored or overseen. chitects, engineers are studying and how to deal with algorithms in or- thanks to the ongoing advancements
The European Commission in our imaging the evolution of the city in a der to understand how to deal with on digital and robotic fabrication,
sector defined new scenarios and ob- new way, which is inspired by neuro- spaces. An interesting aspect of the computational design is changing
jectives towards solutions of regen- sciences, biological phenomena and design process is when a 3D model the way that buildings are realized
eration or the urban fabric through natural systems. The rising of a new is the result of the unexpected link (Bärtschi et al., 2010).
the use of new and more efficient theory is supported by the develop- of information between different al- Both the manufacturing and the as-
technologies to restore a global qual- ment of evolutionary algorithms and gorithms (Brell-Cokcan e Braumann, sembly processes are evolving to-
ity in the built environment. computational design strategies. 2010). The "computational tool" is wards automation. Innovation could
As an example the EASEE research is Computational design tools are af- nowadays as revolutionary as the be achieved through new hybrid
finding new solutions for the redefi- fecting and driving design at multiple invention of the "perspective" in the materials (Iwamoto, 2009; Kolarevic
nition and the restoration of existing scales, from the size of a city Master Renaissance. It is a new tool for ex- and Klinger, 2008) and new way of
building shells and the different in- plan, through the scale of a building, ploring new territories and innova- producing them or through tradi-
terventions on them. to the size of an object. tive tectonics within the architectural tional materials where the manufac-
The different conditions the led to A new state of complexity is gained field(Brell-Cokcan et al., 2010). turing and assembly processes are
the actual crisis must be now the by linking multiple layers of informa- Through computational tools it is made possible only by means of com-
02 |
02 | Sistema di progettazione
computazionale. Le
regole che definiscono
la geometria e le
informazioni per la
produzione sono
controllate da
algoritmi che generano
simultaneamente le
simulazioni grafiche per
la visualizzazione e il
codice informatico per i
processi produttivi
Computational design
system. The commands
that define the shape
and the production
information are controlled
by algorithms that
simultaneously create
graphical renderings and
the code required by the
production process
L’industria delle costruzioni riceverà nuovi impulsi con l’auto- nenti e del loro assemblaggio e parallelamente precisando, oltre
mazione del cantiere e con l’introduzione dei robot nelle linee alla qualità attesa, anche l’entità degli investimenti necessari.
di produzione. I sistemi robotici on-site permetteranno di far Si tratta, in sintesi, di ricomporre i legami tra ricerca, formazio-
fronte all’imprecisione del cantiere e al problema di compensare ne e le diverse componenti del sistema produttivo del settore
le tolleranze di fabbricazione. La velocità e la precisione di un delle costruzioni attraverso una più stretta interazione di obiet-
sistema automatizzato digitale sono parametri che renderanno tivi e una continua verifica degli esiti del processo di costitu-
presto competitivi i processi di progettazione e fabbricazione di- zione di un'unica solida filiera che potrà essere competitiva a
gitale, dando nuovo impulso al settore delle costruzioni (Ruttico livello internazionale proprio a partire dalla sua condivisione,
e Lorusso, 2012). ma soprattutto dalla sua reale innovatività.
04 | Sperimentazioni 2012 di
lavorazione robotica di component
per l’architettura al Politecnico di
Milano. Prof. Francesco Braghin,
Prof. Emilio Pizzi, PhD. Antonio
Premoli, PhD. Pierpaolo Ruttico
(Ruttico e Lorusso, 2012)
2012 robotic test of building
components at Milan Polytechnic.
Prof. Francesco Braghin, Prof. Emilio
Pizzi, PhD. Antonio Premoli, PhD.
Pierpaolo Ruttico (Ruttico e Lorusso,
2012)