DINAMICADEGLIINQUINANTI–A.A.

2012Ͳ2013



PROPRIETA’DELL’ATMOSFERA
STRATOLIMITE–CLASSIDISTABILITA’

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 1. ATMOSFERA

STABILITA’ ATMOSFERICA

Consideriamo una particella elementare di aria che si muove verticalmente in

modo adiabatico. (ES. Particella immessa nell’atmosfera da camino)
Se si sposta verso l’alto, la pressione diminuisce, quindi questa si raffredda e si
espande adiabaticamente.
Analogamente accade se si sposta verso il basso.
Il gradiente di temperatura di tale particella è pari a circa 1°C ogni 100 m:

∂T
gradiente _ termico = − ≅ 0 .0098 [ °C / m ]
∂z

Tale ritmo di raffreddamento e di riscaldamento, che vale unicamente per l’aria

non satura, può essere rappresentato da una retta (adiabatica secca).
secca

33
 1. ATMOSFERA

STABILITA’ ATMOSFERICA
Possiamo
Stabilità atmosferica
individuare 150
caso 1: Retta di inversione termica
cinque distinte
caso 2: Retta superadiabatica
situazioni:
altezza (m)
100

caso 3: Retta subadiabatica

50
caso 4: Retta di inversione termica

caso 5: ADIABATICA SECCA

0
0 1 2
temperatura (°C)

ATMOSFERA NEUTRA – stabilità indifferente (caso 5):

Gradiente della adiabatica secca = Gradiente termico effettivo dell’atmosfera.
atmosfera
(∂T/∂z)adiabatica secca = (∂T/∂z)atmosfera
La particella elementare di aria, se spinta verso l’alto o verso il basso, è sempre
in equilibrio, poiché la sua temperatura interna coincide con quella esterna.
La dispersione verticale è determinata solo dalla turbolenza meccanica.
34
 1. ATMOSFERA

STABILITA’ ATMOSFERICA
ATMOSFERA INSTABILE (caso 2):
Gradiente della adiabatica secca > Gradiente termico effettivo dell’atmosfera.

(∂T/∂z)adiabatica secca > (∂T/∂z)atmosfera

La particella elementare di aria, se spinta verso l’alto tende a salire
(Tparticella > Tatmosfera) , mentre se spinta verso il basso tende a scendere.
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STABILITA’ ATMOSFERICA
ATMOSFERA STABILE (caso 3):
Gradiente della adiabatica secca < Gradiente termico effettivo dell’atmosfera.
(∂T/∂z)adiabatica secca < (∂T/∂z)atmosfera
La particella elementare di aria, se spinta verso l’alto tende a scendere
(Tparticella < Tatmosfera), mentre se spinta verso il basso tende a salire.
La dispersione verticale degli inquinanti è bassa.
INVERSIONE TERMICA (caso 1,4):
]
&DVR &DVR
La temperatura non varia o aumenta con
la quota.
Si ha una forte stabilità verticale.
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Per stimare la stabilità atmosferica è possibile utilizzare il criterio di
classificazione di Pasquill-Gifford, Gifford che esprime la classe di stabilità in
funzione della velocità del vento, della radiazione solare totale e della
copertura nuvolosa.
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calma -- -- -- -- G
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L’applicazione dello schema sopra riportato nelle ore notturne richiede la
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monitoraggio. In alternativa, si può quindi individuare la classe di stabilità
atmosferica in funzione del gradiente verticale della temperatura.

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