Area = 676009.237 m² 67.

601 has
Long. Dist.= 110 m
Long. Dist.= 122 m
Long. Dist.= 61 m
Area efectiva bajo riego = 64.4 has
749.83 m
4.31

48 10 8 7 4 2 110

11 9 6 5 3 1 110
901.55 m
110 4.31
8 880
c 21.55 36 10 8 7 4 2 110
c/c 4.31

11 9 6 5 3 1 110

4.31

24 10 8 7 4 2 110

11 9 6 5 3 1 110

4.31

12 10 8 6 4 2 110

11 9 7 5 3 1 110

4.31 901.6
7 122 122 3.7 122 122 3.7 122 122 3.7
750

750.0
122 61
6 732
c 18
c_p 7
c/c 3.6667
Ll = 122.00
X1=
X2=
ea = 8
el = 8
Nl = 14 672

m
 DATOS METEOROLOGICOS

Pais : Perú
Estac.Meteorol. : Miraflores PECHP
Altitud : 30 msnm
Cordenadas : 7,085 LS 78.28 LW

Precipit. Prec. efec T° max. T° min. T° media H° Relat.. V.Viento Ins. Horas ETo Prom
N° Mes
(mm/mes) (mm/mes) (°C) (°C) (°C) (%) (m/s) (Hrs) (mm/dia) .

1° Ene. 81.00 71.00 21.30 7.60 14.45 81 0.11 4.60 5.80

2° Feb. 96.00 81.00 21.30 6.90 14.10 82 0.17 4.40 5.71
3° Mar. 104.00 87.00 20.90 7.00 13.95 86 0.11 4.00 5.78
4° Abr. 83.00 72.00 21.30 6.60 13.95 85 0.07 4.50 5.45
5° May. 33.00 31.00 21.70 4.40 13.05 86 0.11 5.60 4.79
6° Jun. 9.00 9.00 21.80 3.50 12.65 80 0.24 5.80 4.02
7° Jul. 6.00 6.00 21.60 3.10 12.35 77 0.24 6.50 3.99
8° Ago. 10.00 10.00 21.90 3.90 12.90 75 0.18 5.90 4.20
9° Set. 31.00 29.00 22.00 4.90 13.45 77 0.14 4.80 4.72
10° Oct. 98.00 83.00 21.60 6.80 14.20 79 0.11 5.00 4.85
11° Nov. 64.00 57.00 21.70 6.00 13.85 80 0.11 6.00 4.98
12° Dic. 72.00 64.00 22.00 6.20 14.10 80 0.11 5.30 5.40
Prom. 687.00 600.00 59.69
Precipitación efectiva según el método USBR
ETo : Método Penman M.

UNALM-EPG-IRH _ Raúl Yancce Vargas email : yancc_@hotmail.com - yanc_@latinmail.com

 CALCULO DE DEMANDA DE AGUA DEL CULTIVO
DATOS GENERALES:

Pais : Perú
Estac. Meteorol. : Cajamarca
Altitud : 2620,0 msnm
Cordenadas : 7,085 LS, 78,28 LW
Cultivo : Aji paprika
Area (has) : 1 Método : Penman - Monteith (mod. FAO)

No DESCRIPCION ECUACION Ene. Feb. Mar. Abr. May. Jun. Jul. Ago. Set. Oct. Nov. Dic. Prom.

1° Dias 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31

2° Coef. Cultivo (Kc) =( gráfico Curva Kc ) 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
3° ETo(mm/día) =Calc. Métodos 5.80 5.71 5.78 5.45 4.79 4.02 3.99 4.20 4.72 4.85 4.98 5.40 4.97
4° Prec. Est.(mm/mes) Estac. Meteorlogica 81.00 96.00 104.00 83.00 33.00 9.00 6.00 10.00 31.00 98.00 64.00 72.00
5° Prec. Efect.(mm/mes) =Cálculo 71.00 81.00 87.00 72.00 31.00 9.00 6.00 10.00 29.00 83.00 57.00 64.00
6° ETc(mm/día) =Eto * Kc 3.48 3.43 3.47 3.27 2.87 2.41 2.39 2.52 2.83 2.91 2.99 3.24
7° ETc(mm/mes) =Eto * Kc*días 107.88 95.93 107.51 98.10 89.09 72.36 74.21 78.12 84.96 90.21 89.64 100.44
8° Dem. neta(mm/mes/ha) 36.88 14.93 20.51 26.10 58.09 63.36 68.21 68.12 55.96 7.21 32.64 36.44 488.45
9° Dem. neta(mm/día) 1.19 0.53 0.66 0.87 1.87 2.11 2.20 2.20 1.87 0.23 1.09 1.18 16.00
10° Mod.neto(l/s/Ha) =D.N./(dias*8,64) 0.14 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.03 0.13 0.14
11° Mod.neto(l/s/area total) 0.14 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.03 0.13 0.14 1.85

UNALM-EPG-IRH _ Raúl Yancce Vargas email : yancc_@hotmail.com - yanc_@latinmail.com

 DISEÑO DE RIEGO POR GOTEO
DATOS GENERALES :

CULTIVO = ALCACHOFA
Per. Vegetativo = 06 meses
Prof. Raices = 100 cm = 1 m. = 1000 mm
% H.D. = 40 % = 0.4
% agotamiento = 50 % = 0.5
ETc = 3.48 mm/día

SUELO / TERRENO
Area 749.83 = 676009 m² = 67.60 Has
901.55 =
Pendiente = 1.43 %
Textura = Arenoso
Contenido de humedad a :
Capac. Campo : (H°CC) = 8.90
Punto marchitez : (H°PM) = 3.20
Dens. Aparente : (ρs) = 1.54 gr/cm²
Dens. Agua : (ρa) = 1.00 gr/cm²

SISTEMA DE RIEGO
Método = Goteo
Efic. Aplicación = 90 %
Modelo de Emisor = Gotero KATIF
Caudal nominal : (qa) = 2.30 lt/Hr
Diam. Exterior : (Øe) = 16 mm
Diam. interior : (Øi) = 14 mm
Coef. Variabilidad : (C.V.) = 5 % = 0.05
Coef. Uniformidad : (C.U.) = 90 % = 0.9
Espac. Laterales = 1.50 m. = 1.5044 m Corregido
Espac. Goteros = 0.40 m.
Espac. Plantas = 0.40 m.

Long. Laterales = 59.65 m. (Se deja 0.50 m en los extremos; para salida de purga)
Long. Distribuidor = 108.32 m. (Se deja 1.00 m en los extremos, para caja de válvulas: ingreso y limpia)
Largo SUR = 121.31 m
Ancho SUR = 109.32 m.
Area SUR = 13260.91 m²

Calles 2 5 2 6 749.83 Ancho 750

Calles 3 5 2 6 901.55 Largo 902

Nº de Sub Unidades de Riego = 47.24 ≈ 48 SUR Sin las calles

 EQUIVALENCIAS DE Ø
(mm) Pulg.
20 1/2"
25 3/4"
32 1"
40 1 1/4"
50 1 1/2"
63 2"
75 2 1/2"
90 3"
110 4"
125 5"
140 6"
Copyright © -2001 ELRIEGO.COM

álvulas: ingreso y limpia)

 DISEÑO AGRONOMICO

IDM Descripción Simb. Formula Valor Und. Valor Und Observaciones

1° Cálculo de la lámina de riego corregida

Capac. retentiva del agua en el suelo Lng = ((HCC-HPM)/100)*(Ds/Da)*prof.*%HD 35.11 mm
Diámetro mojado Dm = (espac. gotero / 0,8) 0.50 m
% Area Mojada %AM = ( Area mojada / Area total ) 100 33.3333333 %
Lámina neta de riego Ln = ( Lng * %AM )/100 11.704 mm 117.04 m³/Ha

Frecuencia de Riego (Fr)

Frecuencia de riego Fr = Ln / ETc 10.1 dias Interv. días entre riegos
Frecuencia de riego Fr = Ln / ETc 3.4 dias => 3 Asumido

Eficiencia de Riego (Er)

Eficiencia de riego Er = CU * ( 1 - K ) 0.8550

Caudal del Sistema/ha

Volum. Aplicación V= (ETc / Er) * 10 40.70 m³/Ha
N° de Goteros por lateral NG= ((Long.Later) / (Espac. Lateral)+1) 149.13 Por lado
N° de laterales Nl = ((long.Distri-1) / (Espac. Lateral)+1) 72.33
Caudal del lateral QL = (NL)*q got 343.00 lt/hr 0.0953 l/s
Caudal SUR Qsur = (Numero Lateral * q lateral ) 49621.72 lt/hr 49.622 m³/Hr/Ha

Tiempo de Riego (T) 13.784 lt/s/Ha

Tiempo de rieg / Ha Tr = Volumen / Caudal 0.820 Hr
CALCULO DE LA DEMANDA DE AGUA DEL SISTEMA:
IDM Descripción Simb. Formula Valor Und. Valor Und Observaciones

Volumen a aplicar Va = ( ETc / Er ) 4.07 mm/día 0.4711 lt/s/Ha

40.702 m³/Ha

Caudal del Sistema (Aproximación del Caudal Preliminar)

Caudal ( 7 Hrs ) Q(7) = 2,78 * A * D / F *(Hr/día) 36.42 lt/s
Caudal ( 12 Hrs ) Q(12) = 2,78 * A * D / F *(Hr/día) 21.25 lt/s
Caudal ( 16 Hrs ) Q(16) = 2,78 * A * D / F *(Hr/día) 15.94 lt/s
Caudal ( 24 Hrs ) Q(24) = 2,78 * A * D / F *(Hr/día) 10.62 lt/s

Distribución preliminar de las áreas de la Sub unidad de riego

Area de la Sub Unidad de Riego Asur = Ancho x Largo 13260.91 m² 1.3261 Has
Caudal de la Sub Unid. Riego Qsur = ( Q/Ha ) * A sur ) 18.28 lt/s
N° de Sub Unid. Regados simult. N° sur= ( Q(12) / Qsur ) 1.16 Asum = 2 SUR
Caudal del Sistema /SUR QS = ( Qsur * N° sur ) 36.56 lt/s
Corregiendo el Tiempo de riego con respecto al Caudal del sistema
Tiempo de riego corregido Tr = (Va / Qs) * (Asur / 3.6 ) 0.41 Hrs
Nº de Sub Unidades de Riego 48.00 Und
más 10 min. Por tiempo de manipulación 0.66 Hrs + 0.25
Tiempo de riego de todo el sistema(48 sub unidades de riego) = 31.69 Hrs 3 dias

MANEJO DE LAS SUB UNIDADES DE RIEGO

T Unudades de riego
1° 1; 2
2° 3; 4
IDM Descripción Simb. Formula Valor Und. Valor Und Observaciones

3° 5; 6
4° 7; 8
5° 9; 10
6° 11; 12
...

...

24° 47; 48

CALCULO DEL COEFICIENTE DE UNIFORMIDAD

1
q a 0 .55
q=0 . 57∗h0 .55 ⇒h=( )
0 . 57

Presión media de trabajo del gotero ha = 12.63 m.

1 . 27∗CV q min

[ ]
CU ∗q a
CU =( 1− )∗ ⇒ qmin =
√e qa 1 . 27∗CV
(1− )
√e
Nº goteros /planta = 2 und.
Caudal mínimo de trabajo q min = 2.17 lt/Hr
Presión mínima de trabajo h min = (q min / 0,57) ^(1/0,55) 11.34 m.

CALCULO DE LA PERDIDA DE CARGA ADMISIBLE DEL SISTEMA Tabla: M= 2.50 Pag. 415 : F. Pizarro.
Pérdida de carga Admisible en SUR ∆H = M*( ha - h min ) 3.23 m. Max.Pres.a perd. SUR
IDM Descripción Simb. Formula Valor Und. Valor Und Observaciones

CALCULO DE LA EFICIENCIA DE RIEGO La pérdida por percolación profunda se asume un 8% (prueba con lisímetro)
Eficiencia de riego Er = CU * ( 1 - %Pp ) 0.83

∆H = ∆Hl + ∆Ht
En terrenos planos se considera
∆Hl = ∆Ht = ∆H/2

N° = 24 * K * Fr / Tr 79.0012
CHEQUEOS

0.00
10.09

473.8

11250
1- Cálculo de la Pérdida de Carga por metro de tubería (Hf), mediante form. Hazzen Williams
1 . 852
Hf (m/m)=K ( ) ∗( D 1 )∗F (n)
Q
C 4 . 87

K= 1.21E+10
C= 150 Coef. Fricc.para PVC
D= Ø Tubería
F(n) = 1 Correcc. Por el Nº de salidas (F=1, cuando no hay salidas)
i= Ø Candidato de Tuberìa (mm)
j= Caudal en el tramo analizado (l/s)

Diam. Ø Perdida de carga (Hf) : m/m

(mm) ↓ Linea 1,j Linea 2,j Linea 3,j Linea 4,j Linea 5,j Linea 6,j Linea 7,j Linea 8,j Linea 9,j Linea 10,j
Ql (l/s)→ 15 10
i,1 76.2 0.11632 0.05490 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
i,2 102 0.02811 0.01327 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
i,3 147 0.00474 0.00224 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
i,4 196 0.00117 0.00055 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
i,5 245 0.00039 0.00019 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
 SISTEMA DE RIEGO A PRESION

A) DISEÑO DE TUBERIA LATERAL

Datos de diseño :
Caudal gotero: qa (l/h) 2.30 l/h 0.0006389 l/s
Esp. Goteros :Se ( m) 0.40 m.
Long. Lateral: l ( m) 59.65 m.
Caudal lateral ( l/s) 0.095 l/s
Coef. Para tub. PVC : C 130 =+(1.21*10^10)*((F$19/F$11)^1.8552)*(E25^-4.87)
Pérd. caraga admisible: ∆Hl= 3.23 m. Dato de diseño Agronómico =(((Q/1000)*(Long)^(0.54)*1/0.2788*1/C*1/(D/1000)^(2.63)))^(1/0.54)
Presión mínima de trab.: ha = 12.63 m. Dato de diseño Agronómico

Cálculos previos:
Pendiente ( i ) = 0.0026673 Lprom= 340.00 Hprom= 5.00
m (F. Hanzen-Williams) 1.8552
1. 8552
Q
Nº goteros :n
Caudal lateral ( l/s)
149 goteros
0.095 l/s 9.53E-05 m3/seg Hf (m / m) =J '* F∗L J (m / m) =1. 21∗1010∗ ( )
C
∗
( D1 )
4. 87

F ( n, lo=Se) 0.3535978
fe (m) de tabla =18.91*d^(-1.87) fe = 0.24137 1.83687 Condición = hm-hn < ∆H = 3.23 m

PARA TRAMO CON PENDIENTE POSITIVA: 0.0027

Nº Diametro Candidatos Long. Desnivel fe J J' hf hn hm ∆h Veloc.

Observaciones
Øe (mm) Øi (mm) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) hm-hn (m/s)
1° 12.5 10.3 59.65 0.00 0.24 0.2159 0.346 7.30 10.68 17.99 7.30 1.14 : (CORREGIR) No existe p. disponible
2° 16 13.2 59.65 0.00 0.15 0.0645 0.089 1.88 12.13 14.01 1.88 0.70 : (OK) Existe presiòn disponible
3° 20 16 59.65 0.00 0.11 0.0253 0.032 0.67 12.45 13.13 0.68 0.47 : (OK) Existe presiòn disponible
4° 25 21.8 59.65 0.00 0.06 0.0056 0.006 0.14 12.60 12.73 0.14 0.26 : (OK) Existe presiòn disponible
5° 32 28 59.65 0.00 0.04 0.0017 0.002 0.04 12.62 12.66 0.04 0.15 : (OK) Existe presiòn disponible
NOTA: En este caso se considera solamente el caso crítico para pendiente positiva.

Diametro elegido
3° 20 16 59.6525 0.0015911 0.11 0.03 0.032 0.67 12.45 13.13 0.68 0.47 : (OK) Existe presiòn disponible
 Pérd. carga admisible para el Lateral: ∆Hl= 0.68 m.
Presión mínima en la entrada del lateral : Hm = 13.13 m.

SISTEMA DE RIEGO A PRESION

B) DISEÑO DE TUBERIA TERCIARIA:

(Distribuidor)
Datos de diseño :
1 2 3 4
Caudal lateral : ql (l/s) 0.095 l/s 343.0 l/h 0.2527
n
Esp. laterales :Sl ( m) 1.5 m.
Long. distribuidor: l ( m) 108.32 m.
Coef. Para tub. PVC : C 150 Q (l/h)

Tol. Perd. carga: ∆Hl= 0.68 m. Lateral

Secundaria
P. Entrada lateral: hm = 13.13 m.
Se
Terciaria

Cálculos previos:
Pendiente ( i ) = 0.0147 Lprom= 340.00 Hprom= 5.00
m (F. Hanzen-Williams) 1.8552
Nº salidas :n 72
Caudal Distribuidor ( l/s) 13.78 l/s 49621.7 l/h Factor Corrección = 1.326 Caud.Correg= 18.28 lts/seg
F ( n, lo=Se) 0.357
fe (m) de tabla =18.91*d^(-1.87) Condición = Hm-Hn < ∆H = 2.43 m
Espac.Later.Correg. = 1.50 m

PARA TRAMO CON PENDIENTE POSITIVA: 0.0147

Tramo Diametro Candidatos Long. Desnivel Caudal fe J J' hf Hn Hm ∆h Veloc.

Observaciones
 Observaciones
de a Øe (mm) Øi (mm) (m) (m) ( l/s ) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) hm-hn (m/s)
0° 1° 88.5 84.1 1.00 0.0147 18.28 0.005 0.10 0.103 0.0369 15.01 15.06 0.05 3.29
1° 2° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 18.03 0.005 0.10 0.101 0.0541 14.95 15.02 0.08 3.25
2° 3° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 17.77 0.005 0.10 0.099 0.0532 14.90 14.97 0.08 3.20
3° 4° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 17.52 0.005 0.10 0.096 0.0518 14.85 14.92 0.07 3.15
4° 5° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 17.27 0.005 0.09 0.094 0.0504 14.80 14.87 0.07 3.11
5° 6° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 17.02 0.005 0.09 0.091 0.0491 14.75 14.82 0.07 3.06
6° 7° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 16.76 0.005 0.09 0.089 0.0477 14.71 14.78 0.07 3.02
7° 8° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 16.51 0.005 0.09 0.086 0.0464 14.66 14.73 0.07 2.97
8° 9° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 16.26 0.005 0.08 0.084 0.0451 14.62 14.69 0.07 2.93
9° 10° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 16.00 0.005 0.08 0.082 0.0438 14.58 14.64 0.07 2.88
10° 11° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 15.75 0.005 0.08 0.079 0.0425 14.53 14.60 0.06 2.84
11° 12° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 15.50 0.005 0.08 0.077 0.0413 14.49 14.56 0.06 2.79
12° 13° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 15.25 0.005 0.07 0.074 0.0400 14.45 14.52 0.06 2.74
13° 14° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 14.99 0.005 0.07 0.072 0.0388 14.41 14.48 0.06 2.70
14° 15° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 14.74 0.005 0.07 0.070 0.0376 14.38 14.44 0.06 2.65
15° 16° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 14.49 0.005 0.07 0.068 0.0364 14.34 14.40 0.06 2.61
16° 17° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 14.24 0.005 0.06 0.066 0.0352 14.30 14.36 0.06 2.56
17° 18° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 13.98 0.005 0.06 0.063 0.0341 14.27 14.32 0.06 2.52
18° 19° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 13.73 0.005 0.06 0.061 0.0330 14.23 14.29 0.06 2.47
19° 20° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 13.48 0.005 0.06 0.059 0.0318 14.20 14.25 0.05 2.43
20° 21° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 13.22 0.005 0.06 0.057 0.0307 14.16 14.22 0.05 2.38
21° 22° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 12.97 0.005 0.05 0.055 0.0297 14.13 14.18 0.05 2.34
22° 23° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 12.72 0.005 0.05 0.053 0.0286 14.10 14.15 0.05 2.29
23° 24° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 12.47 0.005 0.05 0.051 0.0276 14.07 14.12 0.05 2.24
24° 25° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 12.21 0.005 0.05 0.049 0.0265 14.04 14.09 0.05 2.20
25° 26° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 11.96 0.005 0.05 0.047 0.0255 14.01 14.06 0.05 2.15
26° 27° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 11.71 0.005 0.05 0.046 0.0245 13.98 14.03 0.05 2.11
27° 28° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 11.46 0.005 0.04 0.044 0.0236 13.95 14.00 0.05 2.06
28° 29° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 11.20 0.005 0.04 0.042 0.0226 13.92 13.97 0.04 2.02
29° 30° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 10.95 0.005 0.04 0.040 0.0217 13.90 13.94 0.04 1.97
30° 31° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 10.70 0.005 0.04 0.039 0.0207 13.87 13.92 0.04 1.93
31° 32° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 10.45 0.005 0.04 0.037 0.0198 13.85 13.89 0.04 1.88
32° 33° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 10.19 0.005 0.03 0.035 0.0190 13.82 13.86 0.04 1.83
33° 34° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 9.94 0.005 0.03 0.034 0.0181 13.80 13.84 0.04 1.79
34° 35° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 9.69 0.005 0.03 0.032 0.0173 13.77 13.81 0.04 1.74
35° 36° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 9.43 0.007 0.08 0.078 0.0421 13.73 13.79 0.06 2.49
36° 37° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 9.18 0.007 0.07 0.074 0.0400 13.69 13.75 0.06 2.43
37° 38° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 8.93 0.007 0.07 0.071 0.0380 13.65 13.71 0.06 2.36
38° 39° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 8.68 0.007 0.07 0.067 0.0360 13.61 13.67 0.06 2.29
39° 40° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 8.42 0.007 0.06 0.063 0.0341 13.58 13.63 0.06 2.23
40° 41° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 8.17 0.007 0.06 0.060 0.0322 13.54 13.60 0.05 2.16
41° 42° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 7.92 0.007 0.06 0.057 0.0304 13.51 13.56 0.05 2.09
42° 43° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 7.67 0.007 0.05 0.053 0.0286 13.48 13.53 0.05 2.03
43° 44° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 7.41 0.007 0.05 0.050 0.0269 13.45 13.50 0.05 1.96
44° 45° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 7.16 0.007 0.05 0.047 0.0252 13.42 13.46 0.05 1.89
45° 46° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 6.91 0.007 0.04 0.044 0.0236 13.39 13.44 0.05 1.83
46° 47° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 6.65 0.007 0.04 0.041 0.0220 13.36 13.41 0.04 1.76
47° 48° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 6.40 0.007 0.04 0.038 0.0205 13.34 13.38 0.04 1.69
48° 49° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 6.15 0.007 0.03 0.035 0.0190 13.31 13.35 0.04 1.63
49° 50° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 5.90 0.007 0.03 0.033 0.0176 13.29 13.33 0.04 1.56
50° 51° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 5.64 0.007 0.03 0.030 0.0162 13.27 13.30 0.04 1.49
51° 52° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 5.39 0.007 0.03 0.028 0.0149 13.24 13.28 0.04 1.43
52° 53° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 5.14 0.007 0.02 0.025 0.0136 13.22 13.26 0.04 1.36
53° 54° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 4.89 0.007 0.02 0.023 0.0124 13.20 13.24 0.03 1.29
54° 55° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 4.63 0.007 0.02 0.021 0.0113 13.18 13.22 0.03 1.22
55° 56° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 4.38 0.007 0.02 0.019 0.0101 13.17 13.20 0.03 1.16
56° 57° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 4.13 0.007 0.02 0.017 0.0091 13.15 13.18 0.03 1.09
57° 58° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 3.87 0.007 0.01 0.015 0.0081 13.13 13.16 0.03 1.02
58° 59° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 3.62 0.007 0.01 0.013 0.0071 13.12 13.15 0.03 0.96
59° 60° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 3.37 0.007 0.01 0.012 0.0062 13.12 13.15 0.03 0.89
60° 61° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 3.12 0.007 0.01 0.010 0.0054 13.12 13.14 0.03 0.82
 61° 62° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 2.86 0.010 0.02 0.024 0.0128 13.11 13.15 0.03 1.15
62° 63° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 2.61 0.010 0.02 0.020 0.0108 13.12 13.15 0.03 1.05
63° 64° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 2.36 0.010 0.02 0.017 0.0089 13.12 13.15 0.03 0.94
64° 65° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 2.11 0.010 0.01 0.013 0.0072 13.12 13.15 0.03 0.84
65° 66° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 1.85 0.010 0.01 0.011 0.0057 13.12 13.14 0.03 0.74
66° 67° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 1.60 0.010 0.01 0.008 0.0043 13.12 13.14 0.03 0.64
67° 68° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 1.35 0.010 0.01 0.006 0.0032 13.12 13.14 0.03 0.54
68° 69° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 1.10 0.010 0.00 0.004 0.0021 13.12 13.14 0.02 0.44
69° 70° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 0.84 0.010 0.00 0.002 0.0013 13.12 13.14 0.02 0.34
70° 71° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 0.59 0.010 0.00 0.001 0.0007 13.12 13.14 0.02 0.24
71° 72° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 0.34 0.010 0.00 0.000 0.0002 13.12 13.14 0.02 0.13

107.82 1.30 1.74 1.94 : (OK) Existe presiòn

Tramo Diametro Candidatos Long. Desnivel Caudal fe J J' hf Hn Hm ∆h Veloc.

de a Øe (mm) Øi (mm) (m) (m) ( l/s ) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m/s)

VERIFICACION FINAL DE PRESIONES

DESCRIPCION ECUACIONES VALOR (m) CONDICION

Tolerancia de presiones en SUR ∆H = 2.5 (ha - hns) = ∆Hl + ∆Hd 3.23 VALOR PERMITIDO

Tolerancia de presiones en Laterales ∆Hl = hm - hn = 0.68 2.62 VALOR OBTENIDO

Tolerancia de presiones en Distribuidores ∆Hd = Hm - Hn = 1.94 (OK) CUMPLE

RESUMEN DEL DISTRIBUIDOR

Diam .Candidatos Long. Cant Und Clase

3" 84.1 52.15 10.43 Pzs 5

2.5" 69.4 39.12 7.82 Pzs 5

2" 56.4 16.55 3.31 Pzs 5

Total 91.27 18.25 Pzs 5

DISEÑO DE TUBERIA TERCIARIA:
PARA TRAMO CON PENDIENTE NEGATIVA: -0.0147 t' = 1+ (d/hf)+0.357(-d/hf)^(1.57)

Tramo Diametro Candidatos Long. Desnivel Caudal fe J J' hf i < J'=A d/hf t' t' hf Hn Hm ∆h

de a Øe (mm) Øi (mm) (m) (m) ( l/s ) (m) (m) (m) (m) i >= J'=B (m) (m) (m) (m) hm-hn
0° 1° 88.5 84.1 1.00 0.0147 18.28 0.005 0.10 0.103 0.0369 A 0.3982 0.6859 0.0253 15.03 15.06 0.03
1° 2° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 18.03 0.005 0.10 0.101 0.0541 A 0.4086 0.6790 0.036759 14.99 15.02 0.04
2° 3° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 17.77 0.005 0.10 0.099 0.0532 A 0.4159 0.6742 0.035865 14.94 14.97 0.04
3° 4° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 17.52 0.005 0.10 0.096 0.0518 A 0.4271 0.6668 0.034544 14.89 14.92 0.03
4° 5° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 17.27 0.005 0.09 0.094 0.0504 A 0.4387 0.6592 0.033241 14.84 14.87 0.03
5° 6° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 17.02 0.005 0.09 0.091 0.0491 A 0.4509 0.6513 0.031959 14.79 14.82 0.03
6° 7° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 16.76 0.005 0.09 0.089 0.0477 A 0.4636 0.6432 0.030695 14.75 14.78 0.03
7° 8° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 16.51 0.005 0.09 0.086 0.0464 A 0.4768 0.6348 0.029452 14.70 14.73 0.03
8° 9° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 16.26 0.005 0.08 0.084 0.0451 A 0.4907 0.6261 0.028228 14.66 14.69 0.03
9° 10° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 16.00 0.005 0.08 0.082 0.0438 A 0.5052 0.6170 0.027024 14.62 14.64 0.03
10° 11° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 15.75 0.005 0.08 0.079 0.0425 A 0.5203 0.6077 0.025841 14.57 14.60 0.03
11° 12° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 15.50 0.005 0.08 0.077 0.0413 A 0.5361 0.5980 0.024678 14.53 14.56 0.02
12° 13° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 15.25 0.005 0.07 0.074 0.0400 A 0.5527 0.5880 0.023536 14.49 14.52 0.02
13° 14° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 14.99 0.005 0.07 0.072 0.0388 A 0.5701 0.5776 0.022414 14.45 14.48 0.02
14° 15° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 14.74 0.005 0.07 0.070 0.0376 A 0.5884 0.5669 0.021313 14.41 14.44 0.02
15° 16° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 14.49 0.005 0.07 0.068 0.0364 A 0.6076 0.5557 0.020234 14.38 14.40 0.02
16° 17° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 14.24 0.005 0.06 0.066 0.0352 A 0.6278 0.5441 0.019176 14.34 14.36 0.02
17° 18° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 13.98 0.005 0.06 0.063 0.0341 A 0.6490 0.5321 0.01814 14.30 14.32 0.02
18° 19° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 13.73 0.005 0.06 0.061 0.0330 A 0.6713 0.5197 0.017126 14.27 14.29 0.02
19° 20° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 13.48 0.005 0.06 0.059 0.0318 A 0.6948 0.5067 0.016135 14.24 14.25 0.02
20° 21° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 13.22 0.005 0.06 0.057 0.0307 A 0.7197 0.4933 0.015166 14.20 14.22 0.02
21° 22° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 12.97 0.005 0.05 0.055 0.0297 A 0.7459 0.4794 0.01422 14.17 14.18 0.01
22° 23° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 12.72 0.005 0.05 0.053 0.0286 A 0.7736 0.4650 0.013298 14.14 14.15 0.01
23° 24° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 12.47 0.005 0.05 0.051 0.0276 A 0.8030 0.4500 0.012399 14.11 14.12 0.01
24° 25° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 12.21 0.005 0.05 0.049 0.0265 A 0.8341 0.4344 0.011524 14.08 14.09 0.01
25° 26° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 11.96 0.005 0.05 0.047 0.0255 A 0.8670 0.4183 0.010674 14.05 14.06 0.01
26° 27° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 11.71 0.005 0.05 0.046 0.0245 A 0.9021 0.4016 0.009849 14.02 14.03 0.01
27° 28° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 11.46 0.005 0.04 0.044 0.0236 A 0.9393 0.3843 0.00905 13.99 14.00 0.01
28° 29° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 11.20 0.005 0.04 0.042 0.0226 A 0.9790 0.3663 0.008278 13.96 13.97 0.01
29° 30° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 10.95 0.005 0.04 0.040 0.0217 A 1.0213 0.3477 0.007532 13.93 13.94 0.01
30° 31° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 10.70 0.005 0.04 0.039 0.0207 A 1.0666 0.3284 0.006813 13.91 13.92 0.01
31° 32° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 10.45 0.005 0.04 0.037 0.0198 A 1.1149 0.3086 0.006123 13.88 13.89 0.01
32° 33° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 10.19 0.005 0.03 0.035 0.0190 A 1.1667 0.2881 0.005462 13.86 13.86 0.01
33° 34° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 9.94 0.005 0.03 0.034 0.0181 A 1.2224 0.2669 0.004831 13.83 13.84 0.00
34° 35° 88.5 84.1 1.50 0.0221 9.69 0.005 0.03 0.032 0.0173 A 1.2822 0.2452 0.004231 13.81 13.81 0.00
35° 36° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 9.43 0.007 0.08 0.078 0.0421 A 0.5257 0.6044 0.025438 13.76 13.79 0.03
36° 37° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 9.18 0.007 0.07 0.074 0.0400 A 0.5528 0.5880 0.02353 13.72 13.75 0.02
37° 38° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 8.93 0.007 0.07 0.071 0.0380 A 0.5822 0.5705 0.021679 13.69 13.71 0.02
38° 39° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 8.68 0.007 0.07 0.067 0.0360 A 0.6140 0.5520 0.019887 13.65 13.67 0.02
39° 40° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 8.42 0.007 0.06 0.063 0.0341 A 0.6487 0.5323 0.018155 13.61 13.63 0.02
40° 41° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 8.17 0.007 0.06 0.060 0.0322 A 0.6864 0.5114 0.016483 13.58 13.60 0.02
41° 42° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 7.92 0.007 0.06 0.057 0.0304 A 0.7276 0.4891 0.014873 13.55 13.56 0.01
42° 43° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 7.67 0.007 0.05 0.053 0.0286 A 0.7727 0.4655 0.013327 13.51 13.53 0.01
43° 44° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 7.41 0.007 0.05 0.050 0.0269 A 0.8223 0.4403 0.011847 13.48 13.50 0.01
44° 45° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 7.16 0.007 0.05 0.047 0.0252 A 0.8769 0.4136 0.010434 13.45 13.46 0.01
45° 46° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 6.91 0.007 0.04 0.044 0.0236 A 0.9374 0.3852 0.009091 13.43 13.44 0.01
46° 47° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 6.65 0.007 0.04 0.041 0.0220 A 1.0045 0.3550 0.00782 13.40 13.41 0.01
47° 48° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 6.40 0.007 0.04 0.038 0.0205 A 1.0793 0.3232 0.006625 13.37 13.38 0.01
48° 49° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 6.15 0.007 0.03 0.035 0.0190 A 1.1630 0.2895 0.005508 13.35 13.35 0.01
49° 50° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 5.90 0.007 0.03 0.033 0.0176 B 1.2571 0.2542 0.004474 13.29 13.33 0.04
50° 51° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 5.64 0.007 0.03 0.030 0.0162 B 1.3635 0.2174 0.003527 13.27 13.30 0.04
51° 52° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 5.39 0.007 0.03 0.028 0.0149 B 1.4845 0.1793 0.002673 13.24 13.28 0.04
52° 53° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 5.14 0.007 0.02 0.025 0.0136 B 1.6228 0.1407 0.001918 13.22 13.26 0.04
53° 54° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 4.89 0.007 0.02 0.023 0.0124 B 1.7819 0.1023 0.00127 13.20 13.24 0.03
54° 55° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 4.63 0.007 0.02 0.021 0.0113 B 1.9664 0.0657 0.000739 13.18 13.22 0.03
55° 56° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 4.38 0.007 0.02 0.019 0.0101 B 2.1820 0.0333 0.000337 13.17 13.20 0.03
56° 57° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 4.13 0.007 0.02 0.017 0.0091 B 2.4363 0.0086 7.8E-05 13.15 13.18 0.03
 57° 58° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 3.87 0.007 0.01 0.015 0.0081 B 2.7393 -0.0024 -2E-05 13.13 13.16 0.03
58° 59° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 3.62 0.007 0.01 0.013 0.0071 B 3.1044 0.0094 6.73E-05 13.12 13.15 0.03
59° 60° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 3.37 0.007 0.01 0.012 0.0062 B 3.5501 0.0593 0.00037 13.12 13.15 0.03
60° 61° 73 69.4 1.50 0.0221 3.12 0.007 0.01 0.010 0.0054 B 4.1024 0.1721 0.000928 13.12 13.14 0.03
61° 62° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 2.86 0.010 0.02 0.024 0.0128 B 1.7340 0.1132 0.001444 13.11 13.15 0.03
62° 63° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 2.61 0.010 0.02 0.020 0.0108 B 2.0581 0.0506 0.000544 13.12 13.15 0.03
63° 64° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 2.36 0.010 0.02 0.017 0.0089 B 2.4857 0.0055 4.85E-05 13.12 13.15 0.03
64° 65° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 2.11 0.010 0.01 0.013 0.0072 B 3.0673 0.0070 5.06E-05 13.12 13.15 0.03
65° 66° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 1.85 0.010 0.01 0.011 0.0057 B 3.8881 0.1218 0.000693 13.12 13.14 0.03
66° 67° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 1.60 0.010 0.01 0.008 0.0043 B 5.1031 0.5097 0.00221 13.12 13.14 0.03
67° 68° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 1.35 0.010 0.01 0.006 0.0032 B 7.0188 1.5898 0.005011 13.12 13.14 0.03
68° 69° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 1.10 0.010 0.00 0.004 0.0021 B 10.3163 4.612 0.009891 13.12 13.14 0.02
69° 70° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 0.84 0.010 0.00 0.002 0.0013 B 16.7821 14.118 0.018612 13.12 13.14 0.02
70° 71° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 0.59 0.010 0.00 0.001 0.0007 B 32.516 52.947 0.036025 13.12 13.14 0.02
71° 72° 60 56.4 1.50 0.0221 0.34 0.010 0.00 0.000 0.0002 B 91.768 339.85 0.081934 13.12 13.14 0.02

107.82 1.2979 1.74 1.94

Tramo Diametro Candidatos Long. Desnivel Caudal fe J J' hf i < J'=A d/hf t' t' hf Hn Hm ∆h

de a Øe (mm) Øi (mm) (m) (m) ( l/s ) (m) (m) (m) (m) i >= J'=B (m) (m) (m) (m)

VERIFICACION FINAL DE PRESIONES

DESCRIPCION ECUACIONES VALOR (m) CONDICION

Tolerancia de presiones en SUR ∆H = 2.5 (ha - hns) = ∆Hl + ∆Hd 3.23

Tolerancia de presiones en Laterales ∆Hl = hm - hn = 0.68 : (OK) CUMPLE

2.62
Tolerancia de presiones en Distribuidores ∆Hd = Hm - Hn = 1.94

RESUMEN DEL DISTRIBUIDOR

Diam .Candidatos Long. Cant Und Clase

3" 84.1 52.66 10.53 Pzs 5

2.5" 69.4 39.12 7.82 Pzs 5

2" 56.4 122.86 24.57 Pzs 5

 Total 91.77 18.35 Pzs 5

SISTEMA DE RIEGO A PRESION

C) DISEÑO DE TUBERIA SECUNDARIA:

Datos de diseño :
Caudal Terciario : qs (l/s) 18.28 l/s 65803 l/h

Esp. Distribuid :Sd ( m) 122 m.

Long. distribuidor: l ( m) 683.37 m.
Coef. Para tub. PVC : C 150
P. Entrada Terciaria: Hm = 15.06 m.
Cálculos previos:
Pendiente ( i ) = 0.0026673
m (F. Hanzen-Williams) 1.8552
Nº salidas :n 12
Caudal Secundario ( l/s) 36.56 l/s 131606 l/h

F ( n, lo=Se) 0.393
fe (m) de tabla =18.91*d^(-1.87) Condición = Hm-Hn < ∆H = 50.00 m

Tramo Diametro Candidatos Long. Desnivel Caudal fe J J' hf K(V)^2/2g Hn Hm ∆h Veloc.

Observaciones
de a Øe (mm) Øi (mm) (m) (m) ( l/s ) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) hm-hn (m/s)
7° 6° 168 159.8 65.66 0.18 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 1.0744 0.169513 24.35 25.42 1.07 1.82
6° 5° 168 159.8 121.31 0.32 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 1.9852 0.16934 22.52 24.35 1.83 1.82
5° 4° 168 159.8 126.31 0.34 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 2.0670 0.16934 20.62 22.52 1.90 1.82
 4° 3° 168 159.8 121.31 0.32 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 1.9852 0.16934 18.79 20.62 1.83 1.82
3° 2° 168 159.8 126.31 0.34 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 2.0670 0.16934 16.89 18.79 1.90 1.82
2° 1° 168 159.8 121.31 0.32 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 1.9852 0.16934 15.06 16.89 1.83 1.82

682.21 1.82 11.16 1.02 0.00 : (OK) Existe presiòn

NOTA: La pérdida de carga se calcula solo con J, no se considera J'; pues las salidas múltiples no funcionan simultaneamente.Se considera las pérdidas por accesorios.

RESUMEN DEL TUBO SECUNDARIO:

Diam .Candidatos Long. Cant Und Clase

6" 159.8 682.21 136.44 Pzs 5

Total 682.21 136.44 Pzs

 SISTEMA DE RIEGO A PRESION

D) DISEÑO DE TUBERIA PRINCIPAL:

Datos de diseño :
Caudal Secundaria : qs (l/s) 36.56 l/s 131606 l/h

Esp. Secundario :Ss ( m) 176 m.

Long. distribuidor: l ( m) 786.24 m.
Coef. Para tub. PVC : C 150
P. Entrada Secundario: Hm = 25.42 m.
Cálculos previos:
Pendiente ( i ) = 0.0027
m (F. Hanzen-Williams) 1.8552
Nº salidas : n 4
Caudal Principal ( l/s) 36.56 l/s 131606 l/h

F ( n, lo=Se) 0.485
fe (m) de tabla =18.91*d^(-1.87) Condición = Hm-Hn < ∆H = 50.00 m

Tramo Diametro Candidatos Long. Desnivel Caudal fe J J' hf K(V)^2/2g Hn Hm ∆h Veloc.

Observaciones
de a Øe (mm) Øi (mm) (m) (m) ( l/s ) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) hm-hn (m/s)
0° 1° 168 159.8 0.00 0.00 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 0.0000 0.3390 36.86 37.20 0.34 1.82
1° 28° 168 159.8 115.32 0.31 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 1.8872 0.16934 35.12 36.86 1.75 1.82
28° 21° 168 159.8 223.64 0.60 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 3.6598 0.16934 31.88 35.12 3.23 1.82
21° 14° 168 159.8 223.64 0.60 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 3.6598 0.16934 28.65 31.88 3.23 1.82
14° 7° 168 159.8 223.64 0.60 36.56 0.001 0.02 0.000 3.6598 0.16934 25.42 28.65 3.23 1.82

786.24 2.10 12.87 1.02 0.00 : (OK) Existe presiòn

NOTA: La pérdida de carga se calcula solo con J, no se considera J'; pues las salidas múltiples no funcionan simultaneamente.Se considera las pérdidas por accesorios.

RESUMEN DEL TUBO PRINCIPAL:

Diam .Candidatos Long. Cant Und Clase

6" 159.8 786.24 157.25 Pzs 7.5

Total 786.24 157.25 Pzs

V = 0.8494*C*R^0.63S^0.54
 EQUIVALENCIAS DE Ø
Pulg. (mm)
½ 20
¾ 25
1 32
1 ¼" 40
1½ 50
2 63
2½ 75
3 90
4 110
5 125
6 140
Copyright © -2001 ELRIEGO.COM
Pag: 429 Pizarro

Veloc. Observaciones
(m/s)

3.29

3.25

3.20

3.15

3.11

3.06

3.02

2.97

2.93

2.88

2.84

2.79

2.74

2.70

2.65

2.61

2.56

2.52

2.47

2.43

2.38

2.34

2.29

2.24

2.20

2.15
2.11

2.06

2.02

1.97

1.93

1.88

1.83

1.79

1.74

2.49

2.43

2.36

2.29

2.23

2.16

2.09

2.03

1.96

1.89

1.83

1.76

1.69

1.63

1.56

1.49

1.43

1.36

1.29

1.22

1.16

1.09
 1.02

0.96

0.89

0.82

1.15

1.05

0.94

0.84

0.74

0.64

0.54

0.44

0.34

0.24

0.13

: (OK) Existe presiòn

Veloc.

(m/s)