Measuring properties:

- Pressure gauge (manometer)

- Temperature gauge (thermometer)
- Flow gauge
Thermometers classification:

 Local indicating type:

- Stationary thermometers with frames
-Square frame type
- Tubular frame type
- Temporary thermometers
- Marine pocket thermometers
- Liquid-in-glass thermometers
 Remote indicating type:
- Electric type thermometer
-Thermoelectric thermometer
- Resistance thermometer
- Bourdon tube type thermometers
- Mercury-in-steel thermometer
- Vapour pressure thermometer

Square frame type stationary thermometers (fig 5.3)

Tubular frame type stationary thermometers (fig. 5.4)

Level gauges:
Forged steel reflex type water gauge with cock for maritime boilers (fig. 5.5):

1. Upper cock body 20. Stud

2. Lower cock body 21. Hexagon nut
3.Drain cock body 22. Nipple for copper pipe
4. Upper gauge holder 23. Union nut
5.Lower gauge holder 24. Nipple for steel pipe
6.Flange 25. Sleeve packing
7.Coch plug 26. Packing
8. Bonnet 27. Gasket
9. Cover nut 28. Gasket
10.Level handle 29. Gasket
11.Stopper 30. Gasket
12. Indicator 31. Gasket
13. Hexagon nut 32. Set pin
14. Splint pin 33. Indicator plate
15. Packing gland 34. Support for indicator plate
16. Gland nut 35. Hexagon nut
17. Steel ball 36. Rivet
18. Steel ball seating plug 37. Water gauge body
19. Plug 38. Gauge glass

Forged steel transparent type water gauge with valves for marine boilers (fig. 5.6):
1. Upper valve body 16. Lock screw 33. Continuous-thread stud
2. Lower valve body 17. Lever handle 34. Hexagon nut
3. Drain valve body 18. Haxagon nut 35. Flange
4. Bonnet 19. Bonnet keep 36. Flange
5. Yoke 20. Stud 37. Cross recessed round head
machine screw
6. Valve stem 21. Hexagon nut 38. Nipple
6A. Valve stem 22. Flange 39. Union nut
7. Valve disc 23. Packing seat ring 40. Supporting piece
8. Disc nut 24. Indicator plate 41. Supporting piece set screw
9. Disc lock washer 25. Indicator 42. Expansion pipe
10. Valve stem washer 26. Name plate 43. Gasket
11. Packing gland 27. Split pin 44. Spiral-wound gasket
12. Hinge bolt 28. Handwheel 45. Packing
13. Hexagon nut 29. Steel ball 46. Set pin
14. Pin 30. Upper steel ball seat 47. Packing gland
15. Screwed brush 31. Lower steel ball seat 48. Flat washer (polished and
round)
15A. Screwed brush 32. Flange 49. Spring washer
50. Water gauge body
51. Gauge glass

MATERIALS

A material is generally used because it offers the required strength, appearance and other
properties at minimum cost. Wood was the first material used by man for ship building. But nowadays,
wood is only used to build small ships (lifeboats, fishing boats or reacreation boats), some dumb boats
(float bridges, scows) or decks. Wood is also used for ship safety equipment and ship’s furniture.
Metals are the most commonly used materials in ship construction. The main advantage of metals
is their strength and toughness. Not all metals are strong. Copper and aluminium, for example, are both
fairly weak. Metals can be produced to meet every kind of engineering specification and requirement.
Alloying is an important method of obtaining whatever special properties are required: Strength,
toughness, resistance to wear, magnetic properties and high electrical resistance or corrosion
resistance.
The properties of a metal can be further improved by use of heat treatment. “Heat treatment” is
the term given to a number of different procedures in which the properties of metals and alloys are
changed. It usually consists of heating the metal or alloy to a selected temperature below its melting
point, maintaining it at that temperature for a certain time and then cooling it at a certain rate to obtain
whatever special properties are required.

The main heat treatment procedures:

 Hardening which is used to make metals harder. This treatment is characteristic for steel but it
may be applied to gray cast irons and some non-ferrous metals or alloys too. Hardening consists of
heating and maintaining the metal temperature at a high value, followed by a fast cooling in water or
other solutions.
Tempering which makes the metals or alloys softer and less brittle. This treatment consists of
heating the metal at an inferior temperature, followed by a slow cooling; it is applied to hardened
metals.
Annealing which is carried out to make a metal soft so that it can be machined more easily. This
treatment consists of a heating at a high temperature, a maintaining and a slow cooling.
Nitriding is a surface treatment made for hardening the outside of the material while keeping the
inside tough. This is a final treatment; no further heat treatments or mechanical processing should be
applied.

The most frequently used metals and metal alloys on board of a ship are:

- Steel: major parts of the hull framing system and plating are made from a laminated steel called
rolled iron;
- Forged steel: which is used for piston rods on the steam side and fuel oil handling; for couplings;
- Siemens Martin forged steel: which is used for the compressors connecting rod and crank shaft;
- Stainless Steel: which is used for valves on the feed water pumps; vacuum pump shaft. This steel
can be alloyed with Chrome for steam turbine nozzles, blades and governor valve;
- Nitrided steel: which is used for screws and gears in screw and gear wheels pump;
- High-quality steel: which is generally used for crankshafts;
- Cast iron: which is used for turbine casings; bearing boxes; pump cylinders, pump pistons, piston
rings and valves on the steam side and fuel oil handling; casings on the screw and gear pumps,
centrifugal pumps (for boiler water circulation and fresh water handling)
- Copper: which is used for air coolers pipes;
- Bronze: which is used for some valves;
- Gunmetal: which is an Cu 87-88% and Sn 13-15% alloy and is used for bushes, cylinder liners and
pistons on the sea water handling, feed water.
- Aluminium: is used a lot in ship construction. It is used for engines, pipes etc.
- Aluminium bronze: is used for shaft sleeves and impeller at sea water handling centrifugal
pumps, vacuum pumps runner;
- Manganese bronze: is used for valves and piston rods ant sea water handling, stripper pumps
and feed water pumps;
- Aluminium brass: is used for heat exchanger tubes;
- White metal: is used for lining bearing surfaces.

Plastics are lighter and more corrosion-resistant, but they are not usually as strong as metals. A
problem with plastics is that they burn easily and could be fire starters. Another problem is what to do
with them after use. The most commonly used plastics on board of a ship are:
 - Bakelite: used for piston rings at sea water handling, stripper and fuel oil handling pumps.
Bakelite is also used for almost all casings of the electrical equipment; relay switches, thermocouple
relays, controllers, switches, automatic switches;
- Polyethylene which is used as insulating material, for packages and various other parts.
Polyethylene has great chemical endurance but it melts easily.
- Teflon (polytetrafluour-ethylene) which is used for insulating, stressed parts. Teflon is
uninflammable.
- Polyvinylchloride (PVC) which is used for cable insulation, flexible pipes for installation etc. PVC
chars but the flame does not spread.
- Polystyrene which is used to impregnate textures etc. Expanded polystyrene is used for thermal
insulation of refrigerating chambers etc.
- Methyl-polymethacrilyte which is used to obtain varnishes and adhesives, Plexiglas etc.