Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Linee Di Trasmissione PDF
Linee Di Trasmissione PDF
! #"$ %
&('*),+.-./0/21435'*),/7' 6
8:9<;>=?8@;AB8
C DE7FHGIGKJLENMPORQS
TUES
S
E7VWFHG
RX YZX [\^]<_B`a\cb?\de_gf%hibjdRkb?\W_gfkI_glkb@]?d
b@lmlonI\phibj]:\^qa`a\cb@l
rsutwv>tyx,v>zty{t}|~v?#{|@:{tIv?vsu:{#x7|j{#sys
x@x,tys>{i| suys>{#{#x7tv,BsLBsuwv>tyx7v>zty{#2xsut
#{#suBu|ggtzB{#{|@u|g<v>|j|@v>ty{i|
suv>vjHtBv?tBs>x7|@B{z{#{#sv?<{#su*zB{#s5BsutBxsu|j{ty*t
v?
P?Bsu<{t5v>tyx,v>zty{|@tct5v?ys>?|@
su:{t{#x7|zv?L
?su<{#ssc|@y{#xtzBB
?@?B2|j{#{t v?ov?zB{#{#@x7ttsu|@tcv>tyBs~ x,ty*t¡t¡xsut#{#suBu|gatzB{#{|@Bu|¢
v>|j|@v>ty{i|g
£ zBsu#{|4v7suL|j{ty>u|juty?Bss .|@t|¥¤4|¢v7BsNys¦t
sut?t}@s>?
s>{#x7tv,Bs
Bsutwv?
P?Bsu:{ts§ysLzB?Bs>>>s§sutv?ys>?|@
su:{tx,tL|@B@?B¥$tv>v?ys
x7t
s>{#{#
|@ys z?Bs>>>s R¨?|
|@#gv>t|j{#sW|@ts>?|@tBx7su#su<{tBsuv>tyx7v>zty{#B:v?
sWBs>¤ty{#
tzN |uj|@<{t^
XRY0© ª\ZkIllnI\Wb@]?dRh.«¬\ph.hj\Zf%kl
W|¦tBsu|¦t{#x,|@Lt7ty?BsLs
t:@suvsz¢t{#suL|§tv?zB{#{#@x,ttsu|@
su:{#s
|.
x7|@ysutWv?¬#s>uty?Bssv>|jx7|j{#{#s>x7t{tv7Bsv?#{|@:{tze{zB{#{||(z?Bs>>u|gWysv>zt
x@x7ts>{i|
suys>{#{#x,tv7Bs5x7tys>.|@:{tP#?BHx@x7tyH®:zBsuyst#{#x7ty¯$zty{#sz|
zB?Bs>>u|g
°5zBsasusu
tgt<tBs>sat<{#x7|@7Ltt?Bsa
?{#ty±PzsIszB{tt>u|j{#sa#?B²|tsu|
¯ty¤|jx7sWsu~tRv>|u@¦v?|@7t|@ys@³
´ tBsu|¯t¤|jxs@³zBs
v?zB{#{#@x,t}xs>{#{ttsutc
tµ?ty{#¥|¥#s>uty?BsLv>ttBx,tv>|g
{#su:zB{t%#s>|jx7|j{tRs
|jx7|@ysut$|§z¥zBP@x{#
t?|@<{#s§2¤B ´
¶ v>|·@v?|@t|@s@³§z(v?zB{#{#@xsNvsu:{#x7|@ys¥v>ttBx7tv¥v7sNv@x7xsv?|@7t|@ys
|@~z¥#suv?§v?zB{#{#@x7s²{zB¯P?|jxs²su#{#s>x7ByL#|jut
{#x7|
tzBs²v?zB{#{#@x7ts
x7tysu
t{#H|
z¥L|j{#s>x7t|@st#?|@:{#s¦2{tytv>|@
su<{#s²P?ts>{tysuBsL{#s>¸?$2¤B ¶ ,
XRY0¹ [\^]<_B`a\cb@fºl»}`a\c¼PdP½Zlkb@l(na\W`akd¬½Z\ZkIldºnI\Wb@]?dRhj«¬\Zhjhj\^f%kIl
¾ ?twtsu|t{#x,|@Lt7ty?BsHz¥ sus>xsLv?ts>x7|j{|~v?
P?#{|¥|¥tB¤ty{tsuys
su<{tBtBzB?Bs>>u|5t¤ty{#sutL|W¿HÀ<v>t|@v>zB²su®:zty.|@su<{#s|@Lz
v>tx7v>zty{#²v?g
{#suBsu<{#sz|tzB{#{|@Bu|gBv>|j|@v>t{i|g xsut{#suBu|s5v?zB{#{|@Bu|
t¤ty{#sut
s@<vj
s~tz#{#x7|j{#t¤BºÁ*oÂ7t
¯P?t¡Ã ÄH¡ÅHÇÆ ÈKs~ÉUttv>|@Bto®*zBsu#{|
´
Ê}ty?zBx7| ´ ³IËÌÍ<Î,ÏÐ?ÌÑ<ÒÓÏ·ÔpÎiÕ
µÊ t?zBx7| ¶ ³¡ÖµÏ×iØWÙØ.Ï·ÚÛÚZÌÏuÒÓηÕ
¤?zx7|
x7t
s>{#{t.|@
su:{#s
tzB{#{|@Bu|gv>|j$|@v>ty{i|g $x7sut#{#suBu|g
v?zB{#{|@u|g$t
Ps
Bsuu|~sN|@L
s>{#{#suBu|¢Ps>xzty{i|~ tzB?Bs>>u|4BsuIt#{#suL|tIv?z{#{#@x7tIv,Bs
v?#{t{ztv?B¦|
tBsu|g
XRYÜ [¦f%]?]?lkb?\l(b@lkah.\Zf%kI\½Z`akÝf¬½^d½Z\ZkIld
Þµs>xIvx,ty@s>xs yssu®*z|juty?tgPs>xysÇ{#su7ty?tgs ys v@xx7su<{tBzB@²|²tBsu|5tBz{tty>u|.
Bys
v?:@suButy?tx7tyP@x{|j{#st¥¤B Á*³|Lv*@x7t|j{|LÀttygtz||L
?7tyuty?Bs
zB@~|~tBsu|Nsu|tyxs>uty?s
?7ty{tyj|¦@s>x,#4Bsu{#x7|gwz|~v@xx7su<{#ss¦ P?ty{t
j|¥®:z|@B¥v@xxs
@s>x,#~Bsu#{#x7|¥suµv?zB{#{#@xsLz
s>x,ty@xs¥2s
@s>x7#tt#{#x7|¦t
®*zBsuytB2s>x7ty@xsi,Rys{#suty?tttv>|@BtP@{#suBut|@sBsuµv?z{#{#@xs
zBPs>x7ty@xs
x7t#Ps>{#{#L|L®:zsuy
tB2s>x7ty@xs@
ß ?§®*zBsu#{#sWv?:@suButy?tc*|jtv>|@|ys>@@s5t ¾ à@suBs>x7|@t>u|j{||@t$v>tyx#
v>zt{tt
v@xxsu:{#sW|@{#s>x7|j{|ggtBP?#?Bvx7ty@s>xs
s>xav>t|@v>z|²vsu|tB¤$ty{#sut§|
v,Bs
v?
P?Bs
|
tBsu|HzBs5su®*z|juty?t^³
áPâ È áå â É ´
á Ààãàä å á Àoãä
¶
∆x
R∆ x L ∆ x
C∆ x G∆ x
I I+∆ I
Z∆ x
V Y∆ x V+∆V
ʵt?zBx7|Á*³mÖÌÓÔÛÙ7æ?ÌçpØNÎ,è.æ?ÌÓ×>ÏuÒÓÎ7Í.çpÎLé@Ìaæ?Í<ÏNÒÓÌÍ<Î,Ï¥é@ÌwçÛÔÛÏiÚZê5ÌÚpÚpÌÓØ·Í?ÎiÕëìíìwîWìwïðÚpØ·Í?Ø
ÌÎaÍ<þÿé?æ@úçZçñÏuï~Í?òóûÏ?ü·ìuýÙ7Ï·íô<Ï·ÚZÙ7ØiÌõÍ?ç>Ï?Øö ìóÌÓÔpê5ÎóÚZô:ÌÚZÎóçpé@Î7Î7Í<Í<ò,ò,ÏÏ ÎµÎ¡ÙÏuØiê5Í<é@ê5æ@ÎçpçpçÛçpÏuÎ7Í<Í<ò,ò,ÏÏWô*ô:Î7Î,Ô
Ôæ?æ?Í?Í<ÌçÌõÏ¡ç>ö Ïö é@é@Ì.ÌgÒæ<ÒÓæ?Í?Í?÷·ø?÷·ø<Î,ò7Î7òóò7Ï?òóÏ?ÕPÕPùËúÏWÙî²Ø·ûaÔÛÔÛü·Î7ý%Í.çpë Î
Î5ö ô:Ø.ÚZÌçpÌÓ×>Ïè.æ<Ï·Í<é@Ø
ÚÛÙØ·ÔÛÔÛÎ×·Î,ÔÛÚpØHé@Î,ÚZçpÔñÏÍ?Î7ÒÙ7Ø·Í<é@æ?çZçpØiÔpβÚpæ?ô*Î7ÔÛÌØiÔpÎ ÒÏ
çÛÎ7Í<ÚpÌÓØ·Í?Î Îö
èiæ<Î7ÒÓÒÓÏ5é@Î,ÒÙØiÍ<é@æ@çpçpØ·ÔÛÎÚZæ<ô:Î,ÔpÌÓØ·ÔÛÎaÔÛÌÚZô*ÎçpçpزÏ5èiæ<Î7ÒÓÒزÌÓÍ Î7ÔÛÌÓØ·ÔÛηÕ
B·@sÈ ã Å
à sLÉ ã Æ
aÄH â su å #?~zBs
®:z|@<{ty{i|¥ v?Lysu#s
v7Bsx7|jxsusu<{|@B|@
tys>>u|¦s
|@#st{#su7ty?Bs
sv@xxsu:{#szB@§|¦tBsu|HPs>x
z|Hv?
P?Bsu:{#s
|@y{#s>x7|j{|¦tP2xsu®:zsuBu|
|@B@?|jxs
°s>x7tyj|@B
su:{#x7|@
¯Psys²su®*z|juty?tRx7t#Ps>{#{#L|@|À4s
#?#{t{zBsuBLtP@{#{tsuBs
á ·â È á å á áPâ
á À å ã ä É á À ¶
á À ãä á À
á ·â ÈÉ â
á å ÈWÉ
cÁ?
áÀ ä ã À ä åã
á
scÁ??B4su®*z|juty?taty±
s>xsuut|@twtsu|jx7tIBsua#suv?B¢@x7tBs§su(|@B
#?zButy?tc³
â 2ÀR ã â â ! :
à 㠶8 0 y@
4 3 5 3 # 9?
%s²®:z|@:{ty{i: | 3 ;s 3 xs>xsu#su:{|@Bx7t#Ps>{#{tyj|@
su:{#st$x7|j@?ty
su{#s>x7B
Bsu
v?zB{#{#@xsNt<{#s>x,Bsu(t x,|j@?ty4t:{#s>x7B¢Bsu¡v?zB{#{#@xs¦su#{#s>x7BB 1 s #?B
|HPs>x7Lsu|j¯tty{i| tysuys>{#{#x,tv>|sL|j?Bs>{tv>|LsuRL|j{#s>x7t|@yst#?|@:{#sv7Bs²x7tsu
8 tys5y
#$|juty
{#x7|LtzBs²v?zB{#{#@x7t^
rWsuRv>|@#LtPz|tBsu|v?~@s>?
s>{#x7t|
t@s>x7||H®:zBsu|su
v>|·@§v?|@t|@ys@
yv7suL|§t%¤?zBx7|¦ÁLv?:{t:zs>x.|§ |@4su#s>xs.|@tBBL|¦tj|@y@x7tBsut|jx,|@
s>{#x7t
ÃÿsÄà|jx,|@BL|j{t|Hsu#xsu7ty?tPty@s>x7s|@ysL7 6@Çs§# 9?,
XR!Y < ªW\Zkldh.l>k =B@d ?l]<na\cb@l
rWsuv>|@#tBsu|@ys²tRz|
tBsu|H#suBu|L
s>x,ty{#s²t|·:x.|§ Å ã sÆ Aã s®:ztt
$ ã B ã % Ã¡Ä # C?
.
D ?#{ty{zBsuB
®:zBsu{tv:sO¿¦v>tysu<{t%Bsu|¥ ¶ ,³
â 2ÀP È â â , ¶ Á?
å 2ÀP ã ¾ É ä â â
Þs>xWz|
tsu|suBu|
Ps>x7ty{#s@³
â 2ÀP È â MUW â MUW , ¶ :
å 2ÀP ¥ ã ¾ É ä â MUW â MUW
rsugv>|@#7z|WtBsu|Wt|Wxsu#su:{#sz|#?|?|g?|@su#su
$ty^¨?|tyxs>{#{|g
t
x7|jP@x{#
{#x7|
{#suty?Bs²s
v@x7xsu<{#s§s@ ³
â 2ÀR È È , ¶ "?
å
2ÀP ¥ã ¾ É ã G
£ zBsu#{#x,|jP@x{#(s~ v?{|@<{#s¢z{zB{#{||tBsu|gI|ys¥tLsuty?t¡tÇz|
xsut#{#suu|4s¥xsuBs¥tÇB?
s~tax7sut#{#suBu|t
PsuBsuBu|v>|jx7|j{#{#s>x7t{tv>|Bsu|
tBsu|g rWsu5v>|@#ottBsu|tBsu|@ys4suBu|Ps>x7ty{#s@Çttsu|v?ePs>x7ty{#s@L|
Bsuys§v?tyuty?ta-t ¬su|·*t7tBs@IÈ s x7su|@ys@v>tygs sN z|~xsu7t#{#suBu|4zBx7|4#suBu|
v?
P?Bsu<{#s
xsu|j{#{tyj|
s
B?¥t
suG Bs|@|0x7su®:zBsuu|g³
È ¥ Ã Å , ¶ .?
ãG ¾ Ä ã G
Ê|@vsuB
t$x7|jP@x{#{#x7|{#suty?sWs²v@xxsu:{#s5Ps>x¡z¨?|x,ty¸su|ggt$@{#{tys
Bs@³
â 2ÀR È È , ¶ 6@
2ÀP ã ä ¾ É ãàä
å G
ÂÛRs>?BL
suB§t®*zBsu#{#§x7tz{|j{#Httv>|v7Bs|@~zB
#{#suL.|@@xstP{#sug
ty?Bs§tzm@suBs>x7tv¢z:{#4zB@|4tBsu|s |@*v>t|j{|gsuav>|@#tazR¨?|
x7ty¸su7|ggz|
v@xxsu:{#s
tPj|@y@xs²@P?#{#
x,t#Ps>{#{#L|
®:zsu|HtRzR¨?|Htyxs>{#{|g
Þµs>xtRv>|u@Nv?|@t|@ys
Å ¥ Ã ´ 3 3
¶ 9?
ãG ¾ Ä ã ¶ 0ÁÀ 821 Gc81 Â 3 À 81 Â 3 Å . Æ ,
4ÃÄ ¶ 4ÃÄ
V(x) RL
x
−l 0
A’
}Ê ty?zBx7|:B³IËÌÍ<Î,ÏWçpÎ,Ôpê5ÌÓÍ<Ï>çñÏÚpæ?ÒÓÒÓÏ5Úpæ<ÏÔpÎóÚZÌÚZçpÎ7Í<ò,ÏÙ7ÏuÔñÏ>çpçpÎ,ÔpÌÚ^çÛÌÓÙ,Ï?Õ
XRYpX[Ê ªW\ZkIldena\b@]?dRh.«¬\ph.hj\Zf%kl_Sa\Z`Ih.deh.`a½Z½Zdÿhj`de]?lhj\Zhib@lk>=Bde_gdP]?d
bË
b@l]:\Zhib?\Z_gd
rWsu|N¤?zx7|! :sL x7tyP@x{|j{#¥z{#x7|j{#{#¢t}tBsu|Nt}{#x,|@Lt7ty?BsH|@t
su:{|j{|¥|
tt#{#x7|§|¦z@suBs>x,|j{#@xs
s
v?ys>?|j{|N|NBsu#{#x7||@z|Lx7sut#{#suBu|~ ñ{#s>x7§t|.
uty?s <ÇtPj|@y@xs;Å Ì ã Å I°5zBx7|@:{#s
|x7@|j?|juty?Bs
suR#s>?|@yst:gt|j{#L|@
@suBs>x,|j{#@xs@Bv?tBs>x,|@B
G |#?|²?|
txs>{#{|g*7t|
tL@?tz:{#
Bsu|
tBsu|
â 2ÀP 5 å 2ÀP ã Å Ç®:zBsu{#¢j|@ys¥|@v,Bs¥|@|4{#s>x7Lt|jut?Bus ³ ä ³¢Íasu|¢tBsu|g
Bi@s~Ps>x. Bs>@s~G j|@ys>xs¥|@v,Bscz{#s>x7ty@xsNv?tyut?Bs â 5 åoã Å Ì v,Bs¥Ps>x. s
|@v@x,|Ls>?z|@ys|@4Å , D tR@sus®*zttPv,Bss
v?tyut?tR|@%v?:{#@x7BNt
P?#{#s
|@|²xsut#{#suBu|t{#s>G x7Lt|juty?Bs#?#gt2|j{#{#s|z|?zButy?BsWv?
P?#{|
|@|H#?|
?|
tyxs>{#{|g
XRYpXX ªW\ZkIldànI\b@]?dRhj«e\phjh.\Zf%kl¬S_ a\Z`ahidhj` `IkId]?lhj\Zhib@l>k =BdnI\^¼%l]<h.d
nIdR½Z½^d ]<lhj\Zhib@l>k =Bd _gdP]?d
bjb@l]<\Zhib?\Z_gd}Y([¦f}l Î _B\^l$k%b@lÿna\
]:#\ Ïal$h.hj\Z±f Ë
kIlY
ÐWty0s>x7suB?tB#suLxs|@|5¤?zBx7|§! :,gzB
?t|@
²tB|u@s>x7s; Å Ì
§ Å gtHx7su#sug
u|HBsu|
#?|?|Htxs>{#{|tx7|jP@x{# â 5 å .|@sÅ t§{z{#{t
t$ã z:{G t
Bsu|tBsu|
|Ntt#{#x7|
sH¤|@Ç ³ ä ³ Í
su:{#xsHBs>@s
.|@s>xs;Å G ÌtÇ ³ ä ³ Í %|x7su#suBu|
Bsu|5#?|5?|²tyxs>{#{|²B?¥s ®*ztt:tH@x,|@Bt
®*zBsu#{#
v>|@#tg#*t# |jxs|@ys
v?tyuty?ta|@av?:{#@x7Bt
P?#{#s|@|¥x7sut#{#suBu|4ta{#s>x7Lt|jut?Bs§;Š̥㠧 Å
tRs>?|@ys
v,BstPx@|j?|L|§tt{#x7|@s>x7#§Bsu{#x7|LB?¥$z
su#s>xst<{#s>x,|@
sugG
{#sL|@@x¯ty{#~|@|§x7sut#{#suBu|¥Å Ì %L|*tsuBs
t|jx{#s
x7t¸su#BÂÛx7su#suBu|Nt
su:{#x7|@¯
sHys?Bs@Ptyxs>{#{|¦sx7ty¸su7|g
t%x7|jP@x{# â 5 å s
®*zBsuy§|j{#N|@|
su®$
¶ :,³
â 2ÀP Å â MYU â MYU , ¶ C?
å 2ÀP ã G ä â MYU â MYU
ß ?<gtysuBs P@xx7sÇ^¨@x7ty?tBs su|5v:@x,t|j{|²Àt¡ ³ ³¢Í.*tg@sus>x7|j{#@xs@s>x7x.|
|@¥|·@s>xsv*@x7t|j{|À ãä ÛBv?Ñ µzB?Bs>>u|
su|tä Bsu|g £ zttc*tz ³ ä ³Íj³
9
â Å â â Å;ÌÑ, cÁ
å ã G ä â± â ã
°5|L®:zsu#{|
â Å;Ì ä Å cÁ ´
â ã Å;ÌtÅ G ã+ÒÓ ,
%|®:z|@<{ty{i| xsuBsWt$B?
s5tv*sO¿§G v>tysu:{#s²t$x7ty¸su7ty?Bst{#suty?sWsu
su#x7tLstx7|jP@Ò xÓ {#{#x7|¥c|@
$tys>>u|¦suc¨?|¦x7ty¸su|§|z|§{#s>x,Lt|juty?ss
c|@
tys>>u|
suc¨?|Htxs>{#{|g
²tvs>@s>x7|gI|@|~v?B?vsuu|Bsuav*Os ¿§v>tysu:{#s¥tax7ty¸su7ty?Bs sN P?ty¯$tys
Bs>{#s>x7Lt|jxs²tPx7|jP@x{# Ò Ó
Å Ì ´ Ò Ó O ,
;
cÁ ¶
Å ã ´ *ä Ò Ó
rsuv>|@#tz¥ @suBs>x,|@ysv,Bs|
{#G s>x7Lt|juty?Bs7t|Lz|§t
PsuBsuBu|
v?
$ysu|
È Ì(t<@suvsNtz|¥xsut#{#suBu|~$zBx7|~;Å Ì}|@v,Bstv:Os ¿¦v>tysu<{#sNtwx,ty¸sut?Bs Ò Ó
{
|jx.|
z|
®*z|@:{ty{i|L v?
$ysu|g
XRYZX© ÔkInlohib@±d =\^f%kId
]:\^lY
%|§·*x7|jP?tyuty?s
zB@|LtBsu|LBsus?Bstyxs>{#{|¦s
x7t¸su|L|L@x7ty?tBs
|@
zL2suB?
suBHt$t<{#s>x70s>xsuu|g D zBP?Bsu5v,Bs²|
tBsu||j¯¯$t|²Ps>x7ty{#sW:zys@<
v?z®:zBs²{#x,|@v>zBx7|j¯ttw ª ¶ ,³
â 2À ILK ã â MNZPSRTVUWX â MNZPR4[UX , cÁ@Á?
D P?#{|@B?7t*zB@²|²tsu|g?|@
su#su
t²@s>x7#
Bsu{#x7|g:c¨?|5tyxs>{#{|²|jxx,ty.|
v?zÿx7ty{|jx7mt |@#s¢*t|gt|L|j@?t@xs@
su:{#xs4| |@#s¢suc¨?|x7ty¸su7|
x7tz{|L|@<{tv>ty|j{|g³W7t|j{#{#x7|·@s>x7|@B4z|#s>x7tyst%x7s>?ty?tµt4v>ztµszs
?BsHt
#·*x7|jP?B@?B~|@B¥zB@@~|@y{#s>x,|j{tyj|@
su<{#s¦|@t:{#s>x0s>x7suBu|¥v?#{#x7zB{#{t.|Ns
t#{#x7z{#{ty.|gwÞµs>x @suBs>x7s
®:z|@<{ty{|j{t.|@
su:{#s®*zBsu#{#§s±
s>{#{#B
v>|@v?t|@
â 2À ILK ã ¯¯¯ MPSR ¯¯¯ ÅÕ ±â Y MYUW â MYUWÖ ÅÕ â Y MYU â MYUÖ× , cWÁ :
D vx7ty@suB ± â s â t¥B@{|juty?s
P?|jxs
â ã â McØ I â ã â MYÙ cÁ "?
tP@{#{tysuBs@³
â 2ÀJILK# ã cÁ.?
ã Õ
â
MONÚUØSX â MNQUWVÙÛX Ö Å
cÁ 6@
â± MONÚUØSX â MNQUWVÙÛXÖ cÁ 9?
G ä
Å È ÌWv?[ BÀ ä ä ?Å 7tE BÀ G
{
ã G ä :>È ÌW7tE B:À oÅ G v? BÀ
È Ì ?Å {|@ B%À G
ã Å G Å ää :È Ì G {|@ B%À , ! ¶
{
£ zsu#{#Lx7t7zy{|j{#
v>ttvsv,Bs
G zN@sus>x7|j{#@xsv?ys>?|j{#¦|@~zN{#x7|j{#{#¦tRtBsu|Ht
{#x7|@7Ltt?Bs
twxsut#{#suBu|~v>|jx7|j{#{#s>x,t#{tv>|4Å s¦v7tz|¥zz|¥t
PsuBsuBu|>È Ì
ñ@suBs z|t
PsuBsuBu|{ È é ã È ä cwv7BstyPsuG Bs|@|5zB?Bs>>u| PBsu|²tBsu|g
ê v>ztPsu#su
tc³
}Ê ty?zBx,|¡"*³-ü¡Ù7Ù7æ?ô<Ïuò,ÌØiÍ?ÎÇé@ÌÐ<Ï·Í<é?Ïô:Î,Ôw×>ÏuÔÛÌgçpÌÓô?Ì$é@ÌÚpÎ7÷iÍ<ÏuÒÓÌ2Õ
BÀj|jx7tµ#?y¦tP*vBsu|L¯|@|Lt2xsu®:zsuB>st:{#s>xsu7|j{#s@WÞx7suBsuB¦v?
s
j|@y@xsÇt:À
{zB{#{|5|WzB?Bs>>uw| Bsu|tBsu|sÇx7tv@x7|@BWv,B-s B ã 5 2su®$ ´ "?,
|v?tuty?Bs
x,tv7tsu#{|§t@su<{|¥:¿ > 5 ¶ 0 v>tgsL :¿ A ¶ 0 5 ã 5 as
®*ztt
¿ ¡¿ ó
:
!<Á?
ã ó
D sHtµv?ts>x7|§z|¦tBsu|§zB?|§|@v,BsH#?y
gv7szB?Bs>>>sHR¨?|gPt@suBs
v,Bs?y
ts>?|@ysx,tyP@x{|j{#Bsu{#s>x>
susu
tyz
#gt#2|jx7s |@|v?tyuty?Bs
x7tv7tysu{|g| %sWsu®*z|juty?tµcÁ@Á?,%! ´ as
! ¶ a|jtv>|j{#s|@tP#s>?|@t$Bs>?t$su#su
t} ´
s² ¶ |@Bx7tzy{|j{t?v7sÇ?BW zBut?BsIt @v>tygs ty@s>x7t<Ps>x@?t*v?
P?Bsu:{#s
Bsuy
#Ps>{#{#xLstN@suBs>x7stRv>|jx,|LzB{tty{i|g
XRYpX / ý7\ Ïalhjhj\^f%kIl(na\5`Ikàh.lÝ%kIdP½ZlmdqIdRkInIde½ZdP]?Ýd
ß ?tBs>x7t|@
v?Ls #s>?|@ys |¯|@||jx?|²z¯xs>@s tLz#2¤B> .?, D sctH
V(t)
0 τ t
}Ê ty?zBx,|¡.*³>þcê5ô?æ?ÒÚZزé@Ìé?æ?ÔÛÏuçÛÏwÿ
z#~twx,tyPs>{#sLBsu{#su
Pv?(v>|@BsuBu|¸ótz#Ps>{#{#xtIÊB?zBx7tys>xv?<{tsuBs
|H2xsu®*zBsuBu|H2?|@
su:{|@ys ó¢sys|jx,
?tv,Bs ¶ óµÁ ó4suv>vjy$tRt:{#sut{i|H *t|gt|
Bsuvx7suvsu<{#s@¡rsu
v>|@#
t§ty{#st
z§t
z
tB¤ty{|@
su:{#s#{#xs>{#{#Bv>tyBs² t$z|
´u¶
t°5tyx7|@vj<{z{#{#sWys 2xsu®*zBsuB>s|jx,
?tv,Bs |@B|²#{#su||@
tys>>u|g> ÐWtzvsuB
B¦gt|¦*t|¦|§0x7su®:zBsuu|zóysHv?
P?Bsu<{t}|jx7L?tv7sBsuy¦#Ps>{#{#xNty@su:{|@B
#su
xsWtz§ ¤{#{#sWs5Bsu
v>|@#
tLt{#stz|
tB@?| t°5tyx,|@vjgv@x7x7t#P?Bsu:{#s|
$t%|
zB§
s>{#{#x7Lv?<{t*zB§v,Bsv?:{tysuBs
{zB{#{#sys²2xsu®*zBsuB>s@{z{#{#sv?
|
ã #{#su |§|@
tys>>u|g
ó
R L=R 0
x
−l 0
V(t) V(t)
t t
0 t=l/v t=2l/v 0 t=l/v
R L>R 0
x
−l 0
t t
0 t=l/v t=2l/v 0 t=l/v
Ê}îty?zBx,|ëî·9*Õ ³%ÔpØiô<Ïu÷.Ïuò7ÌÓØ·Í<Îé@Ìæ?Í¥ÌÓêô<æ?ÒÓÚpØLÌÓÍ~æ?Í<ÏLÒÌÓÍ?Î,Ï
çpÎ7ÔÛê5ÌÍ:Ï>çÛÏ
Úpæ¥æ?Í<ÏLÔpÎóÚZÌÚ^çÛÎ7Í?òóÏ
¶ ;Ṣ̌í!Å í ³²®:z|@B¥ct
$z#§|jx7x7tyj||@|xsut#{#suu|t{#s>x,Lt
|jut?BsgtysuBsHtG 4Ò |jÓ x{#s
|@ #@x7¯ty{#su¢t|jx7{#sx7t¸su#BP@suBs>x7|@Bz4tLz#
v,Bs{#@x,|§ttys>{#x
@s>x7¦tR@sus>x7|j{#@xs@¢It
z#Hx7ty¸su7#L|§|L#{#su|¦2@x7L|
suNz||@
ts>>u|$|jx7t$|@|
2x7|juty?s Ò Ó BsuctLz#5@x7t?t|@ys@wrWsu
v>|@LtLty{#s
Å Ì ã ì ¡t| ÒÓã ´ s~ct
z#gtysuBs¥t:{#s>x7|@
su:{#s~x7t¸su#Bax7tyP@x{|@B
ttys>{#x
{zB{#{|c¨suBs>x7?t|
@s>x7#t@sus>x7|j{#@xs¥ z|
xsu7t#{#suBu|¦tRj|@y@xstB¤ty{#
B?~zL |@#@x7¯tyxs²|@v>z|HsuBs>x?t|
|@|HtBsu|<52¤B- 9?,
Á?I;Å ÌëÿÅ Ò Ó ³wj|@y@?BHysW{#su#s5v?tBs>x,|juty?tBsu$z:{# ¶ Bv?|
#?|Wty±
s>xsuu|G v7s¡ct
zx7ty¸su| P?|jx,ty{i| @P?#{|W|W®*zBsu|Bsu^t
z#
@x7t?t|@ys@¡rsuv>|@#tLty{#s²;Å Ì Aã
t%| Ò Ó ãàä ´ s
®:zttR|@v@x,|Lx7ty¸suty?Bs
{#@{|@ys@
L|
v?^t<@s>x,ty?Bs²Bsu|P?|jx,ty{i|H BsuctLz# |@v7Bsz|Hxsut#{#suBu|
tPj|@y@xs
>s>x§B?¥$z
|@#@x¯txs|@v>z|Hsus>x?t|<52¤B C?,
RX YpX< ýlhj\ph·b@lk=Bdÿ\Zkb@l]<kIdÿnl$½WÝ%lkl]<d$b@f]<l
rWsuys
¤?zxs76 È C?Hs§ #{|j{#¢ttv>|j{#~z@suBs>x7|j{#@xst}{#sut?BsLtBsu|@ys@v?t
#s>x,tysz|mxsut#{#suu|(t<{#s>x7|m$|jx7tW|@|(xsut#{#suu|(v>|jx,|j{#{#s>x7t#{tv>|osu|(tBsu|g
®*zBsu#{#¥|@v>v@x?tLsu<{#s
tL
@x7{|@<{#s@|@v,BsLBsu|Lx7|j{tv>|tµ|j¯
@x,|j{#@x7tyBR#s
t
gzB?ys²s>gty{|jxs
v,Bs
z¥t
zx7t¸su#BBz|H@?{|
{#@x7|j{#§|@cttyutBsu|HtBsu|
t{#x7|@Lt7ty?Bs@@su?|~x7ty¸su#~*zB·j|@
su:{#s@|@B~z@@|@2suB?
suB4Bsuys
x7t¸suty?t$zy{ty$ys@
´
R0
R L<R 0
x
−l 0
V(t) V(t)
diretto
risultante
t t
0 t=l/v 0 riflesso
t=2l/v t=l/v
ʵt?zBx7|ëC*³%ÔpØiô<Ïu÷.Ïuò,ÌØiÍ?Îé?Ì%æ?Í~ÌÓê5ô?æ?ÒÚZاÌÍ¥æ?Í:Ï
ÒÌÓÍ?ÎóÏHçpÎ,Ôpê5ÌÓÍ<Ï>çñÏLÚZæ¥æ<Í<Ï
ÔÛÎ,ÚpÌÓÚZçpÎ,Í?ò,Ï
î î Õ
R0
R L<R 0
x
−l 0
V(t) V(t)
t t
0 t=l/v t=2l/v 0
t=l/v
´.