Sei sulla pagina 1di 29

Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

3+<6,&$/35,1&,3/(62)6(16,1*

&DSDFLWDQFLD 8QD FRPELQDFLyQ GH WHUPLQDOHV SODQDV TXH SXHGH DOPDFHQDU FDUJD HOpFWULFD VH
GHQRPLQD&DSDFLWRU

(O FDSDFLWRU VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRUTXH OD PDJQLWXG GH OD FDUJD HQ FXDOTXLHU FRQGXFWRU \ SRUTXH XQ
YROWDMH9RGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQWUHORVFRQGXFWRUHV


q Coulomb
C = = Capacitancia, Farad =

V Volt

 9HUILJXUD>)UDGHQ@ 
V 1
Impedancia capacitiva = =
i jWC




&RQHVWHSULQFLSLRVHSXHGHPHGLUGLVWDQFLDiUHDYROXPHQQLYHOSUHVLyQIXHU]DURWDFLyQHWF

&DSDFLWRUGHSODFDVSDUDOHODV

(QHOYDFtR      9HUILJXUD)UDGHQ 
= Permitividad en el vaco 
oA F
C= donde o = 8.85
d m


'HVSOD]DPLHQWR YHUILJXUD 

Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales




2o"
C=  (QHOYDFtRyDLUHVLKDFHPRV aire = 1
b
Ln

a

GRQGH" VHUHILHUHDODGLVWDQFLDGHWUDVODSH

 (VWHVHQVRUWLHQHXQDFDSDFLWDQFLDGLUHFWDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDODOGHVSOD]DPLHQWR" 

'LHOpFWULFR (ODXPHQWRHQFDSDFLWDQFLDGHELGRDODSUHVHQFLDGHXQGLHOpFWULFRHVHOUHVXOWDGRGH
XQD SRODUL]DFLyQ PROHFXODU (Q DOJXQRV GLHOpFWULFRV FRPR HO DJXD  ODV PROpFXODV WLHQHQ XQ
PRPHQWR GLSRODU SHUPDQHQWH PLHQWUDV TXH RWUDV VRQ SRODUL]DGDV FXDQGR VH OHV DSOLFD XQ FDPSR
HOpFWULFR/DDJLWDFLyQWpUPLFDSUHYLHQHXQDDOLQHDFLyQFRPSOHWD

 3DUDHOFDSDFLWRUGHSODFDVSDUDOHODVWHQHPRV
 
KoA
C= 
GRQGH.HVODFRQVWDQWHGHOGLHOpWULFR
d


9HUILJXUDWDEOD)UDGHQ1RWDUGHSHQGHQFLDGHODWHPSHUDWXUD\ODIUHFXHQFLD

Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales










9HUILJXUD)UDGHQ3DUDQRWDUODGHSHQGHQFLDGHODWHPSHUDWXUD


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales



6HQVRUGHQLYHO3DUDHOVHQVRUGHQLYHOGHODILJXUD


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

2 o
Ch =
a
[ H h(1 K )]  /DVHQVLWLYLGDGGHSHQGHGHOOLTXLGR
Ln

b

0$*1(7,602
7DUHD
 ,QYHVWLJDU OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH FDPSR PDJQpWLFR FDPSR HOpFWULFR \ FRUULHQWH HOpFWULFD 'DU VX
UHVSXHVWDXVDQGRGLDJUDPDV\H[SUHVLRQHVPDWHPiWLFDV
 6HWLHQHXQFDEOHUHFWRODUJRSRUGRQGHSDVDQP$8VHODOH\GH%URW6DYDUWSDUDFDOFXODUOD
PDJQLWXGGHOFDPSRPDJQpWLFRDXQDGLVWDQFLDSHUSHQGLFXODUG FPGHGLFKRFDEOH>DQV
[ 7HVOD@


 4XHFDQWLGDGHVVHH[SUHVDQHQWpUPLQRVGH
:HEHU
")OXMRPDJQpWLFR
 6ROHQRLGHV"
 ,QGXFWDQFLDV"




5HVLVWHQFLD &RQVLGHUHPRV XQD EDUUD GH PDWHULDO KRPRJpQHR GH ORQJLWXG "   YHU ILJXUD 
)UDGHQ 6LVHFRQHFWDXQDEDWHUtDHQORVH[WUHPRVGHODEDUUDVHFUHDXQFDPSRHOpFWULFR(FX\D
LQWHQVLGDGHVWiGDGDSRU




   

V
 Campo electrico 
V
E=
" m




(OFDPSRFUHDGRLPSXOVDDRVHOHFWURQHVOLEUHV\ORVKDFHPRYHUVHHQGLUHFFLyQRSXHVWDDOFDPSR$
ODUD]yQGHIOXMRGHODFDUJDHOpFWULFDVHOHOODPDFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFD


dq Coulomb
i= A=

dt S

Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

/D FRUULHQWH HOpFWULFD TXH IOX\H D WUDYpV GH XQ PDWHULDO GDGR XQ FDPSR HOpFWULFR HV OD PLVPD VLQ
LPSRUWDUHOWLSRGH
SHUILO
GHOPDWHULDO VHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO 

$QDORJtDFRQHOVLVWHPDGHWXEHUtDVGHDJXDVHULDGDVGHGLVWLQWRVDQFKRV



(OPRYLPLHQWRGHHOHFWURQHVHQXQPDWHULDOVHGHEHDODIXHU]DH( VLHQGRHODFDUJDGHOHOHFWUyQ 
6LQHPEDUJRHVWHPRYLPLHQWRHVPX\FRUWR\DTXHHOHOHFWUyQFKRFDFRQORViWRPRVYHFLQRVTXH
HVWiQ FRQWLQXDPHQWH YLEUDQGR GHELGR D OD WHPSHUDWXUD GHO PDWHULDO /D HQHUJtD FLQpWLFD  TXH VH
WUDQVPLWHFRQHOFKRTXHOLEHUDRWURHOHFWUyQTXHYLDMDHQODGLUHFFLyQRSXHVWDGHOFDPSR(\FKRFD
QXHYDPHQWH

(OHWLHPSRSURPHGLRHQWUHFROLVLRQHVGHSHQGHGHOWLSRGHPDWHULDOHVWUXFWXUDHLPSXUH]DV3RU
HMHPSORHQFREUHSXURXQHOHFWUyQVHPXHYHHQSURPHGLRPHQWUHFROLVLRQHVFRQ [
  6 (VWH IOXMR GH HOHFWURQHV HV FRQVWDQWH \ FRQIRUPD OD FRUULHQWH HOpFWULFD /DV FROLVLRQHV


DXPHQWDQODDJLWDFLyQDWyPLFD\ODWHPSHUDWXUDDXPHQWD


 &DPSRHOpFWULFR   
 )OXMRGHHOHFWURQHV   
 FRUULHQWHHOpFWULFDFRQYHQFLRQDO    

/DKDELOLGDGGHXQPDWHULDOGHSHUPLWLUHOSDVRGHFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFDVHOODPDUHVLVWLYLGDG6HGLFH
TXHHOPDWHULDOWLHQHFLHUWDUHVLVWHQFLD

R= 
V


I

$QDORJtDFRQUHVLVWHQFLDDOIOXMRGHDJXD GLIHUHQFLDGHSUHVLyQHQXQDWXEHUtDIOXMRGHDJXD 

/DUHVLVWHQFLDGHSHQGHGHOPDWHULDO\ODJHRPHWUtDGHOUHVLVWRU

5HVLVWLYLGDGHVSHFtILFD(OPDWHULDOPLVPRSXHGHVHFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUXQDUHVLVWLYLGDGHVSHFtILFD


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

E i
= donde j= es la densidad de corriente.
V a
 
V
Va 1
= " = = m El recproco = = Conductividad
i "i
a

/DUHVLVWLYLGDGWDPELpQSXHGHVHUH[SUHVDGDHQWpUPLQRVGH  WLHPSRHQWUHFROLVLRQHV H ODFDUJD
HOHFWUyQLFD  P OD PDVD GHO HOHFWUyQ  \ HO Q~PHUR GH HOHFWURQHV FRQGXFWRUHV SRU XQLGDG GH
YROXPHQ

= 2  YHUWDEOD 
m
ne

/DUHVLVWHQFLDGHXQFRQGXFWRUVHHQFXHQWUDPHGLDQWHODVLJXLHQWHIyUPXOD

R= 
"


a

GRQGH
D
HVODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO\" ODORQJLWXGGHOFRQGXFWRU

6HQVLWLYLGDG D OD WHPSHUDWXUD /D FRQGXFWLYLGDG GH XQ PDWHULDO FDPELD FRQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD  GH
PDQHUD QR OLQHDO 6LQ HPEDUJR SDUD XQ UDQJR SHTXHxR GH WHPSHUDWXUDV VH SXHGH DSUR[LPDU
PHGLDQWHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQXVDQGRTXHHVHOFRHILFLHQWHGHWHPSHUDWXUDGHODUHVLVWHQFLD
7&5 

= o [1 + ( T To)] DSUR[LPDFLyQ

GRQGHRHVODUHVLVWLYLGDGDODWHPSHUDWXUDGHUHIHUHQFLD7R QRUPDOPHQWHR& 

3DUDPD\RUH[DFWLWXGHQXQUDQJRPiVDPSOLR~VHVH

" = 4.45 + 0.0269T + 1914 x10 6 T 2 

.

GRQGH7HVWiHQ&\" HQP

3DUDODUHVLVWLYLGDGHVSHFtILFDGHOWXQJVWHQR YHUILJXUD 

/RV PHWDOHV WLHQHQ FRHILFLHQWHV GH WHPSHUDWXUD SRVLWLYRV 37&  PLHQWUDV TXH PXFKRV y[LGRV \
VHPLFRQGXFWRUHVWLHQHQ 17& (QODVUHVLVWHQFLDVGHFLUFXLWRVHOHFWUyQLFRVVHGHVHDXQ7&5EDMR
3RURWURODGRXQFRHILFLHQWHGHWHPSHUDWXUDDOWRSHUPLWHODIDEULFDFLyQGHVHQVRUHVGHWHPSHUDWXUD
FRPRHOWHUPLVWRU\HOUHVLVWRUGHWHFWRUGHWHPSHUDWXUD 57' 

8Q57'GHSODWLQRRSHUDGH&D& YHUILJXUD)UDGHQ 

Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales



(-(03/2
'RVDSUR[LPDFLRQHVSDUDFDOFXODUODUHVLVWHQFLD\VXHUURU3DUDXQ3W57'

)RUFDOLEUDWLQJUHVLVWDQFH5RDW&WKHEHVWVWUDLJKWOLQHLVJLYHQE\HTXDWLRQ

R = Ro(10036
. + 36.79 x10 4 T ) 

:KHUH7LVWHPSHUDWXUHLQ&DQG5LVLQ
 7KHPXOWLSOHDWWHPSHUDWXUH 7 LVWKHVHQVRU
VVHQVLWLYLW\ DVORSH ZKLFKPD\EHH[SUHVVHGDV
&

7KHUHLVDVOLJKWQRQOLQHDULW\RIWKHUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHZKLFKLIQRWFRUUHFWHGPD\OHDGWRDQ
DSSUHFLDEOHHUURU$EHWWHUDSUR[LPDWWLRQRI3WUHVLVWDQFHLVDVHFRQGRUGHUSROLQRPLDOZKLFKJLYHV
DFFXUDF\EHWWHUWKDQ&

R = Ro(1 + 39.08 x10 4 T 58 . x10 7 T 2 )
LW VKRXOG EH QRWHG KRZHYHU WKDW WKH FRHIILFLHQWV LQ WKH SRO\QRPLDO VRPHZKDW GHSHQG RQ WKH
PDWHULDOSXULW\DQGPDQXIDFWXULQJWHFKQRORJLHV


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

 ,ID3W57'VHQVRUDW&KDVDUHVLVWLYLW\5R DW&WKHOLQHDUDSSUR[LPDWLRQ
JLYHV
R = 100(10036
. + 36.79 x10 4 (150)) = 15555 . 
ZKLOHIRUWKHVHFRQGRUGHUDSSUR[LPDWLRQ
R = 100(1 + 39.08 x10 4 (150) 58. x10 7 (150) 2 ) = 157.32
WKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRLV7KLVLVHTXLYDOHQWWRDQHUURURI&DW&

7HUPLVWRUHV /RV WHUPLVWRUHV WLHQHQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV QR OLQHDOHV GH WHPSHUDWXUD FRQWUD UHVLVWHQFLD 
YHUILJXUD /DIRUPDPiVXVDGDSDUDDSUR[LPDUHVWHYDORUHV

1 1

Rt = Rtoe T To 


GRQGH7RHVODWHPSHUDWXUDGHFDOLEUDFLyQWtSLFDPHQWH&\HVODWHPSHUDWXUDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHO
PDWHULDOHQ.\WRGDVODVWHPSHUDWXUDVWDPELpQHVWiQHQNHOYLQ

+DFHUFRPSDUDFLyQHQWUHWHUPLVWRUHV\57'

6HQVLWLYLGDGDODGHIRUPDFLyQ1RUPDOPHQWHODUHVLVWHQFLDHOpFWULFDFDPELDFXDQGRHOPDWHULDOHV
GHIRUPDGR PHFiQLFDPHQWH $ HVWR VH OH OODPD HIHFWR SLH]RUHVLVWLYR (Q DOJXQRV FDVRV SXHGH
UHVXOWDUHQHUURUHVSHURHVWHHIHFWRVHSXHGHXVDUSDUDFUHDUVHQVRUHVTXHUHVSRQGHQDOHVIXHU]R
= =E 
F d"
a "
GRQGH(HVHOPyGXORGH\RXQJ\)HVODIXHU]DDSOLFDGD$TXt = e \VHOHOODPDOD
GHIRUPDFLyQ

d"

RPLFURGHIRUPDFLyQ 
"


 /D ILJXUD  PXHVWUD XQ FRQGXFWRU FLOtQGULFR 3DUD HVWH FDVR HQ HO TXH VH DSOLFD ) HO
YROXPHQSHUPDQHFHFRQVWDQWHODORQJLWXGDXPHQWD\ODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOGHFUHFH



"  9 YROXPHQ
2
R=

V

/DVHQVLWLYLGDGGHODUHVLVWHQFLDFRQUHVSHFWRDODHORQJDFLyQGHOFDEOHHV


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

= 2 "
dR


d" V

(OYDORUGHODUHVLVWHQFLDQRUPDOL]DGRGHODODPEUHGHIRUPDGRHVXQDIXQFLyQOLQHDOGHH
dR
= See 

R

6H
HVHO
JDXJHIDFWRU
RVHQVLWLYLGDGGHXQDJDOJDH[WHQVLRPpWULFD(QPHWDOHVWHYDORUHVWiHQWUH\
(QVHPLFRQGXFWRUHVHQWUH\ 5HTXLHUHFRPSHQVDFLyQGHWHPSHUDWXUD 

(IHFWRSLH]RHOpFWULFR(OHIHFWRSLH]RHOpFWULFRVHUHILHUHDODJHQHUDFLyQGHFDUJDHOpFWULFDSRUXQ
PDWHULDOFULVWDOLQRFXDQGRpVWHVHVRPHWHDXQDIXHU]D(OHIHFWRH[LVWHHQFULVWDOHVQDWXUDOHVFRPRHO
FXDU]R 6L2  FHUiPLFRVDUWLILFLDOHV SRODUL]DGRV \DOJXQRV SROtPHURV FRPR 39') 3RO\YLQ\OLGHQR
IOXRULGH 



/DSDODEUD
SLH]R
SURYLHQHGHOJULHJR
SLH]HQ
TXHVLJQLILFDHMHUFHUSUHVLyQ
(IHFWRGHVFXELHUWRSRUORVKHUPDQRV&XULHHQ
3ULPHUDDSOLFDFLyQPiV~WLOIXHHQSRU3/DQJHULQ 6RQDU 
(Q+.DZDLGHVFXEUHHOHIHFWRHQ39')
(Q3LRQQHU/7'6DFyXQSURGXFWRFRPHUFLDOFRQ39')

6H FODVLILFDQ FRPR QDWXUDOHV FXDU]R VDO GH URFKHOD  \ VLQWpWLFRV VXOIDWR GH OLWLR \ ELVIRIDWR GH
DPRQLR  HQ FULVWDOHV \ FHUiPLFDV IHUURHOpFWULFDV SRODUL]DGDV WLWDQDWR GH EDULR  >%D7L2 @ 
]LUFRQRWLWDQDWRGHSORPR3=7 



([SOLFDUHIHFWRHQFXDU]R

8QVHQVRUSLH]RHOpFWULFRVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQFDSDFLWRUDODSOLFiUVHOHHOHFWURGRVSDUDPHGLUHOYROWDMH
JHQHUDGR/RVHOHFWURGRVHFXDOL]DQODFDUJDEDMRVXiUHDVLQHPEDUJRHVSRVLEOHFUHDUXQDUUHJORGH
HOHFWURGRVSDUDKDFHUODSHUFHSFLyQPiVVHQVLWLYD

(OHIHFWRSLH]RHOpFWULFRHVUHYHUVLEOHXOWUDVRQLGR


(OYROWDMHGHXQVHQVRUSLH]RHOpFWULFRHV

Fx 
dii dii"
V= Fx =
C o a

GRQGH &HVODFDSDFLWDQFLDIRUPDGD )[HVODIXHU]DDSOLFDGD " HVHOHVSHVRUGHOFULVWDO DHVHOiUHD
FXELHUWDSRUORVHOHFWURGRV\GLLHVXQFRHILFLHQWHSLH]RHOpFWULFRD[LDO


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

 6H XVDQ YDULDV FRQVWDQWHV ItVLFDV FRQ VXEtQGLFHV GREOHV SDUD GHVFULELU QXPpULFDPHQWH HO


IHQyPHQR/DFRQYHQFLyQHVTXHHOSULPHUVXEtQGLFHVHUHILHUHDODGLUHFFLyQGHOHIHFWRHOpFWULFR\HO
VHJXQGRDOHIHFWRPHFiQLFR

V
Campo
g= = " Donde g y d son direccionales por lo tanto
Esfuerzo F
a
Carga Q 
d= = se usan los subndices
Fuerza F

d = g Donde es la constante dielctrica del material.



GLLSDUDHOFXDU]R 3FRXO1HZWRQ

3RODUL]DFLyQ (V SRVLEOH GDUOH OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD FULVWDOLQDV GHO FXDU]R D RWURV PDWHULDOHV (O FXDU]R
WLHQHVXVFHOGDVFULVWDOLQDVRULHQWDGDVDORODUJRGHOHMHFULVWDOLQRGHPDQHUDQDWXUDO(OSURFHVRPiV
SRSXODUGHSRODUL]DFLyQHVHOGHWHPSHUDWXUDHVWHSURFHVRLQFOX\HORVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRV
 8Q PDWHULDO FULVWDOLQR FHUiPLFR R SROtPHUR  TXH WLHQH GLSRORV RULHQWDGRV DOHDWRULDPHQWH VH

FDOLHQWDMXVWRDQWHVGHVX7HPSHUDWXUD&XULH (QDOJXQRVFDVRV 39')ILOP HOPDWHULDOGHEH


VHU HVWUHVDGR /D WHPSHUDWXUD HOHYDGD SURYRFD XQD DJLWDFLyQ PiV SURQXQFLDGD GH ORV GLSRORV \
SHUPLWHRULHQWDUORVFRQIDFLOLGDGGHODPDQHUDGHVHDGD
 (OPDWHULDOVHFRORFDEDMRXQFDPSRHOpFWULFRIXHUWH ( GHWDOPDQHUDTXHORVGLSRORVVHDOLQHHQ

GH DFXHUGR D OD OtQHDV GH FDPSR /D DOLQHDFLyQ QR HV WRWDO SHUR VH PDQWLHQH XQD DOLQHDFLyQ
HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWHSUHGRPLQDQWH
 (OPDWHULDOVHGHMDHQIULDUVLQUHWLUDUHOFDPSRHOpFWULFR

 (O FDPSR HOpFWULFR VH UHWLUD \ HO SURFHVR WHUPLQD 0LHQWUDV HO PDWHULDO VH PDQWHQJD EDMR VX

WHPSHUDWXUD &XULH OD SRODUL]DFLyQ SHUPDQHFH /RV GLSRORV TXHGDQ


FRQJHODGRV FRQ OD
RULHQWDFLyQ
TXHVHOHVGLR 

 /D WHPSHUDWXUD &XULH HV OD VXSHULRU  DTXHOOD D OD TXH HO PDWHULDO SLHUGH VXV SURSLHGDGHV


IHUURHOpFWULFDV/LPLWDODWHPSHUDWXUDDODTXHWDOHVPDWHULDOHVSXHGHQVHUXVDGDV


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

(VWHPpWRGRWDPELpQVHXVDSDUDFUHDUPDWHULDOHVSLH]RHOpFWULFRV'HVSXpVGHFLHUWRWLHPSRODFDUJD
HOpFWULFD VH GHVYDQHFH GHELGR D FRUULHQWHV GH IXJD \ FDUJDV HQ HO DPELHQWH (VWR SURYRFD XQD
DQXODFLyQGHODFDUJDRULJLQDOSHURHOPDWHULDOD~QUHVSRQGHDSUHVLyQDSOLFDGD6LVHOOHJDDHVWDGR
HVWDEOHQXHYDPHQWHODVFDUJDVVHQHXWUDOL]DQSRUORWDQWRXQVHQVRUSLH]RHOpFWULFRHVXQVHQVRU
GH$&QRGH'&)XQFLRQDVyORFRQFDPELRVHQODH[FLWDFLyQ (QWUDGD 

'HSHQGHQFLD GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD /RV FRHILFLHQWHV
G
 VRQ GHSHQGLHQWHV GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD SHUR
FRPRKHPRVYLVWRODFRQVWDQWHGLHOpFWULFDWDPELpQ\HVWDVGRVIXHQWHVGHUXLGRWLHQGHQDFDQFHODUVH
GHDFXHUGRFRQODIyUPXODGDGD

39')(VXQSROtPHURVHPLFULVWDOLQRTXHFXDQGRVHXVDFRPRPDWHULDOSLH]RHOpFWULFRQRUPDOPHQWH
VHXVDHVWLUDGR/DFDSDFLGDGHOiVWLFDFDPELDFRQODWHPSHUDWXUD\WDPELpQVXUHVLVWLYLGDG$GHPiVHO
SDUiPHWURGHOPyGXORGH<RXQJ\VXUHVLVWLYLGDGWDPELpQFDPELDQVHJ~QTXHWDQHVWLUDGRHVWp
(VWRORKDFHXQHOHPHQWRPX\YHUViWLOHQVXVDSOLFDFLRQHV9HUWDEOD )UDGHQ 




/RVPDWHULDOHVSLH]RHOpFWULFRVWDPELpQSXHGHQFRQHFWDUVHHQYDULDVFDSDV6HJ~QODDSOLFDFLyQVHUiHO
WLSRGHFRQH[LyQHQWUHFDSDVTXHVHXWLOLFH9HUILJXUD )UDGHQ 



8QFLUFXLWRHTXLYDOHQWHGHOVHQVRUHVHOTXHVHPXHVWUDHQODILJXUD )UDGHQ /DVUHVLVWHQFLDVGH

IXJD
VRQPX\JUDQGHVGHORUGHQGH  ORTXHVLJQLILFDPX\DOWDLPSHGDQFLDGHVDOLGD\VXV
 

FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVLPSOLFDFLRQHVHQODHOHFWUyQLFD 9HUILJXUD 

Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales



()(&72+$//
(IHFWRItVLFRGHVFXELHUWRHQ-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\HQSRU(++DOO
6HXVDSDUDGHWHFWDUFDPSRVPDJQpWLFRVSRVLFLyQ\GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHREMHWRV

(OHIHFWRVHEDVDHQODLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHSRUWDGRUHVHOpFWULFRVPyYLOHV\XQFDPSRPDJQpWLFRPyYLO


&XDQGRXQHOHFWUyQVHPXHYHDWUDYpVGHXQFDPSRPDJQpWLFRXQDIXHU]DODWHUDODFW~DVREUHpO
F = qVB 
& &&

GRQGH T   [  & HV OD FDUJD GHO HOHFWUyQ 9 HV OD YHORFLGDG GHO HOHFWUyQ \ % HV HO FDPSR


PDJQpWLFR /D QRWDFLyQ YHFWRULDO HV XQD LQGLFDFLyQ GH TXH OD GLUHFFLyQ \ PDJQLWXG GH OD IXHU]D
GHSHQGHQGHODUHODFLyQHVSDFLDOHQWUHHOFDPSRPDJQpWLFR\ODGLUHFFLyQGHOPRYLPLHQWRHOHFWUyQLFR
9HUILJXUDV)UDGHQ\ &RRSHU 


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales



 5HVSHFWR D OD ILJXUD  (O PRYLPLHQWR GH FRUULHQWH RFXUUH FXDQGR VH DSOLFD XQ FDPSR
HOpFWULFRDOPDWHULDOVHPLFRQGXFWRUORFXDORULJLQDTXHORVHOHFWURQHVHQWUHQHQODWHUPLQDOQHJDWLYD\
VHPXHYDQKDFLDODSRVLWLYD(QWpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHVHOPRYLPLHQWRVHUHDOL]DDORODUJRGHXQDOtQHD
UHFWD\VLHOSRWHQFLDOVHPLGLHUDHQWUHORVSXQWRV$\%ODGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOVHUtDFHUR6LVH
VRPHWLHUDHOPDWHULDODXQFDPSRPDJQpWLFRGHGLUHFFLyQSHUSHQGLFXODUDOPRYLPLHQWRGHODFRUULHQWH
GH HOHFWURQHV ORV HOHFWURQHV HQ PRYLPLHQWR H[SHULPHQWDUtDQ XQD IXHU]D TXH GHVSOD]DUtD ODV
WUD\HFWRULDV GH ORV HOHFWURQHV HQ HO PDWHULDO VHPLFRQGXFWRU KDFLD XQ ODGR 'HELGR D TXH OD
GLVWULEXFLyQGHHOHFWURQHVHVPD\RUHQXQODGRTXHHQRWURH[LVWHXQSRWHQFLDOHQWUHDPERVODGRV$
\%

 'H HVWD PDQHUD HO FDPSR PDJQpWLFR \ OD FRUULHQWH HOpFWULFD SURGXFHQ HO
YROWDMH +DOO
WUDQVYHUVDO
9+$WHPSHUDWXUDFRQVWDQWH
VH = hiBsin 
GRQGHHVHOiQJXORHQWUHHOYDORUGHFDPSRPDJQpWLFR\ODSODFD+DOO 9HUILJXUD)UDGHQ K
HVHOFRHILFLHQWHGHVHQVLWLYLGDGFX\RYDORUGHSHQGHGHOPDWHULDOODJHRPHWUtDGHOPDWHULDO iUHDDFWLYD 
\VXWHPSHUDWXUD

Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales



2WUR SDUiPHWUR LPSRUWDQWH HV HO FRHILFLHQWH +DOO TXH HV XQD PHGLFLyQ GHO JUDGLHQWH GH SRWHQFLDO
HOpFWULFR WUDQVYHUVDO SRU XQLGDG GH LQWHQVLGDG GH FDPSR PDJQpWLFR SRU XQLGDG GH GHQVLGDG GH
FRUULHQWH'HDFXHUGRDODWHRUtDGHHOHFWURQHVOLEUHVHQPDWHULDOHV

1
H=
Ncq
GRQGH1HVHOQ~PHURGHHOHFWURQHVOLEUHVSRUXQLGDGGHYROXPHQ\FHVODYHORFLGDGGHODOX]

'HSHQGLHQGRGHODHVWUXFWXUDFULVWDOLQDGHOPDWHULDOODVFDUJDVSRGUiQVHUHOHFWURQHVRKR\RV KROHV 
&RPRUHVXOWDGRHOHIHFWR+DOOSXHGHVHUSRVLWLYRRQHJDWLYR

&LUFXLWR HTXLYDOHQWH (O FLUFXLWR HTXLYDOHQWH GHO VHQVRU SXHGH VHU UHSUHVHQWDGR SRU UHVLVWHQFLDV
FRQHFWDGDVHQFUX]\GRVIXHQWHVGHYROWDMHFRQHFWDGDVHQVHULHFRQODVWHUPLQDOHVGHVDOLGD/DFUX]
HQFHUUDGDHQXQFLUFXORLQGLFDHOVHQWLGRGHOFDPSRPDJQpWLFR

(VWRV VHQVRUHV SXHGHQ SUHVHQWDUVH HQ IRUPD EiVLFD R FRQ FLUFXLWHUtD LQWHJUDGD 8Q HMHPSOR VH
SUHVHQWDHQODWDEOD )UDGHQ 3XHGHVHURQRII




,QYHVWLJDUFyPRIXQFLRQDQORVJDQFKRVPHGLGRUHVGHFRUULHQWH 

Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales


(IHFWR 6HHEHFN 'HVFXELHUWR DFFLGHQWDOPHQWHHQ  SRU 7KRPDV -RKDQQ 6HHEHFN FXDQGR XQtD
SHGD]RVVHPLFLUFXODUHVGHELVPXWR\FREUH2EVHUYyTXHXQDEU~MXODFHUFDQDVHPRYtD\GHVSXpVGH
YDULRVH[SHULPHQWRVOODPRDOHIHFWR
WHUPRPDJQHWLVPR
 9HUILJXUD)UDGHQ 




6LVHIRUPDXQFRQGXFWRU\VHSRQHXQH[WUHPRHQXQOXJDUIUtR\HORWURHQXQOXJDUFDOLHQWHKDEUi
XQIOXMRGHHQHUJtDGHODSDUWHFDOLHQWHDODSDUWHIUtD/DHQHUJtDWRPDODIRUPDGHIOXMRGHFDORU/D
LQWHQVLGDGGHOFDORUHVSURSRUFLRQDODODFRQGXFWLYLGDGWpUPLFDGHOFRQGXFWRU$GHPiVHOJUDGLHQWH
WpUPLFR JHQHUD XQ FDPSR HOpFWULFR GHQWUR GHO FRQGXFWRU (O UHVXOWDGR GH HVWR HV XQ YROWDMH
LQFUHPHQWDO
dx 
dT
dVa = a
dx
GRQGHG7HVHOJUDGLHQWHGHWHPSHUDWXUDHQXQDGLVWDQFLDFRUWDG[\DHVHOFRHILFLHQWHGH6HHEHFN
DEVROXWRGHOPDWHULDO
6LHOPDWHULDOHVKRPRJpQHRDQRHVXQIXQFLyQGHODORQJLWXG\SRUORWDQWRWHQHPRV
dVa = a dT 

2EVHUYDFLyQGHODFRUULHQWHJHQHUDGD 9HUILJXUD)UDGHQ 
/D FRUULHQWH GHSHQGH GH PXFKRV IDFWRUHV FRPR IRUPD WDPDxR FRQGLFLRQHV GH SUHVLyQ HWF 6L HQ
OXJDUGHODFRUULHQWHVHREVHUYDHOYROWDMHGHODGRDODGRGHXQRGHORVFRQGXFWRUHVURWRVHOSRWHQFLDO
GHSHQGHUiVyORGHORV PDWHULDOHV\GHODWHPSHUDWXUD$HVWHSRWHQFLDOVHOHOODPD3RWHQFLDO GH
6HHEHFN


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales




/DV XQLGDGHV &XDQGR GRV PDWHULDOHV GLVWLQWRV D OD PLVPD WHPSHUDWXUD VH XQHQ KD\ HOHFWURQHV
OLEUHVTXHVHWUDQVPLWLUiQDWUDYpVGHODXQLyQ6LODVGRVXQLGDGHVHVWiQDODPLVPDWHPSHUDWXUDORV
FDPSRHOpFWULFRVJHQHUDGRVVHFDQFHODQORTXHQRVXFHGHVLODVSXQWDVHVWiQDWHPSHUDWXUDVGLVWLQWDV

 &XDQGRVHWLHQHODXQLyQGHGRVPDWHULDOHV
AB = A - B
dVAB 
dVAB = ABdT AB =
(QXQWHUPRSDUWLSR7
dT

VAB = ao + a1Ta 2 T 2 = 0.0543 + 4.09 x10 2 T + 2.874 x10 5 T 2 



&XiQWRYDOH$% & "5HVS9

= a 1 + 2a 2 T = 4.094 x10 2 + 5.748 x10 5 T 
dVAB
AB =
dT
WDPELpQVHOODPDVHQVLWLYLGDG

(OFRHILFLHQWHGH6HHEHFNQRGHSHQGHGHOWLSRGHXQLyQLPSRUWDQODWHPSHUDWXUD\ORVPHWDOHV

7HUPRSLODV 6RQ WHUPRSDUHV P~OWLSOHV FRQHFWDGRV VHULDOPHQWH VH XVDQ SDUD GHWHFWDU UDGLDFLyQ
WpUPLFD\IXHURQLQYHQWDGRVSRU-DPHV-RXOH


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

(IHFWR3HOWLHU-&$3HOWLHUGHVFXEULyTXHVLVHKDFLDSDVDUXQDFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFDHQODXQLyQGH
PDWHULDOHVGLVWLQWRVSXHGHKDEHUDEVRUFLyQRVHFUHFLyQGHFDORU/DDEVRUFLyQGHFDORU RVX
SURGXFFLyQ HVXQDIXQFLyQGHODGLUHFFLyQGHODFRUULHQWH


dQp = pidt  9HUILJXUD




GRQGH\HVODFRUULHQWH\WHVHOWLHPSR(OFRHILFLHQWHSWLHQHGLPHQVLRQHVGHYROWDMH\UHSUHVHQWDODV
SURSLHGDGHVWHUPRHOpFWULFDVGHOPDWHULDO
(OHIHFWR3HOWLHUVXFHGH\DVHDTXHODFRUULHQWHVHDLQWURGXFLGDH[WHUQDPHQWHRLQGXFLGDSRUODXQLyQ
PLVPDGHOWHUPRSDU

([SOLFDU3HOWLHUDQLYHOHOHFWUyQLFR 

<DTXHHOHIHFWR3HOWLHUVHUHILHUHDOD
SURGXFFLyQ
GHFDORURIUtRGHSHQGLHQGRGHODGLUHFFLyQGHOD
FRUULHQWH VH XVD HQ OXJDUHV GRQGH VH UHTXLHUH XQ FRQWURO WpUPLFR GH SUHFLVLyQ 1R GHSHQGH GH OD
QDWXUDOH]D GH OD XQLyQ 6H XVD HQ HQIULDGRUHV WHUPRHOpFWULFRV SDUD HQIULDU GHWHFWRUHV GH IRWRQHV
RSHUDQGRHQHOUDQJRHVSHFWUDOH[WUHPRGHOLQIUDUURMR

0HGLFLRQHVPHFiQLFDV

&LQHPiWLFD DQiOLVLVGHPRYLPLHQWR 3DUWHGHODItVLFD 
'LQiPLFD $QiOLVLVGHPRYLPLHQWRHLQWHUUHODFLRQHVFRQIXHU]DV

3RVLFLyQ r = ix + jy 
9HORFLGDG v = 
dr dx dy dx dy
=i + j Vx = Vy =
dt xt dt dt dt
$FHOHUDFLyQ a = 
dV dVx dVy
=i +G

dt dt dt

(QXQVLVWHPDQGLPHQVLRQDOVHUHTXLHUHQQVHQVRUHVSDUDPHGLUODVQFRPSRQHQWHV

/H\HVGH1HZWRQ
 7RGRFXHUSRSHUPDQHFHHQVXHVWDGRGHUHSRVRRPRYLPLHQWRXQLIRUPHDPHQRVTXHXQDIXHU]D
ORKDJDFDPELDUGHHVWDGR6LQRKD\IXHU]DTXHDFW~HVREUHXQFXHUSRVXDFHOHUDFLyQHVFHUR
 D )P
 $WRGDDFFLyQFRUUHVSRQGHXQDUHDFFLyQGHLJXDOPDJQLWXG\VHQWLGRRSXHVWR

'HQVLGDG&DQWLGDGGHPDVDSRUYROXPHQ PY

(VIXHU]R (VIXHU]R  VH GHILQH FRPR IXHU]D SRU XQLGDG GH iUHD &XDQGR OD IXHU]D VH DSOLFD
SHUSHQGLFXODU D OD FDUD GHO PDWHULDO VH OODPD HVIXHU]R QRUPDO  QRUPDO  ([SOLFDU SXUH WHQVLRQ 
SXUHFRPSUHVVLRQ 


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

6KHDUVWUHVV6HUHILHUHDXQHVIXHU]RFRUWDQWH\HVFXDQGRVHDSOLFDXQDIXHU]DWDJHQFLDODODFDUDGHO
PDWHULDO

= 
F

'HIRUPDFLyQ &XDQGRXQFXHUSRUHFWRVHVRPHWHDXQDFDUJDWHQVLRQDQWHHOFXHUSRVHDODUJD/D

FDQWLGDGGHHORQJDFLyQVHOODPDGHIRUPDFLyQ$ODHORQJDFLyQSRUXQLGDGGHORQJLWXGVHOHOODPD
GHIRUPDFLyQXQLWDULD$ODGHIRUPDFLyQWRWDOVHOHOODPDGHIRUPDFLyQWRWDO

= 


"

GRQGHHVODHORQJDFLyQWRWDO SDUDGHIRUPDFLyQWRWDO GHXQREMHWRGHORQJLWXGLQLFLDO 


+LVWHUHVLV )HQyPHQR DVRFLDGR FRQ IULFFLyQ IUDFWXUDV FRUURVLyQ \ FRQWDPLQDQWHV 7DPELpQ VH
UHODFLRQDFRQODHVWUXFWXUDFULVWDOLQDGHOPDWHULDO'HSHQGHGHODFDUJDSHURQRGHOWLHPSR

&UHHS " (VXQDIXQFLyQGHOWLHPSR&DUDFWHUtVWLFDTXHUHVXOWDHQXQDGHIRUPDFLyQSHUPDQHQWH
GHOPDWHULDO\GHSHQGHGHODFDUJD\ODWHPSHUDWXUD(VSURQXQFLDEOHHQPDWHULDOHVFRQWHPSHUDWXUDV
GHIXVLyQEDMDV

(IHFWR HOiVWLFR &DSDFLGDG GH XQ PDWHULDO GH YROYHU D VX HVWDGR RULJLQDO GHVSXpV GH KDEHU VLGR
VRPHWLGRDXQDFDUJD


 0RGXORGHHODVWLFLGDGRGH<RXQJ E = 


5D]yQGH3RLVVRQ&XDQGRXQPDWHULDOVHVRPHWHDWHQVLyQH[LVWHQRVyORXQDGHIRUPDFLyQD[LDO
VLQRWDPELpQODWHUDO3RLVVRQGHPRVWUyTXHHVWRVGVYDORUHVHUDQSURSRUFLRQDOHVHQWUHVL


Deformacion lateral
V=

Deformacion axial

9HUILJXUD 3UDFWLFDOVWUDLQJDJHPHDVXUHPHQWVSiJ(2PHJDYHUWDEOD)UDGHQ 


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales




'XUH]D/DUHVLVWHQFLDGHXQPDWHULDODODSHQHWUDFLyQSRUXQDKHUUDPLHQWDVHOODPDGXUH]D

21'$662125$6
&RPSUHQVLyQ\H[SDQVLyQDOWHUQDGDGHXQPHGLR VyOLGRVOtTXLGRV\JDVHV DFLHUWDVIUHFXHQFLDVVH
OODPDRQGDVVRQRUDV/RVFRQWHQLGRVGHOPHGLRRVFLODQHQODGLUHFFLyQGHSURSDJDFLyQGHODRQGD
SRUORTXHHVWDVRQGDVVHOODPDQRQGDVPHFiQLFDVORQJLWXGLQDOHV

(ORtGRKXPDQRHVVHQVLEOHD.K]DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
GH+]VHOODPDLQIUDVRQLGR
GH.K]HQDGHODQWHVHOODPDXOWUDVRQLGR

 /DGHWHQFLyQGHLQIUDVRQLGRVHUHTXLHUHGHODQiOLVLVGHFRQVWUXFFLRQHVJUDQGHV\SUHGLFFLyQ
GHWHUUHPRWRV

/DYHORFLGDGGHOVRQLGR'HSHQGHGHODVSURSLHGDGHVHOiVWLFDV\GHODGHQVLGDGGHOPHGLR


B
V=
o
'RQGH% PRGXORGHHODVWLFLGDGHQPDVDGHOPHGLR
 GHQVLGDGIXHUDGHOD]RQDGHFRPSUHVLyQ
R


 <D TXH DPEDV SURSLHGDGHV VRQ GHSHQGLHQWHV GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD OD YHORFLGDG GHO VHQWLGR
WDPELpQGHSHQGHQGHODWHPSHUDWXUD$VtVHSXHGHFRQVWUXLUWHUPyPHWURVDF~VWLFRV 9HUWDEOD
)UDGHQ 


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales







7HPSHUDWXUD\SURSLHGDGHVWpUPLFDVGHORVPDWHULDOHV

Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

/DWHPSHUDWXUDHQVXIRUPDPiVVLPSOHSXHGHVHUGHVFULWDFRPRXQDPHGLGDGHODHQHUJtDFLQpWLFD
GHSDUWtFXODVHQYLEUDFLyQ

 (VHQFLDOPHQWHWRGRVORVVyOLGRVVHH[SDQGHQHQYROXPHQFRQXQDXPHQWRHQWHPSHUDWXUD
(VWRHVUHVXOWDGRGHiWRPRV\PROpFXODVHQYLEUDFLyQFXDQGRODWHPSHUDWXUDDXPHQWDODGLVWDQFLD
SURPHGLR HQWUH iWRPRV DXPHQWD OR TXH UHVXOWD HQ XQD H[SDQVLyQ GH WRGR HO FXHUSR VyOLGR (O
FDPELR HQ FXDOTXLHU GLPHQVLyQ OLQHDO ORQJLWXG DQFKR R DOWXUD VH OODPD H[SDQVLyQ OLQHDO /D
ORQJLWXGD " 2 WHPSHUDWXUD7 GHSHQGHGHODORQJLWXG " 1DODWHPSHUDWXUDLQLFLDO7



" 2 = " 1 1 + ( T2 T1 ) $SUR[


[ ]

3DUDPDWHULDOHVLVRWUySLFRV

A = 2AT

V = 3VT

&DORUQRUPDOPHQWHVHPLGHHQFDORUtDV
&DORUtD/DFDQWLGDGGHFDORUUHTXHULGDSDUDFDOHQWDU&XQJUDPRGHDJXDDSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFD

 (Q86$VHXVDHO%78 %ULWLVKWKHUPDO8QLW %78 &DO

&DSDFLGDGWpUPLFD&XDQGRXQREMHWRVHFDOLHQWDVXWHPSHUDWXUDDXPHQWD$OFDOHQWDUXQREMHWRVH
WUDQVILHUHDpOXQDFLHUWDFDQWLGDGGHHQHUJtDWpUPLFDRFDORU(OFDORUVHDOPDFHQDHQHOREMHWRHQ
IRUPDGHHQHUJtDFLQpWLFDGHiWRPRVHQYLEUDFLyQ/DFDSDFLGDGFDORULILFDGHSHQGHGHHOPDWHULDO\VX
PDVD

& FP
GRQGH & HV XQD FRQVWDQWH TXH FDUDFWHUL]D ODV SURSLHGDGHV WpUPLFDV GHO PDWHULDO \ VH OODPD FDORU
HVSHFtILFR


Q
C=
mT

(OFDORUHVSHFtILFRGHVFULEHDXQPDWHULDO

&DSDFLGDGWpUPLFD'HVFULEHDXQREMHWRKHFKRGHHVHPDWHULDO

(OFDORUHVSHFtILFRHQXQPDWHULDOQRHVFRQVWDQWHSDUDXQUDQJRDPSOLRGHWHPSHUDWXUD\QRORHV
HVSHFLDOPHQWHVLHOPDWHULDOFDPELDGHHVWDGRSRUHMHPSORGHVyOLGRDOtTXLGR

7UDQVIHUHQFLDGHFDORUH[LVWHQGRVSURSLHGDGHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHOFDORUTXHGHEHQVHUHVWDEOHFLGDV
 (VLPSRVLEOHHVWDEOHFHUVXRULJHQXQDYH]TXHVHKDSURGXFLGR
 (OFDORUQRSXHGHVHUFRQWHQLGR)OX\HHVSRQWiQHDPHQWHGHPiVFDOLHQWHDPiVIUtR




Ral Leal Ascencio
(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

/DHQHUJtDWpUPLFDSXHGHVHUWUDQVPLWLGDGHXQREMHWRDRWURGHWUHVPDQHUDV

D &RQGXFFLyQ
E &RQYHFFLyQ
F 5DGLDFLyQ

D &RQGXFFLyQ/DFRQGXFFLyQGHOFDORUUHTXLHUHHOFRQWDFWRItVLFRHQWHGRVFXHUSRV/DVSDUWtFXODV
DJLWDGDV WpUPLFDPHQWH HQ XQ FXHUSR FDOLHQWH VH YDQ PRYLHQGR \ WUDQVILHUHQ HQHUJtD FLQpWLFD D HO
FXHUSRPiVIUtRFRPRUHVXOWDGRKD\XQLQWHUFDPELRGHHQHUJtDFDORULILFDHOREMHWRFDOLHQWHSLHUGH
FDORU\HOREMHWRIUtRJDQDFDORU/DFRQGXFFLyQWpUPLFDHVDQiORJDDODFRQGXFFLyQHOpFWULFD


dQ dT
H= = kA
$ FURVVVHFWLRQDODUHDN FRQGXFWLYLGDGWpUPLFD
dT dx


(OVLJQRPHQRVLQGLFDTXHHOFDORUIOX\HHQODGLUHFFLyQGHODGLVPLQXFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUD8QEXHQ
FRQGXFWRUWpUPLFRWLHQHXQDNDOWDNVHFRQVLGHUDXQDFRQVWDQWHVLQHPEDUJRDXPHQWDDOJRFRQOD
WHPSHUDWXUD

3DUDXQDODPEUH
T T
H = kA 1 2 
GRQGH/HVODORQJLWXGGHODODPEUH
L


 DPHQXGRHQOXJDUGHXVDUODFRQGXFWLYLGDGWpUPLFDVHXVDODUHVLVWHQFLDWpUPLFD R = SRU
L

ORWDQWRODHFXDFLyQDQWHULRUVHSXHGHUHHVFULELUFRPR
k

T T1
H=A 2 
9HUWDEOD
R

Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales



3HUILO GH FRQGXFFLyQ GH WHPSHUDWXUD UHDO 8Q SHUILO PiV UHDO HV FRPR HO TXH VH REVHUYD HQ OD
ILJXUD$/DFDtGDUHSHQWLQDGHWHPSHUDWXUDHQODXQLyQHOODPDUHVLVWHQFLDWpUPLFDGHFRQWDFWR
/DWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFDORU


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales


T2 T3
H=
R A + RC + R B

5 \5 VRQODVUHVLVWHQFLDVWpUPLFDVGHORVPDWHULDOHV
5 HVODUHVLVWHQFLDGHFRQWDFWR
$ %


&

0LFURVFySLFDPHQWHODXQLyQSXHGHYHUVHFRPRHQ)LJ%




([LVWHQGRVFRQWULEXFLRQHVSULQFLSDOHVHQODWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFDORUHQODXQLyQ
 /DFRQGXFFLyQGHPDWHULDODPDWHULDODWUDYpVGHOFRQWDFWRItVLFRUHDO
 /D FRQGXFFLyQ D WUDYpV GHO DLUH DWUDSDGR HQ ORV HVSDFLRV YDFtRV FUHDGRV SRU ODV VXSHUILFLHV
LPSHUIHFWDV

 <D TXH OD FRQGXFWLYLGDGWpUPLFD GH ORV JDVHVHV PX\ EDMD UHVSHFWR DOD GH ORV VyOLGRV pVWH
HOHPHQWRUHSUHVHQWDODPD\RUUHVLVWHQFLDDWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFDORU$TXtKFVHSXHGHGHILQLUFRPR

1 ac 2 k A k A av
hc = + kf 
lg a k A + k B a

GRQGHOJHVHOJURVRUGHOHVSHFWURYDFtR YHUILJXUD NIHVODFRQGXFWLYLGDGWpUPLFDGHOIOXLGRHQHO
HVSDFLR YDFtR DF \ DY VRQ ODV iUHDV GH FRQWDFWR \ YDFtR UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH  N  \ N  VRQ ODV
FRQGXFWLYLGDGHVWpUPLFDVGHORVPDWHULDOHVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
$ %


/DUHVLVWHQFLDHQODXQLyQGHFUHFHFRQODSUHVLyQ
6HGHEHEXVFDUXQDFRSODPLHQWRWpUPLFRHQODXQLyQFRPRSDVWDGHVLOLFyQWpUPLFD

E  &RQYHFFLyQ /D FRQYHFFLyQ UHTXLHUH XQ DJHQWH WUDQVPLVRU LQPHGLDWR TXH OOHYD FDORU GH XQ
FXHUSRPiVFDOLHQWHDXQRPiVIUtR\TXHSXHGHQRUHJUHVDUDKDFHUORRWUDYH] IOXMR /DFRQYHFFLyQ
SXHGH GDUVH GH PDQHUD QDWXUDO  JUDYHGDG  R IRU]DGD SRU DOJ~Q PHFDQLVPR  H[SOLFDU FRQYHFFLyQ
QDWXUDO\IRU]DGD 

/DHILFLHQFLDHQWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFDORUSRUFRQYHFFLyQGHSHQGHGH


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

/DYHORFLGDGGHPRYLPLHQWRGHOPHGLRWUDQVPLVRU
(OJUDGLHQWHGHWHPSHUDWXUD
$UHDVXSHUILFLDOGHOREMHWR
3URSLHGDGHVWpUPLFDVGHOPHGLR

 /DSHUGLGDRJDQDQFLDGHFDORUSRUHOREMHWRVHGHWHUPLQDPHGLDQWH

H = A( T1 T2 ) 

GRQGH  HV HO FRHILFLHQWH GH FRQYHFFLyQ\ GHSHQGH GHOFDORU HVSHFtILFR GHOIOXLGR VX YLVFRVLGDG \
YHORFLGDG
(QHODLUHZP N 


F  5DGLDFLyQ WpUPLFD (QWRGRVORVREMHWRVWRGRVORViWRPRV\WRGDVODVPROpFXODVYLEUDQ/D
HQHUJtD FLQpWLFD SURPHGLR GH ODV SDUWtFXOD HQ YLEUDFLyQ VH SXHGH UHSUHVHQWDU SRU VX WHPSHUDWXUD
DEVROXWD'HDFXHUGRDODVOH\HVGHHOHFWURGLQiPLFDXQDFDUJDHOpFWULFDHQPRYLPLHQWRSURGXFHXQ
FDPSR HOpFWULFR YDULDEOH TXH D VX YH] SURGXFH XQ FDPSR PDJQpWLFR FDPELDQWH (VWH FDPSR
PDJQpWLFRFDPELDQWHWDPELpQSURGXFHXQFDPSRHOpFWULFRYDULDEOH'HHVWDPDQHUDXQDSDUWtFXODHQ
YLEUDFLyQHVIXHQWHGHXQFDPSRHOHFWURPDJQpWLFRTXHVHSURSDJDKDFLDDIXHUDFRQODYHORFLGDGGHOD
OX] \ HV JREHUQDGD SRU ODV OH\HV GH OD ySWLFD /DV RQGDV HOHFWURPDJQpWLFDV SXHGHQ VHU UHIOHMDGDV
ILOWUDGDV GLULJLGDV HWF /D ILJXUD  PXHVWUD HO HVSHFWUR GH UDGLDFLyQ HOHFWURPDJQpWLFD WRWDO GH
RQGDVGHUDGLRDUD\RVJDPPD


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

/DORQJLWXGGHRQGDVHUHODFLRQDFRQODIUHFXHQFLDYPHGLDQWHODYHORFLGDGGHODOX] = 
c
v
 /DUHODFLyQHQWUH\ODWHPSHUDWXUDHVPiVFRPSOHMD\HVWiGDGDSRUODOH\GH3ODQFNSRQHOD
GHQVLGDGGHIOXMRUDGLDQWH:HQIXQFLyQGH\WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWD
/DGHQVLGDGGHIOXMRUDGLDQWHHVSRWHQFLDGHUDGLDFLyQHOHFWURPDJQpWLFDSRUXQLGDGGHORQJLWXGGH
RQGD
( ) C1
W = 
5 c t
2

e 1
GRQGH HVODHPLWLYLGDGGHOREMHWR WDEODV F [ ZFP &  FPN
  




/D WHPSHUDWXUD HV HO UHVXOWDGR GHO SURPHGLR GH OD HQHUJtD FLQpWLFD GH XQ Q~PHUR PX\ JUDQGH GH
SDUWtFXODVHQYLEUDFLyQVLQHPEDUJRQRWRGDVODVSDUWtFXODVYLEUDQDODPLVPDIUHFXHQFLDRPDJQLWXG
8QPDWHULDOHVFDSD]GHUDGLDUYLUWXDOPHQWHXQQ~PHURLQILQLWRGHIUHFXHQFLDV\DTXHODWHPSHUDWXUD
HVXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHVWDGtVWLFDGHOSURPHGLRGHODHQHUJtDFLQpWLFDGHWHUPLQDODSUREDELOLGDGPiV
DOWD GH TXH ODV SDUWtFXODV YLEUDQ D FLHUWD IUHFXHQFLD \ WHQJDQ XQD ORQJLWXG GH RQGD HVSHFtILFD (VWD
ORQJLWXGGHRQGDPiVSUREDEOHVHHVWDEOHFHSRUODOH\GH:HLQTXHVHHQFXHQWUDLJXDODQGRDFHUROD
SULPHUD GHULYDGD GH OD HFXDFLyQ GH IOXMR UDGLDQWH (O UHVXOWDGR HV XQD  DOUHGHGRU GH OD FXDO HVWi
FRQFHQWUDGRODSRWHQFLDUDGLDQWH

$PD\RUWHPSHUDWXUDPHQRU

2898
=
6LOLFyQ FRPR PDWHULDO VHQVRU 6LOLFyQ HV HO VHJXQGR PDWHULDO PiV DEXQGDQWH HQ OD WLHUUD
T

5HSUHVHQWDKDVWDXQGHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHHQSHVR1RH[LVWHGHPDQHUDSHUR\DKD\PXFKRV
PpWRGRVSDUDREWHQHUOR6HSXHGHQKDFHUVHQVRUHVEDVDGRVHQVLOLFyQTXHUHVSRQGDQD

(VWtPXORVGHUDGLDFLyQ3RUHIHFWRIRWRYROWDLFRIRWRHOpFWULFRIRWRFRQGXFWLYLGDGHWF
(VWtPXORVPHFiQLFRV3LH]RUHVLVWLYLGDGHIHFWRIRWRHOpFWULFRODWHUDOIRWRYROWDLFRODWHUDO
(VWtPXORVWpUPLFRV(IHFWRVHHEHFNGHSHQGHQFLDWpUPLFDGHODFRQGXFWLYLGDG
(VWtPXORVPDJQpWLFRV(IHFWR+DOOPDJQHWRUHVLVWHQFLDHWF
(VWtPXORVTXtPLFRV6HQVLWLYLGDGLRQLFD
(OVLOLFyQQRSRVHHHOHIHFWRSLH]RHOpFWULFR

(OVLOLFyQH[KLEHSURSLHGDGHVPHFiQLFDVPX\~WLOHVVREUHWRGRFRQSURFHVRVGHPLFURPDTXLQDGR

 9HUILJXUDVWDEOD)UDGHQ


Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales



)LJXUDV7HPSNLQV:HEVWHU
)LJXUD

3UHVLyQ(VODIXHU]DSRUXQLGDGGHiUHDVLQHPEDUJRDTXtODYDPRVDGHILQLUFRPRODIXHU]DSRU
XQLGDGGHiUHDHMHUFLGDSRUXQIOXLGRHQXQDSDUHGTXHORFRQWLQ~H HVIXHU]RIDWLJDHQVyOLGRV 

3UHVLyQDEVROXWD6HUHILHUHDOYDORUDEVROXWRGHODIXHU]DSRUXQLGDGGHiUHDHMHUFLGDHQODSDUHG
TXHFRQWLHQHDXQIOXLGR

3UHVLyQ PDQRPpWULFD 5HSUHVHQWD OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH OD SUHVLyQ DEVROXWD \ OD SUHVLyQ DWPRVIpULFD
ORFDO

9DFtR5HSUHVHQWDODFDQWLGDGHQTXHODSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDH[FHGHDODSUHVLyQDEVROXWD

 /D SUHVLyQ ORFDO GH XQ IOXLGR GHSHQGH GH PXFKDV YDULDEOHV HOHYDFLyQ YHORFLGDG GH IOXMR
GHQVLGDGGHIOXMR\WHPSHUDWXUD
YHUILJ>+ROPDQ@FXQLGDGHV 

/DSUHVLyQVHH[SUHVDFRQIUHFXHQFLDHQWpUPLQRVGHODDOWXUDGHXQDFROXPQDGHIOXLGR SRUHMHPSOR
PHUFXULR  OD FXDO VRSRUWD D & $ SUHVLyQ DWPRVIpULFD HVWiQGDU HVD DOWXUD HV GH PP GH
PHUFXULRFRQXQDGHQVLGDGGHJFP  


 /D SUHVLyQ GH XQ IOXLGR UHVXOWD GH XQ LQWHUFDPELR GH OD FDQWLGDG GH PRYLPLHQWR HQWUH ODV
PROpFXODV GHO IOXLGR \ OD SDUHG TXH OR FRQWLHQH SHUR HO LQWHUFDPELR WRWDO GH OD FDQWLGDG GH

Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)
Instrumentacin para Control de Procesos Industriales

PRYLPLHQWRGHSHQGHGHOQ~PHURWRWDOGHPROpFXODVTXHFKRFDQFRQODSDUHGSRUXQLGDGGHWLHPSR\
ODYHORFLGDGSURPHGLRGHODVPROpFXODV3DUDXQJDVLGHDO
p = nmv 2 rms 
1

GRQGHQ GHQVLGDGPROHFXODUPROpFXODVXQLGDGGHYRO
3

P PDVDPROHFXODU
Y  UDt]FXDGUDGDPHGLDGHODYHORFLGDGPROHFXODU

UPV

 
3kt
v rms =
vm
GRQGH7 WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDGHOJDVN
N [ -PROpFXODVN FRQVWDQWHGH%ROW]PDQ 



5HVSXHVWDGLQiPLFDSDJV +ROPDQ FRQHMHUFLFLRV


%LEOLRJUDItD\RWURVUHFXUVRVGLGiFWLFRV

 %HQWOH\-RKQ36,67(0$6'(0(',&,13ULQFLSLRV\DSOLFDFLRQHV&RPSDxtD(GLWRULDO
&RQWLQHQWDO6$ &(&6$ 0p[LFR
 'RHEHOLQ(UQHVW2',6(f2<$3/,&$&,1'(6,67(0$6'(0(',&,1(G
',$1$
 )UDGHQ-DFRE$,3+$1'%22.2)02'(516(162563+<6,&6'(6,*16$1'
$33/,&$7,216$PHULFDQ,QVWLWXWHRI3K\VLFV1HZ<RUN86$>LQFOX\HDOJRGH
HOHFWUyQLFD@
 -RQHV/DUU\'&KLQ$)RVWHU(/(&7521,&,167580(176$1'
0($685(0(1763UHQWLFH+DOO(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1-(8$
 :HEVWHU-*7RPSNLQV:-,17(5)$&,1*6(16256727+(,%03&(QJOHZRRG
&OLIIV1-3UHQWLFH+DOO(8$
 -RKQVRQ&XUWLV'352&(66&21752/,167580(17$7,217(&+12/2*<
8QLYHUVLW\RI+RXVWRQ-RKQ:LOH\DQG6RQV(8$>FRQWUROGHSURFHVRV@
 &RRSHU:LOOLDP'+HOIULFN$OEHUW',167580(17$&,21(/(&7521,&$
02'(51$<7(&1,&$6'(0(',&,213UHQWLFH+DOO+LVSDQRDPHULFDQD0p[LFR
>JHQHUDO@
 +ROPDQ-3(;3(5,0(17$/0(7+2'6)25(1*,1((56,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WXGHQW
(GLWLRQ0F*UDZ+LOO.RJDNXVKD-DSyQ>DQiOLVLVGHGDWRVH[SHULPHQWDOHV@
 0HOOLFKDPS'XQFDQ$5($/7,0(&20387,1*ZLWKDSSOLFDWLRQVWRGDWDDTFXLFLWLRQ
DQGFRQWURO9DQ1RVWUDQG5HLQKROG86$>DUWtFXORV@
 2KED5\RMLHGLWRU,17(//,*(176(16257(&+12/2*<-RKQ:LOH\DQG6RQV
(QJODQG>DSOLFDFLRQHV@



Ral Leal Ascencio


(compilacin, traduccin, creacin,)

Potrebbero piacerti anche