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Customers' Perception towards the Fast Moving

Consumer Goods in Rural Market: An Analysis
DATASET SEPTEMBER 2013

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International Journal of Techno-Management Research, Vol. 01, Issue 02, September 2013 ISSN: 2321-3744

Customers Perception towards the Fast Moving Consumer Goods in Rural Market:
An Analysis
Dr. Surinder Singh Kundu
Assistant Prof. & Incharge, Department Of Commerce, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa

Abstract
A consumer sets a frame of references in his/her mind to choose or purchase a product or service of
same or different brands or producers. Keeping in view the frame of references the present paper is an
attempt to study the factors affecting the purchase decision of consumers towards purchase of the Fast
Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs) and to recommend the policies which may be adopted by the
advertisers to enhance awareness among the rural buyers. The study used primary data collected from a
sample of 1000 rural consumers from the 40 villages of 04 districts of Haryana state with the help of a
well-structured questionnaire by following Foot-in-Door Strategy (FIDS). And found that rural buyers
perceived that TV commercials followed by print advertisements and word of mouth plays a significant
role for taking the decision to purchase these FMCGs. Further, they consider their own experience,
display at shops; incentive schemes for the purchase of these FMCGs, whereas they do not fully agree
that advice of beautician influences their decision towards the purchase of these FMCGs. On the other
hand, rural buyers perceived that social factors are no so strong that those may influence their decision
to purchase these FMCGs. Hence, it may be recommended that the producers or marketers should frame
ethical advertising strategies keeping in mind that rural people are fond of electronic and print media
advertisements.
Key Words: Frame of References, Foot-in-Door Strategy, FMCGs.
Introduction
As we know, consumers have different frame of references formed out of the information gathered from
their experience. They try to fit the goods and services in these frames of references. If they do not fit
they reject the things. Many of these reference points are subconscious because they are deeply imbedded
in the subconscious mind. It is important to have knowledge of assumptions and beliefs held by
consumers. Some consumers may use price as an index of quality. They may declare a product or service
as cheap if it sells at a price substantially below the level at which competitive brands are selling.
Consumers make a number of assumptions regarding products, services and producers often without fact,
e.g. the beer in pastel colour bottles is thought to be lighter and beer in the coloured bottles is considered
stronger. Similarly, natural fabrics e.g. wool are considered better that synthetic; and the products
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produced in one country are considered superior than produced in other country. Attributes and beliefs
are closely related to attitude but harder to change than attitudes. Many times, they are obtained from
previous generations and are implanted in an early age of person. People above certain group affiliations
and their assumptions and beliefs are drawn from affiliations as in the case of a social class (Sumathi, et
al., 2003).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Sukato and Elsey (2009) examined the phenomena of male consumer behaviour in buying skin care
products in Thailand. In order to cope with the research purpose, Fishbein and Ajzens theory of
reasoned action model is employed as a theoretical framework and modified by adding the self-image
construct. The results of the study confirm that beliefs, self-image, normative influences, and attitudes
have impacts on purchase intention and purchase behaviour in buying skin care products among
Bangkok male consumers and therefore, the modified theory of reasoned action is appropriate to explain
male consumer behaviour in the purchase of specific cosmetic product in the Thai setting.
Vani, et al. (2010) examined consumer behaviour in Bangalore city regarding toothpaste bands and
found that consumer awareness of toothpaste is less in Bangalore city. Oral care market offers huge
potential as penetration and per capita consumption of oral care product is very low in India. Further, the
study found that brand image, advertising and offer play an important role in purchasing toothpaste,
sometimes based on the offer the consumer compare with competitor product and select the best one.
Product attribute also analyzed by the consumer for deciding a brand. Switching of one product to other
company product is mainly based on advertisement, brand name, packaging availability and price rise.
Sridhar and Mishra (2010) analyzed that the rationale and method for studying product adaptation in
rural markets and concluded that the findings of the study are contrary to the general understanding that
rural is perceived very differently and hence operationalized differently by different organization.
However, the results show that contingency theory holds true in case of product adaptation in rural
markets also. With the increase in executives representation of rurality, product adaptation degree also
increased.
Gautam and Gangal (2011) analyzed the factors responsible of the boom in rural marketing, consumers
preference for FMCG products based on 4 As (i.e. Awareness, Affordability, Adoptability and
Availability) by employing convenient sampling method for administering the questionnaires using
Liker Scale to total 200 respondents of HUL & ITC in rural areas of Agra district from January 2011 to
June 2011. The study found that skincare and fragrance have been found as the prime reasons for using
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bathing soaps (personal wash) and consumers buy detergent due to its primary function for cleanliness
and few purchase it for its fragrance. The cleanliness followed by freshness has been the primary
motives to purchase toothpaste (oral care) and some consumers also purchase it for protection of gums
and whiteness value. The consumers purchase hair oil for hair care and good looks. The study also found
that the factors influencing the purchase decision of the respondents, consumers buying are influence the
most by the product factor due to design, quality, durability, made from safe environment and product
range but few respondents are not satisfied with the packaging, image and size of the product. Both the
companies are almost on the same platform regarding the factors of competitive price, shape, design,
Haats and mandis and message/languages/ presentation of advertisement. The consumers are showing
their dissatisfaction for malls and super markets, greater mobility, shop is conveniently situated, and
product display is attractive, value for price paid, cash discount and pricing policy. Lastly, the study
concluded that in parameters like, image, shape and size, packaging, durability, small size products, low
priced sample packets, price scheme, celebrity endorsement and use of transport like autos, camel carts,
HUL has an edge over ITC.
Vernekar and Wadhwa (2011) examined the consumer attitudes and perceptions towards eco-friendly
products in FMCG sector and their willingness to pay on green products. The study revealed that the
green products have substantial awareness among urban Indian customers and they are willing to pay
something more on green products. The majority of customers considered that package is most
important element of such products.
Chandrasekhar (2012) analyzed the consumer buying behaviour and brand loyalty in rural markets
regarding fast moving consumer goods and found that brand loyalty is more in Badangpet and Nadergul
region and less in Chintulla in soaps category. In hair oil category, branded products usage is more in
Badangpet and Nadergul villages and consumer prefer to purchase local brands in Chintulla village. It is
also found that Vatika and Navratan hair oils dominate in Badangpet, Parachute hair oil in Nadergul and
Gograda local brand and Dabur in Chintulla. In case of Biscuits category, consumers mostly buy in
loose, which are available in nearby shops like Salt biscuits, Osmania biscuits etc. Parle-G and Tiger are
mostly used brands in Badangpet. Tea is purchased in loose, which is available in local shops. The
popular brands Red Label, Three Roses and Gemini are used in Badangpet village. Further, the study
found that coffee consumption is very less or no consumption in Nadergul and Chintulla villages. In
case of washing powder, Nirma dominate all the three selected sample rural markets regions. In remote
area like Chintulla, Nirma sell Rs. 1 sachets. In washing soap category, Rin, 501, Nirma, XXX and Extra
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Local Brand dominates all the three selected rural markets. It is also concluded that Ponds, Chintol and
Santoor face powder dominated the market and Ponds has dominated the market in consumption in
Badangpet. In sum, the study also found that male members of the family are alone going to buy
consumer products and women are not interested in shopping and do not come out from their houses
frequently.
Jain and Sharma (2012) analyzed the brand awareness and customer preferences for FMCG products
in rural market of Garhwal region. The study found that average awareness of the respondents in the
rural market is approximately 75 per cent, 70 per cent, 72 per cent, 64 per cent and 73 per cent in case of
shampoo, washing powder, soap, tea, toothpaste respectively, which infers that people in the rural
market have on an average awareness about most of the products. In the shampoo category, the study
found that the respondents give 1st rank to Pantene and last rank to Chik; in case of washing powder, 1st
rank to Surf Excel and last rank to Nirma; to soap category, 1st rank to Dettol and last rank to Rexona; in
case of Tea, 1st rank to Tata tea and last rank to Maharani tea and in category of toothpaste, 1st rank to
Colgate and last rank to Cibaca which infers that advertising and marketing activities have major
influences in choices of people in rural market. The study further found that among various factors like
quality, price, easy availability, family liking, advertisement, variety, credit attributes of brand
preference; the quality is the first preference in case of brand choices and rural people give least
preference to variety and credit attributes. It is also concluded that there is a positive impact of media on
brand preference of FMCG products among consumers.
Jayswal and Shah (2012) analyzed the effect of some selected FMCG products television
advertisements with commonly used negative emotional appeals on cognitive message processing style
of Indian house wives. The study revealing different effect of different advertisement with negative
emotional appeals derived that advertising creative aspect has considered most important and it has been
truly said that what you say is equally important to how you say. Through varied hypothesis
developed by the researcher, the findings is negative emotional advertising appeal makes the cognitive
response positive, helps to form positive attitude and this increases the customer intention to buy the
brand. The different advertising themes have difference in their effect on individual perception.
Prajapati and Thakor (2012) examined the competitive and innovative promotional tools used by
toothpaste companies in rural market and its impact on consumer buying behaviour in Gujarat. The
study found that rural consumers are more concerned about the quality, brand name of the oral care
products purchased by them. Further, it was also found that once the rural consumers found that certain
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brands are suitable to them, they do not change it easily due to influence of friends or social groups and
lack of availability of their usual brands. In toothpaste category, Colgate and Close-up are the most
favorite brands. Price, promotional schemes, color and availability of the product are more influencing
factor when they buy the toothpaste. Rural consumers are generally following the instructions of the
retailers for buying the toothpaste and also consider the promotional scheme when buy the toothpaste
and the prices off schemes are the most influencing scheme to them. When there are special discount
and dentist suggest them to purchase the toothpaste they definitely purchase it.
Ranu and Rishu (2012) analyzed the scope of Ingredient branding in creating sustainable differentiation
advantage for FMCG companies. The results of the study revealed that careful planning must be done
before entering into a relationship in order to maximize the benefits of any ingredient branding strategy.
Along with the costs involved in forming and maintaining the alliance, and the opportunity cost involved
for the partnering firm, the consumers quality sensitivity and their ability to evaluate quality must also
be considered. Firms considering an ingredient branding strategy must also evaluate the customers
perception toward each brand prior to the alliance. The perceived fit of the products as well as the
brands must be understood, and the level of customer familiarity with each brand must be gauged. This
will help marketers in developing a successful Ingredient branding strategy, which builds on the
strengths of the partnering brands and generates additional value for the consumer.
Mishra, et al. (2012) examined the major dimensions of consumers perception about the benefits they
derive from different types of sales promotion schemes in durable goods and to build a framework
showing the valid relationships among all types of multiple consumer benefits of sales promotion in
consumer durables. This exploratory study is mainly based on field survey carried out in India. The
findings indicate that consumers perceive factors like savings, higher product quality, shopping
convenience categorized as utilitarian benefits and value expression, entertainment, exploration
categorized as hedonic benefits as primary reasons for taking advantage of various sales promotion
schemes.
Vaishnani (2012) examined and measured brand equity perception with reference to sales promotion
schemes for selected FMCG products and it is concluded that there is no significant difference between
of brand equity perception among gender as one of the demographic variables. Apart from it, it is
concluded that there is significant difference between brand equity perceptions among various
employment status. Adding to it, it is clear that self employed consumers compare to not employed

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consumers perceive sales promotion schemes less favorably. Furthermore, it is concluded that there is no
significant difference between brand equity perception and educational qualification.
Franco, et al. (2012) analyzed and focused on use of modern portfolio theory in price promotions,
which have become a key component in the marketing mix of stimulating sales, particularly in the
FMCG environment. The hypothesis of this study is that previous limitation of modern portfolio theory
in marketing can be overcome through use of brackets of price promotion. This is proven through study
of FMCG data and it is shown that price promotions can be optimized to improve return without
increased risk.
After, reviewing the existing literature it is observed that the above studies have considered different
factors a lot. However, these studies not focussed upon the purchase decision behaviour of rural areas.
Consequently, the present study entitled Customer Perception towards the Fast Moving Consumer
Goods in Rural Market: An Analysis may be conducted.

Methodology and Objectives

The present study is of exploratory, descriptive, pure and empirical in nature. The present research paper
attempts to identify the factors affecting the purchase decisions of customers towards the purchase of
FMCGs and to recommend the particular factors that should be considered most important for such type
of decisions. To achieve the said objectives, only twelfth question item of the questionnaire (Total 16
question items) was used. The study used primary data collected with the help of a well-structured
questionnaire by following Foot-in-Door Strategy (FIDS) (Malhotra, et al., 2010). Further, to analyze
and interpret the data frequency distribution, mean, mode, percentage for exploratory data analysis and
standard deviation (S. D.), correlation, F-test (ANOVA) and factor analysis were used for confirmatory
data analysis. In the light of the above mentioned objective the following hypothesis was that the rural
buyers do not significantly differ demographically towards factors influencing their purchasing decision
for fast moving consumer goods (H1).

Sampling Plan
The steps in the sampling design were as follows:
Target Population: Elements: Male and Female Rural Buyers; Sampling Unit: Rural Buyer; Extent:
Haryana State; and Time: May, 2011 to September, 2011.

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Sampling Frame: Map of Haryana State, Sampling Technique: Multi-Stage Sampling and Sample Size:
1,000 (04 districts x10 villages per district x 25 respondents per village). To confirm the sample size of
1,000 was adequate, calculations for sample size(n) determination by proportion were made as follows,
using the maximum possible population variation (=0.5). The precision of D in the present study was
0.05 for a 95 percent confidence level (z=1.96). n=(1- )z2/D2 , n=(0.5)(1-0.5)(1.96)2/(0.05)2 =384.16
or 385 rounded to the next higher integer.
Therefore, the 1,000 sample size may be considered more than sufficient (Malhotra, et al., 2010).
In the present study, the sampling quota called for sampling rural buyers with 50:50 ratio to eliminate
distortion and due to a non-representative gender ratio (Table 1). Hence, gender was the control
dimension. In total, multi-stage sampling was used in the present study.

Data Preparation
After the data collection, the data was prepared for the further analysis (Kundu, et al., 2013). A data file
namely "UGC_F. No. 5-270(1)2009 (HRP)_MRP_Datawarehouse" was prepared which was viewed as
an nm matrix of number and values, where n is the number of respondents or records and m is the
number of variables or fields. In the present research paper, the twelfth question items data from the
said data warehouse was used for analysis and interpretation.

Results and Discussion

Table 2 gives a general understanding towards 36 factors affecting the purchase decision taken by rural
buyers towards FMCGs under study. The response on these factors were collected from rural buyers on
5-point Likert scale from 5 for strongly agree, 4 for agree, 3 for neither agree nor disagree, 2 for disagree
to 1 for strongly disagree continuum. The mean values of most of the variables are more than 3, which
gives the inference that rural buyers admit that the above said factors certainly affect their decision
regarding the purchase of all fast moving consumer goods.
To test the appropriateness of factor analysis technique the correlation between the variables is checked
and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy statistic is also used for the same. The
correlation matrix is a lower triangle matrix showing the simple correlation, r, between all possible pairs
of variables included in the analysis. Being an identity matrix of population correlation matrix, all the
diagonal terms are 1, and all off-diagonal terms are 0. The test statistics for Sphercity is based on a Chisquare transformation of the determinants of the correlation matrix. A large value of the test statistic
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favours the rejection of the null hypothesis. Further, KMO compares the magnitude of the observed
correlation coefficients to the magnitude of partial correlation coefficients. Small the value of KMO
statistic indicate that the correlation between pairs of variables cannot be explained by other variables
and the factor analysis may not be appropriate. Generally, a value greater than 0.5 is desirable for the
test statistic. Here, it can be seen from Table 3 that the null hypothesis, that the population correlation
matrix is an identity matrix, is rejected by Bartlett's Test of Sphericity. The approximate Chi-square
statistic value is 22612.664 with 630 degree of freedom, which is significant at 0.05 level. The value of
KMO statistic (.774) is also large (>0.5). Thus, factor analysis may be considered as appropriate
techniques for analyzing the correlation matrix. The matrix constructed from the data obtained in form
of the responses of rural buyers overall opinion about the factors influence their decision to purchase
various FMCGs.
Once, it has been determined that factor analysis is suitable for analyzing the data, an appropriate
method must be selected. The approach used to drive the weight or factors score coefficients. The two
basic approaches are principal component analysis (PCA) and Common factor analysis (CFA). In PCA,
the total variance in data is considered. The diagonal of the correlation matrix consists of unities and full
variance is brought into the factor analysis. PCA is recommended when the primary concern is to
determine the minimum number of factors that will account for maximum variance in the data for use in
subsequent multivariate analysis. Further, PCA may be carried out if the correlation for the variables
contains at least two correlations of 0.30 or greater. The correlation matrix of 36 variables which were
developed to know the overall opinion of rural buyers towards factors influence their decision to
purchase FMCGs under study and it is found there are high correlations between the variables; therefore,
it may be stated that factor analysis is appropriate. Further, it is found that 17 variables have the
correlations above 0.30. Therefore, PCA method is used for extraction of variable for the component or
factor concerned.
The extraction communalities for each variable which is the amount of variance a variable shares with
all the other variables being considered. It is also the proportion of variance explained by the common
factors.
In the Table 4, five factors have been extracted on the basis of prior knowledge to describe the
relationships among variable in a best way. Further, the scree plot associated with this analysis is given
in Exhibit 1. From the scree plot, a distinct break occurs at five factors. Finally, from the cumulative
percentage of variance accounted for, it can be seen that five account for 50.835 per cent of the variance,
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contributed by first component is 17.480 followed by second (9.914 per cent), third (8.257 per cent),
fourth (7.740 per cent) and fifth (7.444 per cent) of total variance.
The rotation was made by the most commonly used method i. e. varimax procedure. This is an
orthogonal method of rotation that minimizes the number of variables with high loadings on a factor,
thereby enhancing the interpretability of the factors. Interpretation is facilitated by identifying the
variables that have large loadings on the same factor. That factor can be interpreted in terms of the
variables that load high on it. For the purpose of interpretation, each factor was composed of variables
that loaded 0.30 or higher on that factor. In case, where variables loaded 0.30 or above on two factors,
each variable was assigned to the factor where it had the highest loading. The maximum of each row
(ignoring the sign) indicates the respective variable belongs to the respective component (Table 5).
After interpretation of the factors, Table 6 enlists the rating of factors on the basis of their importance
and also depicts the results through ANOVA. It depicts that factor 3 is at the top by which rural buyers
perceived that TV commercials ( =4.20) followed by print advertisements ( =4.18) and word of mouth
( =.95) plays a significant role for taking the decision to purchase these FMCGs. Further, they consider
their own experience, display at shop, incentive schemes for the purchase of these FMCGs. Whereas,
they do not fully agree that advice of beautician influence their decision towards the purchase of these
FMCGs ( ==3.07). On the other hand, rural buyers perceived that social factors are no so strong that
those may influence their decision to purchase these FMCGs (factor 5, =3.084).
As far as F-statistics (ANOVA) is concerned, Table 6 shows that rural buyers significantly differ
education, gender, income and occupation-wise towards cultural and psychological factors; age,
education marital, income, occupation and district-wise towards social factors and marital status wise
they differ towards demographic factors which may influence their purchasing decision of fast moving
consumer goods at 0.01 significance level with respective degrees of freedom of demographic
characteristics of the rural buyers by rejecting null hypothesis.

Concluding Remarks
In total, it is found that rural buyers perceived that TV commercials followed by print advertisements
and word of mouth plays a significant role for taking the decision to purchase these FMCGs. Further,
they consider their own experience, display at shops; incentive schemes for the purchase of these
FMCGs, whereas they do not fully agree that advice of beautician influences their decision towards the
purchase of these FMCGs. On the other hand, rural buyers perceived that social factors are no so strong
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that those may influence their decision to purchase these FMCGs. Therefore, it may be recommended
that the producers or marketers should frame ethical advertising strategies keeping in mind that rural
people are fond of electronic and print media advertisements.
References
1. Chandrasekhar, B. V. N. G. (2012), Consumer buying behaviour and brand loyalty in rural
markets: FMCG, IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 50-67.
2. Franco-Laverde, J., Littlewood, A., Ellis, C., Schraner, I., and Varua, M-E, (2012), FMCG
portfolio budget allocation to price promotions using modern portfolio theory, International
Review of Business Research Papers, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 16-30.
3. Gautam, N., and Gangal, V. K. (2011), Consumers preference for FMCG products in rural
India: a comparative study of HUL & ITC, APOTHEOSIS: Tirpudes National Journal of
Business Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 115-123.
4. Jain, A., and Sharma, M. (2012), Brand awareness and customer preferences for FMCG
products in rural market: an empirical study on the rural market of Garhwal region, VSRD
International Journal of Business & Management Research, Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 434-443.
5. Jayswal, M., and Shah, K. (2012), A study of effect of negative emotional appeals on cognitive
message processing style of Indian house wives with specific focus on FMCG products
television advertisements, Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management,
Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 58-72.
6. Kundu, Surinder Singh and Kumar, Vinod (2013). Modes of Advertisements Used by Rural
Populace: An Empirical Study, In Kundu, Subash C., Punia, Bijender K., Shabnam Saxena,
Suresh K. Mittal and Anjali Gupta (Eds.), Researches in Business and ManagementAcademic
and Professional Perspective, Delhi: Wisdom Publications, p. 404.
7. Malhotra, Naresh K. and Dash, Satyabhusan. Marketing Research-An Applied Orientation. 6th
ed. (New Delhi: Pearson Education, Inc. 2010), pp. 591-601.
8. Mishra, U. S., Das, J. R., Mishra, B. B. and Mishra, P. (2012), Perceived benefit analysis of
sales promotion: a case of consumer durables, International Research Journal of Finance and
Economics, Issue 98, pp. 145-154.
9. Prajapati, S. and Thakor, M. (2012), Competitive and innovative promotional tools used by
toothpaste companies for rural market and its impact on consumer buying behavior in Gujarat,
International Referred Research Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 3(2), pp. 82-86.
10. Ranu, G., and Rishu, R. (2012), Ingredient branding: a differentiation strategy for FMCG
companies, Asian Journal of Management Research, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 761-768.
11. Sridhar, G., and Mishra, D. (2010), Executives social representation of rurality and product
adaptation: a case of rural markets in India, APJML, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 285-303.
12. Srinivastava, T N and Rego, Sahilaja. Business Research Methodology. 1st ed., New Delhi: Tata
McGraw Hill Education Private Limited. 2011, pp. 14.66-14.86.
13. Sukato, N., and Elsey, B. (2009), A model of male consumer behaviour in buying skin care
products in Thailand, ABAC Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 39-52.
14. Sumathi, S. and Saravanavel, P. (2003). Marketing Research & Consumer Behaviour. New
Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., p. 322.
15. Vaishnani, H. B. (2012), An empirical study of measuring brand equity perception with
reference to sales promotion schemes for selected FMCG products, Golden Research Thoughts,
Vol. 1, Issue 7, pp. 1-4.
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16. Vani, G., Babu, M. G., and Panchanathan, N. (2010), Toothpaste brands: a study of consumer
behaviour in Bangalore city, Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.
27-39.
17. Vernekar, S. S., and Wadhwa, P. (2011), An empirical study of consumers attitudes and
perception regarding eco-friendly FMCG products, with special reference to Delhi and NCR
region, Opinion, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 64-74.

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Exhibit 1: Scree Plot.

Source: Primary (Data processed through PASW 18.0).

Demographic
Basis
Age (Years)

Education

Total

Total
Marital Status
Total
Income (Rs.)

Occupation

Total

Table 1: Demographic Profile of Rural Buyers

Gender
Male
Female
10-20
117
132
20-30
126
125
30-40
98
98
40-50
99
93
50 and Above
60
52
500
500
Illiterate
16
54
Below Matric
68
146
Matric
184
161
10+2
107
65
Graduate
75
49
Post-Graduate
28
15
Any Other
22
10
500
500
Bachelor
199
182
Married
301
318
500
500
Less Than 5,000
22
10
5,000-10,000
35
37
10,000-15,000
90
83
15,000-20,000
160
189
20,000-25,000
110
120
More Than 25,000
83
61
500
500
Student
174
175
Housewife
3
277
Businessman
54
2
Employee (Private Sector)
67
15
Employee (Public Sector)
100
26
Farmer/Labourer
82
1
Any Other
20
4
Total
500
500
Source: Primary (Data processed through PASW 18.0).

12

Total
249
251
196
192
112
1000
70
214
345
172
124
43
32
1000
381
619
1000
32
72
173
349
230
144
1000
349
280
56
82
126
83
24
1000

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Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for Factor influencing the purchase decision of rural buyers towards FMCGs
Sr. No.
Factor
Mean
Std.
N
Deviation
1
Print advertisements
4.18
.927
1000
2
T.V. commercials
4.20
.872
1000
3
Word of mouth
3.95
.966
1000
4
Salespeople
3.72
1.097
1000
5
Incentive schemes
3.46
1.183
1000
6
Own experience
3.36
1.181
1000
7
Advice of beautician
3.07
1.135
1000
8
Display at shop
3.27
1.138
1000
9
Occasion
3.11
1.183
1000
10
Reference Group
2.98
1.207
1000
11
Trial
3.01
1.224
1000
12
Availability of the product
3.08
1.194
1000
13
Non-availability of the expected brand
3.00
1.222
1000
14
Income
3.19
1.186
1000
15
Family
3.28
1.213
1000
16
Locality
3.33
1.198
1000
17
Age
3.35
1.232
1000
18
Social class/status
3.29
1.185
1000
19
Culture
3.25
1.209
1000
20
Climate/Environment
3.19
1.196
1000
21
Advice of Doctor
3.14
1.215
1000
22
Price of the Product
3.21
1.181
1000
23
Packaging of the product
3.20
1.196
1000
24
Labelling of the product
3.20
1.219
1000
25
Quality of the product
3.25
1.224
1000
26
Taste Change
3.16
1.202
1000
27
Defective Products
3.11
1.265
1000
28
Out dated
3.09
1.267
1000
29
New Ingredient
3.11
1.221
1000
30
Brand Loyalty
3.18
1.182
1000
31
Life of the product
3.20
1.211
1000
32
To follow the Celebrity
3.16
1.217
1000
33
Personality and Lifestyle
3.28
1.198
1000
34
Attitude and behaviour
3.29
1.187
1000
35
Need and Motives
3.24
1.203
1000
36
Quantity of the product
3.25
1.224
1000
Source: Primary (Data processed through PASW 18.0).
Table 3: KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.
.774
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity
Approx. Chi-Square
22612.664
Df
630
Sig.
.000
Source: Primary (Data processed through PASW 18.0).

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International Journal of Techno-Management Research, Vol. 01, Issue 02, September 2013 ISSN: 2321-3744

Table 4: Total Variance Explained

Initial Eigenvalues
Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
Component
Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %
1
6.293
17.480
17.480
6.293
17.480
17.480
2
3.569
9.914
27.395
3.569
9.914
27.395
3
2.972
8.257
35.651
2.972
8.257
35.651
4
2.786
7.740
43.391
2.786
7.740
43.391
5
2.680
7.444
50.835
2.680
7.444
50.835
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Source: Primary (Data processed through PASW 18.0).

Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings

Total % of Variance Cumulative %
4.453
12.368
12.368
4.094
11.371
23.739
3.652
10.145
33.885
3.120
8.666
42.550
2.982
8.284
50.835

Table 5: Factors influencing the Purchase Decision of Rural Buyers towards FMCGS
Factor interpretation
Loading
Variables included in the factor
(% of variance explained)
F1
Cultural and Psychological
.734
34 Attitude and behaviour
Factors (17.480)
.710
33 Personality and Lifestyle
.688
35 Need and Motives
.658
36 Quantity of the product
.610
32 To follow the Celebrity
.488
22 Price of the Product
.488
21 Advice of Doctor
.478
20 Climate/Environment
.447
31 Life of the product
.440
19 Culture
F2
Social Factors (9.914)
.760
28 Out dated
.716
27 Defective Products
.686
11 Trial
.659
29 New Ingredient
.607
12 Availability of the product
.596
10 Reference Group
.523
13 Non-availability of the expected brand
.513
26 Taste Change
.474
30 Brand Loyalty
.417
9 Occasion
F3
Psychographic and Promotional
.757
4 Salespeople
Factors (8.257)
.737
5 Incentive schemes
.707
3 Word of mouth
.657
6 Own experience
.533
2 T.V. commercials
.487
7 Advice of beautician
.411
8 Display at shop
.311
1 Print advertisements
F4
Demographic Factors (7.740)
.793
16 Locality
.785
15 Family
.672
17 Age
.647
14 Income
.404
18 Social class/status
F5
Self-concepts (7.444)
.776
24 Labelling of the product
.698
25 Quality of the product
.658
23 Packaging of the product
Source: Primary (Data processed through PASW 18.0).
Factor

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International Journal of Techno-Management Research, Vol. 01, Issue 02, September 2013 ISSN: 2321-3744

Table 6: Factors influencing the Overall Opinion of Rural Buyers towards the Advertisement of Tooth Brush
Factor

Cultural and Psychological

Factors
Attitude and
34
behaviour
Personality and
33
Lifestyle
35
Need and Motives
Quantity of the
36
product
To follow the
32
Celebrity
22
Price of the Product
21
Advice of Doctor
20
Climate/Environment
31
Life of the product
19
Culture
Social Factors (F2)
28
Out dated
27
Defective Products
11
Trial
29
New Ingredient
Availability of the
12
product
10
Reference Group
Non-availability of
13
the expected brand
26
Taste Change
30
Brand Loyalty
9
Occasion
Psychographic
and
Promotional Factors (F3)
4
Salespeople
5
Incentive schemes
3
Word of mouth
6
Own experience
2
TV commercials
7
Advice of beautician
8
Display at shop
1
Print advertisements
Demographic Factors (F4)
16
Locality
15
Family
17
Age
14
Income
18
Social class/status
Self-concepts (F5)
Labelling of the
24
product
Quality of the
25
product
Packaging of the
23
product

Mean
of
Variable

Inferential Statistics
Marital Status
(df=1, 998)
F
Sig.
.935
.334

Age
(df=4, 995)
F
Sig.
2.147
.073

Education
(df=6, 993)
F
Sig.
4.504
.000*

Gender
(df=1, 998)
F
Sig.
.052
.820

Income
(df=5, 994)
F
Sig.
4.663
.000*

Occupation
(df=6, 993)
F
Sig.
4.663
.000*

Districts
(df=3, 996)
F
Sig.
2.266
.079

3.29

1.829

.121

4.018

.001*

.006

.936

1.544

.214

1.367

.234

.867

.518

1.575

.194

3.28

1.828

.121

3.629

.001*

.178

.673

1.749

.186

1.938

.086

1.616

.139

3.016

.029

3.24
3.25

1.012
1.731

.400
.141

2.880
3.509

.009*
.002*

.249
.683

.618
.409

2.011
2.099

.156
.148

4.046
3.348

.001*
.005*

1.153
2.021

.330
.060

3.065
3.710

.027
.011

3.16

1.643

.161

3.868

.001*

.649

.421

.340

.560

3.013

.010

2.510

.020

6.136

.000*

3.21
3.14
3.19
3.2
3.25
3.084 (5)
3.09
3.11
3.01
3.12
3.08

1.869
1.453
2.832
1.075
1.488
5.166
1.488
2.597
3.367
3.455
3.298

.114
.215
.024
.368
.204
.000*
.204
.035
.010
.008*
.011

2.943
2.743
2.747
2.139
3.024
8.668
5.230
5.760
4.488
3.631
3.617

.007*
.012
.012
.047
.006*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.001*
.001*

.413
.244
.338
.011
1.449
.028
.010
.141
1.805
.017
.006

.521
.621
.561
.917
.229
.867
.921
.708
.179
.897
.937

.019
.247
.130
1.962
.764
9.855
4.665
5.634
6.331
4.159
4.693

.890
.619
.719
.162
.382
.002*
.031
.018
.012
.042
.031

2.897
4.550
3.578
4.886
3.957
7.887
3.095
2.509
5.865
2.539
4.822

.013
.000*
.003*
.000*
.001*
.000*
.009*
.029
.000*
.027
.000*

.805
.691
1.331
1.237
2.289
7.887
2.069
2.576
4.669
1.007
3.280

.566
.657
.240
.284
.034
.000*
.054
.018
.000*
.419
.003*

1.810
12.414
2.529
3.609
3.547
33.061
19.692
20.896
18.468
8.374
6.870

.144
.000*
.056
.013
.014
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*

2.98
3.00

4.333
1.971

.002*
.097

4.899
3.545

.000*
.002*

.001
1.610

.979
.205

6.966
1.908

.008*
.167

4.557
3.730

.000*
.002*

5.047
1.541

.000*
.162

12.293
13.794

.000*
.000*

3.16
3.18
3.11
3.650 (1)

1.621
2.048
3.551
2.085

.167
.086
.007*
.081

3.614
4.435
1.999
2.207

.001*
.000*
.063
.040

1.108
.232
.412
.348

.293
.630
.521
.555

5.080
3.291
2.981
1.108

.024
.070
.085
.293

4.996
3.392
2.368
.864

.000*
.005*
.038
.505

1.457
1.656
2.663
.864

.190
.129
.014
.505

17.302
5.561
5.679
1.142

.000*
.001*
.001*
.331

3.72
3.46
3.95
3.36
4.20
3.07
3.27
4.18
3.288 (2)
3.33
3.28
3.35
3.19
3.29
3.217 (4)
3.2

.769
1.263
1.863
3.105
3.385
2.335
6.034
2.059
1.797
2.297
2.692
2.348
1.281
2.155
1.434
2.484

.546
.283
.115
.015
.009*
.054
.000*
.084
.127
.057
.030
.053
.275
.072
.221
.042

1.153
3.414
2.814
2.591
4.194
2.265
2.199
2.765
2.014
1.077
1.277
1.464
1.528
2.395
.859
1.490

.329
.002*
.010
.017
.000*
.035
.041
.011
.061
.374
.265
.187
.166
.026
.525
.178

.748
.086
.274
.645
4.752
.447
.000
2.573
.548
1.476
.495
1.277
2.829
.206
.001
.454

.387
.769
.601
.422
.029
.504
1.000
.109
.459
.225
.482
.259
.093
.650
.972
.500

1.294
.718
4.534
5.431
7.000
3.288
9.155
2.799
8.588
8.133
10.450
4.867
4.088
2.843
1.148
2.408

.256
.397
.033
.020
.008*
.070
.003*
.095
.003*
.004*
.001*
.028
.043
.092
.284
.121

2.427
.462
.955
1.127
2.252
.672
3.664
1.643
.771
.599
2.224
1.964
2.094
1.602
1.844
3.081

.034
.805
.445
.344
.047
.645
.003*
.146
.570
.701
.050
.082
.064
.157
.102
.009*

1.442
.501
3.172
2.871
3.624
1.312
3.239
3.222
.771
1.980
2.455
2.737
2.975
1.901
1.844
1.164

.196
.808
.004*
.009*
.001*
.249
.004*
.004*
.570
.066
.023
.012
.007*
.078
.102
.324

.494
.989
.658
3.658
2.786
12.510
2.820
16.899
3.217
2.289
1.347
4.268
3.698
2.594
2.956
4.820

.687
.397
.578
.012
.040
.000*
.038
.000*
.022
.077
.258
.005*
.012
.051
.032
.002*

3.25

2.337

.054

2.602

.017

.818

.366

6.531

.011

1.648

.145

2.396

.026

5.322

.001*

3.2

3.626

.006

4.052

.001*

.308

.579

.754

.386

2.650

.022

.880

.509

4.414

.004*

3.221 (3)

Note: Value in the parenthesis shows rank, *significant at .01 level.

Source: Primary (Data processed through PASW 18.0).

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