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IL FUTURO FLESSIBILE esempi di dispositivi elettronici su substrati flessibili. La modifica delle proprietà
superficiali del substrato è la chiave per il successo della loro produzione roll-to-roll.
Il futuro dell’elettronica flessibile richiede perciò l’integrazione del trattamento superficiale
Rory Wolf, Enercon Industries Corporation, Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, USA
Amelia Sparavigna, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
like screen, ink-jet, offset, or The advantages in manufactu- ponents. ink-jet printed red, green, and
flexo printing (Fig.1). According ring these devices by roll-to-roll This technology offers benefits blue emitting pixels in polymer
to Heeger, printing promises to processes are evident. In addi- in terms of reliability, size and OLED displays.
give lower-cost conversion of tion to extremely low production costs. On the other hand, orga- An organic light-emitting diode
sunlight into energy solar cell costs, the flexible nature of nic semiconductor technology (OLED) is any light emitting
research. The technology is these devices dramatically ena- offers completely new and diode (LED) whose luminescent
capable of printing solar cells bles not only their application attractive routes for integra- layer is comprised of a film of
onto a very large area, which is within a broader range of statio- tion, due to the use of fabrica- organic compounds.
needed to get the most sunlight nary and portable applications, tion processes that differ radi- The layer contains a substrate
converted into usable energy. but also their integration with cally from the ones within sili- that allows suitable organic
According to Heeger, the solar other flexible materials. con industry. In this respect, a compounds to be deposited.
technology is still expensive: major strength of organic elec- Rows and columns of organic
the goal of enjoining Heeger’s FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS tronics, in particular of optoe- conducting polymers, deposi-
research with printing techno- lectronics, is that it is based on ted by a simple printing pro-
logy is to introduce a new and Silicon-base display techno- solution processing. There is cess, establish the addressing
more cost-efficient alternative logy integrates all components the possibility to deposit the system of pixels. The resulting
technology for producing solar of the electronic device on a materials by additive proces- matrix of pixels can emit light
cells. single substrate, as opposed ses in only those areas where of different colors.
The production of flexible dis- to the assembly or packaging their specific functionality is A great benefit of OLED displays
plays has the same problems. from a number of discrete com- required, as exemplified by over traditional liquid crystals
IL PLASMA ATMOSFERICO
displays is that OLEDs do not in clothing. In fact, commer- ATMOSPHERIC PLASMA speeds in roll-to-roll systems,
require a backlight to function cial flexible displays are now AS TECHNOLOGICAL is a significant milestone for
and thus they draw far less available, ultra-lightweight BRIDGE-BUILDER RFID market development, to
power. The polymer light-emit- and thin. (Fig.2) further reduce costs of produc-
ting diodes (PLED) involve lumi- The intrusion of water into dis- Another very promising deve- tion. Ensuring that the conduc-
nescent conductive polymers plays can damage or destroy the lopment is linked to the prin- tive silver inks adhere to base
emitting light when subjected to organic materials. ting industry and is the use of materials such as PET and PP
an electric current. Therefore, improved sealing conductive inks, in producing suggests that surface treat-
No vacuum process is requi- processes are important for the antennae with rotogravure ment must be uniform and pro-
red in production, and the device manufacture and may presses. Highly conductive vide the necessary level of sur-
emissive materials can be increase the longevity of dis- inks are heavily filled with sil- face tension. Strong evidence
applied on the substrate by a plays. The improvement of ink ver and proprietary additives of increasing print adhesion
technique derived from com- adhesion to substrates and of to enhance the conductivity of performance using an atmo-
mercial inkjet printing. The the sealing strength is one of transponders in radio-fre- spheric plasma treatment
substrate used can be flexi- the first steps to obtain a poly- quency systems. New conduc- (APT) technology was recently
ble, such as PET, allowing fle- mer display or a flexible solar tive inks exhibit high flexibility, obtained with a commercial
xible PLED displays to be pro- panel with enough longevity. which creates a material system of Enercon. The appli-
duced inexpensively. Printing In the second paper of this ideally suited for portable cation of atmospheric plasma
PLEDs onto flexible substrates series, we discussed how the wireless electronics such as technology is suitable for all
opens the door to new appli- combined action of ozone and RFID tags and smart cards. the roll-to-roll printing activity
cations such as roll-up dis- plasma could be used to increa- Using conductive inks to pro- for flexible substrates, and
plays and displays embedded se the sealing strength. duce printed antennas, at high then with very interesting
opportunities in the develop- ment process: the surface cules to form numerous reacti- ce with energetic particles and
ment of flexible panels, dis- energy of the treated materials ve species. Interaction of elec- radiation of plasma produces
plays and polymeric electro- increases substantially, the- trons, UV radiation and excited the ablation. The plasma bom-
nics. reby enhancing their wettabi- species with solid surfaces pla- bardment is able to create a
lity, printability, and adhesion ced in opposition to the pla- nanoroughness on a polymeric
THE ATMOSPHERIC properties. sma results in the chemical film that does not modify the
PLASMA The APT process consists of and physical modification of mechanical bulk properties of
exposing a polymer to a low- the material surface. the film but strongly increases
Atmospheric plasma devices temperature plasma. Plasma is The effect of plasma on a given surface adhesion.
allow for completely homoge- a partially ionized gas that is a material is determined by the Activation is a process where
nous surface treatments, be- mixture of neutral molecules, chemistry of the reactions bet- surface polymer functional
cause in these systems, a uni- electrons, ions, excited atomic ween the surface and the reac- groups are replaced with diffe-
form and homogenous plasma and free radical species. tive species present in the pla- rent atoms or chemical groups
at atmospheric pressure is pro- Excitation of the gas molecules sma. At the low exposure ener- from the plasma. Since atmo-
duced, differing from the coro- is accomplished by subjecting gies, the plasma effects are spheric plasma contains highly
na discharge (in Fig.3, a com- the gas to an electric field, typi- confined to a region only seve- reactive species, it significantly
parison between corona dis- cally at high frequency. Free ral molecular layers deep and increases the creation of polar
charge and plasma is shown). electrons gain energy from the do not change the bulk proper- groups on the surface of poly-
The atmospheric plasma treat- imposed high frequency elec- ties of the substrate. The surfa- mers so that strong covalent
ment APT works on material tric field, colliding with neutral ce is subjected to ablation and bonding between the substra-
surfaces in a way which is simi- gas molecules and transferring activation processes. The bom- te and its coating (i.e., inks,
lar to the vacuum plasma treat- energy, dissociating the mole- bardment of the polymer surfa- coatings, and adhesives) takes
Trattamento superficiale
uniforme
FIG.
4. RISULTATI MEDI OTTENUTI DA PROVE DI DISTACCO PER CAMPIONI STAMPATI E NON STAMPATI DI POLIESTERE, DOPO
TRATTAMENTO CORONA ED APT CON DENSITÀ DI POTENZA DI 10 W/M2 /MIN. / AVERAGE PEEL ADHESION FOR UNPRINTED L’energia superficiale aumenta
2
AND PRINTED POLYESTER FILM, AFTER TREATMENT WITH A POWER DENSITY OF 10 W/M /MIN. e quindi migliorano
la bagnabilità,
l’utilizzo del plasma. conduttivi che polimerici, al substrato
la stampabilità e l’adesione
Un sommario delle proprietà del plasma e questo si ottiene facilmente con i
è proposto nella Tabella. sistemi APT. La pulitura e l’attivazione
La capacità di produrre l’elettronica della superficie che si hanno nel tratta- Nessun controtrattamento
organica alla velocità con cui si produce mento col plasma atmosferico, oltre a
l’imballaggio flessibile è ancora lontana; ottimizzare la stampabilità degli inchio- Niente camere a vuoto o pompe
la ricerca ha però cominciato a integrare stri, aumentano anche la tenuta delle
i suoi risultati con le tecniche di stampa, saldature, fondamentale nella produzio- Processo a pressione
per sviluppare un processo di produzio- ne di display flessibili e celle solari. atmosferica e continuo
ne adattabile all’industria del converting Il giusto trattamento superficiale del
e dell’imballaggio. substrato ha quindi un ruolo cruciale TABELLA:
Un passo fondamentale è assicurare la nel futuro commerciale dell’elettroni- LE CARATTERISTICHE
perfetta adesione dell’inchiostro, sia ca flessibile. DEL TRATTAMENTO APT.