Mc lc

Li ni u ................................................................................................3 CHNG I :NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG V THNG TIN DI NG

I.Cu trc h thng thng tin di ng s:........................4

1. Phn h trm gc BSS: .........................................................................4 1.1. B iu khin trm gc ( BSC ). ............................................................5 1.2. Trm thu pht gc ( BTS ). .......................................................................5 1.3. B chuyn m (XCDR). ...........................................................................6 1.4. Cc cu hnh ca BSS ...........................................................................6 2. Phn h chuyn mch (SS) ...................................................................6 2.1. Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng (MSC) ............................7 2.2. B ghi nh v th-ng tr(HLR) .............................................................7 2.3. B ghi nh v th-ng tr(VLR). ............................................................8 2.4. B ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR) ............................................................9 2.5.Trung tm nhn thc(AUC): ....................................................................9
II.Tng quan v cc k thut a truy nhp v ang s dng: .....10

1. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA): ......................................10 2. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA):...................................11 3. a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA): .............................................12 4. So snh cc cng ngh FDMA, TDMA vi CDMA ng dng trong thng tin di ng t bo: .......................................................................................12 Chng II: k thut truyn dn tn hiu
I. m t chung: .................................................16 ii. h thng iu ch tng t: ................................16 III. H thng iu ch s: ......................................18

1. M t chung h thng iu ch s: ......................................................18 1.1. iu ch BPSK v QPSK: ......................................................................19 1.2. iu ch FSK v MSK:...........................................................................20 2. Thu phn tp:...........................................................................................23
IV. iu khin li : ...........................................24

1. Cc chin l-c iu khin li: ................................................................24 2. Cc m hiu chnh li:............................................................................24 2.1. M khi: ....................................................................................................24 2.2. M xon: ..................................................................................................25 Chng III: h thng thu pht
I. h thng trm gc bsc: .....................................27

1. Chc nng: ................................................................................................27 1.1. Qun l mng v tuyn ...........................................................................27 1.2. Qun l BTS ...........................................................................................27 1.3. iu khin cuc ni trm di ng ..........................................................27

1.4. Qun l mng truyn dn ......................................................................28 2. Cu trc BSC ...........................................................................................28 2.1. M hnh h thng ..................................................................................28 2.2. Cu trc phn cng ................................................................................29 3. Cc h thng con iu khin ca BSC : .............................................30 4. Cc h thng ng dng ca BSC: .........................................................30
II. h thng trm gc BTS: .....................................30

1. Chc nng: ...............................................................................................30 1.1. Cc tim nng. .........................................................................................30 1.2. M ho v ghp knh................................................................................31 1.3. iu khin h thng con v tuyn. .......................................................31 2. Cu trc BTS: ..........................................................................................31 2.1. Giao tip my thu pht xa. ....................................................................32 2.2. H thng con my thu pht. .....................................................................32 2.3. B i ngun. ........................................................................................33 3. Cc dc tnh: ..........................................................................................34 3.1. Tnh tin cy. ...........................................................................................34 3.2. Tnh bo d-ng. .......................................................................................34
III My di ng: ...............................................34

1. Cu hnh tham kho GSM .....................................................................34 2. Modul nhn dng thu bao ......................................................................35 2.1. M t........................................................................................................33 2.2. SIM card IC. ............................................................................................35 3. Cc tnh nng ca my di ng .............................................................35 3.1. Cc yu cu thc hin cc tnh nng MS. ........................................36 3.2. Mt s cc tnh nng ca thu bao di ng ...........................................36

Li ni u

Hin nay trong cuc sng hng ngy thng tin lin lc ng mt vai tr rt quan trng khng th thiu -c, n quyt nh nhiu mt hot ng ca x hi, gip con ng-i nm bt nhanh chng cc gi tr vn ho, kinh t, khoa hc k thut rt a dng v phong ph. Bng nhng b-c pht trin thn k, cc thnh tu cng ngh in T Tin Hc Vin Thng lm thay i cuc sng con ng-i tng gi tng pht , n to ra mt tro l-u "in T Tin Hc Vin Thng " trong mi lnh vc nhng nm cui ca th k 20, v u th k 21. Lnh vc Thng Tin Di ng cng khng nm ngoi tro l-u . Cng vi nhiu cng ngh khc nhau Thng Tin Di ng ang khng ngng pht trin p ng nhu cu thng tin ngy cng tng c v s l-ng v cht l-ng, to nhiu thun li trong min thi gian cng nh- khng gian. Chc chn trong t-ng lai Thng Tin Di ng s -c hon thin nhiu hn na tho mn nhu cu thng tin t nhin ca con ng-i. Trn c s nhng kin thc tch lu -c qua 5 nm hc tp chuyn ngnh in T Vin Thng ti tr-ng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni v hn mt thng thc tp ti i GSM Trung tm Dch v vin thng KV I, ti hon thnh bn bo co thc tp tt nghip ny. hon thnh bn bo co ny ti xin chn thnh cm n thy gio TS Nguyn V Sn tn tnh h-ng dn ti trong sut qu trnh thc tp tt nghip . Ti xin chn thnh cm n s gip nhit tnh Ph i MSC1 Phm nh Hon cng cc cn b trong cng ty trong sut qu trnh thc tp ti i.

CHNG I :NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG V THNG TIN DI NG

I.Cu trc h thng thng tin di ng s:

M hnh h thng thng tin di ng cellular nh- sau: SS ISDN VRL PSPD N CSPD N PSTN PLMN BTS
H THNG TRM GC

AUC HLR EIR

H thng Chuyn mch

MSC

OSS BSS BSC

MS Cc k hiu:

---- truyn dn tin tc Kt ni cuc gi v truyn dn tin tc

AUC: Trung tm nhn thc VLR: B ghi nh v tm tr HLR: B ghi nh v tm tr EIR: Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b BSS: H thng trm gc BTS: i v tuyn gc BSC: i iu khin trm gc MS: My di ng OMC: Trung tm khai thc v bo d-ng ISDN: Mng s lin kt a dch v PSPDN: Mng chuyn mch cng cng theo gi OSS: H thng khai thc v h tr PLMN: Mng di ng mt t cng cng SS: H thng chuyn mch PSTN: Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng

CSPDN: Mng chuyn mch s cng cng theo mch MSC: Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip v di ng (Tng i di ng) 1. Phn h trm gc BSS: Phn h trm gc BSS l thit b t ti phm vi cell, bao gm mt t hp thit b thu, pht v tuyn v qun l v tuyn. BSS m bo s lin kt gia cc thit b di ng v trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng. BSS s lin lc vi trm di ng trn giao din v tuyn s v vi trung tm chuyn mchcc dch v di ng ( MSC ) qua -ng truyn.2Mbps. BSS gm 3 b phn ch yu sau: 1. B iu khin trm gc ( BSC ). BSC m bo vic iu khin cho BSS . BSC thng tin trc tip vi MSC. BSC c th iu khin mt hay nhiu BTS. 2.Trm thu pht gc ( BTS ). BTS cha tt c cc cu kin RF cung cp giao din v yuyn cho mt cell ring bit . y cng l mt b phn ca mng trc tip trao i thng tin vi BTS my di ng 3..B chuyn m - XCDR. B chuyn m -c s dng nn cc tn hiu t trm di ng sao cho vic pht cc tn hiu ln cc giao din c s c hiu qu hn . Do vy b chuyn i m cng -c xem nh- mt b phn ca BSS , n th-ng -c nh v ni n MSC . 1.1. B iu khin trm gc ( BSC ). BSC qun l giao din v tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu khin t xa ca BTS v MS . l cc lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn giao . BSC -c t gia cc BTS v MSC . BSC l mt tng i nh c kh nng tnh ton nht nh . Vai tr ch yu ca BSC l qun l cc knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn giao . Mt BSC c th qun l hng chc BTS , to thnh mt trm gc. Giao din A -c quy nh gia BSC v MSC , sau giao din Abits -c quy nh gia BSC vi BTS . BTS s m bo vic iu khin BSS . Mt thng tin bt k do BTS yu cu, cho khai thc s thu qua BSC . Cng nh- vy, thng tin bt k -c yu cu v BTS (v d OMC ) s thu -c bng BSC . BSC s kt hp vi mt ma trn s -c dng kt ni cc knh v tuyn trn giao din v tuyn vi cc mch h thng trong MSC . Ma trn chuyn mch BSC cng cho php BSC thc hin cc chuyn vng gia cc knh v tuyn trong cc BSC ring r d-i s iu khin ca BSC m khng dnh dng n MSC . 1.2. Trm thu pht gc ( BTS ).

BTS cha phn cng RF tc l cc thit b thu , pht, anten v khi x l tn hiu cho giao din v tuyn . BTS nh- l mt Moderm v tuyn phc tp . BTS s cung cp vic kt ni giao din v tuyn vi my di ng , n cng c nhiu hn ch v chc nng iu khin , iu ny s gim nhiu l-u l-ng cn -c truyn gia BTS v BSC . Mi BTS s cung cp ln l-t t 1 n 6 sng mang RF, v s cung cp t 8 n 48 cuc gi ng thi . BSC, BTS s iu khin ring r hoc c hai cng iu khin mt chc nng . BSC s qun l ccchc nng, ng-c li BTS s thc hin cc chc nng hoc thc hin cc php o gip BSC. 1.2. B chuyn m (XCDR). XCDR l b chuyn m ton tc, s m bo s chuyn m thoi v ghp knh con 4:1 . B chuyn m (XCDR) cn phi c chuyn i thng tin (thoi hay s liu) li ra MSC (64 Kb/s) thnh dng quy nh bi cc c tnh k thut SGM (Special Mobile Group committee) pht ln giao din v tuyn, tc gia BSS v MS (64 Kb/s thnh 16 Kb/s v ng-c li) . Tn hiu 64 Kb/s t cc b iu ch xung m (PCM) ca MSC, nu -c pht trn giao din v tuyn m khng c s sa i th s chim nhiu di tn v tuyn, iu ny tt nhin l vic s dng ph v tuyn c sn l khng hiu qu, v vy bng vic x l cc mch 64 Kb/s gim bng tn yu cu sao cho tng l-ng thng tin yu cu pht thoi -c s ho gim xung 13 Kb/s. B chuyn m c th -c t MSC,BSC hay BTS, nu n -c t ti MSC th cc knh truyn 13 Kb/s -c pht n BSS bng cch chn thm bit c tc truyn d liu 16 Kb/s v sau s ghp 4 knh 16 Kb/s thnh mt knh 64 Kb/s. Do vy mi -ng truyn PCM 2Mb/s 30 knh c th mang 120 knh thoi GSM quy nh, tc l s tit kim chi ph i vi nh khao thc h thng. B chuyn m th-ng -c nh v chung vi MSC, nh- vy n s gim s l-ng -ng truyn 2Mb/s. Cc cu hnh ca BSS Nh- trn cp, mt BSC c th iu khin nhiu BTS, s l-ng cc BTS cc i c th -c iu khin bng mt BSC khng quy nh trong GSM. Cc BTS v BSC hay c th c hai s -c t trong cng mt cell hpc -c t cc khu vc khc (remote) . Trong thc t phn ln l cc BTS l -c iu khin t xa, trong mt mng th cc BTS nhiu hn nhiu so vi cc BSC. Mt BTS khng cn thng tin trc tip vi BSC iu khin n, n c th -c kt ni vi BSC thng qua mt vng cc BTS . thit lp mt mng th mt vng BTS c th gim s l-ng cp cn thit nh- khi mt BTS c th -c kt ni vi mt BTS bn cnh n ng hn so vi tt c -c ni ti mt BSC, 6 1.3.

trnh tr truyn dn do vng cc BTS gy ra. V vy di ca mt vng BTS cn phi gi ngn ngn nga li vng do tr thoi tr nn qu di. 2. Phn h chuyn mch (SS) Phn h chuyn mch bao hm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca h thng GSM, n cng bao gm cc c s d liu cn thit v s liu thu bao v qun l di ng. Chc nng chnh ca n l qun l cc thng tin gia mng GSM v cc mng truyn thng khc. Cc thnh phn ca phn h chuyn mch nh- sau : - Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng(MSC). - B ghi nh v th-ng tr (HLR). - B ghi nh v tm tr (VLR). - B ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR). - Trung tm nhn thc thu bao(AUC). - Chc nng t-ng tc mng(IWF). - B trit ting vang(EC). H thng cc thanh ghi nh v : thanh ghi nh v th-ng tr (HLR), thanh ghi nh v tm tr, thanh ghi nh dng thit b (EIR). Cc thanh ghi nh v l cc im x l -c nh h-ng n c s d liu ca cc b phn qun l s liu thu bao theo bt c a ch no khi mt thu bao di ng ng yn cng nh- khi l-u ng trong khp mng. V mt chc nng, nh- chc nngt-ng tc (IWF), trit vang (EC) c th xem nh- l cc phn ca MSC v cc hot ng ca chng l -c lin kt chnh xc n chuyn mch cng nh- kt ni cc cuc gi thoi v s liu n v i t cc trm di ng (MS). Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng (MSC) Trong thng tin di ng MSC dng chuyn mch cuc gi, tc l thit lp cuc gi n MS v i t MS, ton b mc ch ca n ging nh-mt tng i in thoi bt k. Tuy nhin, do cn phi b xung thm nhiu mt iu khin, bo mt phc tp trong h thng t bo GSM v rng bng tn cho thu bao, nn s c nhiu -u im hn, MSC c kh nng p ng nhiu chc nng b xung khc. MSC s thc hin hng lot cc nhim v khc nhau tu thuc vo v tr ca n trong h thng. Khi MSC cung cp giao din gia PSTN v cc BSS trong h thng GSM n s -c hiu nh- l mt MSC cng. v tr ny n s m bo yu cu chuyn mch cho ton b qu trnh thng tin di ng t khi bt u cho n khi kt thc. Mi MSC s cung cp dch v n cc my di ng -c nh v trong vng ph sng a l xc nh, mt h thng in hnh gm c nhiu MSC . Mt MSC c kh nng p ng vng th khong mt triu dn. MSC thc hin cc chc nng sau: 2.1.

2.2.

Chc nng x l cuc gi: Bao gm iu khin vic thit lp cuc gi thoi/ s liu, lin kt cc BSS, lin kt cc MSC, cc chuyn vng, iu khin vic qun l di ng (tnh hp l v v tr ca thu bao). Chc nng h tr v bo d-ng khai thc: Bao gm vic qun l c s d liu, nh l-ng v o l-u l-ng thng tin, giao tip ng-i- my. Chc nng hot ng t-ng tc gia cc mng: Qun l giao tip gia h thng GSM v h thng in thoi cng cng PSTN. Chc nng Billing: Thu thp s liu lp ho n c-c cuc gi.

B ghi nh v th-ng tr(HLR) B ghi nh v th-ng tr lin quan vi c s d liu v cc thng s ca thu bao. Cc thng tin ny -c -a vo c s d liu do hng khai thc mng khi mt thu bao mi -c b xung vo h thng. Bt k MS hin u, HLR u l-u gi mi thng tin thu bao lin quan n vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng, k c v tr hin thi ca MS. HLR th-ng l mt my tnh ng ring c kh nng qun l hng trm ngn thu bao, nh-ng khng c kh nng chuyn mch. Mt chc nng na ca HLR l nhn dng thng tin do AUC cung cp(s liu bo mt v tnh hp php ca thu bao). Cc tham s -c l-u gi trong HLR gm c: - Cc ch s (ID) ca thu bao (IMSI v MSISDN) - VLR ca thu bao hin thi (v tr hin thi) - Cc dch v b sung thu bao yu cu. - Thng tin v dch v b sung (v d s my chuyn tip hin thi) - Trng thi thu bao(ng k / xo ng k) - Kho nhn thc v cc chc nng AUC. - S l-u ng thu baodi ng(MSRN). C s d liu ca HLR cha ng cc d liu chnh ca tt c cc thu bao mt mng GSM PLMN. C s d liu ca HLR cha ng cc d liu chnh ca tt c cc MSC v cc VLR trong mng v d cho mng c nhiu HLR nh-ng ch c mt c s d liu -c ghi cho mt thu bao. V vy mt HLR ch x l mt phn ca ton b c s d liu thu bao. D liu thu bao c th -c truy nhp hoc bng s IMSI hoc s MSISDN. D liu cng c th s -c truy nhp bi mt MSC hay mt VLR trong mt mng PLMN khc cho php lin kt h thng v lin kt vng l-u ng. 2.3. B ghi nh v th-ng tr(VLR). VLR l mt c s d liu -c ni vi mt hay nhiu MSC. VLR s sao chp hu ht cc s liu -c l-u tr ti HLR. Tuy nhin, ch l s liu tm thi tn ti chng no m thu bao ang hot ng trong vng ph ring ca VLR (s liu nh v thu bao MS l-u gi trong VLR chnh 8

xc hn s liu t-ng ng trong HLR). Do vy c s d liu VLR s c mt vi s liu ging ht nh- nhiu s liu chnh xc, thch hp khi cc thu bao tn ti trong vng ph ca VLR. VLR s cung cp c s d liu ni b v thu bao bt c ni no thu bao tn ti thc s trong mt mng PLMN, iu ny c th c hoc khng c h thng gc , chc nng ny s loi tr cc nhu cu v truy cp n c s d liu HLR gc tn nhiu th gian. Cc chc nng ca VLR th-ng -c lin kt vi chc nng ca MSC. Cc d lu b sung -c l-u tr VLR nh- sau: - Nhn dng vng nh v: Cc trong mng di ng (PLMN) -c tp hp lin nhau thnh cc vng a l v mi vng -c n nh mt ch s nhn dng vng nh v (LAI), mt vng nh v in hnh c khong 30 . Mi VLR s kim sot mt lot cc LAI v khi mt thu bao di chuyn t mt LAI ny n mt LAI khc, th LAI -c cp nht vo mt VLR. Cng nhvy, khi mt thu bao di chuyn t mt VLR ny n mt VLR khc th cc a ch ca VLR s -c cp nht vo mt HLR. - Nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi: Cc VLR s iu khin vic phn phi cc ch s nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi (TMSI) v s thng bo chng n HLR. Cc TMSI s -c cp nht th-ng xuyn, iu ny s lm cho vic pht hin cuc gi l rt kh khn v vy, m bo kh nng an ninh rt cao cho thu bao.TMSI c th s -c cp nht cc trng thi bt k sau:  Thit lp cuc gi .  ang vo mt LAI mi.  ang vo mt VLR mi. - S l-u ng ca thng tin di ng : Khi mt thu bao mun hot ng ngoi vng th-ng tr ca n ti mt thi im no th VLR cng s ch nh mt s l-u ng cho trm di ng (MSRN), ch s ny -c n nh t mt danh sch cc s thu bao -c l-u gi ti VLR (MSC). MSRN sau -c s dng nh tuyn cuc gi n mt MSC s iu khin trm gc ti v tr hin thi ca cc trm di ng. C s d liu trong VLR c th s -c truy nhp bng IMSI,TMSI hay MSRN. Mt cch in hnh s c mt VLR cho mi MSC. B ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR) eir cha mt c s d liu trung tm xc nhn tnh hp l ca ch s nhn dng thit b di ng quc t (IMEI) y l c s d liu lin quan duy nht n thit b MS v khng lin quan n thu bao ang s dng MS phats hay thu cc cuc gi. C s d liu ca EIR gm c danh sch cc s IMEI (hay cc khi IMEI) -c c cu nh- sau: 2.4.

Danh sch Trng : gm cc s IMEI -c gn cho cc my di ng hp l. - Danh sch en : gm cc s IMEI ca cc my di ng -c trnh bo l mt cp hoc cc dch v b t chi v mt vi l do no . - Danh sch Xm : gm cc s IMEI ca cc my di ng c cc vn trc trc (nh- li phn mm ), tuy nhin ch-a ngha cho php da vo Danh sch en C s d liu ca EIRc th -c truy nhp t xa bi cc MSC trong mng v cng c th -c truy nhp bi mt MSC mng PLMN khc. Cng nh- HLR, mt mng c th s c mt hoc nhiu b EIR, vi mi EIR s kim tra mt khi cc s IMEI no . Khi cho mt s IMEI th MSC s d dng truyn li theo a ch ca EIR kim tra khu vc thch hp c s d liu ca thit b. 2.5. Trung tm nhn thc(AUC): Trung tm nhn thc l mt h thng x l. AUC th-ng -c t chung vi thanh ghi nh v th-ng tr (HLR ) bi v n -c yu cu truy nhp v cp nht mt cch lin tc, lin quan mt thit n h s thu bao trong h thng . Trung tm nhn thc AUC /HLR c th -c t chung vi MSC hoc ti cc MSC xa. Qu trnh nhn thc th-ng xy ra mi thi im khi uca thu bao trong h thng. Trong qu trnh nhn thc, cc d liu bo mt -c l-u gi ti SIM card -c vn dng v so snh vi d liu l-u gi ti c s d liu ca HLR. y l cc d liu -c nhp vo SIM card v c s d liu ca h thng (HLR )ti thi im pht hnh SIM card. Qu trnh nhn thc nh- sau: 1. Mt s ngu nhin -c gi ti my di ng t trung tm nhn thc (AUC ). 2. S ny -c thao tc bng cc thut ton nhn thc l-u gi trong SIM card. Kho nhn thc thu bao (Ki) -c l-u gi trong SIM cng -c s dng trong vic thao tc. 3. Cc kt qu thao tc s ngu nhin s -c tr li (SRES) tr li AUC cng vi mt kho bo mt (Kc) -c l-u gi ti SIM card. Kho bo mt -c dng bo mt d liu khi pht ln ln giao din v tuyn, to ra nhiu s an ton trn giao din. 4. Khi my di ng v AUC cng thc hin ng thi cc php tnh ging nhau mt cch chnh xc vi s ngu nhin v d liu -c l-u gi ti HLR. 5. AUC s nhn li p (SRES) v so snh n vi p n ng. 6. Nu cc tr li -a ra bi AUC v thu bao ging nhau th thu bao -c php s dng trn mng. 7. Kho bo mt -c -a ra bi AUC, -c l-u gi v gi n BTS chop php -c tin hnh bo mt. 10

II.Tng quan v cc k thut a truy nhp v ang s dng:

lm tng dung l-ng ca di v tuyn dng cho h thng thng tin t bo, ng-i ta s dng cc k thut ghp knh. Hin nay c rt nhiu dng ghp knh nh-ng c ba hnh thc thng dng nht l: - a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access) - a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access) - a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access) Lin quan n vic ghp knh l di thng m mi knh hoc mi mch chim trong mt bng tn no . Di thng n gin ch l s chnh lch gia cc tn s cao nht v thp nht trong bng. Cng mt khi nim nh- vy di thng ca knh -c p dng theo quy m nh hn. Trong mi h thng ghp knh trn u s dng thut ng a truy nhp, tc l cc knh v tuyn -c nhiu thu bao dng chung ch khng phi l mi thu bao -c gn mt tn s ring. Sau y s i chi tit v ba k thut ghp knh. 1. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA): Cc h thng t bo hin ti ang s dng k thut ghp knh FDMA, chia ton b bng tn -c phn phi cho mt nh khai thc mng t bo (25 MHz) thnh cc knh ri rc. V mi knh c di thng ( rng di) l 30 KHz, cho nn h thng c tt c 832 knh. Mi cuc m thoi cn s dng hai tn s, cho nn mi nh khai thc c 416 cp tn s kh dng, mi cp c th gn cho mt thu bao mng t bo vo bt k lc no.
Thoi analo

30 KHz knh1

. . .
30 KHz knh832

Thoi analo

Hnh v trn minh ho k thut FDMA, -c p dng cho h thng t bo analog Hoa K. Mi knh chim 30 kHz di thng v p ng cho mt cuc m thoi. Tn s ca mi knh tuy khc nhau nh-ng nhiu my v tuyn c th truy nhp -c. 2. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA): 11

Vi TDMA mi knh v tuyn -c chia thnh cc khe thi gian. Tng cuc m thoi -c bin i thnh tn hiu s m sau -c gn cho mt trong nhng khe thi gian ny. S l-ng khe trong mt knh c th thay i bi v n l mt nhim v ca thit k h thng. C t nht l hai khe thi gian cho mt knh, v th-ng th nhiu hn, iu c ngha l TDMA c kh nng phc v s l-ng khch hng nhiu hn vi ln so vi k thut FDMA vi cng mt l-ng di thng nh- vy. TDMA l mt h thng phc tp hn FDMA, bi v ting ni phi -c s ho hoc m ho, sau -c l-u tr vo mt b nh m gn cho mt khe thi gian trng v cui cng mi pht i. Do vic truyn dn tn hiu l khng lin tc v tc truyn dn phi ln hn vi ln tc m ho. Ngoi ra, do c nhiu thng tin hn cha trong cng mt di thng nn tht b TDMA phi -c s dng k thut phc tp hn cn bng tn hiu thu nhm duy tr cht l-ng tn hiu. Hnh v d-i y minh ho k thut TDMA, cc knh analog 30 kHz dng cho mng t bo h tr -c ba knh digital. Cc -ng truyn m thanh analog ca mi cuc m thoi i qua b bin i A/D v sau chim mt khe thi gian trong knh analog 30 kHz.
B bin i A/D B bin i A/D B bin i A/D B bin i A/D B bin i A/D B bin

30 kHz knh 1 . . . . . 30 kHz knh 832

3. a truy nhp phn i A/D chia theo m (CDMA): Trong k thut CDMA, tn hiu mang tin ( v d nh- ting ni) -c bin i thnh tn hiu digital, sau -c trn vi mt m ging nh- m ngu nhin. Tn hiu tng cng, tc ting ni cng vi m gi ngu nhin, khi -c pht trong mt di tn rng nh mt k thut gi l tri ph. Khng ging FDMA hay TDMA, truyn dn tri ph m CDMA s dng i hi cc knh c gii thng t-ng i rng (th-ng l 1,25 MHz). Tuy nhin theo tnh ton l thuyt th CDMA c th cha -c s thu bao gp 20 ln m FDMA c th c trong mt di thng tng cng nh- nhau .

12

(1)

B bin i A/D B bin i A/D

To m To m

(20 )

1,25 MHz knh 1

(1)

B bin i A/D B bin i A/D

To m To m

(20 )

1,25 MHz knh 20

Hnh v trn minh ho k thut CDMA. Di thng tng t 30 kHz ln 1,25 MHz, nh-ng trong di thng ny by gi cn xp x 20 cuc m thoi. Mi -ng thoi analog tr-c ht -c bin i thnh digital nh b bin i A/D ng nh- vi TDMA. Tuy nhin sau thm mt b-c na l chn mt m c bit qua mt b to m. Sau tn hiu -c pht i, tri rng thm 1,25 MHz di thng ch khng chim mt khe thi gian ring trong di ny. 4. So snh cc cng ngh FDMA, TDMA vi CDMA ng dng trong thng tin di ng t bo: Trong FDMA mi mt khe tn s -c dnh ring cho mt ng-i s dng v ng-i ny s dng khe tn s ny sut qu trnh cuc gi . Trong s TDMA mi ng-i dng -c cp cho mt khe thi gian trong qu trnh gi. S l-ng ng-i dng -c quyt nh bi s l-ng cc khe thi gian hay tn s khc nhau c sn. Trong s CDMA tt c cc ng-i dng pht ng thi v trn mt tn s. Tn hiu -c pht i chim ton b di thng ca h thng v cc dy m -c s dng phn bit ng-i s dng ny vi ng-i s dng kia. CDMA hn hn so vi cc k thut a truy nhp khc. N c th tnh -c ph-ng sai trong hm truyn ca knh gy ra bi b chn lc tn s. Cc my thu CDMA -c thit k tn dng -u im t c tnh nhiu -ng lin quan n fading chn lc tn s v lm gim ti thiu nh h-ng ca chng n dung l-ng ca h thng. u im ch yu v dung l-ng ca CDMA c -c trong mi tr-ng v tuyn a t bo. Trong thng tin di ng tr-c y mt trm gc cng sut ln -c s dng ph sng mt vng rng ln. H thng ny b hn ch kht khe v mt bng tn v khng th p ng cc dch v di ng. Trong h thng in thoi di ng t bo, my pht ca trm gc n l -c thay th bi rt nhiu cc trm gc c cng sut nh, mi my pht ph sng cho mt vng c dng t ong, gi l mt t bo. Trong cc h thng FDMA hay TDMA mi 13

t bo -c chia cho mt phn t ca dy tn s c sn. Dy tn -c dng trong mt t bo c th -c s dng li trong t bo khc cch xa sao cho tn hiu trong hai t bo ny khng gy nhiu n nhau. S L t bo s dng ht ton b ph tn c sn -c gi l cluster (cm). Cc cluster -c b tr nh- hnh v

B B G A F E B G A F E G A F E D D B C C F E G A D D B C C F E G A D C

Hnh v: Cu trc c bn ca h thng t bo Trong h thng FM/FDMA hay TDMA/FDMA s l-ng cc knh trong mt t bo t l nghch vi h s ti s dng tn s L, lin quan n s l-ng cc knh trn dy tn xc nh, v mi t bo trong mt cluster ch -c dnh cho 1/L phn ph tn sn c trong bng tn. Trong hnh v L=7. Trong khi , CDMA c th ti s dng ton b bng tn vi tt c cc t bo. H s t s dng trong h thng t bo CDMA do bng 1. iu ny khin cho dung l-ng ca h thng -c ci thin. rng dung l-ng -c xc nh nh- l mt s l-ng ti a nhng ng-i s dng tch cc trong tt c cc t bo ch khng phi l ch s l-ng ca nhng ng-i dng trong dy tn hay trong mt t bo n v. Vic ci thin v mt dung l-ng tng th nhnh ngha ca h thng CDMA so vi h thng TDMA hay FDMA theo yu cu t 4 n 6 v so vi h thng FM/FDMA l h s khong 20. 14

Nhng tn hiu c bn ca ng-i s dng khc ng thi trn cng bng tn s gy ra nhiu ng knh. Nhiu ng knh l mt tham s gii hn ca h thng v tuyn di ng. Ph-ng php ti s dng tn s trong TDMA/FDMA v FM/FDMA gy ra nhiu ng knh v c cng mt di tn -c s dng li mt t bo khc. Vic s dng cc cluster 7 t bo trong nhiu h thng v tuyn di ng l khng trnh hin t-ng nhiu ng knh. C th tng L ln hn 7 gim nhiu ng knh nh-ng s lm gim s l-ng cc knh trong mt t bo, do vy s lm gim dung l-ng ca h thng. T-ng t nu gi nguyn h s ti s dng l 7 v chia t bo thnh nhng vng nh hn. Mi t bo -c chia thnh ba hoc su vng nh s s dng ba hoc su anten nh h-ng t-ng ng ti trm gc phc v cho c thu ln pht. Mi vng nh ny s dng mt di tn ring, khc vi di tn ca cc vng kia. Th d, nu mt t bo -c chia thnh ba vng nh th nhiu thu -c trn anten nh h-ng ch sp x mt phn ba ca nhiu thu -c trn anten v h-ng t ti trm gc. S dng t bo chia nh thnh ba vng th s l-ng ng-i dng trong mt t bo c th tng thm gp ba ln trong cng mt cluster. Mt vn quan trng khc trong vic tng dung l-ng ca h thng l tnh tch cc ca thoi. Trong mt cuc thoi gia hai ng-i, mi ng-i ch ni khong 35% n 40% thi gian v nghe ht thi gian cn li. Trong h thng CDMA tt c nhng ng-i s dng cng chia s mt knh v tuyn. Khi nhng ng-i s dng trn knh ang lin lc khng ni th nhng ng-i s dng ang m thoi khc s ch chu nh h-ng rt nh ca nhiu. Do vy vic gim st tnh tch cc ca tin ni lm gim nhiu a truy nhp n 65%. iu ny dn n vic tng dung l-ng ca h thng ln h s 2,5. Trong a truy nhp FDMA hoc TDMA vic ng-i s dng -c phn chia tn s hoc thi gian trong thi gian din ra cuc gi v h thng cp li hai ti nguyn ny cho hai ng-i khc trong khong thi gian rt ngn khi knh n nh yn lng l khng thc t v iu ny yu cu phi chuyn mch rt nhanh gia nhng ng-i s dng khc nhau. Trong FDMA v TDMA vic t chc tn s l yu cu kh khn v n kim sot nhiu ng knh. Trong h thng CDMA ch c mt knh chung nn khng cn thc hin t chc tn s. Trong FDMA v TDMA, khi my di ng ra khi vng ph sng ca t bo trong qu trnh m thoi th tn hiu thu -c s b yu i v trm gc s yu cu chuyn giao (handover). H thng s chuyn mch sang mt knh mi khi cuc gi tip tc. Trong CDMA cc t bo khc nhau, khc nhau ch s dng cc dy m khc nhau nh-ng ging nhau l u s dng cng ph tn. Do khng cn phi thc hin handover t tn s ny qua tn s khc. Chuyn giao nh- vy -c gi l chuyn giao mm (soft handover). Trong h thng CDMA khng c mt gii hn r rng v s l-ng ng-i dng nh- trong FDMA v TDMA. Tuy vy cht l-ng hot ng ca h thng i vi tt c nhng ng-i s dng gim t nhiu khi s l-ng ng-i s dng cng lin lc tng ln. Khi s ng-i s dng tng ln n mc no th s khin cho nhiu c th lm cho ting ni tr nn kh hiu v gy mt n nh h 15

thng. Tuy nhin trong CDMA ta quan tm n iu kin phong to mm, c th gii to -c tri vi iu kin phong to cng nh- trong TDMA v FDMA khi m tt c cc knh u b chim. H thng CDMA cng c mt vi nh-c im. Hai nh-c im ni bt l: hiu ng t nhiu v hiu ng xa gn. Hiu ng t nhiu do cc dy m khng trc giao gy ra. Trong h thng v tuyn di ng cc my di ng truyn tin c lp vi nhau, tn hiu ca chng khng n trm gc mt cch cng lc. Do tr thi gian ca chng l phn b ngu nhin nn s t-ng quan cho gia cc tn hiu thu -c t nhng ng-i s dng l khc khng. nhn -c nhiu c mc thp tt c tn hiu phi c t-ng quan cho nh v mi tr thi gian t-ng i. T-ng quan cho gia cc k t c -c bng vic thit k mt tp cc dy trc giao. Tuy nhin khng c mt tp dy m no -c bit l hon ton trc giao khi -c dng trong h thng khng ng b. Cc thnh phn khng trc giao ca tn hiu ca nhng ng-i s dng khc s xut hin nh- l nhiu trong tn hiu iu ch mong mun. Nu s dng my thu c b lc thch ng trong h thng nh- vy th s l-ng ca ng-i s dng b hn ch bi nhiu gy ra bi nhng ng-i s dng khc. iu ny khc vi trong cc h thng TDMA v FDMA, trong cc h thng ny tnh cht trc giao ca tn hiu thu -c b duy tr bng vic chn lc v ng b chnh xc. Hn ch chnh ca CDMA l hiu ng xa gn. Hin t-ng ny xut hin khi mt tn hiu yu t mt my di ng xa thu -c ti trm gc b chn p bi tn hiu mnh t ngun nhiu . Tn hiu nhiu vi cng sut ln hn n ln cng sut tn hiu mong mun s tc dng gn nh- l n tn hiu nhiu c cng sut bng cng sut ca tn hiu. khc phc hiu ng xa gn trong hu ht cc ng dng CDMA ng-i ta s dng cc s iu khin cng sut. Trong h thng t bo iu khin cng sut -c thc hin bi cc trm gc, cc trm ny nh k ra lnh cc my di ng iu chnh cng sut my pht sao cho tt c cc tn hiu thu -c ti trm gc vi mc cng sut l nh- nhau.

16

Chng II: k thut truyn dn tn hiu

I.

m t chung:

Mt h thng truyn dn FM (PM) t-ng t -c s dng truyn cc tn hiu thoi cho thng tin di ng v 3 l do sau: 1. Bin sng mang (mc -ng bao u ra) khng i, nn c th s dng b khuych i cng sut phi tuyn (loi C) vi hiu sut cng sut tt. 2. C th d dng s dng mt b hn ch gim nh h-ng ca phading su v nhanh. 3. Khi t s sng mang/tp m (CNR) ln hn 9dB, li bng rng ci thin cc c tnh tp m sau gii iu ch. Mt h thng thng tin di ng no , chng hn nh- h thng in thoi trn t, khng ch truyn dn tn hiu thoi m cn phi truyn dn c s liu iu khin knh v tuyn, nh-ng ni chung, h thng truyn dn t-ng t chung th-ng -c dng truyn dn tn hiu thoi.
ii. h thng iu ch tng t:

H thng FM (iu tn) thay i tn s ca sng mang theo s thay i in p vo ca tn hiu . Nguyn l FM c th -c m t theo ton hc bng ph-ng trnh: E = Acsin( [ ct  y:
([ sin Z s t ) [s

E: Tn hiura. Ac: Bin sng mang. [ c : Tn s gc ca sng mang. ([ : lch tn s gc cc i. [ s : Tn s gc ca tn hiu. h thng FM, thnh phn tn s (ph) ln hn trong h thng AM. Nn cn c rng bng tn ln hn. Ta so snh ph ca FM v AMbng hnh v trang sau. rng bng thc t (B) cho FM c th -c cho bng ph-ng trnh sau:
B ! 2(f  f m

y:

(f : lch tn s nh. (f ! ([ / 2T ! kAs / 2T

17

f m : Tn s cao nht ca tn hiu. f m ! [ m / 2T [ m ! max[ s

Tn s u ra

in p tn hiu u

f cao

f thp

ca o thp

Hnh v: Nguyn l iu ch FM

Mc

0,3
Thnh phn Tn s sng mang

3,4

kHz

(Bng gc ca 1 tn hiu thoi)

Tn s sng mang

(Ph AM)

Tn s

(Ph FM)

Tn s

18

Hnh v: Ph iu ch

III.

H thng iu ch s:

Khi nim t ong cho php ti s dng ng knh mt cao thuc mt vng a d- cho h thng thng tin di ng v cho php s dng hiu qu ph tn. V th, cu hnh mng t ong -c chn cho nhiu d n h thng v tuyn di ng tin tin. Cng ngh s h tr c lc cho vic t -c khng ch truyn dn s liu tc cao, m cn iu khin h thng cp bc cao v linh hot cao. S khc bit in hnh nht gia h thng t-ng t v h thng s l ph-ng php thm nhp v tuyn v truyn dn thoi. Trong h thng s, tn hiu thoi -c bin i thnh tn hiu s. Trong cc mng in thoi chuyn mch s cng cng, tn hiu thoi -c bin i thnh tn hiu iu xung m (PCM) 64 kb/s. Truyn dn tn hiu thoi 64kb/s PCM yu cu rng bng ln hn nhiu so vi truyn dn t-ng t, kt qu l hiu qu s dngtn s km hn. gii quyt vn ny, c nhiu c gng nhm gim tc bit xung thp hn. Mi y, k thut m ho tn hiu thoi vi tc thoi bit vo khong 10 kb/s -c thc hin trong khi vn m bo ting thoi vn chp nhn -c. Bng vic s dng ph-ng php iu ch hiu sut rng bng nh- QPSK, truyn dn tn hiu thoi dng s c th t -c hiu sut tn s cao hn h thng t-ng t, khi s dng ph-ng php m ho ting tc bit thp. Ph-ng php a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) -c s dng nhiu hn l ph-ng php FDMA cho h thng t ong s, -u im khng ch c nhiu ng-i s dng, c th dng chung mt cp thu pht v tuyn. Cu trc TDMA cn mang la nhiu -u im khc. Chng hn cc u cui di ng c th gim st c-ng tn hiu thu -c t cc trm gc ca cc ln cn bang cch s dng cm TDMA ca chng trong qu trnh thu pht. S ng thng tin nh- vy cc u cui di ng c th xc nh -c v tr ca chng v thi im chuyn giao. iu ny ci thin ng k hiu qu v tin cy iu khin kn v tuyn. T khi thng tin phi thoi hoc s liu dng tn hiu s, cc h thng t ong s ph hp hn trong vic cung cp cc dch v phi thoi so vi h thng t-ng t c v cht l-ng cng nh- tc truyn dn. Vn thu nh kch th-c ca u cui di ng v my xch tay, h thng s c th i hi thm cc thnh phn nh- l cc mch m ho v gii m tn hiu thoi. Tuy nhin cc mch s ph hp khi tch hp so vi cc mch t-ng t. V l do ny, hy 19

vng rng cc my v tuyn nh, nh v kinh t hn s xut hin trong t-ng laicng tin b trong cng ngh vi mch ych hp c ln. 1. M t chung h thng iu ch s: Sng v tuyn c th -c biu din nh- sau: X(t) = A cos( [ .t  f ) Trong , Al bin sng v tuyn, [ l tn s sng mang v f l pha ca sng. C th phn loi h thng iu ch s theo cc phn t -c s dng truyn s liu nh-: A -> ASK [ -> FSK f -> PSK Chng ta s xem xt k hn v h thng thc t trong cc phn sau. 1.1. iu ch BPSK v QPSK: BPSK v QPSK l iu ch m trong thng tin -c -a vo theo hai pha v bn pha ca sng mang t-ng ng. Trong h thng BPSK, cc pha sng u -c thit lp l 0 v T so vi sng mang khng iu ch. y l iu ch pha nh phncho php chuyn mt bit thng tin thnh mt pha. Trong h thng QPSK, cc pha sng iu ch -c thit lp l 0, T /4 v 3 T /4, n cho php chuyn hai bit thng tin thnh mt pha. Hnh v sau cho thy s chuyn pha i vi BPSK v QPSK. Q

(0,1)

(1,1) I

(0,0)

(2,0)

Hnh v: Biu vc t QPSK Cho cc biu thc sau:

S (t ) ! A q(t  nt ) cos(ak t  Jn ) ! I (t ) cos([ ct )  Q (t ) sin([ ct )
n

I (t ) ! A q(t  nt ) cos Jn
n

Q (t ) ! q (t  nt ) sin J n
n

20

Jn s c cc gi tr T /4; 3 T /4; 5 T /4; 7 T /4.

Trong :

T = 1/ f s
f s ! fb / 2

f s : Tc ly mu fb : Tc bit.

Hnh v: Cc c tnh ph v pha QPSK 1.2. iu ch FSK v MSK: FSK bin i thng tin thnh cc phn t tn s trong mt tn hiu v tuyn. B iu ch FSK c 2 kiu sau: - Kiu chuyn mch b giao ng. - Kiu iu khin in p.

f1 f2

~ ~
. . .

PSK M gi tr

fm

(a) Kiu chuyn mch b giao ng B dao ng iu khin ~ PSK M gi tr 21

(b) Kiu iu khin gng in p Hnh v: Cu to mt b iu khin Tn hiu thu -c la chn bng hai b lc bng thng ng b theo tn s iu ch, v cc u ra tun theo lut bnh ph-ng hoc -c tch ng b. Sau gi tr ca hai tn hiu ra -c so snh -c tn hiu gii iu ch. Cu to mt mch iu ch/gii iu ch FSK thng th-ng t phc tp hn mch i vi PSK, v bin khng i. V th c th s dng mt b khuych i bo ho m bo hiu sut h thng truyn dn ln hn.

(a) Chuyn mch dao ng

(b) iu ch VCO

f1

f0

f0

f1

f0

22

Hnh v: Cc dng sng FSK Nh- ch ra hnh v trn, tn hiu FSK c pha thay i lin tc -c gi l FSK lin tc (CPFSK). CPFSK tho mn iu kin trc giao (khng c u ra t b tch sng i nhau ) khi l-ng thay i pha (h s iu ch) trn mt m bng s nguyn ln 0,5. c bit l CPFSK c h s iu ch 0,5 -c gi l kho dch tn cc tiu (MSK). T hnh v tn hiu MSK v hnh v cho thy s thay i pha ca n (trang sau). Cc c tnh t s li m ca MSK ging ht cc c tnh ca QPSK (4PSK) v c th thc hin tch sng ng b trc giao ging nh- i vi QPSK, nh-ng MSK s dng iu tn.
S (t ) ! A cos? c  J (t )A [ J (t ) ! T 2T
g  g k ! g

a u(\  kt )d\
k

ak = 1:logic 0 ; ak = -1:logic 1
S (t ) ! A cos([ ct ) cosJ (t )  A sin([ ct ) sin J (t ) ! I (t ) cos([ ct )  Q(t ) sin([ ct ) J (t ) nhn mt trong cc gi tr T /2; T ; 3 T /2.

F0

F1

1 m

F1  F0 u ra tch ng b F F

Hnh v: Tn hiu MSK. 23

2. Thu phn tp: t -c truyn dn tn hiu s tin cy cao m khng tng qu ln c cng sut pht v khong cch ti s dng ng knh cn p dng cc k thut ph tr c th x l cc hiu ng phading nhiu tia nhanh. Nh- chng ta bit, r rng thu phn tp l mt trong nhng k thut hiu qu nht chio mc ch ny. V vn nguyn l cng c th p dng phn ln cc k thut thu phn tp i vi v tuyn di ng s. Nh-ng trong phn ny, ta ch cp n mt s loi quan trng ng k vi h thng s. Cc ph-ng php kt hp phn tp ni chung -c phn thnh hai loi: - Kt hp tr-c tch sng. - Kt hp sau tch sng.

Kt hp

B tch sng

Pht hin m

(a) Kt hp phn tp tr-c tch sng.

24

B tch sng Kt hp B tch sng Pht hin m

(b) Kt hp phn tp sau tch sng. Hnh v: Kt hp phn tp.

Ph-ng php kt hp phn tp tr-c tch sng i hi chc nng ng pha tn hiu . V th rt kh p dng ph-ng php ny cho mi tr-ng v tuyn di ng ni m tn hiu thu thay i nhanh. Hn na ph-ng php trn lc tr-c tch sng lm cho pha khng lin tc ti thi im chuyn mch nhnh. Ph-ng php ny lm gim cht l-ng t s bit li. Mt khc phn tp sau tch sng yu cu cng c s b tch sng nh- cc nhnh phn tp. Tuy nhin, tt c cc u ra b tch sng c cng pha nh- nhau. V th, qu trnh ng pha l khng cn thit i vi kt hp. Ngt qung pha s khng xy ra khi la chn. iu c ngha l ph-ng php phn tp sau tch sng l ph hp nht i vi h thng di ng mt t.
IV. iu khin li :

Khi s liu -c pht trin trn mt knh c tp m hoc b phading, th s lun c mt knh m s liu thu -c c cha li. Nu nh- s liu thu khng t yu cu v t s li, th iu khin li th-ng c th -c s dng lm gim nh li ti mt mc cho php. 1. Cc chin l-c iu khin li: Nu truyn dn t my pht n my thu l n h-ng, th iu khin li i vi h thng mt chiu phi thc hin bng cch hiu chnh li h-ng i 25

(FEC), ngha l s dng cc m hiu chnh li t ng sa cc li pht hin t my thu. Trong mt vi tr-ng hp, mt h thng truyn dn c th l hai chiu , ngha l thng tin c th gi theo c hai h-ng v my pht cng hot ng nhmt my thu v ng-c li. iu khin li cho mt h thng hai chiu -c thc hin bng cch pht hin li v pht li, gi l yu cu lp li t ng (ARQ). Trong mt h thng ARQ khi pht hin li my thu, mt yu cu -c gi ti my pht pht li bn tin, v lp li cho ti khi bn tin -c thu nhn mt cch chnh xc. C hai loi h thng ARQ: ARQ dng v i , ARQ lin tip. ARQ lin tc hiu qu hn ARQ dng v i nh-ng gi c cng t hn. Trong mt h thng thng tin c tc truyn dn cao v tr truyn dn di (nh- h thng v tinh) th-ng s dng ARQ lin tc. ARQ dng v i -c dng trong nhng h thng m thi gian pht mt t m di hn so vi thi gian thu mt tn hiu cng nhn. 2. Cc m hiu chnh li: hin nay, c hai loi m khc nhau th-ng -c s dng: m khi v m xon. D-i y ta xt c s tng loi m. 2.1. M khi: B m ho cho mt m khi phn chia khi thng tin thnh khi bn tin, mi khi c k bit thng tin. Mt khi bn tin -c biu din bng tp hp k nh phn K ! (K 1 ,K 2 ,......K k ) gi l mt bn tin (thng tin m ho khi s dng k hiu c ngi l mt bn tin k bit htay cho ton b chui thng tin ). C th c tt c 2k bn tin khc nhau. B m ho chuyn i c lp tng bn tin K thnh mt tp hp W ! (W1,W2 ,....,WK ) ca cc k hiu ring r gi l mt t m ( m ho khi s dng k hiu W c ngi l mt khi n k hiu thay cho ton b chui m ho ). V th t-ng ng vi 2k bn tin c th khc nhau, th c 2k t m c th c khc nhau ti u ra mi b m ho. Tp hp 2k t m c di n -c gi l mt m khi (n,k). T s R=k/n gi l t s m, v c th -c hiu nh- s cc bit thng tin -a vo b m ho trn mt k hiu -c pht i. V t m u ra n k hiu ch ph thuc t-ng ng vo bn tin k bit u vo, nn b m ho cn t b nh v c th -c thc hin nh mt mch logic t hp. i vi m h thng k bit trong s W l chnh xc nh- bn tin. Hnh v sau m t qu trnh ny.

Bit kim tra -c thm vo cc bit thng tin h-ng pht H-ng thu xc nh v tr cc li t cc bit kim tra/ bit thng tin

Bit thng tin

Bit kim tra

Cc bit Hiu

thng tin

Cc bit

kim 26 tra

Hnh v: nguyn l m hiu chnh li. 2.2. M xon: B m ho ca m xon cng nhn cc khi k bit ca chui thng tin v cho ra mt chui m ho (t m) W ca cc khi n k hiu (trong m ho xon, cc k hiu v v W th-ng -c s dng ch cc khi hn l cho mt k hiu n ). Tuy nhin, mi khi -c m ho khng ch ph thuc vo cc khi bn tin k bit t-ng ng trong cng mt n v thi gian, m cn ph thuc vo m khi b tin tc tr-c . V th b m ho c m b nh. Tp hp chui m ho to ra t b m ho k u vo, n u ra v m b nh -c gi l mt m xon (n, k, m). T s R = k/n gi l t s m. V b m ho cha c b nh, nn n phi thc hin nh mt mch logic t-ng t. Trong m xon nh phn, cc bit -c b xung chng li tp m knh c th -c cng thm vo chui thng tin k < n hoc R < 1. Thng th-ng k v n l cc s nguyn nh v phn b xung -c thm vo bng cch tng b nh m ca b m ha khi vn gi nguyn k v n, do vy t s m R c nh. S dng b nh nh- th no t -c truyn dn m bo tin cy trn mt knh c tp m l mt vn quan trng khi thit k b m ho. Hnh v sau y -a ra mt v d v b m xon nh phn c k=1, n = 2, m = 2.

Thanh ghi dch U U

27

Hnh v: B m ho xon nh phn. minh ho cc t m -c to ra nh- th no, ta xt chui thng tin K = [1101000] , trong cc bit bn tri vo b m ho tr-c. p dng quy tc cng modul 2, gi s rng cc b ghp knh ly bit th nht -c m ho t u ra bn trn, khi c th d dng nhn thy rng cc chui m ho l: W = [11,10,10,00,01,11,00,00,00 ]

CHNG III :

H thng thu pht

I.

h thng iu khin trm gc bsc:

1. Chc nng: 1.1. Qun l mng v tuyn. Mng v tuyn ca mt h thng t ong lun b sc p ca vic tc cc thu bao mi tham gia h thng khng ngng gia tng. Sau khi bt u phc v, h thng th-ng xuyn phi t chc li cu hnh qun l l-u l-ng 28

ngy cng tng. V th vic thc hin cu trc s liu c hiu qu l rt quan trng. Mt b phn ca BSC m bo s tn ti ca thit b ang hot ng trong khi phn khc -c tp trung vo hiu qu ca l-u l-ng truyn sng. Vic chng li s mt cn i ti mng do l-u l-ng cao im ngy cng tr nn quan trng. mt mc no c th b tr s mt cn i nybng cch iu chnh cc thng s ca -c xc nh bi BSC. cc tr-ng hp c bit c th s dng cc bin php mnh hn nh- nh tuyn l-u l-ng n cc khc. 1.2. Qun l BTS Xy dng BTS -c nh h-ng theo my thu pht. iu ny ngha l thit b chung cho nhiu my thu pht cng t cng tt. Li ch ln nht ca vic ny l c th t -c cc c tr-ng d phng. Tn tht cc i gy ra bi mt s c phn cng ch l mt my thu pht. iu ny tt yu dn n quan h ch t gia BSC v cc my thu pht BTS. Tr-c khi bt u khai thc, BSC lp cu hnh ca TRX v cc tn s cho mi trm. Nh- vy BSC nhn -c mt tp hp cc knh c th dnh cho vic ni thng vi cc my di ng. Sau TRX -c gim st bng cc cch kim tra phn mm bn trong. Mt s c -c pht hin s dn n vic lp li cu hnh ca BTS, chng hn mt TRX d phng -c -a vo hot ng. V th tp hp cc knh logic khng b nh h-ng. 1.3. iu khin cuc ni trm di ng BSC chu trch nhim tht lp v gii phng cc u ni n my di ng. Trong qu trnh thit lp mt cu hnh knh logic -c dnh cho cc u ni. Vic dnh knh ny -c thc hin trn c s thng tin v cc c tnh ca tng knh ring. Thng tin ny -c thu thp t cc php o cc khe thi gian ri trm v tuyn gc. Trong qu trnh gi, s u ni BSC -c gim st. C-ng tn hiu v cht l-ng ting -c o my di ng v my thu pht, sau -c pht n BSC. Mt thut ton cnGSM sut quyt nh cc cng sut ra tt nht ca my di ng v my thu pht gim nhiu trong mng v -c cht l-ng ni thng tt. Chc nng nh v lm vic trn cng s liu o v quyt nh c cn chuyn my di ng n khc hay khng. Nu n xc nh no l tt nht. Chc nng chuyn giao thc hin vic chuyn dch cuc ni thng n knh khc. tr-ng hp ny thuc BSC khc, MSC phi -c tham gia vo chun giao. Tuy nhin n ch lm vic theo cc lnh t BSC , khng c quyt nh no -c thc hin t MSC, v khng c thng tin thi gian thc v cuc ni.

29

Chuyn giao trong l mt dng c bit. N -c thc hin khi BSC thy cht l-ng ni thng qu thp nh-ng khng nhn -c ch th t cc php o l khc tt hn. Trong tr-ng hp ny BSC cho php chuyn cuc ni n cc knh khc cng mt vi hy vng cht l-ng s -c ci thin. Cc php o khe thi gini cho php chn -c mt knh tt hn. Cng c th s dng vic chuyn giao cn bng ti gia cc . Khi thit lp mt cuc gi mt b nghn, my di ng c th phi chuyn n mt khc c l-u l-ng thp hn nu c th nhn -c cht l-ng cho php. Vic chuyn giao c-ng bc n vng khc cng l mt cng c hu ch cho bo d-ng. Bng chuyn giao c-ng bc, c th gii phng cc knh khi l-u l-ng cn bo d-ng. C hai chuyn giao c-ng bc trn l b phn ca mt chc nng -c gi l chuyn giao khi dng do mng phn bit vi chuyn giao bnh th-ng khi vn ni thng v tuyn c tm quan trng nht. V mt iu khin cuc gi v qun l l-u ng th MSC thng tntc tip vi my di ng. V th mt chc nng xuyn sut ring -c cung cp BSC cho php MSC gi tn hiu ln -ng ni. 1.4. Qun l mng truyn dn BSC lp cu hnh v gim st cc mch 64 kb/s n cc trm v tuyn gc. N cng iu khin trc tip mt chuyn mch xa nm trong BTS s dng hiu qu cc mch 64 kb/s. Ghp knh xen r -c thc hin bi chuyn mch ny cho php t hai BTS mt tng trn -ng truyn dn t BSC. Chuyn mch xa cng cho php thit lp cc my thu pht c d phng m khng cn truyn dn dnh tr-c. Cc mch 64 kb/BTS ang -c s dng bi mt my thu pht c s c, -c chuyn mch n my thu pht d phng. BSC cng chu trch nhim gim st cc mch dn MSC v ra lnh chn cc mch b s c. 2. Cu trc BSC 2.1. M hnh h thng BSC l mt phn t ca h sn phm AXE v cu trc h thng ca n tun theo tt c cc quy tc -c ra cho AXE. Khi nim chnh xy dng AXEl tnh modul cht ch cc mc cp bc khc nhau cho php h thong AXE t -c di ng dng rng ln. cp cao nht AXE -c chia thnh h thng iu khin (AZP) v h thng ng dng (APT). APZ m bo kh nng x l s liu cn thit v APT thc hin chc nng ng dng m tr-ng hp ny l BSC. Hai h thng APZ v APT li -c chia thnh cc h thng con, cc h thng con ny -c chia thnh cc khi chc nng. Mt khi chc nng thc hin mt tp hp cc chc nng v -c thc hin mt tp hp cc chc nng v 30

-c nh ngha n tr bng cc giao tip ca mnh n cc khi chc nng khc. N cha c phn cng ln phn mm. 2.1. Cu trc phn cng: D-i y l tng qut cu trc phn cng. Mi khi phn cng -c trnh by dng h thng con ca APZ v APT.

CP

SP

RP TRAU

RP ST7

TRH

STC

ETC

ETC

CP B x l trung tm SP B x l h tr RP B x l vng TR B iu khin my thu pht STC u cui bo hiu trung tm TRAU Khi chuyn i m v thch ng tc ST7 u cui bo hiu s 7

Thng tin Bo hiu

31

3. Cc h thng con iu khin ca BSC (APZ): Mc ch ca h thng iu khin cung cp cho h thng ng dng cho kh nng x l s liu v h thng vo /ra. Tnh mm do thch ng cc ng dng khc nhau nhn -c nh cu trc x l phn b. Sau y l cc h thng con iu khin BSC: - H thng con x l trung tm (CPS) - H thng con x l vng (RPS) - H thng con bo d-ng (MAS) - H thng con x l h tr (SPS) - H thng con giao tip ng-i my (MCS) - H thng con qun l file (FMS) - H thng con thng tin s liu (DCS) 4. Cc h thng ng dng ca BSC (APT): H thng ng dng (APT) thc hin chc nng ca BSC. Su h thng con APT -c s dng thc hin cc yu cu ca BSC l: - H thng con qun l my thu pht (TAS) - H thng con iu khin v tuyn (RCS) - H thng conthng k v o l-u l-ng (RCS) - H thng con iu khin -ng ni (LHS) - H thng con chuyn mch nhm (GSS) - H thng con bo hiu knh chung (CSS).
II. h thng trm gc BTS:

1. Chc nng: 1.2. Cc tim nng. Cc tim nng ca tm gc BTS gm c cc tim nng chung v tim nng ring. Cc tim nng chung biu th cc tim nng chung ca BTS -c s dng cho l-u thng vi cc MS thuc v mt . Chc nng ny bao gm cc chc nng con sau: - Qung b thng tin ca h thng. - Tm gi. - Yu cu knh t MS. - n nh tc thi. Tim nng ring biu th tt c cc chc nng BTS -c s dng cho thng tin vi cc MS thuc v phn BTS phc v mt . Chc nng ny bao gm cc chc nng con sau: - -a knh vo hot ng. - Hu hot ng knh. - Khi u mt m. 32

Pht hin chuyn giao.

1.3. M ho v ghp knh M ho v ghp knh l chc nng lp khun dng thng tin cc knh vt l. Chc nng ny bao gm cc chc nng con sau: - Ghp knh -ng v tuyn. Cc knh logic -c ghp chung cc knh vt l. - M ho v ghp xen knh. Lung bit -c lp khun dng cho tng khe thi gian knh vt l. - Mt m v gii mt m. Tng -c m ho v gii m bng kho mt m. M ho v gii m -c thc hin cc bit mang thng tin quan trng. Kho mt m -c to ra AUC v np vo TRX. S ngu nhin (RAND) -c gi n MS to ra kho mt m MS. 1.4. iu khin h thng con v tuyn. iu khin h thng con v tuyn m bo iu khin cc tim nng v tuyn. Chc nn ny bao gm cc chc nng con sau: o cht l-ng: Cc php o cht l-ng v c-ng tn hiu -c thc hin tt c cc knh ring hot ng trn -ng ln (t MS n BTS). Cc php o ny -c thc hin trong thi gian hot ng mt knh. Cc kt qu o t MS v cht l-ng -ng xung (t BTS n MS), c-ng tn hiu v cc mc tn hiu ca BTS xung quanh -c gi i v x l BSC. o ng b thi gian: Mt tn hiu -c pht i t BTS n MS nh tr-c thi gian truyn dn n BTS b tr thi gian tr gy ra do truyn sng. TRX lin tc gim st v cp nht ng b thi gian. Cng vi cc s liu o cho -ng ln, ng b thi gian hin thi cng -c bo co cho BSC. iu khin cng sut ca BTS v MS: Cng sut ca BTS v MS -c iu khin t BSC gim ti thiu mc cng sut pht gim nhiu ng knh. Pht: pht v tuyn bao gm nhy tn. Nhy tn -c thc hin bng chuyn mch bng tn c s vi cc my pht khc nhau cho tng tn s. Thu: Thu tn hiu v tuyn bao gm c cn bng v phn tp. S c -ng truyn v tuyn : S c -c pht hin v bo co cho BSC. 1. Cu trc BTS: Thng th-ng BTS bao gm cc khi chc nng chnh sau: - Giao tip thu pht xa (TRI). - H thng con thu pht (TRS). + Nhm thu pht (TG). + u cui bo d-ng ti ch (LMT). 33

TRI l mt chuyn mch cho php u ni mm do gia BSC v TG. TRS bao gm tt c cc thit b v tuyn trm. TG l phn cha tt c cc thit b v tuyn ni chung dn mt anten pht. LMT l giao tip ng-i s dng vi cc chc nng khai thc v bo d-ng, n c th ni trc tip n mi TG hay qu TRI n BSC.

BTS TRI

TRS LMT TG TG

Hnh v: S khi BTS. 2.1. Giao tip my thu pht xa (TRI): TRI ly cc khe thi gian mch 2Mb/s dnh cho cc khi ca BTS v gi cc khe cn li n BTS tip theo. Cc cnh bo ngoi (EA) v u cui bo d-ng ti ch (LMT) -c ni n TRI. -ng ni n PCM 2Mb/s -c ni n cc phin u cui tng i (ETB), mt PCM/ETB. Khe thi gian -c iu khin -c ni qua u cui bo hiu vng (STR) b x l vng modul m rng (EMRP), LTM v cnh bo ngoi. Cc khe thi gian s liu -c r ti TRX hay -c ni n mt -ng 2Mb/s mi i ti BTS tip theo. Ba hay tm TRX c th ni n mt u cui truyn dn v tuyn . 2.2. H thng con my thu pht (TRS): H thng con thu pht bao gm tt c cc thit b v tuyn trm v gm cc phn chnh sau: - Nhm thu pht (TG). - u cui bo d-ng ti ch (LMT). 34

* My thu pht (TRX) My thu pht c th phc v 8 my song cng ton tc. Mi my TRX -c xy dng trn c s 5 b phn: - B iu khin TRX (TRXC). - Khi x l tn hiu (SPU). - My pht v tuyn (RTX). - My thu v tuyn (RRX). - Chuyn mch bng tn c s (RBX). B iu khin TRXC: TRXC l phn iu khin ca TRX. Cho bo hiu c mt -ng ni 64 kb/s n BSC v mi knh ting/ s liu c mt -ng ni 16 kb/s n b chuyn i m BSC. Bn -ng ting/ s liu -c nhm chung thnh mt -ng ni 64 kb/s (ngha l 3 -ng ni 64 kb/s cho mt TRXC ). iu khin TG (TGC) l chc nng qun l cc chc nng iu khin chung TG. Cc chc nng iu khin chung -c phn b ton b TG nh-ng -c iu khin bi TGC. TGC l mt chc nng phn mm hai TRXC trong TG. C hai TGC d phng v s dng khe thi gian iu khin cho TRX thng tin vi BSC. Thng tin ny bao gm c thng tin TRXT. Khi x l tn hiu (SPU): SPU l phn x l tn hiu ca TRX. Mi SPU iu khin hai khe thi gian. My pht v tuyn (RTX): My pht RTX l phn pht RTX bao gm cc chc nng iu chnh tn s v c mt b khuych i cng sut. V khuych i cng sut -c iu khin t xa nn c th iu chnh cng sut m khng cn n trm. C t nht mt RTX cho mt TRX. Nu khng c nhy tn, mi RTX thuc mt TRX ring. Nu c nhy tn th c mt RTX cho mt tn s nhy v s RTX c th ln hn s TRX. Khi RTX thuc cc TRX khc nhau cho mi khe thi gian. My thu v tuyn (RRX): My thu v tuyn (RRX) l phn v tuyn thu. RRX bao gm c mt chc nng phn tp b tr nh h-ng ca phading. Mi RRX trc thuc mt TRX ring. Chuyn mch bng tn c s(RBX) Khi BTS c nhy tn, TRX s -c b xung chuyn mch bng tn c s (BBX) gia TRXC v RTX chuyn mch ny ni tng cm tn hiu t TRXC n RTX hin thu theo trnh t nhy. * u cui bo d-ng ti ch (LMT): u cui bo d-ng ti ch (LMT) l giao tip ng-i - my vi TG cho cc chc nng khai thc v bo d-ng. C th ni LMT n BSC t -c cc chc nng O & M BSC. 35

2.3. B i ngun: C th nui BTS bng cc in p danh nh sau: + 24 V DC. 230 V AC. -(48 z 60) V DC. +24 V DC -c phn b bn trong t my. Nu ngun vo khng phi l +24VDC th cn mt b bin i chuyn i ngun vo thnh +24V. Gii php tt nht cho cc trm khng c ngun DCl b bin i 230 V AC/24 VDC lp t my v tuyn hay acquy m bn ngoi vi thi gian duy tr t nht l 15 pht. cc trm c -48 VDC hay 60 VDC, b bin i (48 z 60) VDC/24 VDC -c lp t my bin i ngun. 3. Cc dc tnh: 3.1. Tnh tin cy: Tnh modul v cht l-ng sn phm cao m bo mc tin cy cao. tng kh nng sn sng ca BTS n cc i, tt c cc phn quan trng -c d phng. Tt c cc knh BTS -c trang b nh- nhau. Nu mt s c xy ra knh iu khin, mt TRX khc s t ng m nhim knh iu khin. 3.2. Tnh bo d-ng. H thng khai thc v h tr tm ra cc s c xy ra thit b. Cc khi s c -c nh v c th thay th ti ch. iu ny cng vi nim thay i nhanh cc modul nh- cc hp my, cc khi ca hp my gi cho cng vic bo d-ng sa cha v nh vy gi thnh mc ti thiu. Tnh bo d-ng cng -c tng bng cch nh s cc khi hp l v r rng. Bo d-ng phng nga -c gi mc ti thiu nh vic h thng c gim st t ng.
III My di ng:

1. Cu hnh tham kho GSM Cu hnh tham kho cho cc giao tip thm nhp GSMPLMN nh- hnh v sau:

My di ng MT0 BSS/MSC

TE1

MT1

BSS/MSC

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Hnh v: Cu hnh tham kho giao tip thm nhp GSMPLMN. 2. Modul nhn dng thu bao (SIM) 2.1. M t: Nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t (IMSI) l thng tin nhn dng n tr mt thu bao vi mng GSM PLMN. Cc my di ng ch c th hot ng nu c IMSI ng (tr cc cuc gi khn -c cho php). MS phi cha mt chc nng bo mt nhn thc thu bao: Mt kho nhn thc b mt v mt thut ton mt m. Modul nhn dng thu bao l modul cha tt c cc qu trnh trn, k c kho nhn dng. SIM cng cha IMSI v thng tin lin quan n thu bao di ng. 2.2. Khi nhn dng thu bao SIM: Th SIM l mt th thng minh -c gn vo thit b di ng v cha cc thng tin v thu bao di ng v th n c tn l khi nhn dng thu bao. SIM c vai tr l thu bao duy nht, c th lm vic vi cc thit b ME khc nhau tin cho vic thu , m-n ME tu thu bao. Th SIM cha mt s n v thng tin sau: S nhn dng thu bao quc t (ISMI) Ch s ny s nhn dng thu bao di ng. N ch -c pht ln khng gian trong thi im u cuc gi. S nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi (TMSI) - y l ch s nhn dng cc thu bao, n -c thay i mt cch chu kbi mt h thng qun l bo v cc thu bao t ng-i nhn bng vic kim tra mt ng-i no n vic gim st giao din v tuyn. S nhn dng vng nh v (LAI) N s nhn dng vng nh v hin thi ca thu bao. Kho nhn thc thu bao (Ki) - -c dng xc nhn th SIM card. S thu bao di ng (MSISDN) l s my in thoi di ng, n s bao gm m vng, m quc gia v s my thu bao. 37

Phn ln d liu -c cha trong SIM s -c bo v chng c (Ki) hay nhng s sa i (IMSI) sau khi pht hnh cc SIM card. Mt vi thng s (LAI) s -c cp nht lin tc phn nh s nh v hin ti ca thu bao. SIM card -c gn lin vi h thng bo mt rt cht ch m bo, bo mt vi cc thng tin ca thu bao v bo v cho mng chng li s truy nhp gian ln. SIM -c thit k kh sao chp v s dng mt khu m s nhn dng c nhn (PIN), bo v quyn s dng hp php, ngn nga vic s dng th tri php. SIM c kh nng l-u tr thm thng tin, chng hn nhtnh c-c cuc gi tch ly. y l thng tin c th ti khch hng qua -ng handset / ghi s tng i. Th SIM cng thc hin thut ton nhn thc. SIM card cho php ng-i s dng nhiu dch v v cho php ng-i dng truy nhp vo cc mng di ng mt t PLMN khc nhau (nh tiu chun ho giao din SIM ME ). 3. Cc tnh nng ca my di ng Tnh nng ca my di ng -c nh nghi nh- mt b phn ca thit b hay chc nng lin quan trc tip n s vn hnh ca MS. Trn c s ca nh nha ny c th phn bit ba loi tnh nng c s, ph v b sung. 3.1. Cc yu cu thc hin cc tnh nng MS: Cc tnh nng MS -c phn thnh: bt buc v tu chn. Cc tnh nng bt buc phi -c thc hin chng no chng cn l tnh nng ca MS. Vic thc hin cc tnh nng tu chn -c dnh cho mun ca nh sn xut. i vi mi tnh nng tu chn -c dnh cho mun ca nh sn xut. i vi mi tnh nng MS hin nay v trong t-ng lai, cc nh sn xut phi c trch nhim m bo cho cc tnh nng Ms s khng mu thun vi giao tip v tuyn, cng nh- khng gy nhiu n mng hoc n MS khc hay bn thn MS ca mnh. c th s dng cc tnh nng MS mt cch n gin v thng nht, c lp vi kiu MS v hng sn xut MS, cn c s phi hp iu khin tp hp ti thiu cc tnh nng. 3.2. Mt s cc tnh nng ca thu bao di ng: Phn ny lit k v trnh by mt s tnh nng ca my di ng. Bao gm cc tnh nng bt buc v tu chn. Sau y l cc tnh nng bt buc: * Hin th s b gi. Tnh nng ny cho php ng-i gi kim tra s thoi -c quay tr-c khi thit lp cuc gi. * Hin th cc tn hiu trong qu trnh tin hnh cuc gi Cc ch th ny l cc tone (tng), cc thng bo -c ghi hay hin th trn c s thng tin bo hiu tr li t PLMN. cc cuc gi truyn s liu, thng tin ny c th -c -a n DTE. 38

* Ch th quc gia / mng PLMN Ch th quc gia / mng PLMN cho bit hin thi MS ang ng k mng GSM PLMN no. Ch th ny cn thit ng-i s dng bit khi no l-u ng (chuyn mng quc gia) v vic la chn PLMN l ng. C quc gia v PLMN u -c hin th. Khi c nhiu GSM PLMN khch,iu ny cng -c hin th. * Ch th nghip v L ch th cho ng-i s dng rng c c-ng tn hiu ph hp (chng no cn c th nh gi -c t tn hiu thu) thc hin mt cuc gi v MS ng k thnh cng PLMN -c chn. Ch th ny cng c th -c kt hp vi ch th quc gia/PLMN * T kim tra Sau khi bt ngun v tr-c khi ni ln u n mng, MS t tin hnh kim tra s sn sng cho khai thc ca mnh. Trong thi gian t kim tra m bo rng MS khng gy nhiu cho mng ca mnh cng nh- cc mng khc. V vy khi t kim tra my pht khng pht x. Nu trong qu trnh t kim tra li, s c -c pht hin thit b th MS s ch th n. * Hin th PIN khng nng lc Ch th PIN khng nng lc -c -a vo. * Nhn dng thit b my tin di ng quc t IMEI Mi MS phi c mt nhn dng duy nht v phi -c pht i theo yu cu t PLMN. IMEI -c lp trn cng mt modul nm trong MS v -c bo mt. Sau y l cc tnh nng tu chn: * Qun l nhn dng ng k thu bao SIM cha IMSI. Modul nhn dng thu bao -c bo v v chun ho trong mng GSM. Nu ng-i s dng tho SIM ra, th MS cng tch ra lm cho cuc gi ang tin hnh kt thc, v ngn s khi u ca cc cuc gi tip theo (tr cc cuc gi khn cp) * Ch th v xc nhn bn tin ngn: Tnh nng ny cho php pht i nhng bn tin ngn n MS t trung tm dch v. Nhng bn tin nh- vy -c ng-i s dng mng vin thng gi n trung tm dch v, v c th h cng yu cu pht bn tin n ng-i s dng MS ang hot ng. Do MS phi cho mt ch th n ng-i s dng l nhn -c bn tin t trung tm dch v v cng phi gi mt tn hiu xc nhn n PLMN -a xc nhn ny tr v trung tm dch v * Ch th thng bo ngn b trn Mt ch th s -c gi n ng-i s dng dch v thng bo ngn ca MS khi khng th nhn bn thng bo ti v b nh khng cha. 39

* Giao tip t-ng t Giao tip ny ni ghp t-ng t bn ngoi cho thit b, chng hn thit b khng cn nhc my. * Chc nng thm nhp quc t Dnh cho ph-ng php thm nhp quc t trc tip tiu chun. Tn hiu ny -c thng bo giao tip v tuyn v c tc dng to ra m thm nhp quc t mng. N c th -c s dng trc tip khi thit lp mt cuc gi hay -c -a vo b nh quay s rt gn. Tnh nng ny c li v m thm nhp quc t cc n-c CEPT khc nhau lm cho ng-i s dng nhm ln v cn tr vic s dng hiu qu quay s rt gn khi l-u ng quc t. Ng-i s dng vn c th t cc cuc gi quc t nh- th-ng l bng m thm nhp quc t rt gn. * Chuyn mch bt tt MS c th -c trang b mt ph-ng tin bt ngun v tt ngun. Chuyn mch tt th-ng l mm v th khi n n, MS thc hin hon tt mi chc nng qun l tr-c khi tt tht s . Chuyn mch bt cng c th kt hp c vi vic -a m PIN vo. Sau y l cc tnh nng ph v b xung: * Ch th c-c Tnh nng ny cho php hin th thng tin tnh c-c trn c s mt cuc gi do PLMN cung cp. * iu khin cc dch v ph Nht thit cc nhim v ph c th -c iu khin t MS. * Quay s rt gn S thoi danh b hay mt phn ca n -c l-u gi my di ng cng vi a ch rt gn. Sau khi -c nhn s thoi c th hin trn mn hin th. Bng mt chc nng bn phm c th b xung s thoi ch-a y hoc -a vo s th hai. S thoi danh b -c pht i -ng truyn v tuyn. * Gi s thoi c nh Tnh nng ny cho php bng mt kho in t c th cm gi mi s thoi tr cc s -c lp trnh tr-c my di ng. Dch v ny c th c hai loi: - Tt c cc cuc gi u -c thc hin n cc s -c xc nh tr-c. - Cc cuc gi c th -c thc hin n cc s -c xc nh tr-c. S thoi cn thit -c chn bng mt m a ch rt gn. C th b sung cc a ch con cho s thoi -c xc nh tr-c. c hai tr-ng hp s thoi thc -c pht i -ng truyn v tuyn. * Khai thc khng nhc my Tnh nng ny cho php hi thoi in thoi khng cn t hp ni nghe. Cc bin php chng giao ng t kch v truyn ting vng n thu bao xa 40

-c thc hin MS. Tinh vi hn c th iu khin MS bng u vo ting chng hn bng cc p ng ting t MS. * Cm cc cuc gi ra Tnh nng ny cho php chn cc cuc gi ra. iu kin chn c th -c hot ng bng mt phm . Cm c th chn lc, ngha l ch p dng cho tng dch v tng kiu cuc gi hay cc dch v ph. Khng c s tham gia ca bo hiu mng. * My o cc dn v tnh c-c cuc gi My di ng c th cha mt b ch th cc n v tnh c-c cuc gi. B ch th c-c cuc gi ny s cung cp thng tin v cc n v c-c cuc gi phi tr. B ch th c-c cuc gi s c cc b m ring sau: - B m cuc gi thoi cui cng. - Ccb m tch lu cho tng PLMN D-i s iu khin ca lnh trn mn hin th ca my di ng bnh th-ng s hin th ng thi hai v tr thng tin sau: - Thng tin v cuc thoi cui cng b m. - Thng tin -c tch lu b m. * My di ng nhiu ng-i s dng My di ng nhiu ng-i s dng l mt my di ng cho php khng ch mt ng-i s dng c nh m c cc thu bao khc s dng tm thi, ng thi cho php thm nhp cc dch v trong mng GSM PLMN c h-rAUC ln h-ng vo. Loi MS ny cung cp tng b c card ring cho tng card thu bao. Nhvy my di ng nhiu ng-i s dng c t nht l hai b c card. S l-ng cc b c card xc nh s cc i cc thu bao cng c th s dng MS. Thu bao -a MS ca mnh vo hot ng bng cng mt th tc nh- i vi MS c mt b c card.

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