Georgia Lauzi - Natalie Buchan Tomarchio

Smile!
The English you need
as a Dental Professional

A cura di
Luigi Galli

FRANCO LUCISANO
EDITORE
Georgia Lauzi - Natalie Buchan Tomarchio

Smile!
The English you need
as a Dental Professional

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Copyright © 2014
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Prima edizione: marzo 2014

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Copertina: Redazione Lucisano Editore

Progetto e realizzazione grafica: GIG
Redazione: Luigi Galli
Disegni: Alessandro Giordano, Giorgio Credaro, Gianna Cezza, Luigi Galli
Fonti iconografiche: Andrea De Benedetto, Luigi Galli, Archivio Lucisano Editore, www.dreamstime.com
e, in ordine alfabetico, 3DSystem, 3M Espe, 3Shape, 8853, Apex, Apple, Asa Dental, Lab. Aurodental,
Bicon, Biaggini Medical Devices, dott. Bonaudo, Bredent, dott. Cattaruzza, Dei Italia, Lab. Dentalmaster,
Dental Salon, Dentaurum, Dentistry Today, Dentsply Trubyte, Dux dental, DWS, Lab. Easy Cad Cam, dott.
Faraone, Galloni, GC Dental, Girrbach, Heraeus, I-alloy, IIS Severi-Correnti, Invisalign, Ivoclar, KaVo,
Kerr, Komet, Leone, dott. Lucconi, Major, N. Maccagno, Manfredi, Mariotti, Micerium, Nobel, NZDA,
P. Pagliari, prof. Pera, Primotec USA, prof. Rebaudo, Renfert, Rhein ‘83, Ruthinium, Saed, A. Savioli,
Sirona, Straumann, Vita, Whip-mix, Wieland, Wilkinson, Yeti, I. Zaripov, Zeiser, Zhermack.

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Ristampe:
5 4 3 2 1 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Realizzare un libro è un’operazione complessa, che richiede numerosi controlli: sul testo, sulle immagi-
ni e sulle relazioni che si stabiliscono tra essi. L’esperienza suggerisce che è praticamente impossibile
pubblicare un libro privo di errori. Saremo quindi grati ai lettori che vorranno segnalarceli.
Prefazione

L’obiettivo principale di questo testo è quello di fornire agli studenti gli strumenti per potenziare
le abilità linguistiche per l’uso dell’inglese in ambito professionale.
Se oggi è infatti difficile pensare di affrontare un qualsiasi lavoro senza un'adeguata
conoscenza della lingua inglese, in un settore come quello dentale, nel quale l'aggiornamento ha
tempi rapidissimi e percorre autostrade digitali prevalentemente anglofone, conoscere l'inglese
diventa addirittura indispensabile. È quindi necessario che gli operatori dispongano, oltre che
di competenze culturali utili per la comunicazione intesa in senso più generale, anche di un
bagaglio linguistico specifico che comprenda vocaboli tecnici del settore necessari per interpretare
correttamente testi, video, corsi e altri materiali provenienti dalla realtà professionale.
Ma tutto questo non è ancora sufficiente: si deve anche disporre degli strumenti culturali
necessari per chiedere informazioni, leggere e scrivere e-mail, partecipare a iere e congressi,
utilizzando con sicurezza tutti i tipi di comunicazione, partendo da quella più colloquiale,
passando per quella formale e arrivando a quella più squisitamente tecnica che serve per la
fruizione di articoli scientiici e relazioni divulgative.
A questi obiettivi abbiamo voluto dedicare la maggiore attenzione, privilegiando gli argomenti
dal punto di vista pratico, utilizzando letture tecniche e materiale autentico proposti secondo
una scansione di difficoltà progressivamente crescente e corrispondente alle tematiche
affrontate dalle altre discipline. Ogni lettura è stata preparata tenendo conto della correttezza e
dell'aggiornamento delle procedure tecniche, la cui adeguatezza reputiamo indispensabile per
evidenziare il collegamento tra i saperi linguistici e quelli operativi.
Alle letture si accostano costantemente attività volte a potenziare le abilità di base (reading,
writing, speaking, listening) e – dove opportuno – i richiami grammaticali o linguistici che
aiutano lo studente ad affrontare i testi. Inoltre, i numerosi esercizi, costantemente intrecciati
con i supporti multimediali disponibili online, hanno l’ambizione di inibire il più possibile
lo studio prettamente mnemonico, sviluppando invece capacità comunicative da sfruttare
soprattutto in ambito professionale, ma con ricadute anche sull’uso più quotidiano della lingua.
In appendice il testo è infine completato da una sezione di ripasso grammaticale e da un
glossario tecnico inglese-italiano e italiano-inglese.
L'integrazione con la parte online fornisce, a studenti e docenti, diversi materiali integrativi:
le soluzioni degli esercizi, i ile audio necessari per il listening, esempi di veriiche scritte, orali, di
simulazione delle prove d’Esame e di prove mirate per studenti con DSA, oltre ad alcuni video da
utilizzare per gli esercizi contenuti nel libro o come approfondimenti.
Una Scuola che prepari al mondo del lavoro non può infine ignorare la tendenza
contemporanea verso l'interscambio culturale internazionale, per cui si è reputato utile porre
un'attenzione particolare sia alla preparazione dell'Esame di Stato, sia alla conoscenza del
quadro europeo del mondo del lavoro, sviluppando le competenze degli studenti nella ricerca di
un'occupazione (preparazione del CV, risposta ad annunci, simulazione di colloqui).

Ci auguriamo che docenti e studenti possano trovare in queste pagine, e nei materiali online che
le completano, un valido aiuto per costruire, oggi, i saperi indispensabili dei professionisti di
domani.

Georgia Lauzi - Natalie Buchan Tomarchio

Book Description
Come usare questo libro

Quest’opera, per ragioni di propedeuticità, si divide in 9 moduli e un'appendice.

Ogni modulo affronta una diversa esigenza comunicativa, suddividendosi in
varie Unit che utilizzano soprattutto richiami grammaticali, letture tecniche ed
esercizi di vario genere.
Online, all’indirizzo online.scuola.zanichelli.it/smile/ è possibile trovare le ri-
sorse necessarie per il listening e i video che approfondiscono e completano il
INTRODUCTION

libro, oltre a materiali per il docente, supporti specifici per DSA ecc.

All’inizio di ogni Modulo compaiono un breve riepilogo

degli argomenti trattati e delle letture tecniche, con i
relativi collegamenti interdisciplinari.

A fine modulo, Module Revision propone esercizi

relativi agli argomenti trattati, per ognuno dei quali
è previsto un punteggio specifico.

Una griglia di autovalutazione permette alla fine di valutare il proprio livello di

apprendimento sulla base del punteggio complessivo.

Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

Ogni Unit si apre con un Gli esercizi sono distinti per tipologia e Un bollino PET/FCE identifica gli
vengono identificati da icone specifiche. esercizi ricalcati sul modello della
Warm up che fornisce le
certificazione B1/B2.
conoscenze di base per
affrontare la Unit.

Focus on grammar fornisce

i brevi richiami grammaticali
relativi alle forme linguistiche
oggetto della Unit.

I box Life in the lab propongono esercizi di listening che simulano

la realtà operativa del laboratorio e dello studio dentistico,
attraverso i dialoghi tra quattro personaggi: nel laboratorio Mr.
Wren, l'odontotecnico, e Tom, il suo apprendista; nello studio
dentistico la Dr. Thompson, la dentista, e Jenny, la sua assistente.

Il glossary offre la traduzione delle

parole più inusuali e non facilmente
comprensibili.

Le vignette descrivono alcune singolari

Le letture tecniche trattano ognuna un argomento caratteristiche delle cure odontoiatriche
specifico, talvolta utilizzando materiale autentico ed delle epoche passate.
evidenziando in colore i termini più rilevanti.

Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

SUMMARY PAGE COMMUNICATION TOPICS GRAMMAR EXERCISES

13 English for professional studies

1 Understanding and using descriptive texts

Unit 1 Giving definitions
18-19 Definitions Relative pronouns 1/1 Writing
1/2 Listening
20-21 The passive The tooth (Anatomy) 1/3 Vocabulary
1/4 Listening
22-23 The mouth (Anatomy) The passive 1/5 Writing
24-25 1/6 Vocabulary
1/7 Speaking
1/8 Writing

Unit 2 Making comparisons

26-27 Comparisons Once upon a time: The Comparatives 2/1 Writing
Mayas (Dental History) 2/2 Speaking
28-29 Impression materials
(Materials Science)
30-31 Superlative form Once upon a time: The The superlative 2/3 Vocabulary/Listening
Arabians (Dental History) form 2/4 Writing
2/5 Writing
32-33 Casting materials 2/6 Speaking
- Gypsum plaster 2/7 Listening
(Materials Science)
34-35 Casting materials 2/8 Reading c.
- Resins (Materials 2/9 Reading c.
Science) 2/10 Speaking
2/11 Listening
36 2/12 Speaking
2/13 Writing
37 Revision

2 Using the dictionary

Unit 3 Looking up words
40-41 Using the dictionary 3/1 Vocabulary
42-43 The skull bones 3/2 Vocabulary
(Anatomy) 3/3 Reading c.
44-45 Pronunciation 3/4 Vocabulary
3/5 Video
3/6 Online research
46-47 Surfaces of the tooth 3/7 Vocabulary/Listening
(Drawing) 3/8 Vocabulary
3/9 Reading c.

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 PAGE COMMUNICATION TOPICS GRAMMAR EXERCISES

48-49 Once upon a time: The 3/10 Listening

Chinese (Dental History) 3/11 Vocabulary
3/12 Speaking

Unit 4 Translating texts

50-51 Types of dictionaries 4/1 Reading c.
52-53 Prostheses classification 4/2 Translation
(Dental Laboratory) 4/3 Vocabulary
54-55 Different kinds of texts 4/4 Reading c.
4/5 Listening/Speaking
56-57 Muscles of mastication 4/6 Vocabulary/Translation
(Anatomy) 4/7 Reading c.
58 4/8 Online research
4/9 Translation
59 Revision

3 Asking for information about specific products

Unit 5 Advertising and promotional websites
62-63 Advertising 5/1 Vocabulary
5/2 Reading c.
64-65 Promotional websites Authentic material: Adv. 5/3 Vocabulary
Toothpaste and Resins 5/4 Listening
(Dental Laboratory) 5/5 Writing
66-67 The imperative 5/6 Video
5/7 Online research
5/8 Writing
68-69 A light touch (Dental
Laboratory)
70-71 5/9 Speaking/Writing
5/10 Online research/
Speaking
5/11 Speaking

Unit 6 Asking for information

72-73 E-mails and phone calls 6/1 Vocabulary
6/2 Reading c./Writing
74-75 6/3 Vocabulary
76-77 Modal verbs
78-79 Impression trays (Dental 6/4 Writing
Laboratory) 6/5 Vocabulary/Listening
80 6/6 Listening
6/7 Speaking
6/8 Writing
81 Revision

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SUMMARY PAGE COMMUNICATION TOPICS GRAMMAR EXERCISES

4 Participating in professional fairs and conferences

Unit 7 Participating in exhibitions
84-85 Fairs and exhibitions 7/1 Vocabulary
86-87 Prepositions of place 7/2 Vocabulary/Speaking
88-89 Authentic material: 7/3 Vocabulary
Greater New York Dental 7/4 Listening
Meeting 7/5 Reading c.
90-91 7/6 Online res./Speaking
7/7 Reading c.
92-93 Once upon a time: 7/8 Reading c.
Medieval superstition 7/9 Speaking
(Dental History) 7/10 Speaking
7/11 Online res./Writing

Unit 8 Attending a conference or refresher course

94-95 Conferences, 8/1 Vocabulary
congresses and 8/2 Listening/Video
refresher courses
96-97 Once upon a time: 8/3 Vocabulary
The French of the XVII 8/4 Reading c./Translation
century (Dental History)
Authentic material:
Abstracts from Auckland
Dental Expo 2013
98 8/5 Reading c.
8/6 Speaking/Listening
8/7 Online res./Writing
99 Revision

5 Understanding and using explicatory texts

Unit 9 Explaining causes, effects and conditions
102-103 Explicatory texts Articulators (Dental 9/1 Vocabulary
Laboratory)
104-105 Making hypotheses Facebows (Gnathology) 9/2 Vocabulary
9/3 Reading c.
9/4 Listening
9/5 Reading c.
106-107 Casting techniques Conditional 9/6 Writing
(Dental Laboratory) sentences 9/7 Vocabulary
108-109 9/8 Reading c.
9/9 Video/Reading c.
9/10 Speaking
9/11 Writing

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 PAGE COMMUNICATION TOPICS GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Unit 10 Organizing paragraphs

110-111 Paragraphs Occlusal curves: curves 10/1 Reading c.
of Spee and Wilson 10/2 Reading c.
(Gnathology)
112-113 Metal free crowns 10/3 Vocabulary
(Materials Science) 10/4 Listening
Resin composites (Dental
Laboratory)
114-115 10/5 Vocabulary
10/6 Reading c./Translation
116-117 Kennedy's classification 10/7 Listening
of partially edentulous 10/8 Speaking
arches (Gnathology) 10/9 Online res./Reading c.
10/10 Speaking
118 Revision

6 Writing short texts and abstracts

Unit 11 Writing short texts
122-123 Simplifying sentences Use of the article 11/1 Translation
124-125 Anatomical landmarks 11/2 Vocabulary
in edentulous mouth 11/3 Writing
(Anatomy)
126-127 Writing with the support Orthodontic treatment 11/4 Vocabulary
of a dictionary with progressive aligners 11/5 Online res./Writing
(Gnathology) 11/6 Listening
128-129 11/7 Reading c.
11/8 Video/Reading c.
11/9 Writing
11/10 Speaking

Unit 12 Summaries and abstracts

130-131 Summaries Tooth decay (Gnathology) 12/1 Reading c.
132-133 12/2 Vocabulary
12/3 Writing
12/4 Listening
12/5 Online res./Writing
12/6 Speaking
134-135 Evolution of dental 12/7 Reading c.
ceramics (Materials
Science)
136-137 Abstracts 12/8 Writing
12/9 Reading c.
12/10 Writing
12/11 Speaking
138 Revision

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SUMMARY PAGE COMMUNICATION TOPICS GRAMMAR EXERCISES

7 Online research
Unit 13 Finding information online
142-143 Surfing the net Quantifiers 13/1 Reading c.
13/2 Listening
144-145 Dental alloys (Materials 13/3 Vocabulary/Listening
Science) 13/4 Reading c.
146-147 Once upon a time: Moles 13/5 Online res./Writing
in the XVI-XVII century 13/6 Speaking
(Dental History) 13/7 Online research
13/8 Speaking

Unit 14 Writing a presentation

148-149 Essays and scientific 14/1 Reading c.
articles 14/2 Listening
14/3 Speaking
150-151 Dental implants (Gnath.) 14/4 Reading c.
152-153 Milled attachments 14/5 Online res./Writing
(Materials Science) 14/6 Reading c.
154-155 14/7 Vocabulary
14/8 Speaking
14/9 Online res./Speaking
14/10 Online res./Writing

Unit 15 Giving a speech

156-157 Public speaking 15/1 Speaking
15/2 Online research
158-159 Implants with internal 15/3 Reading c.
conical connection (M.S.) 15/4 Video/Speaking
160-161 Titanium and zirconia (M.S.) Prepositions of time
162-163 Once upon a time: 15/5 Reading c.
Superstitions in the XVII 15/6 Listening
century (Dental History) 15/7 Speaking
15/8 Speaking
15/9 Online res./Speaking
164 Revision

8 An interdisciplinary approach
Unit 16 English and other subjects
168-169 CLIL lessons Impression techniques 16/1 Writing/Speaking
for implants (Dental Lab.) 16/2 Video/Speaking
170-171 Interdisciplinary essays 16/3 Reading c.
16/4 Listening
172-173 Reported speech 16/5 Reading c.
16/6 Speaking
174-175 Occlusion and disclusion 16/7 Reading c.
(Gnathology) 16/8 Writing/Speaking
16/9 Writing

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 PAGE COMMUNICATION TOPICS GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Unit 17 Focus on your final exam

176-177 The written test CAD CAM (Dental Lab.) 17/1 Speaking
178-179 The oral test 17/2 Reading c.
17/3 Reading c.
17/4 Listening
180-181 3D print, Stereolithogra- 17/5 Speaking
phy and Laser sintering 17/6 Vocabulary
182 17/7 Writing
17/8 Video/Writing
14/9 Writing/Speaking
14/10 Writing/Speaking
183 Revision

9 After school
Unit 18 An experience abroad
186-187 Travelling abroad 18/1 Speaking
188-189 Working abroad 18/2 Listening
18/3 Writing
18/4 Online research
190-191 18/5 Reading c.
18/6 Online res./Writing
18/7 Speaking
18/8 Writing

Unit 19 The dentistry job market

192-193 The future of dental Auth. Mat.: Dental 19/1 Reading c.
technicians workforce: Dentists 19/2 Speaking
196-197 Auth. Mat.: Dental 19/3 Reading c.
workforce: Dental 19/4 Writing
auxiliaries 19/5 Speaking
200-201 Once upon a time: The 19/6 Reading c.
XIX century (Dental 19/7 Writing
History) 19/8 Listening
19/9 Online res./Writing
19/10 Speaking

Unit 20 Looking for a job

202-203 Job ads 20/1 Reading c.
204-205 The CV 20/2 Reading c.
206-207 20/3 Vocabulary
20/4 Reading c.
20/5 Writing
20/6 Speaking
208-209 Job interviews Phrasal verbs 20/7 Listening
210 20/8 Online res./Writing
20/9 Speaking

211 Revision

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SUMMARY PAGE GRAMMAR/WORDS

A
Grammar
Le basi
214 I pronomi personali Errori comuni
214 Aggettivi e pronomi possessivi Errori comuni
215 Il verbo essere Errori comuni
217 Il verbo avere Errori comuni
218 Le wh- questions
219 Gli articoli Errori comuni
220 Esprimere quantità Errori comuni

I principali tempi verbali

222 Simple present Forma - Uso - Errori comuni
223 Present continuous Forma - Uso - Errori comuni
224 Be going to Forma - Uso - Errore comune
225 Future simple Forma - Uso - Errore comune
225 Simple past Forma - Uso - Errori comuni
226 Past continuous Forma - Uso
227 Present perfect Forma - Uso - Errori comuni
229 Past perfect Forma - Uso - Errore comune

229 Main irregular verbs Infinitive - Simple past - Past participle - Translation

Altre strutture grammaticali

232 Pronomi relativi Errori comuni
233 Comparativi e superlativi Errori comuni
234 Preposizioni di tempo e di luogo Errori comuni
236 L’imperativo
236 Modali Can - Could - May - Might - Must - Should -
Errori comuni
238 Il passivo Forma - Uso - Errore comune
239 Frasi ipotetiche Forma - Uso - Errori comuni
241 Discorso indiretto Errore comune
242 Phrasal verbs

243 Some examples of phrasal verbs Phrasal verb - Translation - Example

Glossary
244 English - Italian
244 Italian - English

256 Bibliografia

Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

English in everyday life
Italian students today start studying English when they are very young and this
helps them develop several skills: reading different kinds of texts, listening to
English speakers (or singers!), speaking English and writing short texts such as
e-mails or essays.
Having studied English for about 10 years, by now you should be able to use
the language in a number of daily situations:

– to understand the main ideas of English

TV programs, films, songs, simple books and
magazines, websites, videogames;

– to have simple conversations in

English with foreign people, for
example new friends you meet
during your holidays;

– to communicate with local people when you

travel to other countries: asking for directions and
for any other information you need, buying tick-
ets, ordering a meal at the restaurant and so on;

– to write personal e-mails or messages

to interact with foreign friends, espe-
cially those who live far away.

If you still have problems in some or all of these situations, it’s time to practice a little
more! Watch more TV in English, surf the net looking for English websites and vid-
eos, listen carefully to English songs and read their lyrics, read whatever you enjoy
reading (novels, comics, magazines) in English too, try to help foreign tourists you
meet on the street giving them directions, start writing a diary in English!
There are many websites that can help you improve your skills, digit “Free re-
sources for English learners” on a search engine such as Google and start practic-
ing English. And what about your future job?

13

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INTRODUCTION
English at work
You are now studying to become a dental professional. After you pass your final
exam, you might open your own business as dental technician, work as a dentist’s
assistant or go on studying at University to become a dentist. You might also change
your mind after the end of the school and decide to work in a different field but
whatever your future job, English will be important in your professional life.
So what will you learn in the next three years and why should you study Eng-
lish as hard as any other professional subject?

– First of all you will need to speak good Eng-

lish when you start looking for a job, because
a candidate who has good English skills always
has more chances of being hired.

– As a dental professional, you will certainly read

websites that advertise new products or explain
new techniques. Sometimes these websites are
written in English and you’ll need not only to un-
derstand and translate them but also to be able to
write e-mails asking for information.

– To keep up-to-date, there will also be technical or scientific

articles that you need to read and understand properly.

– Maybe you will have to write technical or scientific articles

yourself, and in this case you might be asked to translate them
in English, or at least to write an English abstract (a summary
of your article).

– Finally, in your career, you will probably

visit professional fairs and maybe you will
participate in conferences.

14

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Sometimes these events are international and to make the best of your experience,
you will have to be able to speak English in a number of different situations.
The language you will use for all these activities is not exactly the same as the every-
day English you have studied up to now. Most of the words are technical, scientific
or formal, so you will gradually learn a new way of communicating in English.
Let’s have a closer look in particular at the characteristics of “scientific English”,
which makes up most of the pages of this book.

The scientific jargon

English has become the main language in scientific communities all over the
world and it is the international lingua franca that allows all scientists to share
their discoveries and discuss scientific topics.

For this reason the scientific language has a number of characteristics that make
it different from everyday English. First of all it is clear, simple, accurate and
objective both because it speaks about scientific facts, which cannot be vague
or ambiguous, and because it must be easy to understand for people of different
nationalities, who might have a limited knowledge of general English.

The scientific vocabulary is mostly of Latin or Greek origin, because the founda-
tions of several disciplines date back to Roman and Greek discoveries.

Other features of the scientific language are:

– a limited use of tenses, typically the simple past to describe past experiments
or events; the simple present for general truths and the future tense (will) for
future consequences or recommendations;
– a frequent use of the passive form;
– a very limited use of abstract words and adjectives referred to qualities
which cannot be measured (such as beautiful, lovely...);
– a tendency to talk about facts and not opinions;
– the total absence of stylistic and rhetorical devices: the message is not a
story which attracts the reader because it is beautifully written but the descrip-
tion or explanation of a certain phenomenon;
– the readers are experts who are interested in a specific topic and not the gen-
eral public;
– texts are usually articles published on specialist magazines, introduced by a
summary called abstract, or longer essays that appear on specialized websites
and are sometimes published by scientific publishers.

This is the kind of text you will find in the next pages and in your professional
career. The first ones will be shorter and rather simple, to get used to their char-
acteristics and gradually they will become more complex.

15

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INTRODUCTION

Good News Bad News

Vocabulary of Latin/Greek origin
A good fluency in English is not necessary. A good fluency in English is not particularly
Because Italian is a language of Latin origin, helpful.
most of the words are very similar to their Italian
equivalent and therefore easy to understand.

A limited number of tenses; use of the passive

The grammar rules you need are not many. A good knowledge of grammar is not particularly
helpful.

No abstract words, no rhetorical devices

There is no need to interpret symbols The contents are very precise,
or metaphors, the meaning is clear. and if you don’t have a good knowledge of the
context, it will be very difficult to guess the
meaning.

Readers are experts

You are an expert! You are studying all the topics If you have problems in other subjects, it might
in other subjects, this will help you. be difficult to understand the texts.

Studying certain topics in English can help you

with other subjects.

16

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 1
Understanding
and using descriptive
texts
Unit one Giving definitions
The tooth (Anatomy)
The mouth (Anatomy)

Unit two Making comparisons

Impression materials (Materials Science)
Casting materials - Gypsum plaster
(Materials Science)
Casting materials - Resins
(Materials Science)

Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

UNIT ONE
Giving definitions
WARM UP - DEFINITIONS
Asking for and giving deinitions is very important when you are studying
another language, especially if you are learning new words.

When you don't understand a word, simply ask:

what is a... ? (singular)
what are.... ? (plural)

To give a deinition you often use relative pronouns, in particular:

who/that when you deine a person
which/that when you deine an object
where when you deine a place

To express the purpose of the person/object/place you are deining, use:

to + ininitive or
for + -ing form.

hese are some examples:

What is a teacher?
A teacher is a person who works in a school to make students learn.

What are pens?

Pens are objects that people use for writing.

What is a house?
A house is a place where people live.

OVER TO YOU!
Ex. 1/1 – WRITING
Write the following definitions:
1. A mother is a woman who ...........................................................................
2. A table is an object which ...........................................................................
3. A school is a place where ...........................................................................
4. A mechanic is ............................................................................................
5. A city is ......................................................................................................
6. Shoes are ...................................................................................................
7. A knife is ....................................................................................................
8. A park is .....................................................................................................
9. A dentist is .................................................................................................
10. A dental technician is .................................................................................

Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

 Unit one Giving definitions
Focus on grammar
Relative pronouns
Relative pronouns connect two sentences which have a word in common (typically a
person, object or place).

Pamela is a girl. Pamela is 12 years old. Pamela is a girl who is 12 years old.
A robot is a machine. A robot substitutes human beings. A robot is a machine which
substitutes human beings.
A balcony is part of a house. People usually keep lowers on balconies. A balcony is a
part of a house where people usually keep lowers.

Use who for people, which for objects and where for places.
Do not repeat the subject when you use a relative pronoun:
Pamela is a girl who she is 12 years old.

Who and which can sometimes be replaced by that.

he boy that/who lives next door is Spanish.

Ex. 1/A Correct the mistakes

1. The car who is parked over there is mine. ...........................................
2. Where’s the girl who she was standing next to you? .........................................
3. The town that I was born is called Portsmouth. ...........................................
4. That’s the man which works in the bank. ...........................................
5. This is the beach which I go every summer. ...........................................

OVER TO YOU!
Ex. 1/2 – LISTENING
a) Listen to a radio interview to Dr. Jones: what is the program
about? What is Dr. Jones's job?
b) Now listen again and fill in the table. PET

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Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

MODULE 1 UNDERSTANDING AND USING DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS
Anatomy
The Tooth
What do you know about teeth? Can you name the different teeth in English?
Read the passage and check your knowledge.

Glossary Teeth are used for the mastication of food and to articulate sounds. They also have
an important aesthetic function: they show when you smile and when you speak,
healthy in buona salute
improve migliorare and having healthy, good-looking teeth is essential to improve your appearance.
rather than piuttosto che Many people have dental treatments for aesthetic rather than health reasons.
shapes forme
share condividono Human teeth have different shapes but they all share some common features:
features caratteristiche
– they have one or more roots, which are necessary to hold teeth in place in their
tear lacerare
grind macinare socket (or alveolus);
– they have a crown, which projects from the gum (also called gingiva) and which
is the visible part of the tooth;
– between the root and the crown there is the neck, which typically corresponds
to the point where the tooth emerges from the gum.

Teeth are mainly classified depending on their function, which is connected to

their shape:
– incisors, which are flat and sharp, are used to cut food;
– canines, which are strong and pointed, are used to tear food;
– premolars and molars, which are large and bulky, are used to grind food.

Man is an omnivore but his set of teeth has some features which are typical of
animals having a less varied diet.

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Each tooth shape corresponds to specific functions that are the result of evolution.
As a consequence, the dental technician who creates a prosthesis should always
reproduce the shape of a certain tooth to maintain its function: the two aspects
are closely linked.

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Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

 Unit one Giving definitions
OVER TO YOU!
Ex. 1/3 – VOCABULARY
a) Complete the drawings with the right words from the text.

b) Complete the following definitions choosing the words from the box.
incisor - teeth - neck - alveolus/socket
1. The ............. is the part of the tooth which connects the crown and the root.
2. ..................... are organs which are used for mastication.
3. An .............................. is a tooth which cuts food.
4. The ......................... is a cavity in which the root is fixed.

Ex. 1/4 – LISTENING

a) Listen to the dialogue between Mr. Wren, a dental technician,
and Tom, who has just started working for him. What does Mr. Wren
want Tom to do?
b) Listen again and complete the following definitions.
1. A prosthesis is ..........................................................................
2. A tooth that grinds food is a tooth which .................................... " "'-! %
3. A canine is used .......................................................................
4. A socket is where ......................................................................
5. The root is the part of a tooth .....................................................

WARM UP - THE PASSIVE

Deinitions are very often written in the passive form, especially in scientiic
texts.
he passive form is made up of:
subject – be – past participle (verb+ -ed / III column)

hese are some examples:

Dishes are objects that are used for serving food.
History is a subject that is taught in all Italian schools.
Greece is a destination that is visited by many British tourists.

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Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

MODULE 1 UNDERSTANDING AND USING DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS
OVER TO YOU!
Ex. 1/5 – WRITING
Complete the following definitions:
1. Dictionaries are books that ........................... (use) for translating words.
2. A patient is a person who ........................................ (treat) by doctors.
3. Goods are products which ....................... (sell) on national and international
markets.
4. A mask is an object that ................................. (wear) to hide one’s face.
5. A criminal is a person who .................................. (accuse) of a crime.

Focus on grammar
he passive
Use the passive form when the person who performs the action is:
not important: He had an accident and was taken to the hospital immediately.
unknown: Many cars are stolen in this neighbourhood.
implicit: he thieves will be arrested soon (by the police: it is implicit).
To introduce the agent, use the preposition by.
“Hamlet” was writen by Shakespeare.
Glossary You can use the passive form in any tense, depending on the sentence: only the verb be
tense tempo verbale changes and it is always followed by the past participle. he main tenses are the simple
present, the simple past and the future:
simple present subject – am/are/is – past participle
simple past subject – was/were – past participle
future subject – will be – past participle

Ex. 1/B Fill in the gaps with the correct passive form (present/past/future).
1. The streets ............................. (clean) every week.
2. A new aquarium ............................ (build) here next year.
3. That TV program .............................. (watch) by millions of people last night.
4. “When ............ your mother ......................... (operate)?” “Yesterday morning.”
5. Many wars ......................... (fight) every day all over the world.
PET
Ex. 1/C Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.
Use no more than 4 words.
1. Japanese companies sell more cars than European ones.
More cars ................................. Japanese companies than European ones.
2. The Robinsons organized a great party last night.
A great party .......................................... the Robinsons last night.
3. Italians don’t read online magazines.
Online magazines ................................. Italians.
4. Guests will park their cars in the garage.
The guests’ cars ............................... the garage.

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Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

 Unit one Giving definitions
Anatomy
The mouth
What are the words used to describe the inner part of the mouth?
Read the passage and enrich your vocabulary.

The mouth is essential for many reasons: it Glossary

can be used to eat a delicious ice-cream, to
breathe respirare
breathe when you have a cold, to shout at
cold raffreddore
the stadium and to kiss your girlfriend or allows consente
boyfriend. One of the most important uses bony ossee
of the mouth is related to its masticatory swallowing ingoiare,
function, which allows mastication by the deglutire

teeth.
The dental arches are the bony struc-
tures where sockets are set. Dental arches
are formed by the teeth in their normal po-
sition; there are two dental arches, called
superior (or upper) and inferior (or lower).
Teeth are fixed in sockets, which are found
in the maxilla and in the mandible, the
only mobile bone in the skull.
The area dividing the dental arches from
the cheeks and lips is called vestibule.
Most of the space inside the mouth is
occupied by the tongue, which is used
during mastication to position food.
It is also important for swallowing food,
articulating sounds and it is the primary
organ of taste, thanks to papillae, small
rounded protuberances on its surface.
However the nose plays an important role
in tasting too.
Traditionally, there are four basic tastes:
sweet, sour, salty and bitter but more re-
cent studies have introduced other tastes
too, such as the so-called umami, which is
typical of Japanese foods.

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Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

MODULE 1 UNDERSTANDING AND USING DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS

OVER TO YOU!
Ex. 1/6 – VOCABULARY
a) Complete the drawing with the right words from the text.

vstibule

............... arch

mandible
b) Now write 3 definitions
The mandible .................................................................................................
The tongue .....................................................................................................
The vestibule ................................................................................................ ..

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Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014

 Unit one Giving definitions
c) Write the correct taste under each picture.

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

TO WRAP UP
Ex. 1/7 – SPEAKING
Class game: think of a person, object or place you know very well.
What are its main features? Take turns to describe them to the
rest of the class, who will guess what you are describing by asking
questions (as in the example).
Example
“It’s an object that is used for travelling.”
“Is it a car?” “No, it isn’t.”
“Do people pay a ticket to use it?” “Yes, they do.”
“Is it a train?” “Yes, it is.”

Ex. 1/8 – WRITING

Choose 10 words related to the teeth and mouth that you have
learnt in this unit and write one definition for each word.

..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................

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Lauzi, Tomarchio SMILE! © Franco Lucisano Editore 2014