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Plol. #7 : 31/2-
||||||I|| | |
LIBRARY OF MICHIGAN
Awºlor" |GEST
DECEMBER 1985 e VOLUME 31 e NUMBER 12
!
14
: Army Aviation Museum: H-23
Views From Readers
DES Report to the Field: Precision vs. Nonprecision
Approach, CW3 Robert M. Baucom
PEARL’S
16 Cockpit Management—The Safety Window, Mr.
Douglas Schwartz
20 Aviation Personnel Notes: Warrant Officer Division,
CW4 John R. Dougherty; Volunteers Sought For
Aeroscout Observer Training
22 Voices to the Sky, CPT Wayne Husemann
28 Safety—A State of Mind, CW3 Dennis E. Dura
30 First Chinook Aerial Refueling, MAJ (P) Charles Saſ ety
(Chuck) F. Nowlin A State of Mind
35 ATC Action Line: Airfield Crash Grid Map Lººs.
36 J-Series Command, CPT Thomas M. Kolb - • - - a
page 28 page 40
Cover: The Program Manager for the AH-64 Apache Honorable John O. Marsh Jr.
advanced attack helicopter describes the onboard fire Secretary of the Army
Control computer and armament options available for this Major General Ellis D. Parker
antitank, antipersonnel, antiair weapon system. Story Commander, U.S. Army Aviation Center
begins on page 2. Cover art by Paul Fretts.
Brigadier General Rudolph Ostovich III
Assistant Commandant
U.S. Army Aviation Center
Richard K. Tierney
Editor
The mission of the U.S. Army Aviation Digest (USPS 415-350) is to provide information Use of funds for printing of this publication has been approved by the Secretary of the A
of an operational, functional nature concerning safety and aircraft accident prevention, train 19 February 1985, in accordance with Army Regulation 310-1. Second-class postage pa
ing, maintenance, operations, research and development, Aviation medicine and other Daleville, AL, and additional mailing offices.
related data. Active Army units receive distribution under the pinpoint distribution system as outline
The Digest is an official Department of the Army periodical published monthly under the AR 310-2. Complete DAForm 12-5-R and send directly to CDR, AG Publications Center, 2
supervision of the commander, U.S. Army Aviation Center. Views expressed herein are not Eastern Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21220. For any change in distribution requirements, in
necessarily those of the Department of the Army nor the U.S. Army Aviation Center. Photos revised DA Form 12-5-R.
are U.S. Army unless otherwise specified. Use of the masculine pronoun is intended to in National Guard and Army Reserve units under pinpoint distribution should submit DA
clude both genders unless otherwise stated. Material may be reprinted provided credit is 12-5-R. Other National Guard units submit requests through their state adjutant general
given to the Aviation Digest and to the author unless otherwise indicated. Those not eligible for official distribution or who desire personal copies of the Digest can
Articles, photos and items of interest on Army Aviation are invited. Direct communication the magazine from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing O
is authorized by writing Editor, U.S. Army Aviation Digest, P.O. Box 699, Fort Rucker, AL Washington, DC 20402.
36362-5000, or by calling either AUTOVON 558-3178 or Commercial 205-255-3178 Manu POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern
scripts returned only upon request. Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Major General Ellis D. Parker
Chief, Army Aviation Branch
TWOS’ Impact on the AWO Corps warrant officer training courses. An integral part of
these training plans includes the recurring validation
of warrant officer certifications. Currently, the AWO
is already required to complete such a validation in
MUCH HAS BEEN written to publicize the Total the form of the Aviation Annual Written Examination
Warrant Officer Study (TWOS) and its impact on the and the Annual Aviator Proficiency and Readiness
Army Warrant Officer Corps. We in Army Aviation Tests. Validation criteria for other warrant officer
have endeavored to provide continuous updates on MOSs are being developed.
the progress of the issues and their impact upon the As the TWOS’ proposals are implemented pro
members of our branch. ponents will become responsible for writing their
I would like to narrow our perspective slightly and MOS related portions of Army Regulation 611-112,
focus on one of the more significant TWOS issues— “Manual of Warrant Officer Military Occupational
proponent and Department of the Army respon Specialties,” and Department of the Army Pamphlet
sibilities for management of warrant officers (see 600-11, “Warrant Officer Professional Development
“Aviation Personnel Notes: Warrant Officer Divi and Accession Criteria.” These publications contain
sion,” page 20). the guidelines for warrant officer accessions, train
As the proponent for Aviation, I have the respon ing and management to include military and civilian
sibility to ensure that all facets of branch-specific per education requirements/goals by MOS.
sonnel management are accomplished. These Historically, Warrant Officer Division, U. S. Army
responsibilities encompass recruitment, training, Military Personnel Center (MILPERCEN) has been
assignments and professional development policies saddled with the responsibility of both designing and
for Aviation warrant officers (AWOs). implementing warrant officer management policies.
The Aviation Branch always has been involved in In the future proponent branches will be given the
the recruitment of our AWOS. However, all branches responsibility to design warrant officer personnel
are now playing a more active role in the recruiting management policy and to forward their recommen
process. This will permit us to develop a larger, bet dations through Training and Doctrine Command to
ter qualified pool of applicants from which to select. the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel at the Depart
Each branch also will be tasked to design profes ment of the Army for approval. Once a policy is ap
sional development (PD) plans for each warrant of proved, it will be up to MILPERCEN to implement
ficer military occupational specialty (MOS). These that policy.
plans will be tailored by MOS to ensure that warrant The Aviation Branch/Aviation Center point of con
officers are managed and trained to Army and tact for Aviation warrant officer personnel manage
branch requirements. The PD plans begin with ment is the Aviation Proponency Office. Any com
preappointment qualification training and go on to ments/recommendations you have in reference to
delineate the 30-year career pattern by MOS. Pro AWO management should be sent to: Commander,
ponents are also responsible for the development U. S. Army Aviation Center, ATTN: ATZQ-P, Ft.
of branch-specific training found in the senior-level Rucker, AL 36362-5000. *~"
DECEMBER 1985
Blue Thunder and Airwolf stand aside . . . . .
here comes Apache.
* Integrated
A Fire Control
º H. Target Acquisition
and Designation
2.75 inch Rockets System
*
30 mm Chain Gun
HELLFIRE
require the primary armament to be FIGURE 3: HELLFIRE missiles were developed for the Apache.
the TOW missile. The AAH was to
carry eight TOW missiles; four on
each stub wing. The TOW is regarded
as an outstanding antitank weapon.
However, it has the disadvantage that
its command-to-line-of-sight guid
ance requires the launch aircraft to
remain within view of the target. This
characteristic would greatly increase
the exposure of the AAH to enemy
fire. As the HELLFIRE development
progressed successfully, the AAH
specification was changed to add
HELLFIRE, in favor of TOW.
The HELLFIRE concept originated
in the 1960s at the U. S. Army Missile
Command (MICOM) Research and
Development Laboratory. Compet
ing advanced development contrac Ripple fire-remote designation.
tors in the early 1970s were Rockwell
International and Hughes Aircraft Direct fire-lockon after launch—autonomous designation.
Company. Rockwell was selected in
1976 for the full-scale development
phase. Following successful HELL
FIRE qualification and early produc
tion by Rockwell, MICOM estab
lished production competition with
Martin Marietta Corporation, who
was the seeker developer/manufac
turer. The two companies now are
both producing the complete missile.
The Apache has the capability to
carry a maximum of 16 HELLFIREs
for antiarmor missions. Each missile
has a laser seeker that homes in on the
laser spot energy reflected by a desig
FIGURE4:HELLFIRElaunch modes.
nated target (figure 4). Its shaped
charge warhead attacks a tank in its (Actual range capabilities are classi based designator remotely located
upper area where it is most vulnera fied.) Also, Apache has the ability to from the firing aircraft.
ble. Combined with the laser desig deliver HELLFIRES in the indirect Multiple launches of HELLFIREs.
natorof theTADS, orother remotedes mode from defilade positions; thus, are achieved via the ripple and rapid
ignators, HELLFIRE provides an the Apache can kill without being firing modes. This provides greater
antiarmor punch at greater standoff seen. This mode requires that the tar flexibility in target engagement and
ranges than is achievable by TOW. get be lased by an airborne or ground improved effectiveness.
)ECEMBER 1985
Armament Support
Equipment
C:-->
Support equipment for Apache's ar
ROCKET CONTROL
~~~ mament are the 30 mm Loader/Down
PANEL UNIT -
loader and the Captive Boresight Har
_-_2-T
-*
--~~>
--~12
--~~~~ monization Kit (CBHK).
" ...--"
The Loader/Downloader (figure 7)
,” can accommodate linked or unlinked
A .
rounds and provides the capability for
three people to upload or download
up to 1,200 rounds of 30 mm ammu
nition within 30 minutes in the field.
The Loader/Downloader was devel
DECEMBER 1985
ment (P3I) Program. The PI objective Aviation Systems Command and ATHS will provide a battlefield
is to upgrade the AH-64 to meet the MICOM, the ATAS will be first field mission computer that enables com
projected threat of the 1990s and ed in the OH-58C/D Kiowa Scout hel mand and firing element crews to ex
beyond and be able to fight, survive icopters. The longer range Stinger change target, stores management and
and win in the Army 21 scenario. missile will supplement the close-in other information using short data
Areas of potential technical growth in air-to-air capability inherent in the bursts rather than voice communica
clude weaponization, target acquisi Apache's 30 mm AWS. These weap tion. The ATR will process TADS
tion, survivability, avionics, aero ons coupled with aircraft maneuver television and forward looking infra
mechanics and propulsion. ability will give the Apache a formid red radar sensor data to automatical
The primary weaponization im able capability to defeat enemy heli ly detect, classify and prioritize hostile
provement planned is the addition of copters and fixed wing aircraft. targets. Apache PI will reduce pilot
air-to-air Stinger (ATAS). The threat Delivery of Apache ordnance will be workload, speedup target detection to
posed by Soviet attack helicopters has enhanced by improvement in target target destroy times, reduce vulner
triggered the need for capability new acquisition and fire control. Advanced ability and and increase its operational
to Army Aviation; air-to-air combat. aiming techniques, including air-to-air capability.
The ATAS program will adapt, for fire control, are planned for the 30 The Apache has demonstrated its
aircraft firing, the existing, fielded mm gun. This will provide increased ability as a flexible and responsive
Stinger missile. The basic Stinger is accuracy, lower ammunition usage weapons platform that can effectively
an infrared seeking, fire-and-forget, and higher probability of kill. deliver large quantities and wide vari
shoulder-fired, infantry air defense The TADS will be improved by in ety munitions on target. This ability
weapon. Recently, it was also de creasing output data rate and accuracy provides the front line commander
ployed to U. S. ships off the coast of of the data. Other potential improve with the antitank/antipersonnel/anti
Lebanon for protection against terror ments will be the Airborne Target air weapon system that is required to
ist aircraft kamikaze raids. Now under Handover System (ATHS) and Auto ensure superiority through the year
Army development by U. S. Army 2000.
matic Target Recognizer (ATR).
Apache... firepower
on the battlefield.
DECEMBER 1985
VIEWS FROM READERS
Editor: • All of the above was achieved without to a rhetorical question none was offered.
I am seeking information, photos, benefit of Active Component instructors. In this case, the topic intended was a short
stories, personal accounts, etc., about the The only Active Component people in historical perspective on aerial “tank
use of Soviet helicopters by the North volved in the platoon's AT period were busters.”
Vietnamese forces during the war in Viet the evaluation personnel. I’m not sure how LTG Reznichenko's
nam from 1960 to 1975. My purpose is • The 145 ATC Platoon has achieved quotation illuminates Belov's pronounce
to write a well-documented article on this 100 percent military occupational special ment. We do know, however, that “move
topic. If anyone has materials, informa ty qualification of its controller people, ment” and “firepower” of attack heli
tion, photos, and are willing to share them, not including those in or scheduled for in copters is at least the equal of tanks. As
please contact me as soon as possible. itial entry training and advanced individ for holding terrain, aviation assets can
Thank you. ual training at Ft. Rucker. The platoon not do that—no question about it. Hold
J. David Truby has also achieved 100 percent of author ing terrain takes infantry support even for
P.O. Box 163 ized strength. tanks. As a contingency, FC-1-111, “Com
Shelocta, PA 15774 The 145 ATC Platoon feels it is the first bat Aviation Brigade (CAB),” states the
National Guard tactical ATC unit, possi CAB can be given a sector of the defense.
bly the first Reserve Component ATC Normally this will not be done because to
unit, to achieve all these tasks. They do so would take away its mobility and
Editor: reduce the CAB’s overall effectiveness
would be interested in hearing from any
The 145th Air Traffic Control (ATC) other unit which has accomplished all or and value to the division. That would be
Platoon, Oklahoma Army National any of these items. Contact SSG Dave like making pillboxes out of tanks.
Guard, was ordered to annual training Keating, 145 ATC Platoon, Lexington, That the Soviets consider the attack heli
(AT) at Camp Gruber, OK, from 15 to 29 OK 73051-9549. copter a tank is a good point and, in fact, a
June 1985. The platoon conducted a high MAJJames F. Crawford point I made in my June 1984 Aviation
ly successful training period during which OKARNG Digest article, “Soviet Combat Helicop
several “first evers’’ for National Guard ters Today” (I had read Suvorov also). As
ATC platoons were achieved. for the supposed logistics tail handicap of
• The platoon deployed to, set up and Editor: helicopters, forward arming and refueling
operated a tactical airfield using all or I welcome Mr. Keller’s letter [last point (FARP) procedures and other sup
ganic assigned equipment—ground con month’s issue] and commend him for his port means may actually favor the heli
trolled approach radar, ATC control tow interest and concern by taking the time to copter. These FARPs and the one-third
er and flight operations center. write to the Aviation Digest about the rule, as well as aircraft survivability equip
• All assigned equipment, to include “Tank Busters” article. Before respond ment, enhance the helicopter’s ability to
the AN/TPN-18 radar, was set up and op ing to Mr. Keller's letter, I must confess stay and fight.
erated without maintenance downtime, to being somewhat parochial toward Finally, I submit that the Mideast bat
and without help from Active Component Army Aviation. I suspect Mr. Keller al tles between Israel and Syria, and Iran and
maintenance contact team personnel. ready surmised as much. Iraq, and the lessons from Afghanistan
• Fifty-nine precision approaches were I first want to address Mr. Keller’s and the Falklands have contributed insight
conducted into the field location during comment that, “The question was inap and proven useful in evaluating the heli
the 2-week period. propriate to the article.” My question, copter’s worth on the battlefield. Which
• Tactical ATC operations were con “Are tanks really the best means of fight military forces in the world are not adding
ducted working live traffic, while the unit ing tanks,” was naturally only a rhetorical attack helicopters to their arsenals? But the
was in MOPP-4 gear (protective outer question. Rhetorical questions merely most telling factor is that, everywhere,
garments, boots, gloves and protective serve to introduce or open a discussion or doctrine and tactics are being modified
masks). topic, and because no answer is expected based on the capabilities of attack helicop
Editor:
DECEMBER 1985 11
VIEWS FROM READERS
July 1985 issue entitled “Night Vision ences and observations with me.
and Electro-Optics Laboratory and the CPTOP) Samuel K. Stouffer
Flight Test Detachment—Joining Forces James D. Sprinkle FAO Brazil
Articles from the Aviation Digest requested in these letters have been mailed. Readers can obtain copies of material
printed in any issue by writing to: Editor, U.S. Army Aviation Digest, P.O. Box 699, Ft. Rucker, AL 36362-5000.
Correction
The September ATC Action Line “Parachute Jumping” before jump to airport management.
was printed with some lines missing. The two In Or into A Control Zone With A Functioning U.S.
subheadings affected are given here correctly, in their Operated Control Tower:
entirety. •Requires authorization from the control tower.
Over An Airport Without AFunctioning U.S. Operated • Request for authorization must be submitted
Control Tower Or 0nto Any Airport: before the jump to the control tower having jurisdiction
•Requires authorization from the airport over the control zone.
management. •Controllers may either authorize or withhold
•Request for approval must be submitted authorization for jump.
Directorate of Evaluation/Standardization
CW3 Robert M. Baucom category factors, rate of descent, etc. For example,
Directorate of Evaluation and Standardization assuming that the “go-around” decision is made at
U.S. Army Aviation Center decision height, and power is then adjusted as ap
Fort Rucker, AL
propriate to discontinue the final approach and to ini
PUBLICATION OF Change 4 to AR 95-1 has nar tiate the missed approach procedure; and 8,000-pound
rowed the distinction between precision and non aircraft in a 480-foot-per-minute descent to maintain
precision instrument approach procedures to the ex a 3-degree glidepath at 90 knots groundspeed can be
tent that a review of one of the significant remain expected to continue its descent about 50 feet below
ing differences is appropriate. DH. Newton’s laws of inertia and acceleration still
Note the wording of paragraph 4-5d, “An aircraft apply! This explanation must not be interpreted as
will not be flown below the published MDA a license to delay the pilot’s missed-approach deci
[minimum descent altitude] or an approach continued sion, or actions, beyond decision height.
below the DH [decision height] unless the follow Course and glidepath information become increas
ing exist....” Thus, the MDA of a nonprecision ap ingly more precise as the aircraft approaches the
proach is an inviolable altitude throughout the en missed approach point, or decision height. Therefore,
tire final approach segment, until landing criteria can any premature power adjustment in anticipation of
be met. decision height could force an early abandonment
By contrast, the safety provisions designed into a of the approach at its most critical stage. A clear
precision approach anticipate that an aircraft on understanding of instrument approach procedures
course and on glidepath will actually descend below may make the difference between a successful land
DH by a few feet, the amount depending on aircraft ing or a low-level, white-knuckle episode, or worse!
DES welcomes your inquiries and requests to focus attention on an area of major importance. Write to us at:
commander, U.S. Army Aviation Center, ATTW: ATZO-ES, Ft. Rucker, AL 36362-5000; or call us at AUTOVOW
558-3504, FTS 533-3504 or commercia/ 205-255-3504. After duty hours cal/Ft. Rucker Hotline, AUTOVOW
558-6487 or 205-255-6487 and leave a message.
DECEMBER 1985 13
PEARLS
Personal Equipment And Rescue/survival Lowdown
Occupational Safety
Unapproved Earplugs in Navy Supply System—The
Navy Environmental Health Center obtained samples of
a new foam earplug called “SQUEEZE-ME” manufac
tured by Plasmed, Inc. that were received by a naval ac
tivity under national stock number (NSN) 6515-00-137–
6345 (plug, ear, hearing protection, universal size, 400s).
The plugs resemble the foam earplugs normally supplied
under this NSN by Cabot Corporation called E-A-R Plugs
or “DECIDAMP.” However, the Plasmed, Inc. product
is not acceptable for Navy use because: The physical size
deviates from the purchase description and varies widely
from plug to plug; the foam material is softer than the
approved earplug material and expands too quickly after
the “roll down” preparation for insertion; the color is
a light beige or bone rather than yellow or white as re
quired; the noise reduction rating (NRR) value is suspi
ciously high. The NRR of 32 is listed on the box; the prod
uct has not been tested by any naval laboratory and has
not been approved for use in the Navy Hearing Conser
vation Program.
Inspect your stock of NSN 6515-00-137–6345 and sus
pend, locally, any earplugs called “SQUEEZE-ME”
manufactured by Plasmed, Inc., until further notice. To
procure suitable replacement material, order under NSN
cited and specify document identifier code A05 or AOE
for overseas and continental United States activities in card
columns 1-3 of MILSTRIP requisition. Specify FSCM
U3216 and reference number E-A-R in exception data to Mary Makowski photo by CPT Karl G
receive E-A-R plugs from Cabot Corporation. Note: The
source for the above information is published in a Navy
Medical and Dental Materiel Bulletin. It is possible the
U.S. Army may be using this item; therefore, be alerted would then make an entry on the DA Form 2408-13 show
to the need to inspect your earplugs to see if you may be ing that the kits were removed. When there is at least one
using them. Follow the instructions listed above. PEARL, first aid kit but not the total number required, you would
and the U.S. Army Aviation Safety Center, Ft. Rucker, have a circled red X condition. Compliments of PEARL’s.
AL, point of contact is Mr. Sand, AUTOVON 558-2947.
Thoughts And Scenarios—Survival of
Aircraft First Aid Kits Aircrew Personnel
A first aid kit that is being serviced or has been “moon He felt the chute open and reached for the lifevest tog
lighted” is treated the same way. The aircraft is placed gles. Just as his hands touched the toggles he hit the water
on a circled red X and if the aircraft is authorized only which knocked his hands off the toggles. He was sinking
one first aid kit the status is red X. If no first aid kits are and swam to the surface through shroud lines. He was
onboard the aircraft, the aircraft is GROUNDED. You unable to breathe through the oxygen mask. He surfaced,
If you have a question about personal equipment or rescue/survival gear, write PEARL, AMC Project Officer, ATTN: AMCPO-ALSE, 4300
Goodfellow Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63210-1798 or call AUTOVON 693-3818 or Commercial 314-263-3818.
DECEMBER 1985 15
OC | T ECHNOLOGY creates
change. As pilots we see that
change manifested in the aircraft
we fly and the system within which
we fly these aircraft. The pilot's role
is also changing from one of control
manipulator to that of information
processor. We look to the training
process to keep skills honed as new
technologies blend with and take the
place of old ones. We accommodate
FlightSafety International
- prevent future ones.
In this article we will look at two
A Look at Statistics
A conventional view of accident
statistics distinguishes occurrences
- -
DECEMBER 1985 17
until situational awareness is
achieved: don’t ask for trouble.
2OOO FT • Consider leaving the window
when situational awareness is lost.
Approach Reenter the window only when
situational awareness is regained.
Elements of Situational Awareness
The following elements contribute
to situational awareness.
• Experience. Experience creates
e LEAVE2 a mental file pilots draw upon
e STAY2 every time they fly. They use this
file to assess conditions and make
e CRITERIA2
decisions. Under pressure, people
tend to revert to previous patterns
of behavior. An individual’s
º • *-*. experience file helps establish how
FIGURE4. Pilot Decision on the Safety Window he will interpret and respond to a
given set of conditions.
final with clearance to land suddenly senses, an unfounded sense of well • Training. Training does far
has an engine fire warning. The being, impaired hand-eye more than perfect skills. Training
aircraft is configured to land, is coordination and slowed reactions. adds to a pilot’s experience file by
stable, and both engines appear to be They really don't know what’s creating events that rarely happen
operating normally. The crew elects going on around them. They have in real life. For example, a flight
to complete the landing and wait until low situational awareness simulator can compress a lifetime
the aircraft is on the ground to attend and are likely to have an accident. of experience into a very short
to the fire warning. Most pilots would Situational Awareness and Safety period of time. Few pilots will ever
agree that landing rather than going A distinct relationship exists actually have engine failure at V1.
around is the best option. In this between situational awareness and Yet, through training, it can
instance, it is best to remain in the accidents. High situational become part of their experience so
safety window. awareness yields lower mishap that, if and when it does occur,
The facts show that there are potential. Low situational awareness there will be something to draw
conditions under which one should yields higher mishap potential. The upon.
leave the safety window, and there more pilots know about what is • Spatial orientation. Spatial
are conditions under which one going on around them, the safer orientation is position awareness:
should stay in the safety window. they will be. knowing where the aircraft is in
Situational Awareness In the case of the Bell 222, the relation to VORs, airports,
The criteria for determining tail rotor failure interfered with runways, terrain, altitude, attitude,
appropriate actions is called situational awareness. Leaving the and other aircraft. It is where you
“situational awareness.” Situational
safety window was the best choice are and where you are going.
awareness is the key to managing because it gave the pilots a chance • Physical flying skills. As the
risk factors in the safety window. to regain situational awareness pilot's role becomes one of a
Situational awareness can be
following the malfunction. Those cockpit manager, it must be
defined as an accurate perception of who stayed in the window were remembered that pilots still have to
the factors and conditions that
clearly at a disadvantage. The crew be able to fly the aircraft
affect the aircraft and the flight with the engine fire warning proficiently. Control manipulation
crew during a specific period of maintained their situational continues to be an important part of
time. Put more simply, situational awareness throughout the failure. a pilot's job.
awareness is knowing what is going Landing was the appropriate • Ability to process information.
on around you or thinking ahead of choice. This is the ability to use
the aircraft. This is a concept Consider these guidelines for information from sense inputs,
taught to student pilots from the flight in the safety window. instruments and other sources to
beginning of flight training. • Maximize situational awareness form an accurate picture of what is
An excellent illustration of happening. It can be said that this is
before entering the window: be
situational awareness is the drunk
prepared. the ability to integrate all the
driver. Drunk drivers have dulled elements that contribute to
• Avoid entering the window
18
U.S. ARMY AVIATION DIGEST
situational awareness. normal, abnormal and emergency particularly interesting area which
• Cockpit management skills. checklists, how and when to use is receiving growing attention from
These contribute to a pilot’s ability them, and an appreciation for what the academic community. There is
to manage the total flight they do and do not do for the pilot. evidence that people can be taught
environment. We will examine this 2. Cockpit management to recognize erroneous behavior in
area in more detail later in this resources. To use a resource, a themselves, enabling them to
article. pilot must know it exists and what interrupterror chains that might
• Personal attitude. it can do. Being able to identify and otherwise lead to accidents.
Professionalism is a matter of use all the resources available is 9. Stress. Recognizing stress, its
attitude. Safety does not just happen: critical to safety of flight. effects on performance and how it
you make it happen. To be safe, 3. Communicating skills. can be managed so that safety of
one must think safe. Effective communication is critical flight is not sacrificed is important.
• Emotional and physical to pilots. Learning to listen Stress can be physical as well as
condition. An individual’s effectively is just as important as mental.
making sure a point is made. 10. Workload assessment and
emotional and physical condition
affects his perception of the 4. Managing distraction. It is time management. This examines
environment. Emotional problems, essential to recognize the sources of the need to establish priorities and
mental illness, impaired physical distractions in the cockpit and assign tasks. It does no good to put
condition and negative frame of manage them so they will not out a fire if no one is controlling
mind can cloud or distort an interfere with job performance. The the airplane.
accurate perception of events or consequences of mismanaged In conclusion, accidents don't
conditions. distractions can be severe. happen by accident. Accidents
5. Flight planning and progress result from a chain of events. A
These eight elements contribute
to situational awareness. Who monitoring. This involves human being participates in almost
controls these elements? The pilot establishing the parameters and every event which forms a link in
does. Each element plays a role in limitations of a flight, making this chain. The type of aircraft
a pilot’s ability to fly safely. progressive decisions and taking being flown has little to do with
appropriate actions to remain within whetheran accident does or does
Anything done to enhance any of
these elements will improve the those parameters. It also includes not happen. This is particularly true
pilot's situational awareness. monitoring changing conditions that in the safety window: approach,
Cockpit Management may affect the parameters landing, takeoff and takeoff climb.
A closer look at cockpit established during a flight and The potential for mishaps in the
management skills is particularly establishing new limitations as safety window (or anywhere else,
fitting in view of the continuing required. for that matter) decreases as the
6. Judgment and decision crew's situational awareness
role change of the pilot to that of
making. This involves learning the increases. Crewmembers’ accurate
an information processor or
manager. elements of making good decisions perception of the factors and
and putting them to use. Making a conditions that affect the aircraft
Cockpit management can be
defined as the use and coordination decision should follow a logical and themselves during a specific
of all resources available to the sequence in order to collect period produces situational
crew to achieve the goal of safety, adequate facts, assess alternatives awareness. Among the elements
efficiency and comfort of flight. and implement in a timely manner. contributing to situational
Note that this definition does not 7. Managing people. Good awareness is the application of good
exclude resources outside the management includes dealing with cockpit management skills. These
cockpit. Instead, it stresses the use people to get maximum skills have been identified. They
of all resources, inside or outside performance from them. An should be learned and practiced.
the cockpit. understanding of the concepts of We can train to be safe. After
The skills that contribute to command and leadership is vital. all, the best safety device in any
This requires consideration of aircraft is a well-trained crew.
cockpit management can be taught
and should be practiced. They are personality and understanding what This article was adapted from a
practical skills that are used every makes people tick and how to paper Douglas Schwartz of Flight
day. The following skills contribute motivate them. Safety International presented to the
to good cockpit management. 8. Pattern recognition. Pilots Flight Safety Foundation, Inc., at the
1. Checklist use and function. must learn to recognize event 30th Corporate Aviation Safety
This includes understanding flow chains that may lead to errors or Seminar in Dallas, TX, April 14-16,
undesirable conditions. This is a 1985.
patterns and philosophies behind
DECEMBER 1985 19
AVIATION PERSONNELNOTES
Warrant Officer Division (CW4John R. Dougherty) on all losses, provides manpower strength projections
The Warrant Officer Division, Officer Personnel Man based on this data, and develops automatic data process
agement Directorate, U. S. Army Military Personnel Cen ing (ADP) programs for personnel management and fu
ter (MILPERCEN), is responsible for the personnel man ture planning of the warrant officer career program.
agement of Active Duty warrant officers (see “TWOS’ PA processes numerous types of requests for personnel
Impact on the AWO Corps,” page 1). Currently, that actions pertaining to Active Duty warrant officers prior to
equates to 14,848 warrant officers of whom 6,975 are final determination by Headquarters, Department of the
Aviation and 7,873 are technical service warrant officers. Army. These actions include processing applications for
To accomplish its mission the Warrant Officer Division retention on Active Duty such as requests for voluntary
has assigned to it 3 commissioned and 19 warrant officers indefinite status, extensions of service beyond mandatory
who are supported by a staff of 19 Department of the release dates and short-term extensions of obligated vol
Army civilian employees. A roster listing key personnel unteers. Additionally, PA processes requests for com
and their area(s) of responsibility, office symbols and passionate reassignment, hardship discharge, release
telephone numbers is provided below for reference. from Active Duty (REFRAD), unqualified resignation,
The division is organized with a division chief, Profes voluntary retirement, military occupational specialty
sional Development Branch, Personnel Actions Branch, (MOS) reclassification, elimination and Department of
Aviation Assignment Branch, Technical Services As the Army Active Duty Boards (DAADB), and computa
signment Branch and Personnel Support Branch. Specific tion of service dates. Other actions include medical re
responsibilities of each branch are: tirement, direct commissioning, date of rank determina
Professional Development Branch. The Professional tion, aviator waivers, standby promotion boards and of
Development (PD) Branch essentially serves as the divi ficer efficiency report (OER) appeals.
sion operations center. It is the point of contact on all Assignments Branches. The two assignments branches,
matters pertaining to the warrant officer career program. functionally separated into the categories of Aviation and
PD develops, plans, monitors programs and reviews pro Technical Services, select and assign officers worldwide
cedures on matters pertaining to warrant officer classifi by MOS. This requires the assignment of officers from 65
cation, accessions, use, promotion, retention, training MOSs. Career managers review voluntary overseas ser
and separation. The branch publishes Department of the vice applications, curtailments and extensions of overseas
Army (DA) Pamphlet 600-11, “Warrant Officer Profes service, and intratheater and intertheater transfers. They
sional Development,” the warrant officer procurement maintain rosters of volunteers for foreign service and
program circular and the warrant officer fixed wing avi specialized functional training. They also are responsible
ator selection circular. It is also the point of contact for all for career counseling, informing officers and command
selection boards, which includes coordination of promo ers on assignment matters by telephone, writing and con
tion board membership requirements and briefing board ducting personal interviews, briefings and field trips.
members to acquaint them with the warrant officer pro Of major importance to warrant officers worldwide is
gram. PD is responsible for the coordination of military the responsibility of assignment branches to review ca
training and civil schooling for warrant officers, coor reer management information files and Officer Record
dinating closely with the assignment branches. This in Briefs. This is accomplished as assignment actions occur
cludes monitoring student officer progress through to determine errors and omissions and to initiate correc
school completion and follow-on utilization assignments tive actions. The individual career managers also partici
for Warrant Officer Senior Course (WOSC) graduates pate in special studies and task forces related to career and
and graduates of fully funded college degree programs to assignment matters.
meet Army Education Review Board requirements. Personnel Support Branch. The primary responsibility
Personnel Actions Branch. The Personnel Actions of the Personnel Support Branch is to provide administra
(PA) Branch has staff responsibility for automation sup tive support to the division. These functions include pro
port of the division and the myriad of personnel actions cessing requests for orders, inputting to the data base,
affecting individual warrant officers. PA maintains data correcting Officer Record Briefs, maintaining the mili
DECEMBER 1985 21
All services are represented. A U.S. Army UH-60
Black Hawk helicopter is loaded into a USAF C-5A
Galaxy for transport. An HAF C-47 “Gooneybird” is
taking off in the background. The flight
coordination center (at left) is on a mountaintop
above the cloud layer.
DECEMBER 1985 23
Sé/
the ATC facility that provides control follow. The routes allow for max much different than our standards. At
for aircraft flying below FL200 in imum communications, while main civilian airfields, the approaches are
Honduras. Like CENAMER, radar is taining efficient aircraft routing. developed and flight checked by
not used. The communications capa COCESNA using ICAO standards.
bilities of CENAMER, just down the Control zones, or the perceived lack
street, are far superior to those of the Current Development of Aviation In of them, create a major concern for
Honduran facility. Honduras American aviators. A Honduran “con
The radios and telephones used by From the description of the trol zone” extends in a 5-mile radius
Tegucigalpa Radio would make a Sig available ATC facilities, it is easy to around the airfield to 3,000 feet above
nal Corps officer cringe. A vintage See that air traffic in all of Honduras ground level. Airspace above the con
Motorola HF radio is used to coor is relatively uncontrolled. Many peo trol zone is fair game for any type of
dinate flight plan information with ple have described the situation as maneuver. It is not uncommon to see
Honduran airfields when the point-to somewhat similar to what existed in “Tucanos” (T-27s) doing loops and
point telephone system fails. This the United States in the early 1950s; rolls directly over the airfield while
point-to-point telephone system is pro however, the aircraft that are flown other aircraft are landing and taking
vided by the civilian telephone com are more sophisticated. Among the off. Special VFR clearances are not
pany, HONDUTEL. It provides the more advanced aircraft in the military used; therefore, when the weather be
means for most telephone communica inventory are CASA (C-101) fighters comes marginal, flying becomes even
tions in Honduras. The VHF radios and (A-37) attack airplanes. Civilian more exciting.
used for communication with aircraft, airlines, flying Boeing 737s, routine
although the same vintage as the HF ly fly in Honduras. Of course, DC-4s, The Building of a Joint Use Inter
national Airfield
radio, are much more reliable. DC-6s and the diehard C-47 “Gooney
Flight plan information passes bird” are quite common sights at Palmerola Air Base is the site of the
among five ATC facilities in Hon Honduran airfields. In addition, the Armed Forces of Honduras Military
duras. Two airfields are on the north Air Force also flies a variety of mod Academy of Aviation. It has been
coast, Goloson Tower at La Ceiba and els of the UH-1 helicopter. developed as the major joint use air
La Mesa Tower at San Pedro Sula. La Instrument flying to Honduran field between the Hondurans and the
Mesa is the second busiest of the Hon pilots is different than it is to us in the Americans in the region. (See the
duran civil airfields. It gets flight plan U.S. Army. Aircraft at the training March 1985 Aviation Digest article
information from COCESNA’s tele base at Palmerola are equipped with “Honduran Heights: The Training of
type system for flights which originate distance measuring equipment (DME) a Central American Aviator.”) The
outside of Honduras. Tegucigalpa and an ADF receiver, but no tactical Honduran and the United States gov
Radio must also coordinate with the air navigation (TACAN) receiver; ernments constructed an 8,000-foot
air traffic controllers at Toncontin therefore, the approach that they fly runway, which is capable of handling
Tower in the capital city, Tegucigalpa, is known to them as an ADF/DME heavy aircraft.
and Palmerola Air Base. The English approach. The ground controlled ap By combining available assets from
speaking capability of the personnel proach radar, provided by the 16th the FAA, the U.S. Air Force, the
working this system is limited; most ATC Battalion of Ft. Hood, TX, to U.S. Army and the Republic of Hon
coordination therefore is conducted in Palmerola Air Base, provides the only duras Air Force, a variety of naviga
Spanish. opportunity that most Honduran pilots tional aids (NAVAIDs) were pro
The terrain is extremely moun get to fly with ATC radar facilities. cured. NAVAIDS at the airfield in
tainous; this causes radio communica The approaches that Honduran clude: VHF omnidirectional range/
tion to be difficult. The Hondurans military aviators fly are developed by DME, TACAN, NDB and GCA.
have overcome this by developing their military. The standards that they These NAVAIDS have become in
preferred routes for the aircraft to use in developing the approaches are valuable to aviation operations at
Palmerola. The development of ap speak Spanish and U.S. Army con exercises Ahuas Tara III and Univer
proaches for each different NAVAID trollers with those who speak English. sal Trek 85, I was walking down the
has been difficult because of the ex Bilingual Army controllers bridge the boardwalk to our operations hooch. I
tremely mountainous terrain in prox communication gap by ensuring that noticed that one of the tower con
imity to the airfield. all coordination between English and trollers, who had just gotten off shift,
Air traffic control tower operation Spanish speaking controllers is had a dazed expression on his face. He
is also a joint effort. It is generally understood correctly. Honduran con justified his expression by explaining,
operated as two towers within one; a trollers are the final authority for all “I have never seen anything like this.
Spanish side and an English side, each controllers’ ATC instructions. I was working three C-130s, a C-141,
on separate radio frequencies. Hon Air traffic at the airfield at times is a C-5A on a TACAN approach, at
duran controllers talk with pilots who quite busy. One afternoon during the least three inbound helicopters and
DECEMBER 1985 25
Sé/
two Honduran student pilots in the or tenant unit commanders have enter activities at Palmerola into one cen
pattern, all at the same time.” tained many distinguished visitors tral location.
Student pilots make ATC interesting ranging from colonels and navy cap Ground controlled approach radar
when mixed with a high volume of air tains to the Vice President of the is operated solely by English speak
traffic whose crews are generally un United States. Preparation for the ar ing U.S. Army air traffic controllers.
familiar with Honduran aviation pro rival of each visitor is minimal be The radar was installed to provide air
cedures. As anyone who has been a cause such visits occur so frequently. port Surveillance radar and precision
fledgling pilot knows, first time solo Until recently, the U.S. Army had approach radar services. Honduran
students fly an established traffic pat the responsibility for base operations aviators have become so confident
tern, deviating for no one. On many at the airfield. This meant that Army with the radar services that a block of
occasions, heavily loaded cargo air flight operations specialists made all instruction which focuses on the
craft and distinguished visitors' air the initial coordination with the Hon operation and use of the GCA has
craft have been asked to hold as a solo duran civil aviation authorities for the been incorporated into their flight
student turns downwind in a Cessna filing and coordination of flight plans. training program. The controllers are
trainer. They also were the first to bring in required to pay close attention to their
The arrival of distinguished visitors formation about operational proce instructions; nearby mountainous ter
is common at Palmerola. Task Force dures for each of the different flying rain leaves little room for error. They
DECEMBER 1985 27
CW3 Dennis E. Dura
Army Aviation Support Facility No. 2
Ohio Army National Guard
DECEMBER 1985 29
NOTHER ADVANCEMENT
for Army Aviation was demonstrated
by Boeing Vertol at Wilmington, DE,
on 4 August 1985 when the first air
to-air refueling of a CH-47D Chinook
helicopter was accomplished with an
Air Force Lockheed HC-130P air
craft. I had the opportunity to witness
the refueling from the back of the
crew of Captain
the 6594th Test Group of Hickam
Field, HI. Through the HC-130's
jump door, I had an excellent view
of the surrounding sunny Delaware
countryside and appreciated the cool
morning air whipping through the
cabin area.
Apprehension built within the cabin
as the crew prepared for the first ever
*
us as forcº º
DECEMBER 1985 31
CH-47D Aerial Refueling
ty, Edwards AFB, CA, and one
operational CH-47 aviator had been D Refueling rate - 200 GPM at 55 PSI
identified months earlier and sent to
C Boom - Retractable (2 sections)
Kirtland AFB, NM, to become famil - Extension time : 27 seconds
iarized with Air Force CH-53
- Retraction time : 28 seconds
helicopter air-to-air refueling tech - Power source : fuel pressure
niques. One of the Boeing test pilots
C System weight- 527 pounds
had 12 years of Air Force experi
ence including more than 1,000 hours
in CH-53s with air-to-air refueling
operations. The remainder of these
professional aviators were to learn, as
all Aviation pioneers have, by follow normal flight position
edge of flight. HV
..(l-
T
The cameras in the back of the
HC-130P, the chase aircraft, and over \{
\
tanker paradrogue
nozzle 9ft 9in —-
the shoulder of the CH-47D’s test 26ft 9in
DECEMBER 1985 33
Personnel who accomplished the flight
from San Diego, CA, to Washington, DC, all types of new operational aspects
were: SP3 Charles A. Glass and SFC for Army Aviation.
Joseph Lancar (crewchiefs of the Otter); On my return to the Pentagon, I
Captains James H. Stebbins and Leonard
F. Seitz (Otter pilots); Major General shared the first print of a 5-minute
Hamilton H. Howze (Director of Army video tape of the refueling demonstra
Aviation who met the flight in Washington);
Captain James E. Bowman, Mr. Joseph E. tion with many of the senior Army
Givens and Major Hugh Gaddis (who flew leaders. It was indeed a grand time for
“Amblin Annie”); PFC Carl D. Harrington those of us in Army Aviation as I
and SP2 Robert M. Price (“Amblin
Annie’s” crewchiefs). shared this new capability with those
charged with today’s defense issues;
those who have flown in, watched,
designed or developed Army Aviation
into what it is today through their
years of rotary wing dedication and
belief in Army heliforce operations.
You could see it in their faces as they
“Amblin Annie” once again felt the winds of the Army
An Army CH-21 Shawnee, nicknamed “Amblin Annie,” was the first
rotary wing fleet and they again
skimmed over vast worlds known only
helicopter to fly nonstop coast-to-coast. Refueled in flight from a U-1
Otter, the almost 30-hour flight covered close to 3,000 miles. It was
to the winged warrior.
flown by Major Hubert D. Gaddis, Captain James Bowman and Mr.
Each person shared a common feel
Joseph Givens.
ing of accomplishment and pride in
this new strike innovation, which they
had known could be done, and which
when combined with our UH-60 aerial
refueling capability, will enable the
U.S. Army to move anywhere in the
world immediately with combat
As the aircraft landed, the complete Army Engineering Flight Activity, capability, ready for action.
team of Boeing, Army and Air Force entered his name in Aviation history Congratulations to all the men and
air and ground crews cheered and by becoming the first Active Duty women of industry, the Air Force and
posed for pictures. It was a “mo Army pilot to refuel a Chinook air-to the U.S. Army who brought this long
ment.” All present, from the men air. Thirty-seven times the CH-47D awaited dream to reality. Now, it is
who had loaded the “pig iron” on the completed the refueling operation and up to the rest of us in Army Aviation
CH-47D to the ground instrument proved, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to study, build, develop and capitalize
monitors, realized they had added a the CH-47D is an excellent aerial on this new dimension and bring it to
new chapter in Aviation history. The refueling platform, and it has opened reality as quickly as possible. Gº
demonstration had gone smoother than
anyone had projected. The Boeing
Vertol engineers and metal benders
had done a superb job of ensuring the ABOUT THE AUTHOR
composite boom was solid as con MAJ (P) Chuck Nowlin is assigned as the force integration staff officer
crete, and the designers, who had for medium and heavy lift helicopters in HQDA, Office of the Deputy Chief
predicted the steady flight character of Staff for Operations and Plans, Aviation Division, Pentagon,
istics of the Chinook, were surprised Washington, DC. He received his B.S. from Texas Lutheran College,
at how much safer the system present Seguin, Tx, an M.S. from Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg,
ed itself than even they had predicted. MO, and is a graduate of USACGSC. He served with B Co, 158th
The steady characteristic of the tan Aviation Battalion; 1st Bde of the 101st Airborne (Air Assault) Division in
dem rotor and the wide safety clear
Vietnam as an operations officer and scout aviator; the 507th Medical
ance, between the rotor tip path plane
Company (Air Ambulance) as an operations officer; the Army Safety
and the refueling boom, made this sys
Center as an instructor; the 52d Aviation Battalion (Combat), Korea, as an
tem one of the finest that any of the
attendees had ever observed. S3; and, the 201st Aviation Company (Assault Helicopter), Korea, as
During the next week, CW4 Pat company commander.
Sullivan, an Army test pilot from the
ATC ACTIONLINE
ment, readiness and accomplishment of the preaccident • A list, to include samples, of known local map and
plan” per AR 385-95 lies with the airfield operations of photo source material (county, commercial, etc.) at Scales
ficer, who must ensure that crash grid maps are available. from 1:25,000 to no smaller than 1:250,000. They should
Your success in producing a crash grid map could be be as current as possible to reflect latest road construc
determined by the availability of local area map coverage. tion and other significant manmade details.
You may acquire a commercially produced map, one pro • A list of U.S. Army and/or civil facilities capable of
duced by your installation, or a county or state map, which accomplishing basic aerial photography to supplement and
will assist both ground vehicles and aircraft when train update above referenced map source material. This will
ing and during actual rescues. These maps may have air permit the acquisition of information about the latest road
fields, hospitals, and fire and police stations already network changes, urban development and other selective
depicted. If so, their use is authorized, but they must be checkpoints deemed essential to air/ground search and
purchased with local funds. Request support from the in rescue efforts.
stallation facility engineers in getting an overlay of 5-, • A point of contact at the airfield including the name,
10- and 15-NM concentric circles, an alphanumeric grid rank, organization, address and telephone number of the
and any other information you feel will assist in the rescue individual is required.
process. This is the most expeditious method of produc For further information and assistance, contact Mr.
ing a crash grid map for your airfield. Thomas J. Callahan Jr., AUTOVON 284-7773/7774.
Readers are encouraged to address matters concerning air traffic control to: Director, USAATCA
Aeronautical Services Office, Cameron Station, Alexandria, VA 22304-5050.
DECEMBER 1985 35
companies/troops, thereby breaking from the tra
ditional assignment of support responsibility to
the company/troop commander. J-series there
fore allows the maneuver companies or troops
to be highly mobile and flexible forces, unbur
dened by otherwise bulky support. As I have now
had some time to reflect, several things come to
Jºš C O M M A N D
mind which I attribute to the success of command
of a headquarters troop (260 soldiers, 100 plus
vehicles) in the J-series configuration.
You have the highest concentration of soldiers
in the squadron. Therefore, you must establish
This article presents first-hand discipline early. Otherwise, you will spend your
suggestions about successfully command tour sorting blotter reports. Basic stan
dards must be established that cover the appear
commanding a J-Series ance of soldiers’ equipment, work areas and bil
Headquarters Troop/Company. If lets living space. The establishment of these
properly applied, these same standards may require many additional hours be
fore the desired results are achieved. Identity of
guidelines can be used as a role the proper standards will require guidance from
model for almost any leadership senior officers, noncommissioned officers
(NCOs) and other contemporaries, but must be
position. set high and not allowed to waiver. Once your
desired standards are obtained, maintain them.
State the standards in standing operating pro
cedures and policy letters and enforce them.
Soldiers want to do the right thing. You have to
ensure that they know what the right things are.
Inspect your soldiers, their equipment, work
and living areas. Scheduled and unscheduled in
Captain Thomas M. Kolb spections are tools that present a readiness pic
Commander, Headquarters, Headquarters Troop ture to the commander. They project morale and
2d Combat Aviation Squadron the willingness to perform. Inspect thoroughly.
2d Armored Cavalry Regiment Don't just walk through. Look in the record and
APO New York
logbooks, crawl underneath the vehicle or
preflight the aircraft, look in the desk drawers and
lockers. Let your soldiers know that you have an
indepth interest and are not merely concerned
with shallow appearance.
After your inspection, tell your soldiers where
they stand and how far they have to go.
Reinspect when necessary and don’t lower stan
dards just to get the reinspection completed. The
goal is to transform established standards into
disciplines. Achieving discipline can be done
through routines and redundancy. The daily in
}}| AVING RECENTLY completed command of
a new J-series table or organization and equip
ranks inspection, a walk through the motor park
or aircraft parking area while looking for the
ment headquarters troop in a regimental combat uninstalled safety pin in the trailer hitch or the
Aviation squadron, I was asked to write this arti aircraft not grounded are methods to check
cle to help future commanders of similar units. discipline indicators. These items may seem
You probably already know that force moderniza trivial, but they are certainly not in the face of
tion and Army of Excellence initiatives have re an accident caused by the loss of a trailer or an
organized battalion/squadron-sized units by con electrical fire that causes the loss of equipment
solidating service support into the headquarters or manpower.
DECEMBER 1985 37
Mass Casualty “MASH'' Exercise luº, come......
In a 3-day simulated mass casualty “MASH" Master Sergeant Ed Winn scattered along the ground. Cries
exercise conducted in the Atlanta area, more 81st U.S. Army Reserve Command for aid were emitting from some 50
than 600 Army Reservists and National Public Affairs Office disaster victims. The injuries ranged
Guardsmen received hands-on medical train
ing to enhance real-time disaster readiness. East Point, GA from minor cuts to fatal.
U.S. Army Reserve medical evac
*
uation helicopters were called in to
air evacuate the victims to one of
two sites, each set up like a Mobile
Army Surgical Hospital (popularly
called MASH). The scenario was fic
titious, the players were Army Re
servists and National Guardsmen,
but the training was real.
The field training exercise (FTX),
conducted during a 3-day period in
early October, was the result of a
year's planning by members of the
Reserve's 3297th U.S. Army Hospi
tal, from Chamblee, GA. It involved
more than 600 soldiers from the
Army's Reserve Components. All
military personnel were perform
ing hands-on medical and related
support activities, as if a real disas
ter had occurred.
ABOVE: Possibly First Lieutenant Pembroke Wil
contaminated by the
nuclear research facility liams, assistant training officer of
explosion, a “victim” gets the 3297th, said the idea for field
put on a stretcher for air
evacuation.
site medical operations originated
when he and several other training
officers felt that the unit's person
nel, who spent all of their weekend
drills working in civilian hospitals,
LEFT: It's important that should practice their trades in a field
accident victims be sent environment.
to the right place for “Our unit has very little equip
treatment. These soldiers
tº discuss wounds in the ment of its own. Almost everything
triage section of the was borrowed from other hospital
MASH hospital.
units. We even had to procure med
ical utensils. We’ve been able to X
ray, operate and provide intensive
care and dental repair. Generators
are providing needed power. The
Confederate Signal Corps (a local
ham radio club) is providing com
munications among our three FTX
sites,” Williams continued.
Cause of the disaster was a
simulated explosion at a Govern
ment research facility located at
Dobbins Air Force Base, northwest
ABOVE: A “victim" peers out ABOVE: Three Hueys are fueled and ready to go to pick of Atlanta. Because of suspected
of a MEDEVAC before a heli up victims at a disaster site to bring them to a MASH unit. nuclear and/or chemical contamina
copter flight to a MASH hospi The pilots belong to the 145th Medical Detachment (Air tion, nuclear, biological and chemi
tal for treatment of wounds. Ambulance).
cal (NBC) teams were the first to
38
U.S. ARMY AVIATION DIGEST
|#:|
DECEMBER 1985 39
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ENERALLY, military analysts agree that the available for air delivery was discussed in 1972 by Soviet
Soviet armed force's operational concept shift Army General V. F. Margelov in a book, “Bridgehead
ºfrom strategic nuclear rocketry in the 1960s to From the Clouds.” He writes:
conventional warfare in the 1970s has had a far-reaching But perhaps the main distinction of the helicopter
effect on the Soviet military defense organization. landing is that personnel who have been trained for just
The accepted basis of any future Soviet warfare will a few hours can be used. Thus marines, combat engi
be the strategic offensive, directed from a headquarters neers, mortarmen and motorized riflemen, that is,
at the theater level of military operations (TVD). This representatives of the various arms of troops, can be
TVD joint command and control headquarters also has readily moved to the enemy rear using helicopters and
undergone substantial reorganization. Among recent mil [there] begin active combat operations.”
itary aviation changes are the decentralization of helicop This early concept thinking, limited to airmobile opera
ter assets at the tactical level, the reorganization of air tions, has now been expanded to include a force struc
space management and the re-creation of an “army avia ture of elite air assault brigades.
tion” entity." Missions. By 1981, the air-ground assault groups had
The Soviet image of the future battlefield will no longer been accepted and at least one air assault brigade estab
resemble a U. S. football game with opposing lines strug lished within each TVD Front.* Missions envisioned by
gling for a breakthrough, but will become more fluid and leading Soviet air assault advocates are:*
volatile like a soccer game. One of the more interesting • Assisting the forward movement of advancing
Soviet concepts is the “air-ground assault group” or grouped forces by seizing bridgeheads, crossing sites,
“Reydoviki” (raid) group as described in the Polish Jour road junctions and mountain passes.
nal Zolnierz Wolnosei, January 1978. Operating under the
concept of either tactical or operational control, these
Reydoviki units could increase the range of operations in
width and depth in a new air-ground dimension, break 1. U. S. Department of Defense, quoted in Graham H. Turbville, “A .
ing down defenses which have become highly resistant “Soviet Military Power 1983.” Soviet View of Heliborne Assault
Washington, DC: GPO, 1983, Operations,” Military Review,
to conventional assault and attacking fighter/ground at page 41. - October 1975, page 6.
tack aircraft.”
º
5. U. S. Department of Defense,
Soviet literature is becoming more open as to established 2. C. N. Donnelly, “The Soviet
“Soviet Military Power 1984,”
Helicopter on the Battlefield,”
missions which these air assault forces are to perform. International Defense Review 17, page 40.
The multiplicity of missions in itself suggests the possibili No. 5, 1984, page 560.
6. M. Tychkov, “Battalions in a
ty of increasing the number of brigades in existence. Rep 3. A. A. Siderenko, “The Offensive
Tactical Air Assault,” Voyennyy
Vestnik, July 1973, page 42;
resentative of these authors is A. A. Siderenko, who, (A Soviet View).” Moscow, 1970, unsigned, “Tactical Air Assaults,”
in his work “The Offensive,” mentions the value of translated by the U. S. Air Force Voyennyy Vestnik, April 1978,
in “Soviet Military Thought,” page 35; Yu Chernyshov, “A
teamed helicopters and ground assault units in that “the Series No. 1, Washington, DC: Tactical Airborne Landing,” Soviet
GPO, 1974.
air landing method does not require special training of Military Review, May 1980, page
27; K. Urtaev, “Battalion in an Air
personnel, in comparison with the parachute landing 4. V. F. Margelov, “Bridgehead Assault," Voyennyy Vestnik,
method.” That a vast new pool of manpower could be From the Clouds.” Moscow, 1972, March 1971, page 20.
DECEMBER 1985 41
Mºm HF
• Seizure of important areas and objectives. This mis bridgeheads to facilitate the movement of ground forces,
sion primarily involves the seizure of facilities such as capturing airfields for future use, destroying enemy lines
airfields which the Soviets intend to use for themselves of communication or preventing the forward movement
but they will also deny use by the enemy. of enemy reserves.
• Disruption of command, control, logistical and other Divisional tactical air assault landings will be of bat
functions in the enemy's rear areas. In general, Reydoviki talion size, initiated to accomplish missions similar to
forces operating in the enemy’s rear could delay rein those of operational landings, however on a smaller scale
forcements needed for front line combat. and at a depth not to exceed 25 kilometers (within artillery
• Preventing the forward movement of enemy reserves. support ranges). Linkup with divisional forces is expected
Such a mission would be performed in coordination with to occur within 6 hours.” Small-scale, special-purpose tac
an advance by Soviet ground forces. tical air assault operations also could be conducted for
• Destruction of enemy nuclear intelligence, sabotage or partisan
weapons. Soviet forces operating Support.
in a rear of an enemy have a
standing order to take actions
against discovered enemy nuclear Tactical Characteristics
weapons facilities regardless of Soviet Air Assault Brigades of the Air Assault
other assigned missions.” can disengage or maneuver Planning Considerations. Air
• Additional special-purpose mis within the deep battle with rotary assault units perform the missions
sions can be visualized including or fixed wing aircraft described earlier in Part II. Al
the execution of an amphibious though the Soviets envision air
landing, organizing partisan forces assault units operating indepen
in enemy held territory, gathering dently behind enemy lines, most
intelligence, and if necessary, in operations will be planned for
time of crisis perform the missions strategic and operational objec
of regular infantry. tives. The Soviets stress that
Operational Considerations. Air assault operations in air assault operations must be conducted rapidly and
a general war scenario can of course vary in scale and
tempo, but will follow three types of operations:
• Theater of operation—strategic.
The heavily armed Mi-8 Hip can provide impressive suppres
• Operational—fronts and armies. sive fire during the landing phase of the assault.
• Tactical—division and below.
DECEMBER 1985 43
S. ſIR F55ſl Mſ
Pickup Zone Operations. Most important, from the form of regular ground offensive maneuvers. Fifteen
point of view of the organization of the ground opera minutes is considered the maximum time to unload, and,
tion, is the absolutely necessary coordination that takes depending upon subsequent lifts, the helicopter may loiter
place between the commander of the ground force and with assault forces at predetermined locations.
helicopter unit. Together they will arrange for air defense Escorting attack helicopters, especially those preceding
at the pickup zone, the disposition of the helicopters for an air assault operation, can be expected to remain in
the loading of equipment, the boarding of personnel and direct support of landing zone security and initial breakout
the actual assignment of men and equipment to specific operations. The Hind in particular can help counter either
aircraft. 17 aviation or armor attacks.”
Air Movement. After equipment and personnel are load Communications. Command and control during Soviet
ed onboard the helicopters, the air assault operations are com
last soldiers to board before plex and reflect a great dependence
departure are unit leaders and then on AM (amplitude modulation)
air defense personnel with hand and HF (high frequency) radios.
held SA-14s. The helicopter unit The number of radios within units
commander determines order of is increasing each year. Pyrotech
Air Assault Planning
takeoff, air assembly, formation, lengthy operations behind nics, especially flares, are used
routes, speed and conditions of enemy lines are the exception for signaling purposes. Wire is
flight. rarely used. Except for reports
While airborne, the Mi-8 Hip from reconnaissance elements,
helicopters will be in the lead, listening silence is maintained until
followed by Mi-6 Hook heavy contact is made with the enemy.
transport with heavy equipment When contact is made commun
and combat vehicles (internal ications are no longer limited. On
loads). Flying at minimum lower nets transmissions are often
altitude in multiple flights, transport helicopters are made in the clear. Brevity codes and encrypted messages
escorted by helicopter gunships. The escorting Mi-24 are used to shorten transmission lengths. Periodic frequen
Hinds precede and operate on either flank of the land cy changes are within the concept of Soviet doctrine.”
ing zone.” Logistics. Logistics support for air assault units is per
Air attack security has a peculiar twist in Soviet tac formed by elements at two separate locations—one in the
tics. Using individual weapons, troops onboard the rear, and the other in the assault area. There is a possibility
transport helicopters provide augmenting sector fires from of en route refueling points being established, provided
firing ports as air defense gunners. Flying deceptive security is available and whether or not the depth of the
“snaking maneuvers” to avoid air attack from the rear, operation requires refueling consideration. The size of the
the air commander probably will alter his flight route from logistics contingent that lands in the assault area will de
the marshalling area to and from the landing zones.” pend on the size of the operation and the length of time
Landing Zones. Multiple landing zones, both the the unit is expected to operate independently.
primary and the alternate, are probably chosen jointly by Rear services people are trained in the use of captured
the air and ground commander. Prior to arrival, the land equipment, weapons, munitions and fuel. Fuel in par
ing zone is softened by aerial strikes, and if heavy equip ticular will be in great demand and it requires extensive
ment is not included in the task force, the assault force prior planning. Once on the ground in the operational
can either parachute, jump or rappel from the hovering area, needed logistics will be placed in concealed posi
helicopters.” tions. Usually only sufficient people needed to perform
Unloading. The helicopters will be unloaded in reverse minor repairs and support will actually accompany the
order from which they were loaded—air defenders and assault units. Resupply, if required before linkup, will be
antitank weapons first, followed by unit commanders, and by fixed wing transport airplanes at night. Evacuation of
then troops and equipment in single or multiple landing zones. casualties will be by helicopter if operations permit.”
Actions which take place following the landing take the Emerging Soviet Doctrine. Within the past 20 years,
the Soviets have revised their traditional view that the Reydoviki capability and not plan to extensively use the
helicopter is capable only of marginal gains in combat air assault brigade for decisive, deep striking strategic
power. Since 1974, the Soviets have modernized, restruc objectives.
tured and strengthened their entire combat helicopter force
as a component of an already impressive combined arms
army.
Changing Soviet doctrine has capitalized on the mobili 16. The events which make up the air Soviet Military Review, May 1977,
ty, firepower and survivability of the helicopter as a func assault are formed from the page 23.
composite of these articles: M. 20. Composite articles, see reference
tional component of Soviet ground forces operations. Air Belov, “Air Landing Forces,” note 16.
assault units have demonstrated the ability to seize critical pages 22-23. Yu Chernyshov, “A
Tactical Airborne Landing," pages 21. Ibid.
terrain, destroy high value targets and support high-tempo 27-29. M. Tychkov. “Battalions in
deep thrust offensive penetrations during large-scale Soviet a Tactical Air Assault,” pages 22. B. Zhukov, “Radio Training
42-46. K. Urtaev, “Battalion in an Proceeds in the BMD,” Voyennyy
field training exercises. Air Assault,” pages 20-25. Vestnik, No. 11, 1977, page 78.
A precise evaluation or the potential effectiveness of 17. Ibid.
23. V. Peplin, “Rear Services of an
Soviet air assault operations would be difficult to evaluate 18. Ibid.
Airborne Assault: Tasks and
and estimate. Certainly the capability to employ well 19. M. Subbotin, “Air Defense of a Decisions,” Voyennyy Vestnik, No.
Tactical Air Landing Force,” 3, 1979, page 65.
equipped forces exists. It is difficult to imagine that the
leadership of the Soviet Union would maintain the
45
DECEMBER 1985 --
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FIRST|
CHINOOK|
AERIAL|
REFUELING ||
4 August 1985 ||
See story on page 30.
LERARY OF Michigan
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TCrº
J.S. DOCUMºº:EM,
º
FEB 27 1986
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PººrT. Dºo OC
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