An Introduction To Greek Verse Compositi

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e
EducT21118, 85.780
RIVINGTON 'S EDUCATIONAL LIST
Arnold 's Henry's First Arnold 's Greek Prose
Latin Book. By C. G .Gepp. 35. | [ Compositi
on . By E .ABBOTT. 35.6d.
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Stories from Ouid in

First Steps in Latin . By Hexameter Verse. By R . W . TAY
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AN INTRODUCTION
TO
GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION

AN INTRODUCTION
GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION
With Erercises
BY
ARTHUR SIDGWICK , M .A .
FELLOW AND TUTOR OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD , AND LATE
ASSISTANT MASTER AT RUGBY SCHOOL
AND
F . D . MORICE, M . A .
FELLOW OF QUEEN 'S COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND ASSISTANT MASTER AT RUGBY SCHOOL
THIRD EDITION , REVISED
RIVINGTONS
WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON
MDCCCLXXXV
EducT 21118 .85 .78HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY
FROM THE LIBRARY OF
EDWIN WILLIAM FRIEND
DECEMBER 10, 1936
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREFACE, . . . . . . . . . v
IAMBIC METRE, . . . . . . . 1
QUANTITY, . . . . . . . .
HINTS ON POETIC FORMS AND USAGES, . 24
EXERCISES , . . . . . . . . 70
APPENDIX - ADDITIONAL EASY EXERCISES, 143
VOCABULARY, . . . . . . . . 165
PREFACE
The object of this book is to take the learner through
all the stages of Greek verse composition, from the first
rudiments till he has reached a fair proficiency in turn
ing into Greek Iambics an average piece of English
dramatic poetry . The authors have been guided all
through by a considerable experience obtained in teach
ing Greek verse composition to the two upper forms of a
great public school. In consequence of that experience ,
they have paid particular attention to the following
points :
1. To make the rules and principles of the Tragic
Iambic metre full, accurate, and clear.
For example, they have explained at length a point
very important, but often neglected , namely, themetrical
treatment of monosyllables. When this is grasped , the
learner will find it much more easy than is otherwise the
case to master the two most troublesome points in the
Greek Iambic line, viz., the Caesura and the rule of the
final Cretic. They also hope that the section on combina
PREFACE.
tions of syllables will save the student much time by

clearly showing him what kinds of words are available
for this metre, and in what parts of the line they are
naturally placed . Further, it requires considerable care
to state the proper uses of resolved feet, and insist on the
due limitations of such uses, so as to leave no room for
misconception. The authors hope not to be found want
ing in this respect.
2. To supply an adequate treatment of the laws of
quantity.
Under this head (besides such general rules of prosody
as those relating to the quantities of final syllables,
lengthening of vowels by position, etc .), the real facts
about elision and crasis, which are often left to the
learner's imperfect knowledge and undeveloped instinct,
are here carefully collected and expounded.
3. To give full hints on poetic forms and usages.
Among the causes that tend to make Greek Iambic
writing far easier than the beginner is apt to believe, is
the fact that Greek has such an immense store of resources
in the variety of its admissible poetic forms. A good
many of these, when a little advance has been made, will
be readily recognised when seen : but it will be much
longer before the student is able to think of them when
he is doing verses. The authors have accordingly made
as complete a collection of them as they could , arranged
PREFACE .
in the natural order according to the parts of speech. It is

further hoped that the hints on poetic usages and diction,
and especially the full list of particles, with examples
from Sophocles, will do something to give the learner such
help as no dictionary conveniently affords, and as could
otherwise be only collected by prolonged study of the
Greek poets.
4 . To give a sufficient number of exercises on the

early stages, and a large number on the more advanced
stages, of composition .
On this head the authors will only remark , first, that ·
it is a great mistake to keep boys doing single lines
when once they have mastered the metre, as they learn
infinitely more from trying to deal with continuous pieces
of poetry ; and, secondly, that every piece in the book
the authors have themselves turned into Greek verse,
and so are aware of all the difficulties and problems
which it presents, and are able to give appropriate help
in the notes.
5. To give a full vocabulary of words suitable to

dramatic poetry, which will be useful not merely for
these exercises but for any other.
They hope by this means to render unnecessary, at
any rate for a considerable part of the time devoted to
learning Greek, the use of English -Greek dictionaries.
These books usually confuse the learner by giving some
viii PREFACE .
words only suited for prose, and others confined to epic

or lyric poetry : neither of which are properly admissible
in iambics.
In the Second Edition thirty additional Easy Exer
cises have been added in an Appendix at page 145 in
response to the request of several Schoolmasters.
In issuing a Third Edition we wish to express our

thanks to correspondents who have favoured us with
criticisms and suggestions, especially Mr. A . G . WATSON,
of Harrow ; Mr. W . HEATON , of King Willian 's College,
Isle of Man ; Mr. H . BROADBENT, of Eton ; Mr. F . HAVER
FIELD, of Lancing College ; and to a Reviewer in the
Academy.
THE IAMBIC METRE.
§ 1. The iambic foot consists of a short syllable
followed by a long, as in the English word šround , or
in theGreek words todôv, dépelv , kåls.
The iambic line in Greek in its original form contained
six such feet, as for example
Böyās půvai-l- &iv au-1-TŐ TOūT' | čpērk - étai
oro - - ěv Ūs öro -|- ěv , art ' õuās čuoù
gůvñ | TĚKOU - -0å kõut - |-ňoci- - ěv āv i uåtīv
Compare the English six -foot iambic :
Aroúnd | the rúg-i-ged rocks | the rág-l-gedrás
cals rán .
Beneath the good | how fár, , but fár | above the
gréat.
Note. — Though , according to this scheme, the last
syllable of the iambic line is long, a short syllable is
allowed to stand in the last place, and is counted as being
long.
Thus in the lines
αταρ τοσούτον ου δυνήσομαι | ποτέ
ó 8 'BOTTEP Oův dikalov oủk édéo -|- ĚTŐ
the last foot is considered as an iambus, though both
syllables are really short.
§ 2 . In all metres, however, a long succession of
perfectly similar lines produces a monotonous effect.
Thus in the Latin Hexameter metre , no well-written
passage would consist of purely dactylic lines like
Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum ,
but would be sure to contain lines where the spondees
were combined with the dactyls in various proportions.
In the same way the iambic metre in Greek has been
considerably modified, for the sake of variety, by the
GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION .
admission, in certain parts of the line, of other feet

besides the iambus.
$ 3 . The chief of these modifications is the substitu
tion of the spondee (two long syllables, like πάσχω,
πρώτους, άλλως,) for the original iambus, in certain parts
of the verse.
The places where the spondee is allowed are the first,
third , and fifth feet only.
Thus in the following lines we have a spondee in the
first :
τοίς γάρ | κάκοι-|- σί πλεϊ-|-όν οίκ-|-τον έμ-|- βάλω
πάσχω | τε και | πέπον -η-θα κά-|- τί πεί-|-σομαι
In these, a spondee in the third :
α δ' εστ-|- γή- |- ρα τωδ' | ασύμ-|- φόρω-|-τάτα
αγείν | επεσ-|-θαι σω-|-φρόνος δ' | έσει | λατρίς
Here, in the fifth :
Πάρϊς δ' | έγή- -με την | Δίος | γήμάς | δε μη
κάκ' έν | δόμοϊ -|- σί μυ-|- ρί ευ-|- ρήσει | μόλών
The above lines have only one spondee, but it is quite
as common to find the spondee in two of these places or
in all three, as in the following lines :
τοσαύτ-|- ά λυ- -μάνθέντ -|-ά γίγ- -νώσκει | θεόν
ώ παι | δάκρυ -|- είς αισ -|- θάνει | κάκων | σέθεν
λαβράς | εφόρ-|-μάς κοί- - μίσαις της φρόν-|- τίδος
οιμοι | γάμων | τόδ' ως | κλύω | μείζον | κακόν
Note. It is so common for beginners to make the
mistake of putting a spondee in the fourth foot, that it is
worth while to add a special caution against it.
For example, they are sure at first to write such lines
as
έχων απήλθε νίκ-|- ης πάν-|- τιμον γέρας
ήσθην λόγοισι τού-|-τοϊς νύν δ' | αιδούμενος
THE IAMBIC METRE.
It is usually quite easy to correct such lines by a slight

alteration : thus we should write
νίκης έχων απήλθε πάντιμον γέρας
ήσθην λόγοισι τοϊσδε, νύν δ' αιδούμενος
§ 4. One of themost important points in writingGreek
iambics is to attend to the Caesura , or break in the line.
Take for example the following line :
νικήν Φίλόκ- -τήτης | έβού-|-λήθη | λάβεϊν
Here we have a live made up of iambics and spondees
properly placed according to the rules given above : yet
it is not an allowable line, for want of a caesura : that is
to say, there is no break between words except at the end
of a foot. A caesura is a break between words occurring
in themiddle of a foot,as
πολύς | ταράχ-|- θείς | πόν- -τος:
and the rule in Greek Iambics is that such a break or
caesura must occur in the middle either of the third or of
the fourth foot.
In the following lines the caesura is in the third foot :
φίλους | άχρησ-|-τον Ιρα -|-δίως | ελξαι | ζυγών
ουδείς | Αχαϊ-|- ων | δεσ -|- πόσεϊ | τούτου | πότε
στεϊχόν- -τα και-|-νών || αγ- - γέλον | βουλευ- - μάτων
In these, the caesura is in the fourth foot:
πρόθυ- - μίαν | έχου-|- σί | σω-|- θήναι 1 πόνων
προςπίτ - - νε την | τέκου-|-σάν || αμ-|- φί δ'ώλ-|-ένας
“ κόμης | επισ -|- πάσαν-1-τές || αθ-|- λίαν | κόρην.
It will be seen that some of the above lines contain
caesuras in other feet besides the third or fourth : but
these are of no importance to the metre .
$ 5 . At this point it becomes necessary to consider the
metrical treatment of monosyllables. For metrical pur
poses many monosyllables should be regarded as not being
separate words, but forming part either of the word that
precedes or the word that follows.
The monosyllables that are treated as belonging to the

preceding word are these :
All enclitics, as τε, γε, νυν, τοι, με, σε (μου, μοι, etc.),
σφε, νιν : the indefinites τι, που, πως, ποι, etc.
The quasi-enclitics, or particles which cannot come
first in a sentence, as γάρ, μέν, δε, ούν, άν, δή.
Since these words are felt to belong to what precedes,
it plainly follows that a break before these monosyllables
is not regarded as a break . If therefore they occur after
the break in the third or fourth foot they destroy the
caesura .
Thus
αποστερίσκων | μεν πάτρας εξήλασεν
is a rhythm to be avoided, whereas if it had been
αποστερίσκων παίς πατρας εξήλασεν
it would have been right.
Again , such a line as
τους γαρ θρόνους ήτησε | μέν, κατέσχε δ' ού
is bad ,since the caesura in the fourth foot is false,whereas
if it had been
τους γάρ θρόνους ήτησε παίς τυραννικος
it would have been admissible .
$ 6 . Secondly , we must consider the case of the mono
syllables which are treated as belonging to the word
following .
Of these the most important are the article, prepositions,
εί, ώς, ου, μη, καί, ή, and the interrogatives τίς, που, πως,
ποι, etc. Since these coalesce with what follows, it is clear
that when any of them occurs before the break in the
third or fourth foot they destroy the caesura ; and there
fore such lines as the following have no true caesura, and
are wrong :
τιμωρίαν των | πημάτων έχεις, τεκνον
ούτ' αστέρων ούτ' ουρανού βλεπεις φάος
τυραννίδος πάσης το | κέρδος έξετε
μέγιστος ήν ήρως εν | ανθρώπους ποτέ
THE IAMBIC METRE.
87. The Quasi-Caesura .

An elision at the end of the third foot is considered as
equivalent to a caesura in the fourth ; and lines which
contain this elision are admissible without any other
caesura. This is called the quasi-caesura.
For example, the following are right:
ει δ' ήδε δειμαίνουσ’ | απώλεσεν βίον
πείθοι' άν, ει πείθοι', | απειθοίης δ' ίσως
κανταύθ' αριστεύοντ’ | έγεινάμην τέκνα
Note. — Beginners must be cautioned against supposing
that this rule can be extended to the third foot : an
elision at the end of the second foot is not counted as
equal to caesura in the third , and such lines as the
following are wrong :
έγωγε δεύρο | άφικόμην πάτραν λιπών
φοβουμένη δ' | απώλεσεν τα χρήματα
$ 8 . Another most important point is what is called
the law of the Final Cretic.
Properly speaking a Cretic is the name of a metrical
foot of three syllables , long - short- long, as for example
τον τε νούν , | την πάτράν , | κάρτα του , | πημάτων ,
ά -|- πάνθ' όρά , εσκό-|- πει τέλη Ι, εσκευ-|-άσμένων |. It
is thus obvious that every Iambic line ends with a Cretic.1
The law of the Final Cretic may be most simply stated
thus : If there is a break before this Final Cretic, or
(which is the same thing ) if there is a caesura in the fifth
foot, the fifth foot must be an Iambus.
The following Iambic lines, containing this caesura in
the fifth foot,are correct, because this foot is an Iambus:
όστις ποτ' ει συ δυστόπαστός | είδέναι
πρώτον μεν αρχάς έσχεν ήδέ | των κακών
πόσις γαρ άν μοι κατθανoντός|| αλλός ην
ου δήτα παντως , ου προσήλθεν || ούς με δει
1 According to § 1, note, it will still count as a Cretic though the
last syllable be short, as πάντα | πήματα, ειρ-- γάζετό.
GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION.
The following are also correct lines, containing no

caesura in the fifth foot, and therefore admitting a
spondee :
αλλ' εξελαύνειν ουδε προς- |-ψαύεϊν | κάλους
σώζουσα πασών Δελφίδων | εξαι - - ρέτους !
άπαντα τούτοις έστιν εξ-|- ειργάσ -|- μένα
οίδεν δε θνητών ούτις αν-|-θρώπων | τάδε !
The following lines are incorrect, as the fifth foot con
tains a caesura and yet is a spondee :
ου γάρ γόους ήκουσα παιδων ||των έμών
της νυν κάκιστα λαμβανούσης || πημάτα
τυφλός τα τ' ώτα τον τε θυμόν | τόν τε νούν
τί ταύτα πήματ’ ου στενάζεις, | είπέ μοι
The rules already given for the treatment of mono
syllables ($ $ 5 , 6 ) apply also to the caesura in the fifth
foot.
Thus, taking first the case of the monosyllables, which
combine with the preceding word (8 5 ), a line like
συ δ' ημίν ή μισούσα μισείς μεν λόγω
does not violate the law of the Final Cretic, since μισείς
uĒv is treated as one word , and therefore there is no
caesura in the fifth foot. If it had ended ulocis oùrroyo ,
there would have been caesura in the fifth foot, and the
long syllable ( μισείς) before the caesura would have been
wrong.
Other such correct lines are
της δυσγενείας μάλλον, ημείς γαρ κακοί
έπει πέπρακται τοιάδ', υμείς ούν βάθρων
εί μοι λέγοις την όψιν, είπoίμ' αν τότε
Secondly , taking the case of the monosyllables which
are treated as belonging to the word succeeding them (8 6 ),
such lines as the following
Φοίβος γάρ, εί τι μη κλύεις των αγγέλων
τότ' ουν ο μάντις ούτος ήν εν τη τέχνη
do not violate the law of the Final Cretic, since των
αγγέλων, εν-τη-τέχνη are treated as one word, and there
THE IAMBIC METRE .
is therefore no caesura in the fifth foot. These lines are
therefore correct.
Other such correct lines are
ορθόν δε κράτ' έστησαν ούς τ' εις ουρανός
αδελφός αυτός και πατήρ, κάξης έφύ
ει μη πατήρ ήσθ' είπον αν σ' ούκ ευ φρονείν
τί δ' ; ουκ ακούειν έστι και μη δράν ά μη
ψήφω, διπλή δέ, τη τ' έμή και στη λαβών
τον νούν τ' αμείνω των φρενών η νυν φέρει
πρώτον μεν ένθα κάν προση, κάν μή πρόση
μη και λάθη με προςπεσών, ως μάλλον αν
τούτων γαρ ουδέν άλγυνεί μ', ει δ' εργάσει
8 9. Wehave hitherto dealt only with lines consisting
of iambi and spondees, the ordinary form of the iambic
metre. The poets, however, occasionally admit tribrachs
( uuu), dactyls (- UU ), and anapaests (uu - ), into the
verse, on a principle which we must now proceed to
explain.
If we consider a long syllable as equal to two shorts , it
follows that the tribrach (uuu) is equal in length to the
iambus ( u - ). As therefore the iambus is admissible in
every foot, it might have been supposed that the tribrach
could be substituted for it in any part of the verse . In
practice, however, the tribrach is never allowed in the sixth
foot, and had better be avoided in the fifth . Its use in
the first four feet will be illustrated by the following
examples :
πότέρα | δε χριστόν ή ποτόν το φάρμακον ;
και σών | γέ γόνα-|-των ου μεθήσομαι ποτε
δεσποιν-|- ά, συ τάδ' | έπραξας ου γνώμης άτερ
κακόν κακώς | νϊν αμόρ-| - ον εκτρίψαι βίον
τοιαύτα φασ- 1-1 τον ά - - γαθον Κρέοντά σου
αλλ' οι μεν εκβαλόν -|-τές ανόσ-|-ίως εμέ
It will be observed in these verses that the tribrach is
sometimes broken after the first short syllable (as yě
γόνα -|-των), sometimes after both first and second (as
δεσποιν-|-ά συ τάδ' Ι) . The break in the tribrach must
never come after the second syllable only , as that would

be felt by the ear to be equivalent to a trochee ( - u ) not
to an iambus ( u - ).
For example, a line like the following is wrong :
φυγών | έπί το | πύργωμα σώζεται στρατός,
but it could be corrected by a slight alteration,
φυγών | τόδ' επί | πύργωμα σώζεται στρατός,
where the break in the tribrach is in the right place .
We will give a few more examples of wrongly divided
tribrachs, as beginners often fall into this mistake.
δύο βά-|-σιλείς επήλθον ες λόγων στάσιν
ημείψ -|-άτο πά-|-τηρ ταύτα μοι θυμούμενος
δέσποινα, ταύτα δειν -ιοτάτ' ε-|-λεξεν γέρων
[They might easily be corrected as follows:
δύ' ούν άνακτες ήλθον ες λόγων στάσιν
ημείψαθ' ανησ ταυτά μοι θυμούμενος
δέσποινα, ταύτα δεινότατα λέγει γέρων]
Note. On the principle explained above (SS 5 , 6 ) in
treating of monosyllables, τάδε γάρ, δυο μέν would be
admissible as tribrachs, since there is no real break .
But παρήλ -| - θε μέν άν - - ηρ would be wrong, since
παρήλθε- μεν is treated as one word, and the break is
therefore only after the second syllable of the tribrach .
§ 10. We have seen that an iambus may be resolved
into a tribrach . In the same way a spondee (- - ) may
be resolved into a dactyl ( uu) , and accordingly dactyls
may be substituted for spondees in the iambic line, but
only in the first and third feet. They are never allowed
in the fifth foot, from which , as we have seen , even
tribrachs are, as a rule, excluded.
Examples:
μητ' αρότ-|-ον αυτοίς γής ανιέναι τινά
κτείναι μεν , ή γής φύγά-| -δας εκπεμψαίμεθα
φθειροντες άσ -|- τους, ο μέν | όπως στρατηλατη
έπειτ ' επελ-|- θών τότ' έσ.1-ίδοις αν ουδένα
THE IAMBIC METRE.
The dactyl, like the tribrach, can be broken after the
first syllable (urm' ăpo -1-Tov), and also after the first and
second (- 0ōv TÕT ło - - idous ) : but never after the second
only. Such a dactyl as āvtă Tă is therefore inadmis
sible in this metre.
Note.— As with the tribrach, the principle of mono
syllables applies here also.
Thus πάντα γάρ | έλεξας is admissible, as there is no
break , while mävt åv čs - -idol tus is inadmissible , as the
break is only after the second syllable.
$ 11. A spondee (- -) may be also resolved into an

anapaest (uu - ) : and accordingly the anapaest is used in
the iambic metre , but only in the first foot.
Examples :
πολέμους | αναιρούμεσθα, και τον ήσσονα
αγόραϊ-|-σι θακεί, προς δε Παλλάδος διπλούς.
The anapaest is never broken : such an instance as
πάτηρ | επήλθεν is no exception, as there is no true
break .
$ 12. Note on the three-syllable feet (Tribrach ,Dactyl,

Anapaest).
The beginner had better use these feet as sparingly as
possible : perhaps not more than one or two of them in a
copy of verses.
It may be remarked that of these variations the dactyl
in the third foot, and the tribrach, appear to be the
commonest.
8 13. Proper Names.

The difficulty of introducing proper names into the
Iambic metre gives rise to a special licence, namely , that
anapaests may occur in proper names anywhere in the
verse except in the sixth foot.
IO |GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION .
Examples :
εκτός δε Παρ-|- θενόπαϊ-|-ος Αρκάς όρνυται
φρούδος, μετ' αυτού δ'' Aν-|-δρόμάχη πολλών εμοί
καθηρέθη πατρώος Οι-|-χάλία | δορί
These anapaests must have no break in them .
8 14. Combinations of Syllables.
( 1.) A word with more than three consecutive long
syllables cannot be brought into an Iambic : e.g .
εξαγγέλλούσι
σημαίνονται
έκβαινόντων, are impossible altogether.
( 2.) Several other combinations of syllables are im
possible as they stand, but can be brought in by various
artifices, e.g.
επαγγέλλετέ, by crasis :
ας ιόντες εγκονείτε κάπαγγέλλετε
or πάρεστε κάπαγγέλλετ' ανθρώποις το πάν.
απόρρητά, by elision :
ούκουν απόρρητ’ εστίν ανθρώποις τάδε.
by crasis :
όλωλεν, εξόλωλε ταπόρρητά μοι.
by lengthening:
εύγνωστα ταυτα κούκ απόρρητα στυγείς.
απόβήσονται, by crasis :
πίπτουσι κλήροι κάποβήσονται τάχα.
(3.) The following combinations are specially suited to
particular places in the line
( α) - - - υ thus : άνθρωπος εξώρμησε του στρατεύματος
or στρατεύματος παρόντος εξώρμησε τις.
thus: προςπασσάλευε τόδ' απανθρώπω πάγω.
- - - thus: άλλ' άψόφητος οξέων κωκυμάτων.
κωκυμάτων επαύσατ' ουδ' έφθέγξατο.
THE IAMBIC METRE. 11II
(d) - - - υ thus : όπως διορθώσωμεν εν πόλει τάδε.
αλλ' ευτυχούτε, και συναντήσαιτέ μοι.
(0) - - thus : φθείρει τον άνδρα δυσσεβής ομιλία.
This is ithe
v
as we i t on omost
olathen f ponuseful
avoid e in place
dethe t
three c monesoft this
heefoforcommonest
oamword length ,
elementary
blunders, viz.: spondee in the fourth foot, faulty caesura,
and violation of the rule of the final cretic.
Lu - can also occur in four other places as follows:
έπειτα δυστυχώς τις ένδον όλλυται.
και δυστυχώς εξήλθε ποντίου σάλου.
(f) -UU without elision or lengthening of the last
syllable, is only suitable to the end of the
line, as
ήλθεν προς ημάς, αγγελούσα καίρια.
(9) υυυ- thus: οίκους έδειμε καταφυγήν του χείματος.
This is the best place for words ofthis quantity uuu -,
as for the Cretic - U - , ofwhich indeed the vuur is the
resolution.
(%) - υ - thus : προφέρείν άπαντα τους παρουσιν ενθάδε.
Οι άπαντα προφέρειν τους παρουσιν ενθάδε.
$ 15. It may be well to add the metrical scheme of
ΟΙ
TOTO)
TOTO
iambic verse.
Ο)
Ο )
ΤΟ5)
ΤΟ
The dotted lines indicate the two places, in one of which

caesura is required .
1 - v - occurring in this place must be followed by an enclitic or

quasi-enclitic : see $ 5 and 8 8.
QUANTITY.
GENERAL RULES FOR QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES.
$ 16 . The rules for quantity are somewhat simpler in
Greek than in Latin ; chiefly because Greek has fewer
doubtful vowels, but also because by noticing the accentu
ation of a word we often get a clue to its quantities.
Vowels long by nature.
Rule 1. — Long by nature, and long under all circum
stances, even before another vowel, are
i. n , w .
ii. all diphthongs.1
iii. all vowels in contracted syllables.
iv. all vowels with the temporal augment.
Examples : Wov, yevoio, unrñp, eveidīs, tipā (for
Tiua -E), ūbaivov (augmented form from ŭ aivw ).
$ 17. Vowels short by nature.
Rule 2 . - Short by nature , and always short unless
lengthened by position (Rules 3, 4 , 6 ), are
e and o .
Examples : tadě, TOUTỎ, võuðs, čxwv.
$ 18 . Vowels long by position.
Rule 3.- Any vowel, whatever its nature, is long by
position when it precedes
i. a double letter, i.e. &, 4 , ;
ii. two consonants, unless the first be a mute and
the second a liquid ; 2
1 Except ποιειν or ποίειν, τοι- Or τοί- in such words as τοιουτος Or
ToToutos, ToToode or totoo de, oios or oios (mostly long).
2 The very rare licence of leaving a vowel short before uv had better
not be imitated .
12
QUANTITY.
iii. χμ, γν, δμ, δν, and nearly always βλ, γλ ;

iv . any two consonants whatever belonging to
different words, or different parts of a com
pound.
Examples : έξω, όψομαι, έζη, έσχον, έρρε, δεδεγμαι,
γνω, αδμής, έβλεψε, εκ νυκτος, εκ- ρεω.
Obs. The rule holds (for i., ii., iii.) when the vowel is in
one word and the consonants in another.
Examples : 7 fôv.
κατά ψυχήν.
έσχε σχήμα.
ο δε βλέπων.
εί τινά στρατού.
φίλτατε ξένων.
8 19. Doubtful position .
Rule 4 . - A naturally short vowel may remain short,
or be lengthened at pleasure, when it precedes amute and
liquid (except those enumerated in Rule 3 , iii.) in the same
word.
Such combinations of mute and liquid are
πλ, φλ, κλ, χλ, τλ, θλ, κμ, τμ, θμ, πν, φν, κν, χν,
θν, τν, πρ, φρ, βρ, κρ, χρ, γρ, τρ, θρ, δρ.'
A vowel before any of these is said to be “ in weak
position .”
Rule 5. — A final vowel if naturally short should re
main short in “ weak position.”
Example : the o of aŭto should not be lengthened
before τρin τραύμα. ,
Obs. Occasionally a short final vowel remains short
even before βλ, γλ (e.g. in βλαστάνω and γλώσσα, which
are perhaps the only instances to be found in actual
Greek plays).
1 This list is mainly taken from W . Christ's Metrik (ed. 2).
14 GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION .
$ 20. Rule 6. — A final short vowel may remain short

or be lengthened at pleasure before an initial p in the
following word .
Examples : Tỏ petua, TóỒẽ péreuP.
After mastering the above six rules, a learner ought
never to be in difficulties as to the quantity of n, w , e, o
and diphthongs. Note that though al and or are some
times said to be short for purposes of accentuation , they
are always to be scanned as long (e.g. oŮtoī in spite of the
accent).
a , l, v present more difficulties, being long by nature
in some words and short in others. Sometimes, however,
we can determine their quantity by the accent.
$ 21. Quantity of doubtful vowels fixed by accent.
Rule 7. — Any circumflexed vowel is long.
Examples : ā in pâxis,
i in tviyos,
Ū in kûma .
Rule 8. - Any vowel is short which stands in the last
syllable of a word accented acute on the last syllable but
two (proparoxytone), or of a word circumflexed on the
last but one (properispomenon ).1
Examples : i in Avouoi,
ŭ in taxus.
Rule 9. - a, i, v are short by nature when they bear the
acute accent and stand in the penultimate of a word
whose last syllable is short.
Examples ; i in Tives ,
à in ärye.
But such vowels may, of course, become long by the rules
for position.
Examples : i in Bißros,
ū in Guvos.
1 Except al, ol, as in oŮto , and words ending in g or y , as karnīy .
QUANTITY.
Rule 10. — a, l, v are long by nature when they stand

in the last syllable of a word, whose penultimate is long
by nature, and bears the acute accent.
Example : à in ápa .
We will now give a few rules for determining the

quantity of a I v in final syllables.
8 22. Verb terminations.

Rule 11. - In all verb terminations, except those of
participles, which fall under the rules for nouns,
i. a is always short,unless it arises from contraction ;
ii. 1 is always short ;
iii. v is always long.
Examples : évoă, élvoăs, élvoắv, but êtíuā, timāv.
λύουσι, λελύκασίν ,
ēdūv, ědūs, ēdü.
$ 23. Noun terminations : Participles.

Rule 12. - In all terminations of Participles doubtful
vowels are short, except
i. Nom . and voc.masculine singular;
ii. Nom . voc. acc. feminine dual ;
iii. Acc. fem . plural.
Examples : lúoavtås, lúoaoăv, lúcaoi, lelukooi,
DELKVŮV : but núcās, deckvūs, quoárā (dual),
λυσάσας .
$ 24. Nouns increasing long.

Rule 13. - Doubtful vowels are always long in the
nominative singular of nouns increasing long ; except
Képås.
Examples : yeyās (-āvtos),malāv (-āvos), knais (-idos).
16 GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION.
$ 25 . Nouns increasing short.
Rule 14. - Doubtful vowels are generally short in the
nominative singular of nouns increasing short ; excep
tions are
i. pérās, tárās (but pénăv, táråv),
ii. Kóvis, opis,
iii. monosyllables in us, as Opūs,
iv. a few other nouns in υς , especially ισχύς, νεκυς.
V. Tūp.
$ 26 . Nouns of 1st declension (A -stems).
Rule 15 . — These terminations are short:
i. ă preceded by a consonant (except p) in nomina
tive and accusative singular feminine, as uolloă
- (- av ).
ii. ă in vocative singular of nouns in ns and ă, as
déomotă.
Rule 16 .— These are long :
i. ā preceded by a vowel or p in nominative and
accusative singular feminine, as pirtā (-āv ),
čxOpā (-āv); but to this there are many excep
tions.1
ii. ă always in vocative sing. of nouns in as and ā ,
as veavia .
iii. ā always in genitive singularand accusative plural
of first declension,as čxOpās,moúcās, deomótās.
$ 27. Miscellaneous Hints on FinalSyllables.
The following hints may be found helpful.
i. Final , and v, unless contracted, are almost in
variably short (yet see Rule 11 which prevails
over this ).
Thus ti, tivi, Xóryoloi, oŭ, očů .
1 Note especially
yaiă , dúovocă , avocă, uză , participles in - viă, and substantives in
-Tplă ; Baollecă (queen ), but Baollelā (kingdom ) ; dykupă, yėpupă,
mreipă, owreipă, uoîpă, eůvocă always in Trag., but åyvola.
QUANTITY.
ii. Final av and as in accusatives follow the quan

tity of the corresponding nominative.
Thus φιλιάν ( Νom. - ά), μούσας ( Nom, - αϊ).
jaunrádăs (Nom .- ěs),povoăv (Nom . - ă).
But -ās from nouns in - eús, as Baoiàéās.
iii. Final a is always short in neuter plurals unless
ccontracted
o : as dryadă, övtă, dôpă, but ootā (eâ).
iv. Final a in accusative singular is short, as lan
Tádă : except from nouns in -eús, as Baoiléā .
v. The last syllable of most prepositions, adverbs,
etc ., is short, if possible.
Thus oùv, émi, trepi,tapă, kată , Metačů, ăv,
mpiv , otăv, å åp, etc., etc .
Butvūv or vŭv, äryāv, slāv, êtreidāv, éāv, náopā
(with other adverbs in -pa ),and someothers.
vi. Neuter nominative-endings are short : except māv,
and åtāv, and , of course, contracts, as dotoūv.
vii. Duals in a are always long, as taútā .
viii. Observe these : ňuiv, úuiv, or juiv, úuiv.
To give rules for the quantity of other than final
syllables is probably unnecessary. The learner must
trust his ear chiefly, and when in doubt consult his
lexicon. Liddell and Scottmark most doubtful quantities,
either on the word itself or in brackets, thus- ( ), (i),
(ā Homer, but ă Pind. and Att.),— either at the beginning
or end of the article on the word.
Some quantities, e.g. those of the verbs in -ów ,must be
learnt from lexicons, etc. The ear cannot be trusted :
e.g . lūw , Oūw , but oủw . Compare also lūow , dúols,
rūoalui, delůkajev, where the ear would certainly lead
a beginner astray. Asmuch help as possible is given in
the vocabulary
$ 28 . Elision .
A short vowel at the end of a word is elïded in Greek
Verse, as in Latin , if the next word begins with a vowel.
1 i.e. the enclitic vvv. The other vûv, “ now ,” is always long.
2 σύμπαν and παμπαν are however, short.
B
But whereas in Latin the elided vowel is elided only to

the ear (e.g . we write immane ingens and not imman '
ingens), in Greek itmust always be elided to the eye also.
sonite
Thus we must write
ταυτ’ εξέπραξ' ή τηςδ' έχουσ ' αρχήν πόλεως,
and not
taūta é Fémpače, etc.
If elision should result in leaving a hard mute (K , T, or
TT ) standing before a rough breathing, the hard mute must
be changed to its corresponding aspirate.
Thus
eipnx' 68€ ( = eipn« [€] 68€)
ó távo ópôv ( = ó trávr [a ] ópôv)
eid' ó mais ( = eit [e ] ó mais ),
and when the rough breathing is preceded by a combina
tion of two hard mutes (as KT), both have to be changed ,
as
veozápaxo opô ( = veoxápaxt[a ] ópô).
When an accented vowel is elided, the accent is thrown
back to the preceding syllable ; as
onu' ěry6 ( = $nu[ éyó ),
unless the word suffering elision be indeclinable, in which
case the accent and vowel disappear together, as
åp $ ' uôv ( = åub[i] uôv).
Some short vowels cannot be elided ; this applies to
a and o in the article (ó, Tó, tá ),
We ciav nalways,
not.theTidative
in im amation (a(ass amaidi, nâoi), in
, Ti, ăprtermination
We cannot, however, leave such vowels unelided before
a following vowel. We must simply avoid putting the
words in such an order as to make the v or i in question
precede a vowel, or change the expression somehow .
Thus we must not write ti aiteis me; but tí n ' aiteis ;
Or τι χρήζεις ; etc.
1 dpt' in Eur. Hel. 302 seems to be a false reading.
QUANTITY.
8 29. Synizesis.
A long vowel in Greek must never be elided , and a
diphthong hardly ever, and only where you can produce
an exactly parallel instance,as oiui' ós åQuuã (for otuoi),
SOPH. Aj. 587.
Yet in a very few cases a long vowel or diphthong
followed by another is scanned as one syllable. This
again must not be done without a precedent, and the
beginner had better limit his employment of this licence
to the three most usual cases, viz .
ñ oủk scanned as a monosyllable, (y )oủk .
μή ού και ply)ov.
êtrei oủ a n iambus, &T (y)ov.
In other cases we must simply avoid placing one long
vowel before another.
§ 30. Prodelision.
A sort of reversed elision ( called " prodelision ' ) some
times takes place, when a word ending in a long vowel
precedes a word beginning with a short one. Thus for
εγώ έδόκουν we may write εγώ 'δόκουν, eliding the vowel
in the latter of the two words instead of in the former.
It is well, however , not to use this licence too freely .
If we take Sophocles as our model, and confine ourselves
to his usual practice, we shall observe the following rules :
i. Prodelide no vowels except e, and the a in åtó, e.g.
locolía 'yó (ényó ), ñ ró (åró).
ii. Prodelide e only in these cases :
(a.) Prepositions and verbs compounded from them ;
as åłyô ’ní (&mi), un étače (ěEÉTaſe ), ñ 'v (év).
(6.) The augment; as uioloû ’ Trópeve (érópeve), Ioan
'Kaleito ( ekaleito).
(c.) éoti ; as moliń 'oti, troll 'oti, non 'oti.
( d.) εγώ and its infections and compounds ; as μόλω
Pyó , Ñ 'ué, un uavto (euauto ).
20 GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION .
8 31. Crasis.
Occasionally two words, the first ending in a vowel and
the second beginning with one, are blended into one
word. Such a blending is called Crasis (kpâois), and
always results in the production of a long syllable.
This licence again should not be used too freely ; in fact
it is seldom permissible unless the first of the two blended
words be either
(a ) some form of the article ; or
(b ) the conjunction kai.
Taking these two cases separately , we can get some
hints from the practice of Sophocles which will show us
how to employ this licence properly .
8 32. (a .) The article in Crasis.

i. ó preceding e- produces où-; as
ουμός ( ο έμός), ουπάγων ( ο επάγων), ούργάτης
(ο εργάτης).
o preceding a- produces å -(ā-); as
ανήρ (@ ) (ο άνήρ), άνθρωπος ( ο άνθρωπος ),
αγών ( & ) ( ο αγών).
ü. is very rare in Crasis, but we find in Sophocles
αρετή ( a) ( αρετή) , ηυλάβεια ( ή ευλάβεια).
iii. το preceding έ- produces του- ; as
τούγχείρημα (το εγχείρημα), τουκ (το έκ ),
τούργον (το έργον ), τoύπος (το έπος), τούνδικον
(το ένδικον ).
Tó preceding å - produces tå -(ā -) ; as
τάγαθόν ( α) (το αγαθόν), τάλγος ( το άλγος),
ταυτό (το αυτό), ταμελούμενον (&) (το αμελού
μενον).
iv. tá preceding & - produces tå -(ā -) ; as
τάνδον (τα ένδον), τάνάντια (a ) ( τα ενάντια),
ταπίλοιπα ( a) (τα επίλοιπα), τάργα (τα έργα),
τάξευρήματα (τα εξευρήματα ).
QUANTITY. 21
tá preceding å - also produces tå -(ā -) ; as

τανθρώπων (τα ανθρώπων), ταφανή ( α) (τα
αφανή) .
v. του preceding έ- produces του- ; as
τουπιόντος ( του επιόντος), τoύμου ( του εμού).
του preceding α - produces τα-( a -) ; as
τανδρος (του ανδρός), ταγαθού ( ά) (του αγαθού).
vi. Tę preceding e- produces tó (the i disappearing) ;
as
τώπιόντι (το έπιόντι), τώμώ (το έμώ).
TQ preceding å - produces tå -(ā -) ; as
τάνδρι (τώ ανδρί), ταύτα (τω αυτώ).
vii. τη preceding έ- produces της ; as
τήμαυτού (τη εμαυτού).
τη preceding α- produces τά-( a-) ; as
ταφέσει (τη αφέσει).
viii. oi occurs in Crasis with ả - (ā -) ; as
άνδρες ( οι άνδρες), αγαθοί ( ) ( οι αγαθοί).
Also with έ-, as ουπιχώριοι ( οι επ.), ούν (οι εν).
ix. A special contraction of o with έτερος1( α always).
Ν. άτερος, n. θάτερον.
G. θατέρου .
D. θατέρω.
Obs. Alinost always the word with which any form of
the article makes Crasis begins with å - or e -. We find
however a few exceptions; as where to precedes ó- ; e.g.
τούνομα ( το όνομα), τούνειδος ( το όνειδος).
When tó or tŷ precedes a rough breathing the T is
aspirated,
" , as
as
θoύρμαιον (το έρμαιον), θήμέρα (τη ημέρα).

8 33. (6) Kaí in Crasis.
Kai is seldom found in Crasis except preceding
1 . Prepositions and words compounded with pre
positions beginning with d - or έ-.
2 . Pronouns and words involving a pronominal stem
( e.g. εκεί, εί, ώς, άλλος , etc.).
1 Doubtless for άτερος, the old Ionic form.
3 . Augmented Verbs.
4 . Words with the negative prefix à -.
5. Ού, ε , and compounds of εύ.
6. Εστί.
Within the above limits it may be employed freely.
8 34 , . Rules.
i. kai preceding -1 or å - produces kå -(ā -) ; as
κάπί( a)(και επί), κάπό( a) (και από), κάγώ ( i) (και
εγώ), κάλλος (και άλλος), κάδει (a) (και έδει),
κακόσμησα (α) (και εκόσμησα), κάφιλος ( ά)
(και άφιλος), κανόνητα ( ) (και ανόνητα),
κάστι (και έστι).
ii. και preceding a diphthong leaves the vowels form
ing that diphthong unaltered ; as
κεισήκουσας (και εισήκουσας), κενστάλης (και
ευστάλης), καυτός (και αυτός), κουδείς (και
ουδείς ).
" [κάτα for και είτα is an exception. SOPH., Ο. Ε.,1023.]
iii. The k of kal becomes x before a rough breathing; as
χούτος (και ούτος), χαύτη (και αύτη).
iv. Kai preceding ó produces xó - ; as
χώ (και ό), χώποσοι (και όποσοι), χώπως (και
όπως).
V . Kal preceding n or w leaves it unchanged ; as
χήδε (και ήδε), χώς (και ως).
The following instances of kaí in Crasis with other
kinds of words than those mentioned above should be
noted but not imitated too freely
κάγαθός ( a) (και αγαθός).
κάκούσας ( & ) (και άκούσας).
κάλγεινώς (και αλγεινώς).
χάρπάσαι (και άρπάσαι) .
κώδυνωμένη (και οδυνωμένη).
κώδύρεται (και οδύρεται).
1 Unless part of a diphthong. See Rule ii.
QUANTITY. 23
Besides the article and και, the relative ( neuter only )

is pretty often found in Crasis in Sophocles. Thus
i. 7 (only before augment) ; as
ουπόθεις (ο επόθεις ), ουφόρει (και εφόρει),
ουφοβείτο (και εφοβείτο).
ii. ά is used more freely, as
αξήκουσεν (& εξήκουσεν ),
αγώ (α), αμέ (i) - (a εγώ, α εμέ).
άπαθον (& έπαθον), άν (& άν), άχω (α έχω).
Other examples of Crasis, in Sophocles at any rate,may
literally be counted on the fingers. We give all that we
can find
Πα•:
εγώδα (εγώ οίδα), εμούστι (έμοί έστι), μούστι (μοι

έστι), τάν (τοι άν), μέντάν (μέντοι άν), τάρα (του
άρα), μάφέλης (μή αφέλης, a doubtful reading),
μάπoκλήσαι ( μή αποκλήσαι), χάν (και & άν).
ώναξ ( ώ άναξ), this combination is frequent.
Note.-- Crasis and Prodelision, properly employed , are
very useful as enabling us to introduce words which could
otherwise hardly come into an iambic line. Thus επι
κωλύσω (ύ) (ου - - -), as it stands,is quite unmanageable ;
there is no part of the line into which it will fit. But let
us try the effect of Crasis or Prodelision on it, and the
difficulty disappears at once. Thus
φανήσομαι γάρ κάπικώλυσω τάδε (Crasis).
όρα συ μέντοι μη πικώλύσω τάδε ( Prodelision).
But a licence should not be abused. And to beginners
anxious to avail themselves of the help of Crasis or
Prodelision in cases which cannot be fairly brought under
the rules given in the above sections, our advice would be
" Don 't . '
HINTS ON POETIC FORMS AND
USAGES.
ARTICLE .
$ 35. Thearticle in verses may be often omitted , where
in prose it is required.
(i.) After ούτος , όδε, εκείνος, άμφω, etc.
Thus in verse we may say : τήνδε γήν, τόνδ' άνδρα,
ταύτην πόλιν, κείνος τύραννος, αμφοίν χερούν, ταύτα
κείσεται κράτη.
(ii.) With the substantive simply.
Thus we find :
εκπέμπει πατήρ. My father sends me out.
ές πέδον κάρα νεύσαι. To bow their heads to the
ground .
και παντός έργου δυσσέβειαν Τo know the impiety of
είδέναι. every deed.
ψιλόν ως ορά νέκυν. When she sees the corpse
uncovered.
γλώσσαν έγκλείει φόβος. Fear closes their lips.
Compare, for the use with and without article in
differently :
τηλικούδε την φύσιν. So old.
κακός φύσιν. Base .
Θεσσαλάς έχων
ίππους ο πέμπτος: έκτος εξ Αιτωλίας. Εl. 704.
Sometimes with only one of two substantives :
της πόλεως πύλας. The gates of the city.
του πατρός λόγοι. The words of the father.
24
HINTS ON POETIC FORMS AND USAGES. 25
Accordingly this freedom is of great assistance in versi
fying ; for example, we can turn my wife ' in any of the
following ways :
την εμήν γυναίκα, ι ,
την γυναίκα την εμήν , { as in prose.
έμην γυναίκα.
γυναίκ' εμήν.
γυναίκα την εμήν .
Or again
This deed. * This my spear.'
τούτο τούργον , ) as in εμόν τόδ' έγχος.
τούργον τόδε, και se . τόδ' έγχoς τoυμόν.
τούργον τούτο, ) Ρ τούτο τουμόν έγχος.
τόδ' έργον . έγχος τούτ' εμόν .
τούτ' έργον. τουμόν έγχος τούτο.
έργον τόδε.
έργον τούτο.
All these phrases, it will be seen, will fit in at different
places in the verse.
It should be observed , however, that if a noun with the
article is coupled with an adjective without it, the
adjective has its predicative force, as in prose ; as
επ' άρρήτοισι τοις λόγοις. With my words unspoken.
τούργον δίκαιον. The deed is just.
8 36. The article may occasionally be used (as in Epic
poetry ) for the relative ; except ó, ý , oi, and ai.
μάστιγα την " Αρης φιλεϊ. The lash which Ares loves.
Διός μακέλλη, τη κατείρ- The mattock of Zeus where
γασται πέδον. with the land is tilled .
αγάλμαθ' ιερά, των εγώ . . . The holy images of which
1 .. .
8 37. Still more rarely as demonstrative :

της γάρ πέφυκα. For of her I was born .
ο γάρ μέγιστος τυγχάνει. For he is the greatest.
ó mèv and ó sé are of course used in every case and

gender as in prose : sometimes é dé inverted, as
εκ δε των μάλιστ' εγώ. SOPH. Ofthem I most.
$ 38. The article may be also used with the infinitive,
in cases where in prose it would be omitted .
ταδικείν φιλών. Loving to do injustice.
το δράν ουκ ήθέλησαν. Refused the deed.
μακρος το κρίναι ταυτα . . . The time is long for judging
χρόνος. this.
ορκωμοτείν το μήτε δράσαι Το swear that they had
neither done it . . .
τουπιτάσσειν εννοεί. Thinks to give orders.
ναύτας εφορμήσαντα χει- Urging the sailors to sail in
μώνος το πλείν. winter .
ελπίς . . . το μη παθεϊν άν. A hope .. . not to sufer.
$ 39. The construction of the article with adjectives ,
adverbs, and participles, etc., is still more useful and
common in poetry than in prose.
το μέλλον, το λοιπόν, ταπίλοιπα. Τhe future.
So το πρίν, οι πάλαι, τους έπειτα,των πάροιθεν, τάνδον.
So το θείον ( = θεός ο θεόν), τουμόν οι τάμα ( = εγώ or
εμέ), το του γέροντος (for ο γέρων), το συγγενές ( = συγ
γενείς), το θήλυ ( women), τουπιεικές ( kindness), ταληθές
(truth ), etc.
Again, το νύν Or τα νύν for now,' τάπέκεινα for “ be
yond,' το τηνικαύτα for then,' τούμπαλιν, “the opposite.'
Another usage found in poetry is the use of the active
participle with neuter article for the abstract ; as
το ποθούν, desire. SOPH.
παντός δρώντος , of every deed. SOPH.
το θυμουμένω, from anger. EUR.
$ 40. The article with infinitive is still more commonly

used than in prose for a substantive.
So το ζην, το κατθανείν, το σωφρονείν , ταδικείν, το

δράν, το μή δικείν, το μη ψευδοστομεϊν, τούξαμαρτάνειν,
το δ' ειδέναι, το σωθήναι.
εν τώ φρονείν, in feeling.
προ του θανείν, before death.
τάπορεϊν έχω, I am perplexed .
8 41. SUBSTANTIVES.
Next there are several points to notice about the
declensions for metrical purposes.
(i.) The genitive termination in -ews and -Ewv (from
Words like πόλις) may be scanned either as two syllables
or one, as
πόλεως υπερμάχων.
μάντεως μαθών .
The old genitive πόλεος is also found -SOPH. Ant.,
EUR. Ηec., etc.
( ii.) The genitive plural of neuters in -os is used in the
uncontracted form -éwv as well as in the contracted form
- ων, thus
γενών but also τειχών.
(iii.) The dative plural has three forms in the vowel
declension , as
ταϊς, ταΐσι, ταϊσιν
λόγοις , λόγοισι, λόγοισιν,
and in the consonant-declension two, as
οδούσι, οδούσιν
έγχεσι, έγχεσιν.
We also find in Euripides
μητέρος and θυγάτέρος for μητρός and θυγατρός.
$ 42 . A common use in poetry is the dative of place

without a preposition as αγοραϊσι θακεί, αγροϊσι τυγχάνει.
§ 43. The use of substantives for verbs : omission of

έστι.
It is pleasant if he kills. χάρις μέν, ήν κτάνη. SOPH.
I care not for life. . του βίου δ' ουδείς πόθος.
SOPH.
It cannot be denied. άρνησις ουκ ένεστιν. SOPH.
There is no time to delay. ουχ έδρας ακμή. SOPH.
It is odious to slay women. κτείνειν φθόνος γυναίκας.
EUR.
Itis notimpious to please . . . ου δυσσέβεια , . . . εί τέρ
ψεις, . . . SOPH.
It is for you to . . . σον έργον . . .
έστι omitted from compounds :
άπελθε· σοι γαρ ωφέλησις ουκ ένι. SOPH.
ένεστιν· αλλά σου μάθησις ου πάρα. SOPH.
Omission of other verbs in passionate or hasty speech.
Delay no more. μη τριβάς έθ'. SOPH.
Begone to destruction. ουκ εις όλεθρον ; SOPH.
§ 44. Poetic use of plural for singular.

In pronouns, etc., πότερα, τοιαύτα, ολα, θάτερα, τα εμά.
With adjectives, particularly in predicates (as it is easy ,
true, dark, etc.').
αληθή, ψευδή, ανασχετά, άσημα, άποινα, ανταποινα,
ίσα, γνωτά , δεινά, δίκαια, ράδια , βαιά, μάταια,
πάντα, ταναντία.
With participles and verbals :
δοκούντα, δεδογμένα , πεπραγμένα, αμυντέα, ήσσητέα,
θηρατέα.
With adverbs (adjectives used adverbially) :
often,’ πολλά ; vainly, μάταια.
With substantives, very common :
άρματα, πέπλοι, δώματα, οίκοι, δόμοι, χρόνοι, λέκτρα,
μέλαθρα, στέγαι, φρένες, στέρνα, ίχνη, είναι,
αγοραί, αγροί.
and especially abstracts: σφαγαί, πάθη, βαφαί, κέρδη,

ροαι, αραι, πνοαί, τροφαί, ποιναί, μηχαναί, πεπλώ
ματα, στολίσματα, πιστώματα, αίματα, σημεία,
μιάσματα, στόματα, καλύμματα, τεχνήματα, etc.
§ 45. A list is given of various forms in substantives
which are found in the poets.
ENGLISH. Nom . Acc. GEN. DAT.
Knee γόνυ γόνυ γονάτων γόνασι
γόνατα γόνατα γουνάτων γούνασι
Spear δόρυ δόρυ δορός δορί
Zeus Ζεύς Δία Διός Διΐ
Ζήνα Ζηνός Ζηνί
Day “ uépā or nuăp in all cases.
God Ⓡeós in all cases may be scanned as two or one
syllable
μή νυν ατίμα θεούς θεούς σεσωσμένος. SOPH.
Head κάρα κάρα κράτος κρατί
κράτα κάρα
Stone . λαών
People λαός or λεώς in all cases
Temple vāós or veos in all cases
Ship ναύς ναύν νεώς νηϊ
νηός
ναός
Sheep oίς όϊν οιός
Dream όνάρ όναρ
όνειρος όνειρον
όνειρον
όνειροι ονείρους ονείρων ονείροις
όνειρα όνειρα όνειράτων ονείρασι
ονείρατα ονείρατα
Bird όρνις
όρνις (ii)
(" όρνιν όρνίθος όρνίθι
όρνιθες όρνιθα
όρνεις ορνίθων όρνίσι
όρνιθας
Eyes όσσε όσσε όσσων όσσοις
30 GREE
K VERSE COMPOSITIO .
N
Cheek πάρειά and πάρηΐς in all cases
( Both, in Ευκ. Ηec., παρειάν προσβαλεϊν παρηΐδι).
Son viós in all cases ; also dative plural vilou
Hand χείρ χέρα, χείρα χερός, χειρός χερί, χειρί
χείρες χώρες χείρε χερούν , χερούν
χέρας, χείρας χερών, χειρών χερσι
Skin χρώς χρόα χροός χρού
or χρώτα χρωτός χρωτί
Flesh εν χρώ
8 46. Dialectic forms.
The following variant forms admitted in tragedy will be
found useful :
μόνος εκείνος εκείθεν , εκείσε ξένος
μούνος οίος κείνος κείθεν, κείσε ξείνος
πολύν πόλις, πόλισμα θάρσος μέσος
πολλόν ( m. & n.) πτόλις, πτόλισμα θράσος μέσσος
πλέων έως αεί διά υπό σύν ) both alone and
πλείων ήώς αιέν διαι υπαί ξύν in composition.
αμαρτείν άδω έχω λανθάνομαι
αμπλάκεϊν αείδω ίσχω λήθομαι
πυνθάνομαι φεύγω μένω κτείνω
πεύθομαι φυγγάνω μίμνω καίνω
Aor. έκτα (he slew)
πίπτω οίμαι θράσσω φημί λείπω είμι
πίτνω οίομαι ταράσσω φάσκω λιμπάνω ελεύσομαι
Besides these, Sophocles has είν, ούνομα, έσσομαι, νω
for νοέω, ήμος . . . τήμος, though these licences, only
occurring once, should perhaps hardly be imitated.
The form & úv is very useful, as it lengthens the pre
ceding short vowel ; for instance ουκέτι ξυνών can stand
at the end of a line ; so the form åčuvnons becomes very
convenient for iambics ; 80 ουχί ξυνίης (SOPH.).
A few words occur in tragedy with the Epic syncope of

åvá , kará .
åvdaiw , to light up. αμπνοή, respite.
åutímtw , to fall back. å pittuxń, unfolding.
ểTAVTeXw , to order. åykanoúmevos, calling.
åvtorn , rising. åpneueryjévos, mixed .
åpnévw , to await. katoaveiv, to die.
$ 47. PRONOUNS.
(i.) For érycó , ýſueîs is frequently found : if a woman uses
nueis it is masculine.
The enclitic forms jov, poi, ue, are common, butmust
not begin either a clause or a line.
ode and 68 åvýp are often found where a speaker is
talking of himself.
The duals vó and obó may be used of two persons,
though the plural is also admissible. ñuiv and juiv are
also when convenient ημίν and υμίν, .e. with the second
syllable short.
(ii.) célev is common for ooû.
(iii.) The third personal pronoun in the accusative is
often αυτόν, αυτούς, etc., as in prose ; but σφε and νιν,
both enclitics, are used for him , her, it, and them , i.e. both
masculine, feminine, and neuter, both in the singular and
in the plural.
The article is also used for them , him , etc., rarely. See
837, p . 25.
(iv .) The reflexive aútoll (-rņs, -T @ v, etc.) is used for
the first and second person as well as the third : thus
kpúbavtes aútoùs eroxicouev , hiding ourselves.
αυτός αυτού τούτ' αποσκεδώ μύσος, I will scatter
from myself.
mópov tòv aútñs oiola, you know your own fate.
αυτών (-ούς , etc.) may be also used for άλλήλων.
The reflexives où and oi are found , but not ē.
oŮ te kai tékywv, of himself and his children .
aúdâ uolelv oi, he bids (him ) come to himself.
32
(v.) opi or obiv is found for aŭtois 'them , as
οι θεοί σφι μήτε . . . κατασβέσειαν, may the gods not
quench for them .
ώς σφιν γένηται, that he may be for them.
Sophocles also uses σφιν for αυτό (δούναι σφιν).
(vi.) For the possessive his own ' (L .suus) is found in
tragedy the word ός , usually with the article.
των ων τέκνων , of his own children.
τοίς οίσιν αυτού, for his owm.
αμός( a) is used several times by Sophocles for έμός.
(vii.) The word aŭtós is sometimes conveniently out of
place to come next to αυτού.
τον αυτός αυτού παιδα, himself . . . his own son.
αισχύνεις πόλιν την αυτός αυτού , you disgrace, your
self, your own city.
So προς αυτός αυτόν.
This however seems chiefly to be resorted to when the
natural order is metrically impossible, as in τους αυτός
αυτού and επ' αυτος αυτού, or the second one above.
(viii.) του and τώ are found as well as τίνος and τίνι.
του και το » » τινός και τινί.
ότου , ότω , και ούτινος και ότινι.
So ότοις, ότων, in the plural.
(ix.) τόσος and τοίος may be used in verse as well as
τοσούτος , τoσόςδε, τοιούτος, τoιόσδε.
Also the nom. and acc. neuter of τοιούτος, τοσούτος,
and ο αυτός, are found in these forms :
τοιούτοι τοσούτοι το αυτό )
τοιούτον . τοσούτον ) ταυτό
ταυτόν
8 48. NUMERALS.
δυοϊν is found monosyllable, O. Τ. 640.
δίπτυχος, δισσός, and διπλούς are often used for two.
8 49. VERB INFLECTIONS.
Besides the regular prose Attic verb inflection a few
variations are found, which will be useful.
(1.) -μεσθα is used for -μεθα in 1st plural of middle
or passive : thus
οιόμεσθα, έδεξάμεσθα
(ii.) - οιατo and -αιατο may be used for - οιντο and
- αιντο: as
όλοίάτο, δεξαίάτο
( iii.) The weak aorist optative active uses both the
Aeolic and Attic forms: thus we find
λύσειας Οι λύσαις
πείσειε or πείσαι
The shorter forms, however, are rare.
(iv.) After the terminal -- or -e of the third person
v may be added, even before a consonant : thus
ός τέθνηκεν άθλίως
τούτ' αφίησιν γέρας
εισίν λόγοι δή
(v.) In the speeches of άγγελοι, or long narratives in
tragedy, the augment may be omitted : as
ρίγησαν, ως ήκουσαν
κτύπησε μεν Ζεύς χθόνιος
(vi.) The short forms of the perfect in some verbs
should be noticed as a useful variation :
τεθνάναι, τέθνάμεν, τεθνάσι .
βεβασι, βεβώς .
εστάναι, εστάτω, έστάμεν, έστάτε, έστάσι, εστώς,
and all its compounds.
πεπτωτα and compounds.
έοιγμεν (SOPH.) for έοίκαμεν.
ήσμεν (EUR.) for ήδειμεν .
(vii.) The lengthened aorist forms :
ειργάτεϊν.
σχεθεϊν, κατασχεθείν .
άμυνάθεϊν.
( viii.) The regular contraction of προ-ε- in verbs : as
προύδoσαν, προϋδωκε, πρoύθηκας, προϋθεσαν,
προύκαμες, πρoύφυ, πρoυστήτην, προϋπεμπες,
προύχων
(ix .) The contracted verbs have two formsof the present
optative, both equally available, though the forms in -nu
are the commoner :
δρώμι and δρώην
φίλούμι και φιλοίων
δηλούμι και δηλοίων
(x .) Single forms which are useful :
επίστω and επίστασο
δυνα for δυνασαι ( Ευκ.)
το χρήν Or χρήναι
$ 50 . Certain devices or idioms are common, which

vary the expression of tenses or moods:
Present : for I am, ών κυρώ, ών τυγχάνω.
» You are, ίσθι γεγώς.
» I desire, εμείρων έφυν.
, We hear, κλύοντές έσμεν.
, I stand, ride, etc., βέβηκα, βεβώς κυρώ ( perf.).
I am pleased , ήσθην, επήνεσα (aorist).
» Do you ask ? ήρου ;
I understand , συνήκα.
, I receive, έδεξάμην.
It is sufficient, αρκούντως έχει.
( With auxiliary) This pleases, τάδ' έστ' αρέσκονθ'.
SOPH.
Perfect : I have shown, εδήλωσα, δηλώσας έχω.
So μαθών έχω, ατιμάσας έχω, στήσας έχω, etc.
Imperfect : He was doing, δρών γάρ ήν. SOPH.
It seemed good, δοκούντα ταύτ' ην.
Future : often given mildly by conditional :
I will not punish, ουκ αν κολάζουμ',
or by auxiliaries :
I will not go, ου θέλω μολεϊν.
I will do something, μέλλω τι δράσαι.
Note the future perfect of a future state :
They shall lie with me in the grave, koiv'
έμοί τεθάψεται. SOPH.
And the periphrastic future:
τα τούδε μέν πεπραγμέν’ έσται. SOPH.
. λυπηθείς εσει.
έσται μέλουσα.
Aorist. — The use of the aorist in other moods than the
indicative is a constant resource, as in nine cases out of
ten it is quite open to us to use either, and there is no
appreciable difference.
Thus wecan say
μή με λείπε μη λίπης μ
τάχ' άν λέγοι και ταχ' άν λέξειεν
δηλούν δοκεί τα πάντα και πάντα δηλώσαι δοκεί
παντός ώστε τυγχάνειν και ως παντός τυχεϊν
ως αισθανώμεθ' ως αισθώμεθα
ηνπερ ευρισκόμεθα και ήν ευρεθώμεν
πείθου και πιθου
έννοών » έννοήσας.
where the alternatives will suit different parts of the verse .
Often too, words like μαθείν, πυθέσθαι, κατθανείν ,
γνούς, δράσαι, ενέγκη, πιών , αφεϊναι, λάβοιμι, φράσον,
προσαρμόσαι,ίδοις, προςπεσών, ελώμεθ', δός, and so forth,
will suit the required place, when the present tense of
the corresponding words and moods would not fit at all.
The ynomic use of the aorist is a common idiom of
poetry.
ίππος ευγενής 'Εν τοϊσι δεινοίς θυμόν ουκ απώλεσεν. SOPH.
The noble horse in danger does not lose his spirit.
. . . πολλά τοι σμικροί λόγοι

έσφιλαν ήδη και κατώρθωσαν βροτούς. SOPH.
. . . Often trivial words
Bring men to ill and often to success.
They easily growinsolent,ραδίως καθύβρισαν. SOPH.
The historic present is vividly used for a past, even in
the same sentence with other verbs past :
How did he die ? τω τρόπω διόλλυται ; SOPH.
The steeds ran away. πωλοι βία φέρουσιν.
When he saw him alone. όπως δ' ορά μόνον νιν.
Who slew hin ? και τις φονεύει και
8 51. Imperative.
A great many varieties of expression are used for
intimating wishes or commands of various degrees of
mildness or peremptoriness : thus we may render “ go
away " as follows:
χώρει. . ουκ άπει τάχα ;
χωρούς άν. χωρείν ανάγκη.
χωρητέον. κρατεί σ ' απελθείν.
χρεων σε χωρείν. κρείσσον αποχωρείν τάχος.
δεί, χρή σ' απελθείν.
In the above the form of the expression is varied ; in
those that follow other verbs are substituted :
φθείρου προς οίκους. απαλλάγηθι.
άψορρος έξιθ'. ούκουν άπει ποτ' ; ουχί
θυραίον εξόρμα πόδα. Θάσσον ;
Epic infinitive for imperative :
Say, Achilles' son. λέγειν, 'Αχιλλέως παίς. SOPH.
Say that thou seest . φάσκειν oράν.
Say I am no seer. φασκειν έμ’ ήδη μαντική μηδέν
φρονείν. SOPH.
Elliptic use of όπως : see that you send, όπως πέμψεις.
With oισθα: οίσθ' ούν και δράσος ;
οισθ' ως μη σφαλής ; ( neg.)
οισθά νυν ά μοι γενέσθω ;
$ 52. Negative Imperative, or Prohibition .

Various forms are given below . Remember that uń
takes present imperative or aorist subjunctive :
Do not turn away. μή μ' αποστραφής ου μή μ' απο
στρέφου.
Do not tell me. μη φράσης ου μή μοι φράζε.
Do not turn base. μηδαμώς γίγνου κακός.
Speak no more . παύσαι λέγουσα.
Neither fear him nor δν μήτ' όκνείτε μήτ' άφητ’ . . .
utter . . . . SOPH.
Touch her not. μη ψαύειν λέγω. . »
Strong prohibition, with interrogative ου μή:
Don't bring your hand near ! ου μη προσοίσεις χείρα ;
(always with 2d pers. fut. indic.) EUR.
Epic use of infinitive :
And bring no wine. μηδε προσφέρειν μέθυ. SOPH.
$ 53. Subjunctive.
The indefinite subjunctive is found in verse without
the åv ordinarily attached to the relative or conjunction :
όπου δ' υβρίζειν δράν θ' ά βούλεται παρη. SOPH.
γέροντα δ' ορθούν φλαυρον, δς νέος πέση. »
ένθα μη καθεστήκη δέος . . .
ουδ' ει πονώ τις . . .
έπει δ' αμαρτή . . .
8 54. Wishing Moods.
Optative. — The plain optative, as in prose, is generally
used for a wish ; but in verse we also find
Would Imight die !
πώς αν θάνoιμι ; ει γαρ θάνoιμι.
είθε κατθάνοιμι. τι μέλλομεν θανείν ;
ON
K E O SITI
38 GREE VERS COMP .
And for the past wish

Would I had died !
είθ' ώφελον θανείν. έχρήν μ' αποθανείν.
ωφελον θανείν. πώς ουκ απέθανον ;
είθ' απέθανον. κρείσσον ην θανείν .
Forms of past wish , if negative :
μή ποτ' ώφελον λιπείν.
μηδέ τόνδ' ωφείλομεν .
είθ' ώφελ' 'Αργους μη διαπτάσθαι σκάφος.
$ 55. Verbs.
There are certain poetic equivalents which are very
useful :
For ειμί, «to be :’ πέφυκα, πέλω, έφυν : καθεστηκ', ευ
ρέθην, etc.
τυγχάνω ών, κυρώ ών, and τυγχάνω
and kupÔ without participle .
For στήναι,“to stand ? compounds in -στατέω, e.g. αποστα
τεϊν, παραστατείν.
Also the tense εστάθην, σταθείς, not
found in prose. Often κείμαι ,
βέβηκα.
For ιέναι, “to go:' έλθεϊν, μολεϊν, χωρείν, έρπειν, στεί
χειν , περάω,ικνούμαι. Also συθείς
for having gone,' έσσύθη, “ he
went ’ οίχομαι, οίχνέω, άσσω.
For οίδα, “I know:' κάτοιδα, σαφ' οίδα,επίσταμαι, έγνων
or έγνωκα : μαθείν and λανθάνειν
also used. σύνoιδα, εξεπίσταμαι,
ίδρας πέφυκα.
For αναγκάζω
- . , τίθημι
' τίθ θανείν
ημι. θαν έρανν τίθησι
είν έρα EUR.
τίθησι. EU R.
For έρχομαι, Icome :' ικνούμαι, κάνω, μολεϊν [see to go'].
For ειπείν,“to say :' φωνείν, φθέγγομαι, λακεϊν , εξερείν
(fut.),έξιέναι γλώσσαν, εξέλισσειν
τούπος, θροεϊν , εννέπειν, πρoύννέ
πειν .
έχω ( or ίσχω) is used with substantives as a poetic
equivalent for many verbs, e.g.:
Thou didst hope. έσχες ελπίδα . SOPH.
He does not remember. ου μνηστιν ίσχει.
To forgive. συγγνώμην έχειν or ξύγγνοιών
ίσγειν .
To forget. ληστιν ίσχειν. SOPH.
Trusting him. ώ πίστιν ίσχων .
Much envied. ζήλον ού σμικρόν . . . έχουσα.
EUR.
To provide. πρόνοιαν ίσχειν . SOPH.
Miscellaneous phrases :
She denied. απαρνος . . . καθίστατο. SOPH.
To be thus minded. ούτω . . . διά στέρνων έχειν. και
$ 56. Adverbs.
( 1.) We also find words in -θε conveniently ending in
-θεν :
νέρθε ένερθε πρόσθε πάροιθε
νέρθεν ένερθεν πρόσθεν πάροιθεν
. This suffix -0€ must not be confounded with the other
-θεν , meaning from, as in έσωθεν, οίκοθεν, πόθεν , ένθεν,
etc., which never take the form - θε.
(2 .) Several poetical equivalents for adverbs are found
in phrases with substantives and prepositions:
Justly , προς δίκην, συν δίκη, προς δίκης, έν δίκη.
Angrily, προς οργήν, δι' οργής, υπ' οργής .
Piously, προς ευσέβειαν.
Pleasantly [to please ], προς χάριν, προς ηδονήν.
Pleasantly [according to wish , καθ' ηδονήν.
Seasonably, προς καιρόν, ές δέον, έν δέοντι, εν καιρώ.
$ 57. Prepositions.
επί, παρά, από, κατά, περί, υπέρ, υπό, μετά, άνευ, άτερ,
all may be used at the end of a line after their case :
1 A license like έσωθε, Heracl. 42 , should not be imitated.
ION
K E OSIT
40 GREE VERS COMP .
and are then written with the accent on the first syllable .
Examples (from Tragedians):
αίματος κείται πέρι. τάχους ύπο.
ουκ οίκτου μέτα. τουδ' εμάνθανον πάρα.
ποντίας ακτής έπι.
Sometimes the preposition is displaced in the middle of
the line :
του παρ' ανθρώπων μαθών ; Τrach. 744.
υπαι is also found :
χαλκής υπαι σάλπιγγος. SOPH.
των δ' υπαι γένους.
Prepositions are also used in the old Epic way as
adverbs :
έν δ' ο παγκρατής ύπνος. SOPH.
συν δ' εγώ παρών.
έν δ' έμεστώθη.
and tmesis proper :
έν σοι γελώ. SOPH. εκ δ' αράς .. . ήράτο. SOPH.
επ' άλλοισιν τρέπε. και συν δ' ελίσσεται.
The preposition for ' by ' (with the agent) is in prose
υπό, with genitive. In poetry, besides this, many others
are used :
έκ Not by your art. ου γαρ έκ γε της τεχνης.
SOPH .
και Governed by the king. έκ τού κατ’ άστυ βασιλέως
τάδ' άρχεται. SOPH.
προς I was expelled by my προς τών έμαυτού σπερ
own sons. μάτων απηλάθης. SOPH.
» By whom taught ? προς του διδαχθείς ; »
$ 58. Particles.
Double use of ăv very common in dialogue: several
examples are given to show exactly how the words come
naturally :
. . . έχειν σ' αν οίκτον ως κάγώ φρενί
θέλοιμ' άν. Α . 525.
τί δήτ' αν ώς έκ τώνδ' άν ωφελούμι σε ; Αi. 537.

εγώ μέν αν και ταυτα . . . φάσκοιμ' άν. Αi. 1037.
ώ φθέγμ’ αν ουκ άν ευρες . Α . 1144.
δύναιτ' άν ουδ' αν ισχύων φυγείν. El. 697.
συθείς αν ουκ άν άλγύνοις πλεόν. Ο. Τ. 446.
So with the frequentative imperfect:
αυτός αν τάλας είλυόμην προς τούτ' άν. Phil. 290.
With και :
δοκεϊν πεσείν αν κάν από σμικρού κακού. Αi. 1078.
With τοι :
ουτάν ατιμάσαιμ' άν . . . Α . 1339.
[For use of Particles see $ 70, and a list of them with examples $ 77 .]
8 59. Interrogatives.
Simple question , - -do you ? are you ? will you ? did
you ? etc .:
No particle. δέδρακε τούτο ; εμνήσατ' ούν τι ; SOPH.
πότερον . . . πότερον ευτυχή λέγω ;
πότερα πότερα προς οίκους πέλαγος Αιγαίον περώ ;
SOPH .
μή . μή τις Διός κεραυνός ;
μών μών όλώλαμεν ;
ή σύ φης άγειν ;
άρα άρ' έχει καλώς και άρ' άν τις μόλοι ;
Negative question :
ού, ούκουν, ουχί, άρ' ού, ουκ άρα, ουκ άρ'.
Surprised question:
και πώς, και τίς, και πού , etc., very common; αλλ' ή,
e.g. άλλ' ή μέμηνας ; Εί. 878.
Notice for " why ?” τι χρήμα, προς τι, του χάριν, ως
προς τί.
Convenient and idiomatic usage of one for the other:
που ;
How are you his general ? που συ στρατηγός τούδε και
SOPH.
ION
K E OSIT
42 GREE VERS COMP .
In what are you a true pro- που συ μάντις ει σαφής και

phet ? SOPH.
So όπου : Nowise canst ου γάρ έσθ'όπου μ' όλείς.
thou ruin me. SOPH.
πόθεν ;
How (can I wail her) as she ως μέν αξία, πόθεν ; EUR.
deserves ?
πώς ;
Why did you not say ? πώς ουκ έλεξας ; SOPH.
Why did you come here ? πως δεύρ' ήλθες ; »
που, όποι.
How the gods will pity. όποι θεοί κατοικτιούσιν
. . . SOPH.
In indirect interrogations the direct and indirect forms
may be used equally, i.e. either τίς Οι όστις, πού or όπου,
πως Or όπως, etc.
UU.
We even find both in one clause :

. . . ως πύθοιθ' ό,τι
δρών ή τί φωνών . . . SOPH.
Double interrogation :
Where and how did you get it ? τω τρόπω πόθεν λαβών ;
Who are you and where did τίς πόθεν μολών . . . ;
you come from ?
8 60. Negatives.
(1.) Besides où for simple negation, in poetry we find
ού τι (not) ήκιστα ( no' in replies)
ουδέν ουδαμώς (in replies)
ουδαμώς και πως ;
ουδαμά ούκουν ( not then )
ούτως ου δητα no surely ’ (in replies)
ουχί ούκ έστιν (Impossible !)
ούτοι
ου μή with subjunctive, strong negation:

Never shall they get. άλλ' ού τι μή λάχωσι. SOPH.
I shall not be taken. oύ τι μη ληφθώ. AESCH.
None shall vex thee of oύτoι σ' 'Αχαιών, οίδα , μή τις
the Greeks. υβριση. SOPH.
Never from me shall you άλλ' ούποτ' εξ εμού γε μη
suffer this. πάθης τόδε, SOPH.
Never shall they get me ουκ άρ' εμού γε μη κρατήσω
in their power. σιν. SOPH .
ουκ έσθ' όπως:
You shall not raze the ου γάρ έσθ' όπως πόλιν . . .
city. έρείψεις. SOPH.
You shall not see. ουκ έσθ' όπως όψει συ. »
(So with oủ, strong affirmative).
It cannot be butthat this . . . ου γαρ έσθ' όπως όδ' ουκ
is Orestes. Ορέστης. SOPH.
ου τι μην αλλ' ού τι μην έγωγε. SoPH.
ου μή rarely with future:
Ιwill never go with you. oύ σοι μη μεθέψομαι ποτε. SOPH.
8 61. Interjections.
It is convenient to remember
(i.) that hiatus is allowed in interjections ;
(ii.) that they may come either outside the verse (extra
metrum ) or as part of it.
The following lines will illustrate both rules :
οιμοι, τί φής, ώνθρωπε ; μών όλώλαμεν. SOPH.
οι 'γώ, φίλοι, προστατ’ αναγκαίας τύχης.
του ιού δύστηνος, ούχομαι τάλας. "
φεύ . του θανόντος ως ταχεία τις βροτοίς.
έα: Πολυμήστoρώδύστηνε, τίς σ’ απώλεσεν ; EUR.
του ιού βραδείαν ημάς άρ' ο τήνδε την οδόν. SOPH.
φεύ· ουκ έστιν ουδεν πιστόν ούτ' ευδοξία .
1 Apparently only when extra metrum .
$ 62. Exclamations.
Many phrases which in English are statements may be
in the more excitable Greek put as exclamations :
Thou speakest in riddles all too darkly .
ós távt' ayav aiviktà kảoadî Néyels. SOPH.
Plainly thou art a cunning rogue.
οίμ' ώς άλημα δήλον εκπεφυκός εί.
Prophet, thy word is true !
ώ μάντι, τoύπος ως άρ' ορθόν ήνυσας.
A dreadful deed thou'st done me.
ola u ' cipyaoai.
HINTS ON STRUCTURE AND STYLE.
[TheGreek phrases given are always possible portions of lambic lines.]
$ 63. As in Prose, the preference of English for abstract
expressions is strongly marked ; indeed in many dramatic
poets the language overflows with them .
In Greek poetry also there is much greater freedom
than in prose ; much more tendency to use abstract
expressions and personifications, of which examples are
given in the next Section . But though this is so , the
intrinsic and instinctive nature of the two languages is
unaltered, and we constantly have to turn , or it is more
natural to turn, an English abstract phrase by somemore
concrete expression in Greek.
The following illustrations, which have been inten
tionally made numerous and various, are selected with
the view of being asmuch help as possible in doing these
and similar exercises :
ENGLISH . GREEK.
My intents. ανόησα, αβουλευσάμην,των
dedorquévwv, trávő őo'
¿vvoő , ol'čoké poi, etc.
The best heads, tender oſ gobótatoi, oi piráv
hearts. OpwTol.
To aftertime, past ages. τους έπειτα, οι πάροιθεν.
My presence must not tell. ου θέλω δηλούν παρών.
The trouble is departed . εκπεφεύγαμεν κακού.
I see the ruin of my house . Keipevov BRÉTTW yévos .
Mocking his prudence. έγγελών τώ σώφρονι.

I go an enforced pilgrimage. ούχ εκών φεύγω, βία πλα
νώμαι, ουχ εκόντες εκ
πεπτώκαμεν.
Thou seest destruction . είςοράς όλωλότας.
The treachery of his death . δολωθείς ώλετ'.
δόλος γαρ ώ διώλετ'.
Let paper show . σήμαινε δέλτω.
γράφων συ δήλου .
The vice of greatness. αισχρά τυραννίς.
αισχρώς κρατεϊν.
Anger has no defence. άφρακτος οργισθείς ανήρ.
Let reason be your teacher. συννοών μαθε.
I find the same affections. ταυτόν φρονούντας ήσθόμην.
This argues your friendship. ώστ' ευ φρονούντα σ' έσμεν.
Το shut his ears against μηδεν δικαιούν των καθεσ
authority. τώτων κλύειν .
Yield to a parent's just χάλα τοκεύσιν είκότως
wrath . θυμουμένοις.
All this is less advantage. πάντα ταύθ' ήσσω λαβείν.
$ 64. Again (just as in Prose) many an English abs

tract or idiomatic expression is done by relatives and in
direct interrogatives: with ός, όστις, όσος, οδος , ώς, όπως, etc.
I praise your conduct. αινούμεν οι έδρασας.
All my knowledge. άπανθ' όσ’ οίδα.
Islaughtered all the lions of έκτειν' όσους λέοντας ή
the land. χώρα τρέφει.
I look on your dimensions. όσος πέφυκας ειςορώ.
Iblamethehopes you gave me. έψεξά σ' ός μ' επήρες.
Neither his sufferings nor ούθ' ολ' έπασχεν, ούθ' οποίο
his deeds. έδρα.
The news I bring you. οιά σου φέρω μαθείν.
Wemust learn our duty . χρή μαθεϊν τί δραστέον.
Seeing my grievous fate . ιδούσα μ' ως διόλλυμαι.
In return for all thy aid . ανθ' όσων μ' επωφέλεις.
I see our evil case. φρονώ δή ξυμφοράς ίν'
έσταμεν.
TION .
46 GREEK VERSE COMPOSI
So idiomatically with the double interrogative (or ex
clamation ) direct or indirect.
. . . from high estate to low- οίας λατρείας ανθ' όσου
est service fallen ! ζήλου τρέφει.
. . . for noble deeds inherits of’ έργα δράσας οία λαγχάνει
bitter woe. κακα. SOPH.
. .. a worthy son of thy oίoς εξ οίου 'τράφης. »
father.
. . . thy greatness lying s0 oίoς ών οίως έχεις.
low .
8 65. On the other hand abstract expressions are often

used, as in all poetic diction.
Her beauty destroyed her. διώλεσεν το κάλλος. SOPH.
We are not grieved. βάρος γαρ ημάς ουκ έχει.
SOPH.
The lot condemns me. πάλος καθαιρεί μ '. »
My thought suggests to me. ή ξύννοια βουλεύει. και
Fear seals our lips. γλώσσαν έγκλείει φόβος.
SOPH.
Rearing two pests to over- τρέφων δύο άτα κάπανασ
set my throne. τάσεις θρόνων. SOPH.
Will you slay the bride of κτενείς νυμφεία του τέκνου και
your son ? SOPH.
Obedience keeps safe the σώζει τα πολλά σώμαθ' η
lives of most. πειθαρχία. SOPH.
Away with the wretch . άγετε το μίσος.
Fortune lifts up, and fortune τύχη γαρ ορθού και τύχη
lays low . καταρρέπει. SOPH.
I felt pity . οίκτος εισέβη.
I will not grudge it thee. φθόνησις ου γενήσεται.
That he may know not. ως αν αγνοία προση. SOPH.
Particularly common are words like yavos (delight),
μύσος (pollution), λίπος ( drop), πάθος (fate), βάρος ( grief,
vexation), λέχος ( marriage), σέβας (reverence), ρέος (low),
and adjectives with article, - το πιστόν, ταληθές, το θείον,
etc.; see Article.
$ 66 . A particularly common form of abstract in verse
is the verbal substantive in - μα.
A cold love to embrace . ψυχρόν παραγκάλισμα.
SOPH.
Thou a woman 's slave. γυναικός ών δούλευμα. »
A load to ruin my heart. λωβητον εμπόλημα της
φρενος. SOPH.
Monstrous Lernaean hydra, θρεμμα Λερναιας ύδρας.
SOPH .
Sheep . ποιμνίων βοσκήματα. »
The stranger's welcome. τα της ξένης προςδέγματ’.
SOPH .
The heaped pyre. πυράς πλήρωμα. »
Yon masterpiece of knavery. πανουργίας δεινής τέχνημα
SOPH.
With feet that sweetly serve. φίλτατον δ' έχων ποδών
υπηρέτημα. SOPH.
8 67. The constant use of Participles in Greek verse (as
in prose) should be noticed.
I hear with terror . κλύων δέδοικα, πέφρικ’
ακούσας.
I find thee thus. ωδ' έχοντά σ' εύρον.
φρονούντα ταύτά σ' είδον.
To see my despair. τάμ’ αθυμήσαντ' ιδείν, οράν
μ' άθυμούντ'.
My joy intruding on their τοϊς δ' άθλίως πράσσουσιν
misery . ευτυχής μολών.
They love a won cause. φιλoύσι τους κρατούντας.
I come to ask forgiveness. ξύγγνοιαν αιτών ήλθον.
At this I marvel most of all και πόλλ' ιδών εκείνο θαυ
the sights. μάζω πλέον.
If you do this I will help. σοι δρώντι τούργον αν παρ
ασταίην.
Even if I am not there. . . . κάμου μη παροντος .
You shall know by inter- είσει ξυνών.
course.
The acc. abs., εξόν, παρόν, δέον, etc., are used as in
Prose .
$ 68. The use of the Infinitive epexegetic as it is called,

that is ' explanatory ' of the sense, is a constant resource
in verse.
Shall die and glad my heart όλείται, μηκέτ' ευφραίνειν
no more. εμέ.
I guard the city from a fall. πόλιν φυλάσσω μη πεσείν.
He spake a bitter word. έλεξεν άλγιστον κλύειν.
Not doubtfully. ου διχορρόπως ιδείν. AESCH.
Meet utterance for a noble ουκ αισχρόν ως γυναικεί
lady's lips. γενναία λακεϊν. AESCH.
The news I bring you. οιά σου φέρω μαθείν.
He is more full of holes τέτρηται δικτύου πλέον
than any net. λέγειν. AESCH.
And most hateful to my έχθίστου θ' οράν.
sight.
Tis no great boon of thee αιτήσομαι δε σ' ού μακρόν
that I shall ask . γέρας λαχείν.
Where are thy brothers at πού νεανίαι πονείν ; SOPH.
our need ?
Points out wickedness to πανουργίας έδειξεν ανθρώ
men. ποις έχειν. SOPH.
This is less advantage. ταύθ' ήσσω λαβείν.
'
She deserves honour. αξία τιμής λαχείν.

Note that this most commonly is a dissyllable word at
the end of the line.
$ 69. The use of Appositions in Greek often simplifies
an English Sentence, and in a very idiomatic way.
The savage lion, grim to λέοντ’ άπλατον θρέμμα
meet. κάπροςήγορον. SOPH.
We know the race of Atrei- και τους ' Ατρείδας ίσμεν,
dae in Argos. 'Aργείον γένος.
The pilot star of my life. φέγγος, ευθυντήρ βίου.
You owe the whole dear σαυτήν οφείλεις φίλτατον
debt of all you are. πάντων χρέος.
Prisoners to beautify 8 νίκης άγαλμα, δεσμίους
triumph. άγων.
Voice of children at the τέκνων πρόσφθεγμα, χάρμ'
fireside. εφέστιον.
Nursing thy life for thy ψυχήν ατάλλων, μητρι
mother's joy. χαρμονών. SOPH .
Το suffer my race to live, to .. . εμόν γένος
his own manifest sorrow. βλαστεϊν εάσαι, πομονήν
αυτώ σαφή. SOPH.
And last and worst of all. τό λοίσθιον δε, πήμα
πήματος πλέον. EUR.
Children she bare to her own αυτής όνειδος, παϊδας εξέ
shame. φυσε μοι.
Twelve oxen chosen from δώδεκα λείας απαρχήν βούς.
the spoil. SOPH.
Particularly in addresses :
Ο poor Tekmessa, born to & δαία Τέκμησσα, δύσμορον
misery. γένος . SOPH.
My royal kinsman. άναξ, εμον κήδευμα. »
[ Similarly] 0 thankless race αχάριστον υμών σπέρμ',
who . . . όσοι. . . .
8 70, Connection .
It is important, as in prose, to remember the essential
difference between Greek and English , that the latter is
often unconnected , while in Greek the sentences are
ordinarily connected by particles. This difference, which
is great in prose, is even greater in verse, as the English
style of dramatic dialogue is often far more abrupt than
the English of narrative or essay.
This point can only be clearly shown by a comparison of
typical pieces. We give below a piece of Sophocles with
a possible English rendering, and a passage of Henry
Taylor turned into Greek.
1. ει δ' αυ φανείς δύστηνος, ως εγώ φάνην,
ές χείρας ήλθον πατρί και κατέκτανον,
μηδέν ξυνιείς ών έδρων είς ούς τ ’ έδρων,
πως αν το γ' ακον πράγμ’ αν είκότως ψέγοις ;
μητρός δέ, τλήμον, ουκ επαισχύνει γάμους
ουσης ομαίμου σης μ' αναγκάζων λέγειν
οίους ερώ τάχ'. ου γαρ ούν σιγήσομαι,
σου γ' είς τόδ' έξελθόντος ανόσιον στόμα .
έτικτε γάρ μ', έτικτεν , ώμοι μοι κακών,
ουκ είδότ' ουκ ειδυλα και τεκούσα με,
αυτής όνειδος παίδας εξέφυσέ μοι.
αλλ' εν γαρ ούν έξοιδα, σε μεν εκόντ ' έμε
κείνην τε ταύτα δυστομεϊν· εγώ δέ νιν
άκων έγημα, φθέγγομαι τ' άκων τάδε.
αλλ' ου γαρ ούτ' εν τοιςδ' ακούσομαι κακός
γάμοισιν, ούθ' ους αιέν έμφέρεις σύ μοι
φόνους πατρώους εξονειδίζων πικρώς.
έν γάρ μ' άμειψαι μούνον ων σ’ ανιστορώ.
εί τίς σε τον δίκαιον αυτίκ' ένθάδε
κτείνοι παραστας, πότερα πυνθάνοι' άν, ει
πατήρ σ ' ο καίνων, ή τίνοι' αν ευθέως και
δοκώ μέν, είπερ ζην φιλείς, τον αίτιον
τίνοι' άν, ουδε τούνδικον περιβλέπους.
τοιαύτα μέντοι καυτός εισέβην κακά,
θεών άγόντων· οίς εγω ουδε την πατρος
ψυχήν αν οίμαι ζώσαν άντειπείν έμοι.
This might run in English as follows :
If born at length , with my unhappy birth ,
I met my sire in fight, and laid him low ,
not knowing what I did nor whom I slew ,
how shalt thou justly blame the unwitting deed ?
And of my mother's marriage, wretch, hast thou
no shame to force me thus to speak — thy sister !
I will declare it — * I'll not hold my peace
since thou hast dared to speak these impious words.
*My mother she was,mymother, alas ! alas !
I knew not, nor she knew not : *me she bare,
and after, bare me children , to her shame.
* This one thing I do know : * tis with thy will

thou speak’st these evil words : * I willed it not,
to wed her then , nor now to tell the tale .
Yet neither in the matter of this marriage
shall I have ill report, nor in his death
which ever with bitter taunts thou layest on me.
* Come, answer me one thing of all I ask .
If some one smote thee — thee the righteous man
to slay thee, would ' st thou ask if 'twere thy sire
that struck thee, or would 'st thou straightway strike
again ?
*Methinks thou lovest thy life, and thou would 'st smite
the striker : * not for just pleas cast about.
*Such are the ills I too have come to know ,
led by the gods : *not even my father's soul,
methinks, if living, could gainsay me here.
At all the points marked * the Greek has a connection
(eitherbackward ,with relative or particle, or forward with
Mév): while the English has none. Of course, in many
places the English might have a particle like the Greek :
but the point is that in English it is often (especially in
tragedy and excited speech ) possible and natural to
dispense with them ,while in Greek they are necessary.
2. Then fare ye well, ye citizens ofGhent !
* this is the last time you will see me here,
unless God prosper me past human hope.
* I thank you for the dutiful demeanour
which never - no, not once - in any of you
have I found wanting, though severely tried
when discipline might seem without reward.
* Fortune has not been kind to me, good friends;
but let not that deprive me of your loves,
or of your good report. *Be this the word ;
my rule was brief, calamitous — but just.
*No glory which a prosperous fortune gilds,
if shorn of this addition , could suffice
to lift my heart so high as it is now .
* This is that joy in which my soul is strong,

that there is not a man amongst you all
who can reproach me that I used my power
to do him an injustice.
Philip van Artevelde.
χαίρειν νυν υμίν πάσι τοις αστούς λέγω:
πανύστατον δ' ορατέ μ', ήν τι μή θεός
θνητήν παρ' ελπίδ' ευτυχές τουμόν νέμη.
πάντας δ' επήνεσ' οία πειθαρχείτε μοι,
ουπώποτ’ ελλιπόντες ουδέν ούδ' άπαξ,
καίπερ παθόντες έσχατ’, ουδ' & μη δοκού
κέρδος φέρειν αν αντί της ευταξίας.
τύχης γάρ έσφάλημεν, ώ φίλοι, πολύ
αλλ' ούν παρ' υμίν χρηστος ευφιλής τ' έτι
ως πριν καλοίμην, και λέγοιθ' όπως βραχύ
και δυστυχώς μεν ήρχον, εν δίκη δ' όμως.
κόσμος γαρ ουδείς ευκλεους ευπραξίας,
μη προςτεθέντος τούδε, την εμήν φρένα
ές τούτ' αν εξάρειεν , ένθ' άφίγμεθα.
χαρά γάρ ήδε, τώδε καρδία σθένει,
το μηδέν είναι τώνδ' όσοι παρέστατε
ος τούτ' όνειδίσαι μ' άν, ως αρχής κράτει
το μη δίκαιον πωποτ’ εξειργάσμεθα.
There are here six places, marked with *, where the
English poet has (naturally) dispensed with connection
by particle, but where the Greek version must have it.
It is so important to understand the particles fully ,
that a complete list, with examples of the exact usage
from Sophocles, is given at the end of these hints.
$ 71. It will be well to give a few examples of various

ways of turning simple clauses in English , to give an idea
of the immense elasticity and resource of the language,
and the easiness of the metre .
[Dots before theGreek mean that the end of an iambic is given ;

dots after, that the beginning is given.]
(1.) Hemay be slain .
(Simple style.) (More elevated or elabo
rate style.)
κτείνειν νιν οιόν τ' εστίν . . . σφαγή πρόχειρος τώδε . . .
κτείνειν πάρεστί σφ' . . . σιδηροκμής όλοιτ' άν . . .
κτείνειν παρέστιν αυτον . . . δόμους αν έλθοι νερτέρους...
. . . τούτον έστι νοσφίσαι. κωλυμα δ' ουδέν, μή ου σφ'
. . . τόνδ' αποκτείναι πάρα. αποκτείναι δορί.
. . . τούτον έσθ' όπως κτείνοι "Αιδης δ' ίσως δέξαιτ' άν ...
τις άν. μένει μόρος νιν . . .
πώς δ' ού τις αν κτείνοι νιν; " Αιδης αποσφάξει νιν . . .
. . . κτείνοι τις αν τον άνδρα. and so forth.
(2 .) There is not one but knows it.
( Simple style.) (More elaborate style.)
έκαστος οίδεν . . . . . . τούτ' άπυστον ουδενί.
τίς ου κάτοιδε ; . . . τούτων δ' άιδρις ούτις . . .
το δ' ουχί δήλον τούτο ; . . . τούργον λέληθεν ουδέν' . .
ουκ έστιν όστις αγνοεί . . . . . . τω κρυπτόν τόδε ;
. . . τίς γάρ ουκ επίσταταικαι τούργον τίς ουκ εξεύρε ; . . .
. . . πάς τις αν γνοίη τάδε.
. . . ου τόδ' άγνοείν ένι.
» » » πάρα.
(3.) Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
[ It is at once evident that this line cannot be done
verbatim , as the word crown literally given in Greek
would mean a chaplet or wreath, worn by suppliants or
feasters or sacrificers.
Consequently the felicity of phrase in English , which
turns on the suggestions of the words— the weight of the
gold crown on the head connected with the sleeplessness
of an anxious life — cannot be rendered. We must go as
near as we can ; and the general idea is very easy to
render in many ways.]
(Keeping the idea of sleep.')

αεί ταράσσει τον κρατούντ’ αγρυπνία.
πέφευγες ύπνος τον θρόνοις ιδρυμένον.
ουκ ευ καθεύδει των τυραννούντων κάρα.
ανδρών τυράννων ύπνος ουκ έχει λέχος.
ου του τυραννεύοντος εύμαρής ύπνος.
ύπνω τυράννους βλέφαρον ού κοιμάν πάρα.
οίμ' ώς άυπνός έστιν η σκηπτουχία.
ύπνου τύραννος τέρψιν ελπίζει μάτην.
ύπνος τυράννων δώματ' ουκ επισκοπεί.
(Giving the general sense.)
ή του τυραννίς μυρίους έχει πόνους .
το σκήπτρ’ έχοντι φροντίς εκβάλλει χαράν.
δυσχειμερον το σχήμα της τυραννίδος.
8 72. A few random examples are given below of the

miscellaneous resources of Greek verse : possible varia
tions of phrase or expression , of which the multitude that
exists immensely increases the facility of versifying in
Greek.
like ώς, όπως, ώστε, άτε, & δή, οία, οία δή, οίον :
όμοιος, εμφερής, προςεμφερής : δίκην , δέμας,
σχήμ' έχων, ομοιωθείς, εξ ίσου.
ως before word, as ως ταύρος : or after, as ταύρος ως.
when ως, όπως (sometimes of past narrative), ευτε, ηνίκα,
ότε, επειδή, επεί, genitive absolute or participle
agreeing with substantive ; various artifices, such
ας εν τω with infinitive,the use of άμα and oμού,
the use of ξύμμετρος, έως, εν ώ.
(the agent) is expressed by útó as in prose ; also by
παρά, εκ, από, πρός , and after perfect passives
by the dative.
father: πατήρ, ο φύσας, ο γεννήτωρ, ούπερ εξέφυν.
υλο relative, ός, όσπερ, όστις : όσοι, όσοιπερ, χώπόσοι,
( = και οπόσοι).
very κάρτα, άγαν, λίαν, μάλιστα : superlative.
$ 73. It may be well to give some examples of special

idiomatic turns of poetic diction in Greek tragedy.
(a .) Use of the negative adjective with genitive.
Scatheless of ruin. άλυπος άτης. SOPH.
Unarmoured in brass. άχαλκος ασπίδων. »
With no noise of wailing. άψόφητος οξεων κωκυ
ματων. SOPH .
With lapse of countless μηνών ανήριθμος. »
months.
(6.) Compound expressions: twosubstantives,onein the
genitive.
A footstep. αρβύλης βάσις. SOPH.
A bright torch λαμπάδος σέλας.
Monstrous hydra. θρέμμα . . . ύδρας.
Bold face. τόλμης πρόσωπον.
Brave Odysseus. της Όδυσσέως βίας.
Mightily. προς ισχύος κράτος.
Joyful victory. ήδυ κτημα της νίκης.
(c.) Personifying expressions: very common .
An active hand. χείρα δ' είχον έργατιν. SOPH.
A pursuing curse . δεινόπους αρά.
My deeds are deeds of . . . τα γ' έργα μου
suffering, not of sin. πεπονθότ ' έστι μάλλον ή
δεδρακότα. SOPH .
Chance the saviour. τύχη σωτήρ.
(d .) Compound and expressive adjectives are very
common ; examples :
γυναικόμιμος διακόστροφος παλίγκοτος
σιδηροκμής γηροβοσκός φιλoίκτιστος
χρυσόνωτος σιδηροβρώς αυτοσφαγής
ήλιοστερής βαθυσκαφής ηνιοστρόφος
χθονοστιβής , etc.
Compounds of εύ- and δυς-, α- , παν- , κακο-, αυτο-,
πολυ-, ομο-, χρυσο-, χαλκο-, and many adjectives and
substantives.
Compounds with prepositions : παρα-, κατα-, εκ-, προς -,
etc., and double prepositions: υπεκ-, έπεις-, παρεν-, παρεκ-.
TION
56 GREEK VERSE COMPOSI .
$ 74. Metaphors.
Metaphors, in prose very rare, are in Greek poetry as
frequent as in English , though , as will be seen from the
examples below , they are rather more simple and primi
tive.
(i.) Nautical (the commonest of all, Greeks being all
sailors) :
What place will not be filled βοής .. . ποιος ουκ έσται
with shouts ? λιμήν ; SOPH.
The marriage you chose υμέναιον όν δόμοις άνορμον
fatal to your house. ειςέπλευσας. SOPH.
A sharer in your woe. σύμπλουν του πάθους. »
The resort of every bird. παντός οιωνού λιμήν. »
So πλεϊν, ούριος, οίακα νωμάν, χειμάζομαι, σάλος,
κλυδώνια, etc. So a king is oιακοστροφος.
(ii.) Rustic, ploughing, shepherding, etc. :
Other women to marry. αρώσιμοι γάρ εισι χάτερων
γύαι. Ant.
Untended by a guard . άνευ βοτήρος αιπολούμεναι.
AESCH.
Brooding on sorrow . βουκολούμενος πόνον. Εum.
Prospered well. ήμησαν καλώς. Agam .
( iii.) Disease :
What worse wound . . . ? τί μείζον έλκος ; Ant.
The city suffers. νοσεί πόλις. Ant.
To prate to one distracted . νοσούντι ληρείν. Tr.
Reviving hope. ιατρός ελπίς. Cho .
(Of evils in the state). δεί φαρμάκων παιωνίων.
Agam .
(iv.) Racing (and other games, leaping, wrestling, etc.):
Swift speeding days. τρόχους άμιλλητήρας ηλίου.
Ant.
To return the homeward κάμψαι διαύλου θάτερον
way. κώλον. Agam .
The above are a few of the common metaphors.

Aeschylus, as the most imaginative poet, has a vast store
of metaphors of all sorts : 'mud the brother of dust,'
‘ (war) the moneychanger of bodies,' “ hope treading the
halls of fear,' (an evil woman ) 'the raging dam of death,
(a storm ) ' the evil shepherd.'
So metaphors from fighting, dicing, coining, weaving,
hunting, sacrificing, serving, fishing, feasting, falling,
reigning, hospitality, birth , travelling, flowering, driving,
riches and poverty, sleep and waking — and almost any
natural or primitive occupation .
875. Light endings, and endings which break the

sentence in the middle of the closest-bound phrases, are
particularly used by Sophocles, who varies the rhythm
and makes it more like spoken language in this and many
other ways:
η κατείχε τον | νέκυν. Ant.
" έπει | σχολή ποθ' ήξειν.
ει δε ταύτα μη φανείτε .
εάν δέ τοι | ληφθη.
• το γάρ πράγμ’ ούτ' έδρασα.
γιγνώσκων ότι ήδ' έστι.
παίσαντές τε και πληγέντες.
πείσομαι γάρ ου τοσούτον ουδέν.
• το δε βία πολιτών.
το μή τάφω καλύψαι .
τελεϊν δ' όσ μέλλης .
μοίρ' ανδρι τώδε.
οικουμεν συ τε κάγώ.
συν επτά τε | λόγχαις.
ήδε τ' ουδ' αν ει | κάρτ' εντακείη. Τrach.
ον οι δισσοι στρατηγοί. Phil.
, αφ' ής | μηδέν δίκαιον.
εγώ μεν είμ' επί | ναύν.
Such endings should perhaps be sparingly used.
$ 76. Stichomuthia .
The brisk dialogue, line by line, called stichomuthia
( στιχομυθία), has the following noticeable peculiarities.
easily mastered by aid of the full examples given :
(1 .) The construction is continued by the different
speakers :
ΑΙ. . . . θανείν γάρ αυτόν ου τί πω θέλω.
ΑΘ. πριν αν τί δράσης ή τί κερδάνης πλέον και Αi. 106.
AI. I don't want him slain yet.
ATH. Till you do what, or gain what more ?
ΘΕ. τί δ' ώ φέριστε δεσποτών αμαρτάνω ;
ΟΙ. ουκ εννέπων τον παιδ' δν ούτος ιστορεί.
Ο. Τ. 1149.
SERV. What wrong do I do, master ?
OED. (You do wrong) in not naming the slave of whom
he asks.
ΘΕ . . . . είπον ως δοίην πάλαι.
πόθεν λαβών ; Ο . Τ . 1161.
SERV. I said long ago that I gave him . . .
(You gave him ) having got him where ?
(2.) The sentence is interrupted by a remark (generally
a question ) continuing the structure:
ΟΙ. πόσον τιν' ήδη δήθ ο Λάϊος χρόνος
ΚΡ. δέδρακε ποίον έργον ; ου γάρ έννοώ.
ΟΙ. άφαντος έρρει θανασίμω χειρώματι ; ' Ο. Τ . 558.
OED. How long then is it now since Laius
KRE. Did what ? I do not understand .
OED. Vanished from sight with deadly blow ?
ΤΕ. αρ’ οίδεν ανθρώπων τις, άρα φράζεται,
ΚΡ. τί χρήμα και ποιον τούτο πάγκοινον λέγεις ;
ΤΕ. όσο κράτιστον κτημάτων ευβουλία ; Ant. 1048.
TEIR . Does any mortal man know or consider
KR. What thing ? What is this commonplace thou
say'st ?
TEIR. How far the best of treasures prudence is ?
( 3.) The use of ye should be observed , where the speaker

accepts what has been said by the former speaker, and
modifies, limits, or makes it more precise. In English
the assent is usually rendered by ' yes ':
ΑΘ. . . . πρόσθεν ουκ άνήρ όδ' ήν ;
ΟΔ. εχθρός γε τώδε τανδρί . . . Ai. 78.
ATH. . . . Was he no man before ?
OD. Ay,a foe to me . . .
ΟΙ. ή και γεγηθώς ταύτ' αεί λέξειν δοκείς ;
ΤΕ. είπερ τί γ' εστί της αληθείας σθένος. Ο . Τ . 368.
OED. What, dost think to say these things ever un
scathed ?
TEIR . Ay, if the power of truth be aught.
ΟΙ. παίδων τις ούν ήκουσε των εμών τάδε;
ΙΣ. άμφω γ' ομοίως . . . * 0. C. 416.
OED. Did either of my sons then hear these words ?
ISM. Ay, both alike . . .
( 4 .) The use of γάρ is also noticeable : the speaker
assents or dissents, but instead of stating his assent or
dissent he only gives the reason for it. In English we
have to say ' [yes,] for,' ' [no,] for ':
ΟΙ. ουδ' άγγελος τις . . . κατείδε . . . ;
ΚΡ. θνήσκουσι γάρ, πλήν εις τις . . . Ο. Τ . 117.
OED. And did no messenger see it . . . ?
KRE. [No,] for they all but one were slain .
ΙΣ. . . . κάμπλάκω του σου μόρου ;
ΑΝ. σύ μέν γάρ είλου ζήν . . . Αn. 554.
Is. And am I to miss thy fate ?
ΑΝΤ. [Yes,] for thou chosest life.
ΜΕ. ο τοξότης έoικεν ου σμικρών φρονείν.
TEY. ου γάρ βάναυσον την τέχνην έκτησάμην.
Α1. 1120.
MEN . The bowman seems to have no humble thoughts.
TEU. [Yes,] for the art I practise is no base one.
60
GREE VERS COMP .
K E OSIT
ION
ΝΕ. . . . ου γαρ οίσθά μ' όντιν' εισοράς ;
ΦΙ. πως γάρ κάτοιδ' ον είδον ουδεπώποτε. Phil. 249.
NE. Why, dost thou not know who I am that thou
seest ?
PHIL . [ No,] for how can I know a man I never saw ?
(5.) A word of one speaker is caught up by the reply.
ΚΛ. και μην τόδ' είπε μη παρά γνώμην έμοί.
ΑΓ. γνωμην μεν ίσθι μη διαφθερούντ' εμέ. Ag. 931.
ΗΛ. και τινα συνοισθα μοι καλουμένη βροτών και
ΟΡ. σύνοιδ' Όρεστην πολλά σ' έκπαγλουμένην.
Cho. 217.
ΧΟ, ουκ ήν όμαιμος φωτός ον κατεκτανεν.
ΟΡ. εγώ δε μητρός της έμής έν αίματι ; Eum, 605.
$ 77. Particles.
The examples are from Sophocles, where possible.
Wordsmarked * cannot come first in line or clause.
αλλά, « but ’: universal.
αλλά, at least ' : in earnest entreaty.
τί δήτ' αν αλλά νύν σ' έτ' ωφελοίμ' εγω :
πειράσατ’ άλλ' υμείς γε. Ant. 552.
Really elliptical— [if notbefore]but now ; [if not
others ] but you.
αλλά . . . γάρ, but . . . for.1
άλλ' οίδα γάρ σε ταύτα μη πείθων, ίθι. Ο . C. 797.
αλλά, “ well ' ( yielding to entreaty).
αλλ' εξερω σοι. El. 378.
år ' (surprised inquiry), ‘ has he indeed . . . ? '
αλλ' ή χούτος οϊχεται θανών ; Ph. 414.
1 αλλά γάρ, however, often only means but indeed.'
αλλ' ούν, “ well, anyhow” (cutting short discussion).

αλλ' ούν επίστω γ' οι μ' ατιμίας άγεις. Εl.1035.
αλλ' ουδε μεν δή, nay, nor indeed.'
άλλ' ουδε μεν δή μητρός. Εί. 913.
[you did not . . . nor I . . . nay, nor indeed she . . .]
ανθ' ών, “ wherefore!
ανθ' ών εκνούμαι. O . C. 275 .
* άρα ( &), “then ’ ( simple inference).
μάτην άρ' ημείς . . . ήκομεν. ΕΊ. 772.
„ “ then , it seems' (discovery ).
το δ' ήν άρ' ουδέν άλλο. Τ . 1172.
οίον υβρίσθην άρα. Α1. 367.
άρα (@) (interrogative).
άρ' έστιν ; άρ' ουκ έστιν. O . C . 316.
*άρα, “then’ (simple inference).
σον άρα τούργον, ουκ εμόν . . . Α . 1368.
έσται ποτ' άρα τούτο . .. O. C. 409.
*γάρ, “ for : universal.
„ ' no, for,' . . . ' yes , for ' (in dialogue).
[ did no one see ? ] θνησκουσι γάρ. Ο. Τ. 118.
['no, for they were killed .']
[ must I fail ? ] συ μεν γαρ είλου
[ʻyes, for you chose ' . . .] Ant. 555.
why . . .'
δίκαια γαρ τόνδ' ευτυχείν ;
['why, is it right he should prosper ? '] Ai. 1126 .
πόλις γαρ ημίν . . . έρεί ;
['why, shall the city dictate to me? '] Ant. 734.
* γάρ ούν, “ for indeed.'
(1) (conceding) ευ γαρ ούν λέγεις. Ant. 771.
(2) (affirming) ου γάρ ούν σιγησομαι. 0 . C . 980.
και γάρ ούν κεινην ίσον. Ant. 489.
* ye, 'at least ' : universal.

„ (asserting and specifying): very common in dialogue.
[' was the prophet then to the fore ? ']
σοφός γ' ομοίως [ yes, as wise as now. ] Ο. Τ . 563.
» (emphasising one word ): universal.
καίτοι το γ' αίνιγμ’. . . Ο. Τ . 393.
*γε μήν, .
* γε μέντοι,ζhowever , yet, yet at least ' (adversa
*γε μεν δή , tive).
* γε τοι, )
λόγων γε μην εύκλειαν . . . ΕΙ. 973.
τέλος γε μέντοι . . . ενίκησεν . .. Ant. 233.
κεί μή σός . . . σος γέ τοι καλουμενος. 0. C. 1324.
ημίν γε μεν δή πιστα. AESCH . Ag. 1213.
* yoûv, at least ' (stronger form of ye).
Γ . . . the mind fails . . . ] αης. σοι γούν [ yours does. .. ]
Ant. 565.
τας γούν 'Αθήνας οίδα. O . C . 24 .
* 8é, ' but' (in antitheses ) : universal.
και “ and ’ (in narrative) : universal.
και very common in questions.
τί δ' έστιν, τίς δ' έστιν, πόθεν δ' άν εύροις, etc.
* δ' ούν, “ anyhow, however that may be ' ( dropping fur
ther discussion, coming to the point).
σου δ' ούν πέφυκα πάντα προσκοπεϊν. Αnt. 688.
(resisting no further, yielding the point.)
έστω δ' ούν όπως υμϊν φίλον. Ο. C.1205.
* δ' ούν, in alternatives. See oύν.
* 8ń , (1) 'naturally ,' 'of course,' ' you see,' you know '
(dramatic particle , often to be omitted in less
dramatic and less gesticulating English ).
πολλά δή μάτην. 0. C. 658.
έχω κράτη δή. Ant. 173.
πλείστας Ηρακλής έγημε δή. Τr. 460.
*δή, (2 ) (in questions) Spray (often scornful).

ες τί δή τούτ' έρωτήσας έχεις ; Τr. 403.
διδαξόμεσθα δή ; Ant. 726.
„ (3 ) ' come now ,' ' now ' (encouraging, requesting).
άκουε δή, φράζε δή, άγε δή, φέρ' ειπε δή, etc.
„ (4 ) (with negatives, strengthening) ' surely not.'
ου γαρ δή τό γε σώμ'. .. O. C. 265.
ου δή ποθ' ώς θανούσα . . . Τr. 876.
„ (5 ) ' then ' (simple inference).
έχεις διδάξαι δή με. O. C. 23.
*δητα, very like δή (affirmative), surely.'
απώλεσας δήτ'. ΕΊ. 1164.
δύστηνε δήτα . . . Phil. 760.
„ (2) ' then ,' pray ’ (in questions, often scornful).
είπω τι δήτα κάλλ' ; Ο. Τ. 364.
και δήτ' ετόλμας ; Ant. 449.
So πώς δητα, που δητα, τί δήτα, ου δητα, etc.
επεί, « for’ (often used for γάρ).
επεί, φέρ' ειπέ, που συ μάντις εί. Ο. Τ. 390.
επει δίδαξον . . . O. C. 969.
ή, (1) (purely interrogative) very common.
η ρητόν ; Ο. Τ. 993, etc.
ή τηςδε κάμου ; O. C . 331 , etc.
„ (2) (affirmative) ' surely.'
ή δεινόν, και πολλά, ή πάνθ' ομοία, etc.
ή και, “( do) you really’ (emphatic inquiry).
ή και δοκείτε . . . 0. C. 299.
yáp (similar : surprised inquiry ) 'why,.. .!
ή γαρ συ κείνος ; Εl. 1222.
ή γάρ τινες ναίoυσι . . . ; O. C. 64.
Ñ kápta , 'surely ' (strong affirmation). -
ή κάρτα λαμπρά. Τr. 379.
ή κάρτα πολλοί. Ai. 1359.
(and by itself,as answer) ' yes, certainly .'

ή κάρτα. El. 312 .
ñ uñv, ' surely ' (strong affirmation ).
ή μην . . . σύ λυπηθείς έσει. Ο. C . 816.
( specially after verbs of swearing).
ή μην τί δράσεις . . . Τr. 1186.
ń mov, \ ' surely,' doubtless ' (not quite so strong as n univ
ή του, Or ή κάρτα).
ή που τάλαινα ... ήσει μέγαν κωκυτόν . . . Αi. 850.
ή ταν ουκ άν ήν. O . C. 1368.
και with interrogatives (indignant, surprised ,incredulous).
[ Troy was taken last night!']
καί τίς τόδ' εξίκοιτ' άν αγγέλων τάχος ;
So και πώς , και πού, etc.
και γάρ, “for ’ (a little stronger than γάρ).
και γαρ . . . μάτην ήκουσας. Τr. 340.
. . . ώ Ζεύ, και γάρ εικός, άρκεσον. Αi. 824.
και δή, (1 ) see here, there, you see' ( dramatic ).
και δη βεβασι. Τr. 345.
και δη μεν ουν παρόντα. O . C . 31.
„ (2 ) “ there then ,' ' well then ' (doing as requested).
μέθες μέθες . . . και δή μεθίημ’. Ph. 818.
ιστόρει . . . και δή σ' ερωτώ. ΕΙ. 317.
„ (3 ) (special use: putting imaginary case ).
και δη δέδεγμαι· τίς δέ μοι τιμή μένει ;
AESCH . Eum . 894 .
[suppose I have received : what honour remains ?]
και κάρτα, yes, certainly ’ (answering).
ή γάρ τινες . . . ; και κάρτα. Ο. C. 65.
ή και δοκείτε . . . ; και κάρτα. Ο. C . 301.
και μήν, (1 ) see here, and lo, look now ' ( pointing).
και μήν άναξ όδ' . . . 0. C. 549.
και μην θυρών έδοξα . . . αίσθέσθαι. Εί. 78.
( 2 ) (like και δή, doing as bid) there then,' well then.”

ήν εφής . . . και μην εφίημ”. Εί. 556.
(3 ) “ and verily ,' and indeed ' (affirming).
και μην οκνώ μέν. .. . Ο. Τ . 749.
και μην θυραίος. . . . Ai. 794.
So O. Τ'. 1004, 1005.
( 4) (like καί τοι) and yet' ( adversative).
ου βούλομαι . . αντειπείν. και μήν λέγεις. Αnt. 1054.
και μην έγωγ’ έσωσα. .. . ΕΙ. 321 .
και μήν . . . γε, and yet, nay Dut.
και μην φόβοισί γ' . . . Αλ. 531 .
(It also has the other meanings of καί μήν.)
καίτοι, and yet ' ( adversative) : universal.
καίτοι πως εγώ κακός. 0. C. 270.
*uév is followed usually by Sé, but also by every other
adversative particle. The following occur in antithesis
to μέν :
άλλα, άλλ' όμως, ατάρ, αύθις δε (“ but next, )
γε μέντοι, δ' όμως, είτα, έπειτα, έπειτα δέ, έπειτα
μέντοι, όμως δε.
* μεν ούν
(i.) (in the middle of a speech where the μέν - clause
is answered by a dé- clause, really = oủv ) 'accord
ingly '
κείνος μεν ούν έκειτο . . . Phil. 359.
εγώ μεν ούν τοιόνδε . . . Ο. Τ. 244.
(ii.) (in replies, where there is no antithetic clause),
corrective, ‘ nay rather.'
[ coming here ? . . . η
και δη μεν ούν παρόντα.
τα. O. C. 31 .
[ nay rather already come.]
δείσασα γάρ γραύς ουδέν, αντίπαις μεν ούν.
AESCH. Eum .
66 GREEK VERSE COMPOSITIO. .
* μέν νυν is used like μεν ούν in its first sense.

θεοίσι μέν νυν ουκ ισούμενον. Ο. Τ. 31.
έρωτα μέν νυν . .. Trach. 441.
* μέντοι
(i.) (affirmative) ‘ indeed,' verily .
τοιαύτα μέντοι . . . εισέβην κακά. Ο. C . 997 .
τοιώδε μέντοι σ' εκπροτιμήσας' εγώ . . . Ant. 913.
(ii.) (concessive) indeed, however,' 'tis true.'
γένοιτο μεντάν χάτέρω καλώς έχον. Αnt. 687.
έπειτα μέντοι βαιόν. O . C. 1653.
See γε μέντοι.
*μήν (strong affirmative) assuredly ’
αλλ' έστι μην οικητός. O. C. 28.
Other uses, see γε μήν, ή μήν, και μήν, ου μήν.
*νυν (enclitic) “ then, of inference, = ούν.
ύ : κάτω νυν έλθούσ’ . .. φίλει. Αnt. 544.
σίγα νυν εστώς. . Α . 87.
υ : μή νυν έτ' είπης μηδέν. El. 324.
( Others write this νύν.)
ου δή, «surely not. See δή, δητα.
ου δητα,
ου μήν, surely not ’ (strong negative).
άλλ' ούτι μήν έγωγε. ΕΙ. 817.
ου μήν σ ' ένορκον αξιώ θέσθαι. Phil. 812.
ου μήν . . . γε, “ not however ” (corrective).
ου μην ίσην γ' έτισεν. Ο . Τ. 810.
ούτοι, surely not :' univ ersa l .
ουτάν = ούτοι άν.
ουδε μήν, ļļ ιι neither indeed,' nor indeed.'
ουδε μεν δή,
ουδε μεν δή τοίς εφ' ημέραν. Τh. 1128.
ουδε μεν δή μητρός . . . El. 913.
oºd oŮv, ' nor indeed ,' 'nor in short' (adding a second
and more emphatic denial).
[I do not wish] ουδ' ούν εάσω . . . 0. C. 1135.
ουκ άρα, “ not therefore, see άρα.
ούκουν
(i.) ' not then ? ' ( in questions)
ούκουν έρείς ποτ' ; [ won't you then tell me ?]
Ant. 244.
ούκουν εγώ σοι προϋλεγον ; 0. Τ'. 973.
(ii.) ' certainly not ’ (in strong negations ; usually with
γε later ).
Quest. [did he speak ofme ?]
Ans. ούκουν έμού γ' εστώτος ουδαμού πέλας.
Ο . Τ. 565.
ούκουν πέρα γ' αν ουδέν . . . φέροις. O. C . 651 .
[ You certainly would gain nothing more.]
* ούν
(i.) ' then ,' ' therefore,' 'and so : ' universal both in
statements or questions.
(ii.) (in alternatives) ' indeed,' or omitted in English .
(a .) usually in second clause (oûv or åp' ouv).
ούτε θρασύς, ούτ' ούν προδείσας. .. . Ο. Τ. 90.
είτ' αληθές , είτ' άρ' ούν μάτην. Phil. 345.
, μήτ ' άροτον . . μήτ' ούν γυναικών παίδας. Ο. Τ . 270.
So ει δ' ούν, but if [the opposite] Ant. 722.
(6.) sometimes in first clause.
είτ' ούν επ ' άγρών, είτε κάνθάδ' . . . Ο. Τ. 1049.
είτ' ουν δικαίως, είτε μή . . . ΕΙ. 560.
πρός τάδ', ο used as a particle of defance, now then,
πρός ταύτα, J “there now.'
I won't speak;] προς τάδ' ει θέλεις, θυμού. Ο. Τ.343.
προς ταύτα και Κρέοντα πεμπόντων. Ο. C . 455.
* που
(i.)“ somewhere :' universal.
68 GRE VER COM .
EK SE POS
ITI
NO
(ii.) ‘methinks,' “ perchance :' very common.
αξία δε που κάγώ. Ο. Τ. 769.
και συ που παρών έξοισθα. 0. C. 1587.
και πού τι και βοράς μέρος. Phil. 308.
(iii.) (in questions with ου τι, ου δή) “surely not ?
ου δή κλύω που ; Ο. Τ. 1472.
ού τί που δούναι νοείς ; Phil. 1233.
*ταν = τοι άν (so ουτάν, ή ταν).
του, “surely :' universal ; particularly common in γνώμαι
and proverbs.
αυθαδία του σκαιότητ’ όφλισκάνει. Αnt. 1028.
τόν τοι τύραννον ευσεβείν ου ράδιον. Α . 1350.
πόνου του χωρίς ουδέν ευτυχεί. Εί. 933.
φεύγουσι γαρ τοι χοί θρασείς. Aut. 580.
τοιγαρ, ιιι Δια1
οο οο . universal.
I therefore :'
τοιγαρούν,
* TOLVÙv, “ therefore :' universal.
τούτο μέν, . . . in the first place,' « first,’ (followed by a
variety of expressions).
τούτο μέν . .. τούτ' άλλο. Ο. Τ. 603.
τούτο μέν .. . * δέ. Ο . Ο . 440.
τούτο μέν . . . έπειτα. Αnt. 61.
τούτο μέν . . . τούτ' αύθις. Αnt. 165.
(in oratio obliqua, that.
final, ' in order that.'
temporal, 'when.
ως causal, since.
exclamatory, ' how .'
consecutive, so that ’ (for ώστε: e.g. Ant. 272.).
( comparative, ' as.'
[In these uses ós is universally used , and is of course
strictly a conjunction , not a particle : in the following use
it more approximates to a particle.]
ás restrictive:
ως απ' όμματων.
To judge from our eyes. O. C. 15.
μακράν γαρ ως γέροντα προϊστάλης οδόν. .
Long for an old man. O. C. 20.
γενναίος ως ιδόντι. . . .
Noble to our view .
πιστός ως νομεύς ανήρ. . . .
Faithful for a herdsman. Ο. Τ . 1118.
EXERCISES.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR EXERCISES I. to V .
Arrange the lines in these exercises so as to make proper iambic
verses.
Mark the feet and the caesura in each line.
Remember to elide a short final vowel before another word
beginning with a vowel.
In altering the order of the words be careful not to spoil the sense.
Bear in mind the note , $ 41 (iii.), and $ 49 (iv.)
Ι.
ποι δη μονούμενος δεσποτων τράπωμαι ;
ταύτα ουκ ήν έργα σώφρονος γύναικος.
έπλησα τήνδε τέρειναν όψιν δακρύων.
ούτοι σύ μόνη άπεζύγης σων τέκνων.
έκτεινε, και εξαπώλεσε οίκον πάντα.
' Αργείοί ποτε έκτειναν τόνδε τον παίδα.
μήτηρ σοι αγάλματα πατρός προςτίθησι.
προς γενείου μη κρύπτε σέθεν σύνδoυλoν.
παϊδας δε στύγεί ουδε ευφραίνεται ορώσα.
γαύρωμα δε τόδε των ζώντων εστί κενόν.
μή ώσης διά ήπατος φάσγάνον θηκτόν.
ως πάς τις φιλεί αυτόν μάλλον του πέλας.
II.
αλλά τόδε ου ποιητεον εί έστιν αισχρόν.
ει δε Τρώες ευτύχοιεν όδε ήν ουδέν.
τάδε δώρα δέξεται εκείνος ές χείρα.
τούδε δε πόνου και εγώ σοι συλλήψομαι.
ουκέτι ούν ήν εν ελπίσιν ακούσασα ταύτα.
μάλιστα, και δοξάζω γε εγώ σε πείσειν.
αλλά φεύγετε έξω, ώ τέκνα, δόμων αρχαίων.
ο δε είπε, ημίσυ εστί παντός μείζον.
ημείς μεν φύγή απαίρομεν εκ τήσδε γής.
όστις γαρ βροτών ευτύχει σώζει οίκον. "
ομώμoκε η γλώσσα ανώμοτος δε η φρών.
προς τα αγαθά συμφορά έρπει καταντης.
Note.--- Thirty additional Easy Exercises will be found at page 145.
EXERCISES.
III.
συ δε χέρα οπλίζεις ως τί πρός τάδε δράσεων και
αλλά η δόξα σοι ώ τάλαινα συντέθνηκε.
όψει δε με συν σοι όταν δέη καρτερούντα.
πως δε ου προδους σον πατέρα ει συ κάκιστος.
τόδε γέρας έστιν αρχαίον 'Αγαμέμνονος.
ές βρότειον χέρα ουκ έπεμψά σε τρέφειν.
ο δε ου λήξει αυ λέγων τον αυτόν μύθον.
έλθοις, φύλακα γάρ στράτου φημι δη σε είναι.
ο δε δούλος σφάζει τον δεσπότην ώς τινα βουν.
θάνειν δε ου θέμις τούτον πρός σής χειρός .
μή νυν σκόπει τα μακράν, μεθείς τα εγγύθεν.
λέγοιμι αν σε έχειν όμματα έχθίστου κυνός.
IV .
μη εξαλείψης με ώ άρα τάλαινα πατρός.
ές ουρανόν δε κράτα ορθόν ούς τε έστησαν.
συ δε φαίνει κακός εν εκείνω τε και εν εμοί.
η απαρνηθείσα μη τα έμά κράτη σύλάν.
μέγαν ξύνέσει πλούτο, γένει τε και ανδρεία.
& βούλει έτοιμα τα από εμού: τί δε δράσεις ;
ης δεκάδος και συ ου σοφός γεγώς φαίνει.
συμμίξας δε έχεις δώμα λαμπρόν θολερώ.
πως αν ούν έτι πόλις αν ισχυρά γένοιτο ;
και λαμπρός εστί ο χρήζων ταύτα χρήματα.
όταν γαρ πόλεμος ές πόλεως1 ψήφον έλθη.
ύτοι έτι άρα ορθώς κεραύνιον Κάπάνέως.
V.
παρά κρήνην αυτήν "Αρεος όχλον τε ιππότην.

τοιαύτά τε δρώμενα και αν συ θέλων τυγχάνης.
i Scanned as an iambus.
EXERCISES.
ως ουκέτι αναστρέψοι πόδα ές τήνδε γήν.

ο δε φέρων το αυτό βάρος πομονής ήλθε.
είθε ώ μίσος όλoιο και ο σε πέμψας ανήρ.
εξαίφνης δε ορώ σφε επεί έληξεν τώνδε.
ώ πάτερ, και εμε θάνεϊν κρείσσον και τόνδε.
πεισθητι, ώ γύναι, προσπίτνω σε γόνασιν.
ήκω· συ σώσον εν κακοίς σύ ελέησον με.
ήκιστα: ουκ έστι όπως όψομαι ποτε τούτο.
τί αυ παραφρονείς ; τί λεύσσεις τον άνω κύκλον ;
τόδε γάρ το κακόν ουκ έα με ορθούσθαι έτι.
The student will now be able to begin translating from English.
Most of the words he will (at first) find in the Vocabulary below
the Exercise. When the words recur they will not usually be given
again ; but if he cannot find a word, or forgets it, he has only to
turn to the Vocabulary at the end.]
VI.
1 . There is not [one] of mortals who shall be delivered.
2. It is permitted [us] to behold a free day.
3. For it is disgraceful not to love [one's] parent.
4. Do thou then guard these [words] for me within thy
heart.
5. But nothing [is ] dearer than glory to the good.
6 . Angry offspring of the hateful lion .
7. He has died , leaving great wealth and glory .
8. This [ man] was the greatest of those who stood by me.
1 . mortal, θνητός και υλο, ός Or glory, δόξα, κλέος ; good,
όστις ; deliver , εκσώζω. εσθλός, χρηστός.
2 . permitted, έξεστι ; behold, οράω, 6 . angry, δυσμενής ; offspring,
είςοράω ; free, ελεύθερος και βλάστημα ( plurr.) ; hateful,
day, ημέρα, ήμαρ. εχθρός ; lion, λέων.
3 . disgraceful, αισχρός ; Ιουe,. 7. die, θνήσκω; leave, λείπω ;
φιλέω; ρανent, ο τεκών. great, μέγας; wealth, πλού
4. then (enclitic), vvv ; guard , τος .
φυλάσσω; oithin, έσω; heart, 8. this, ούτος, όδε και υλο stood by,
φρών , φρένες. use part . of παρίστημι.
5 . nothing, ουδέν ; dear, φίλος ;
EXERCISES
9. Many perished in want of a general.
10 . The ancient law of the gods was destroyed .
9. many, πολύς ; perish, απόλλυ- 10. αncient, παλαιός ; ίαω, νόμος ;
μαι, διόλλυμαι και η υαnt, god, θεός, δαίμων και destroy,
ενδεής, adj.; general, στράτη διαφθείρω.
λάτης.
VII.
1. But go out as quickly as possible, do not speak words.
2. But we ought either to live well or to die well.
3. A woman labouringmuch prospers much.
4. I would not becomean assistant to him .
5 . He lifted his hands to the rising of the sun .
6. This is a propitious day to men.
7. How does it befit a general to leave his army ?
8. All the snow is melted from the high rock.
9. The spring is here, and again I see the sun.
10. Wewill say few things but just.
1. go out, εξειμι ; as quickly as 5. lift, επαίρω, ανέχω ; hand, χείρ ;
possible, ώς τάχιστα ; 8peak, Sun, ήλιος και τising, αντολαί.
λέγω ; words, λόγος. 6. propitious, εύφημος ; men, βρο
2 . ought, δεί, χρή, χρεών; live, ζάω; τός, άνθρωπος .
well , καλώς, εύ. 7. befit, χρή, δει, πρέπει και α υy,
3. woman, γυνή ; labour, πονέω ; στρατός, στράτευμα.
much, πολύ, πολλά, κάρτα ; 8. Snow, χιών ; melt, τήκω ; high,
prosper, ευτυχέω,ευδαιμονέω. υψηλός ; rock, πέτρα.
4. become, γίγνομαικαι αssistant, 9. spring, έαρ ; to be here, παρείναι ;
συλλήπτωρ. αgain, αύθις, πάλιν .
10. few, παύρος, βαιός ; just, δίκαιος.
VIII.
1. How uncertain is fate to mortals always.
2. Hektor has perished, a great woe to the Trojans.
3 . For this book was the work of two men .
1. uncertain, αστάθμητος ; fate, 2. perish, όλλύμαι ; woe, πημα.
μοίρα ; alway8, αεί (α or α). 3. book , βιβλίον ; work, έργον.
EXERCISES.
4 . The dead (woman , he will deck well with his hands.
5. They grieve ever bereft of their mother.
6 . The stream of the bloody dew steeped the earth .
7. Pindăros calls water best of all.
8. One should not rear a lion's whelp in the house .
9. Man is themeasure of all matters.
10. I hate a tyrant who does not rule himself.
4. deck, TeplotéMXw ; well, eº, 7. call, kalów ; water, üdwp ; best,
kalws. áplotos.
5. grieve,tev©éw ,alyćw ; bereave, 8. should , use xpń, dei ; rear,
otepéw . TPÉDw ; whelp , okúuvos.
6 . stream , póos, poń, pellua ; bloody, 9. measure, métpov ; matters, xpń
polvlos ; dew , dpóros f. ; steep, pata.
deuw . 10. hate, ułoéw , otŭyéw ; tyrant,
từpavvos ; rule, kpatów .
IX .
1 . He bathed the corpse and washed away its wounds.
2. They chase the race of wild beasts with bows.
3. Pleasure flees from mortals, as a bird from boys.
4. By second thoughts we are set straight.
5. For I have known these things long, be well assured .
6. I do not at all wonder at the ills of the old man.
7. I know not save one thing, to obey your words.
8. Will you drive me forth , and not respect my prayers ?
9. You ask, but what you ask , expect no more to get.
10. Having died they do not see the sun's light.
1, bathe, loów ; corpse , vekpós, 5. know , be assured , yeyvuokw ,
VÉKŪS ; wash away, ánovia tw ; eidévat, oắpa cidéval ; long,
my
wound , tpañua . málar.
2. chase, diúkw ;race, yévos ;wild , 6. ill, kakby ; old man, répwv ;
šyplos ; beast, op ; bow , wonder, Davuáśw , a .
Tóšov. 7. save, arv; obey,meldouai.
3. pleasure, vdový ; flee from , 8. drive forth , éčelaÚvw ; respect,
petúyw ; bird, õpvis ; boy, aidoâual ; prayer, Nitý.
mais. 9. ask, aitéw ; expect,éticw ; gèt,
4 . second, cotepos ; thought, yvuur ; laußávw .
set straight, opēbw , éğopəów . 10. light, páos.
EXERCISES.
X.
1. Euripidēs was a foe to women as they say.
2 . He cherishes pride greater than befits man.
3. But the deity laughs, seeing the woes of the evil [men ).
4. Be true in words; truth is ever right (neut.).
5 . The boy fed flocks, a happy life.
6. Suffer ye now the corpses to be covered with earth.
7 . Wemen enslave a man , and cities a city .
8. He is unmanly and inferior to a woman .
9. To your sorrow you would come, if the city did not
send you .
10. Hedestroys others, himself being clear of trouble.
1. foe, exopós. 6. suffer , čáw ; now , vûv , non ;
2 . pride, ppóvnua ; than befits, cover, kălúntw .
kará. 7. enslave, dovlów .
3 . deity, daiuwv ; laugh , yelów ; 8. unmanly, ávavòpos ; inferior ,
| coe, Tắeos, sớm. Űotepos, gen.
4. be true, åndeów ; truth, ålý 9. to your sorrow , klaiwv.
Dela ; right, opós . 10 . clear, éktós ; trouble, kakóv .
5 . feed , pépßw ; flock, Toluvíov ;
happy, eŮtvXYS.
XI.
1 . The god Promētheus is ill-treated among the gods,
2. being bound with brazen fetters to the rock.
3. A winged eagle coming tears his liver,
4 . but he resists not at all, though strong.
5. For he is far weaker than Zeus.
6. Having benefited much mortals of old
7. he found not any man, so as to help him ,
1. god, oeós ; be ill-treated, ráoXELV all, oudév ; strong, lo xūpós;
kaká . though, rep or kaltep with
2. bind , déw ; brazen , xalkéos; part.
fetter, néon, deo uós. 5. Queak,do eins; fax , Toku, Toku.
3. winged , tnvós ; eagle, aietós ; 6. benefit, upeleiv, evepyetev; of
tears,omăpáoow ;liver, hmăp ; old , tálal, TOTÉ.
coming, połuv, exoúv. 7. find , cúpiokw ; so as to, cote ;
4 . resisl, évavtloûual ; not at help , $ wpeleiv, Bondeîv.
EXERCISES.
8. but when the time of ten-thousand years had passed ,
9. he had then deliverance and release from trials.
10. For the god Hēråkles came and saved him .
8. ten thousand ,püplos ; year, čtos ; trials, móvos, oún.
pass, tapépxouai. 10 . save, oośw ; him ,viv ,ope,attóv.
9. deli verance, Núrus, drallărn ;
release, 51
XII.
1. The traveller stands leaning on a stick
2. and gazes at the high crest of the rock ,
3. where neither shepherd thinks fit to feed his sheep ,
4 . nor has man come hither, but goats alone.
5 . Then he hears a sound louder than thunder,
6 . and from the crags he sees ice falling
7. like some fine powder of salt, or of white dust,
8. and straightway the stream , dashing down on the vales,
9. ravages everything, the houses of the shepherds,
10. and the tall pines, and the gifts of the fruitful earth .
1. traveller, odlins, ódolttopos ; lean - 6 . crag, måyos.
ing, cyklidels, a poskłcoels ; 7. fine, lentós ; powder, yîyua ;
stick, Bartnpla. salt, åles (ă) ; dust, orodós,
2. gazes, cisopáw, eisaopéw ; high, f.; white, levkós.
üympeońs, eyniós ; crest, 8. stream , poos, poń, peilpov ; dash
kpñuvos . down on , éykataoKÝTTW ;
3. shepherd , Toluńv ; think fit, vale, vắan .
åčiów ; feed , tpépw ; sheep, 9 . ravage, dyelv DÉPELV TE.
Botá . 10. pine,mevkń ; tall,păxpós; gift,
4. hither, deūpo ; goats, ałyes. Swpov ; fruitful, čykaptos.
5 . sound , KTÚTOS ; louder, Meiswv ;
thunder, Bpovrń.
XIII.
1. A viper bit the foot of Philoctētes :
2 . and he lay on the Lemnian shore subdued by disease,
3. deserted of all his comrades in his misery ;
1. viper, ¢xiova ; bite, dákvw ; 3. desert, uovbw ; comrade, étai
foot, nous. pos ; misery, kaká.
2. lie, Keluar ; shore, åktń ; sub
dued , dauels ; disease, vóoos.
EXERCISES
4 . nor did he come to the Trojan land, whither he was sent.
5. So did he vex all the Hellēnes with his cries.
6 . And he had not, save his bow , so as to find sustenance,
7. and labouring with his disease he with difficulty caught
his game.
8. But since it was fated Troy should fall by this bow ,
9. Odysseus coming, and the son of Achilles with him ,
10. led away the man, having persuaded him by guile.
4. Trojan, Tpwás, žồos ; whither, 7. labour, novéw ; with difficulty,
oi, OÎTEP ; send , atéMw . uódcs ; catch, aipów ; game,
5 . vex, LŪTéw ; cries, Boń, or use onpa.
part., Boaw . 8. it was fated , édel ; fall , mittw .
6. save, ahv ; bow , Tóčov ; find, 9. son , mais; with him , onoù, đua.
eúplokw ; sustenance, Bios, 10 . lead away, åtáyw ; persuade,
tpooń. Trelow ; guile , dólos.
XIV .
1. A . Do you wish me to sum up this tale in brief ?
2. B. Say whatever you wish : for you are not given to
silence .
3. A . You never shall take these children from the land.
4. B. Hear me too then in turn, if you will, again .
5 . A . I will hear : for indeed I too ought to hear.
6. B. I will take and lead-away the children, in spite of thee.
7. A. First then must you venture with arms.
8. B. I have ventured troubles worse than these.
9. A . Will you dare to oppose all in battle ?
10. B . [ to all] whoever at least will dare to insult overmuch .
1. sum up, ouvántw ; tale, đóyos ; 7. first, mpôtov, mpūta ; venture,
in brief, ¿v Bpaxei. KLVÒūveuw (verbal) ; arms,
2. whatever, ei ti, óti ; given to Orla.
silence, ocynlós. 8. have ventured , $ 50 ; trouble ,
3 . shall, fut., or åv with opt. ; móvos ; worse, ályiwv.
take, Naußávw . 9. dare, toluáw ; oppose, évavtió .
4 . hear in turn, åvtăkoúw . omal : battle, uăxn.
5 . for indeed , où ydp állá. 10 . whoever, őool ; at least, ye ;
6 . take and , part.; in spite, após insult, ißpisw ; overmuch,
Blāv . äyāv.
EXERCISES.
XV.
1. A. O king ! hear, respect a mother's prayers.
2. B . 'Tis not (the part] of prisoners to be wroth with
calamity .
3. A. But must I not grieve if I shall be bereft of my child ?
4. B. And yet you must be bereft : know then this.
5. A. Do not cast out this cruel word at me.
6. B. But if I pity her, the army will not approve this.
7. A. It is thine to rule, not to serve the army.
8. B. But it is no disgrace to serve justly.
9 . A . Well, anyhow , let me die with the maiden .
10. B. I say I will not allow it : for one suffices being
slaughtered.
1. king, ăvač ; mother, uńtnp . 6. pity, oiktlów , olktelpw ; army,
2. prisoner, aixuálwtos ; be wroth , otpatós ; approve, aivéw .
Ovuoouai, xaletalvw , dvoxe 7. serve, útmpeteîv.
palvw ; calamity, kaka . 8. disgrace, aloxpóv ; justly, evd
3. grieve, otévw . Kws.
4 . and yet, kalunv, kaltoi ; know , 9. well, anyhow , åXX' oûv ; die
επίσταμαι. with , ouvOvnokw ; maiden ,
5. cast out, ékpárlw , ékplatw ; παρθένος.
cruel, wuós. 10. suffice,åpkeî ; slaughter, opáśw .
XVI.
1. Tantalus was at first a happy man,
2. being counted worthy to share the gods' feast,
3. but though treated well in such wise, he was not prudent,
4. but stole the immortal food, unseen by the gods,
5. and gave it to mortals, daring a base deed,
6 . but when all became known to the gods
1. happy, eŭdaluwv, eŮtèxńs. 4. steal,kértW ; immortal,dußpo
2. count worthy, džiów ; shure, TOS ; food , Bopá ; unseen by,
METEXw ; feast, tpáresa , dals. use lavávw .
3. though, rep or kaltep, parti- 5. deed, épyov , a payua.
ciple ; in such wise , roláde ; be 6 . know , dñlov, oãoés.
prudent, σωφρονείν.
EXERCISES.
7. they punished terribly the impious one ;
8. for he stands in the mid streams of the lake
9. desiring to soften the heat of thirst with drink,
10. but the water ever retires, not to touch his lip.
7. punish , šmulow ; terribly , éudó. 10. water , üdwp, opóoos, kūua ; -
Bws ; impious, duodeßńs. retire, åtoppéw ; touch , Ocy
8. mid , méoos ; lake, Nipvn . gávw ; lip, xelos.
9. soften, apāövw (u) ; heat, kaùua;
thirst, siya ; drink , torbv.
XVII.
1. I, Dēmētēr, come, leaving the houses of the gods,
2. and I wander everywhere seeking my child alway,
3. whom the king among the dead seized by violence,
4. and bore away with his horses to the dwellings of those
below ;
5. for her playing in the meadow once
6. of Enna he saw , in the midst of her maidens,
7. adorning woven chaplets of roses and violets ;
8. and immediately subdued with the soft dart of love
9. he snatched off the girl, weeping in vain ,
10. and havingmarried her,he holds her in the sunless houses.
1. come, kw . 7. adorn, koouéw ; woven ,mertós;
2 . wander, aldomai; everywhere, chaplet, otepos, otépavos ;
navraxou,návrh ; seek , Śntoû. rose, pódov ; violet, lov.
3. dead , vekpol ; seize, åpnájw ; 8. immediately , edūs ; soft, ual.
violence , Bia . Oakós ; dart, Bédos ; love,
4 . horse, I TOS ; dwelling, owua èpws.
those below , véprepos. 9. snatch off, txaprášw ; weep,
5 . play, malgw ; meadow , Leluuv. Klaiw ; in vain , uátnu.
6 . see, öpa. 10 . marry, yaué ; sunless, ávńcos.
XVIII.
1. A . Why hast thou fetched me out, to come outside the
house ?
2. B . Know that our foe is coming hither.
1. fetch out, èKTÉLTEO Dal;outside, 2. come, aposo teixw , épow .
EFw .
EXERCISES.
3. A . Coming alone or with many friends ?

4 . B. Alone : and the deed onemight accomplish more easily .
5. A . What deed is this thou hast spoken of ? to slay him
with the hand ?
6 . B . [ Yes,] for nothing is dearer than vengeance .
7. A . And how ? with stones ? or shall we seek a sword ?
8. B. With stones : for it is time to hasten, not to delay.
9. A. And what shall we suffer if the city learns this ?
10. B . But there is no one here who shall tell it to the city.
3 . coming, acc.; with 2-syll. prep. 7. stone,Atoos; seek , ŠYTÉW ;sword ,
last, $ 57. štoos.
4. accomplish, èKTENÓW , Èkt pásow ; 8. it is time, å kuń ; hasten , OTEÚ.
easy, pádos. ow , ¿ ykovéw ; delay, tpißw ,
5 . See 8 59. Méllw.
6. vengeance, tiuwpia . 9. suffer, ráoxw .
XIX .
1. And thus he leapt upon the car, and the reins
2. and whip he seized in his hands, eager for the race,
3. and all the people in the city , as he went out,
4 . seeing marvelled , how noble he was upon his chariot ;
5. but when he came to the gates of the furthest court
6 . a divine fear suddenly fell on the horses,
7. so that, pricking their ear, the yoke from their necks
8. they shook , they hurled off, affrighted ,
9. and he tangled in the reins was dragged on,
10. and lay gasping forth a bloody stream .
1. leapt, épállomai ; car, dippos, 6. divine,Beios; suddenly , ččalouns ;
äpua ; reins, nviai. fall on, katéxw .
2. whip, uágtig ; eager, iuelipw ; 7. prick ear, épôòv oŮs iotával;
race, Opóuos. yoke, šūyóv ; neck, aúxýv .
3. people, años ; city , GotV ; go 8. shake, oelw ; hurt, pintu
out, ėčiéval. (comp.) ; affright, itoéw .
4. how noble , pios. 9. tangle, èunodigw ; dragon ,
5 . gate, man ; furthest, čoxatos ; εφέλκω.
court, aúlń. 10 . gasp forth, expūoáw ; bloody,
aimarnpos.
EXERCISES.
XX.
A . Come here , mother, for we wish to learn something,
for what is fated all thou seemest to know .
B. Say what thou wishest, for we will show all,
but those who ask must give gold .
A . Behold , I have given it. And explain this clearly, 5
with what lot of life must I meet ?
B . Looking at thy hand I see many woes
awaiting thee: but thou shalt find a noble marriage.
A . Begone, basest woman , nor lie more to me,
for I have already found a most excellent husband. 10
(Both the speakers are women.)
1. come here, at posépxouai. 6. lot, Molpa ; I, use 88€ ; meet,
2. be fated , men pwobal ; seem , say 'be yoked with ,' ovšeún.
dokelv . voul.
3 . show , onlów . 8 . await, uévw ; noble, áplotos.
4 . ask , épwráw ; gold , xpūobs. 9. begone, éppe, poeipov ; lie,
5. explain, ényciodai, ψεύδεσθαι.
10. excellent, čigoxos ; husband,tóos.
XXI.
When he came to the wood, three aged maidens
he met , who standing near
sang all the future, how it was fated
he should have the throne and rule the land,
and hearing this to his wife with speed
he told the matter, and (to them ] counselling
it seemed good to slay the king with guile.
So he received him to his house and entertained him :
but at night, when all the house was hushed,
1. wood, úln : putaged next line. 4. have, ioxw ,fxw ;rule, deonÓW,
2. aged, ypaiá ; meet, ouvávrouai ; Túpavveúw .
near, mélas, áyxl. 6 . tell, kolvwvéw ; counsel, Boulevw .
3. sing, áồo ; future, To Aloe ; 7. seem good , dokeiv ; guile , dálos.
fated , Ten Pwuévov, 8 . entertain , çevišw .
9. be hushed , oiyáw .
EXERCISES.
taking a dagger he entered privily the chamber 10
and slays first the guards, knowing nothing,
and afterward the king himself with the third blow .
10. dagger',uăxalpă ; privily ,nãopā; 12. afterward , étată ; king, ăvač,
chamber , Oálăuos. deonórns, koipăvos, Tópavvos ;
11. guard, pělat. blow , irinyń .
XXII.
And going back again to my bed I slept,
and a vision appears to me in sleep :
for the horses which I had reared and used to drive,
I saw bearing the chariot as they were wont ;
and two wolves from the wood leapt forth
and sprang on the horses, so as to bestride their backs,
and smote their flanks with their tails, and with savage
jaws tore the flesh from their bones.
And the colts fled goaded by the bites,
and tossed their manes affrighted with fear ; 10
and I, warding off the beasts, awakened ,
and thus was quit of nightly terrors.
1. sleep , cüdw ; bed , koirn, léxos , 7. flank, lăyúv ; tail, oupá ;
Wéktpov ; back, aïlls , måliv . savage, åyplos.
2 . vision , dóžă , páoua ; appears, 8. jaw , yvăoos, f.; tear, otapárow ;
Tapiotatal. flesh , o ápš; bone, dottov.
3. drive, diopndăréw ; had , § 49. 9. colt,t @ los; goad, Kevt6w ; bite,
4 . chariot, plur. ; I am wont, onyua.
eiwia . 10. mane, xaltn .
5 . wolf, někos ; leap, spring, 11. ward off, årúvw ; awaken ,
andáw , allomal (comp.). gelpw (comp.); be quit,
6. bestride, épé5w, épicăvw (acc.) ; åtalláosedlal ( E-).
back, vôtov. 12. nightly, vöxlos, čvvvxos ; terror,
deîua, poßos.
XXIII.
A. Farewell, lady : and what recompence shall I give thee,
when again arrived at the Keltic land ?
B. Dost thou know , I pray, Pleuron , city of the Phokaeans ?
1. farewell, xaîpe; lady, déorolva, 2. arrive, åpikvoûuai.
yúval ; recompence, zápis. 3. I pray , Eth , dat,
EXERCISES.
A. How could I help knowing my country ?
B . Tell something, I pray, to the Sīsúphỉdai there.
A . But know that thou hast spoken the name of my
kindred.
B. Do you then know Philochỏros, the youth ?
A. Why, what have you to do with Philochoros, lady ?
B . He had once a sister, whom he lost. 10
A . And he ever seeks her, and now thou seest him here.
B . You have found her then : for I am she who is sought
A . Have I thee in my arms? B. As henceforward mayst
thou ever have me !
Consult & 76 all through .
4 . how . . . help, use tws oỦ and 7. youth , veāvias.
MÉMELV ; country, Tătpa, 8. why, ráp ; to do with , use
πατρίς. μετεστι and two datives.
5 . there, toîs ¿keide. 9. sister , å deloń ; once, toté, apiv,
6 . name, óvoua ; kindred , our Tálal ; lose, årollvue.
yovoi, ouyyeveîs. 12. sought, use art, and part.
XXIV.
A . It is just to bury the dead in the earth .
B . By what words do you show this to be right ?
A. Well, I tell thee, for even if you (plur.) have suffered
something
from the enemy, yet now having died
they have paid full penalty for what you suffered : 5
and I will enter on a second course of argument to
thee :
for when a man is dead, the parts are divided,
and at once the spirit indeed goes off to the air,
and the body to mother earth, from whom it sprang.
1. bury, Oáttw . 6. enter on, ¿TLÉVAL; course, óðós ;
3 . well, kai oń. second , dettepos.
4. from , após, ék, ÚTÒ, g. ; enemy, 7. part, mépos; divide, oxigw. ·
πολέμιος. 8 . spirit, arvellua ; air, aiońp .
5. pay, doûval ; full, telecos. 9 . spring, ékpůval.
EXERCISES.
Why then will you deprive the earth of what it ought

to receive ? 10
Do you think thus to wrong the dead ?
No ; but the living too ; for the brave
would become cowards if you laid down this law .
10. deprive, otepéw . 12. live, jw ; brave, & Xxïuos . .
11. think, dok ; wrong, kakoup - 13. coward, dellós ; lay down,
yelv. θεϊναι.
XXV.
LAOCOON .
The father was sacrificing, and the sons, to the gods.
And from the coast of Tenedos, so as to cross the sea,
two snakes were creeping, a fierce portent,
lashing with their tails the swell of the sea-surge,
and with terrible jaws hissing out slaughter ;
and the father seeing it shuddered, and uttered a cry,
O children, shall we not fly the deadly portent ?
for this terror is not without some god.
He still was speaking : and they rushing on with speed ,
the snakes, seized first the sire 10
with twining coils, then the wretched sons
and broke their bones, and crushed their body.
1. sacrifice, dów . 7. Ay, peúyw with acc.; deadly ,
2 . coast, åktń ; cross, vwtiğw ; sea , öléoplos .
πόντος. 8. terror, delua , poßos ; without,
3. snake, Opěkwv, Šols ; creep, ăTep, KP6U.
prw ; fierce, äyplos ; portent, 9. speak,ayopeów , Néyw ; rush on ,
Tépas. énýcow ; with speed , dpóuu .
4. lash, malw ; tail, ojpá ; swell, 10. seize, mápnow ; first, Tpôrov,
oidua ; sea (adj.), móvTIOS ; at pâta ; sire, tarp, yevvýtwp.
surge, oélos. ll. twining, alertós ; coil, otreipa ;
5 . terrible, delvós, éppoßos ; jaw , then , elta, ČTELTA ; wretched,
yvåoos, f. ; hiss out, oigw ; άθλιος, δυστυχής.
slaughter, póvos. 12. bone, dotoûv ; break, OpúttW ;
6. shudder, oploow ; utter, ėšimui. crush, ouppńyuuue ; body,
dépas.
EXERCISES.
XXVI.
How , O ye that have wrought greatest mischief ( plur.),
do the spies of the enemy having come thus
escape your notice, and the troops (say army) were slain ?
And neither when they entered (partic .) the camp (plur.),
did ye repel them ,
nor when they departed. Who shall pay the penalty for
this
but thou ; for thou art guard of this army ?
And all are gone, at the cowardice of the Scythians
laughing much ( plur.), and at me the leader.
Now be well assured of this, I have sworn by father Zeus,
either most speedily a death by stoning to die 10
awaits thee doing such things ; or reckon ye
Eumenes to be unmanly and base !
1. tîua, éčepyášoua.. 8 . évyel , otparnkörns.
2. spy, karáO KOTOS. 9. olda , õuvuus (say Zeus has been
3. Anaw , kataopáśw . sworn by) .
4. repel, èžamwéw . 10 . either , *TOL ; death by stoning,
5. pay penalty , TřVELV dikny. λεύσιμος μόρος.
6 . but, alhv. 11. Tolósde, vouiów.
7. Spoūdos, declia or kakavòpia , 12 . • Eyévns ; base, kakós.
Σκυθαι.
XXVII.
A . But say, what sort of habitation shall I hold in this
land ?
B . One void of all trouble. But do thou accept it ?
A . Well then , I have accepted ! But what honour
awaits me ? .
B. Thou alone shalt make allmen's houses blest.
A . Will you effect this too, that I should be so strong ? 5
N .B . Both speakers are females.
1. Spa , in this = of this. 4. make, tlonu .
2. épnuos, oifús (f.), dexouas. . 5 . obvw , am strong ; that, Hote,
3. me, dative.
EXERCISES.
B. [Yes,] for to him that reverences thee all things shall
prosper.
A . And yet I fear, lest this is not sure thou sayest.
B. Now nevermay it befallmeto say what Iwillnot fulfil.
A. And verily that would be unworthy of a deity .
B . Be assured then that I say all with truth. 10
A . You seem to appease me, and I will cease from bitter
wrath .
B . When you have ceased you will have both these and
me for friends.
6. reverence, oéßw ; prosper, kals 9 . verily, kápta.
ÉXELV ; all = nihil non . 10 . oida, with dat. or prep. and
7. miotós, lest this not sure thou • case.
sayest. ll. Obyw , cease, middle ; mikpós.
8. befall, yiyvoual, teléw . 12. Perfect participle.
XXVIII.
I know that there are many bad customs
(for folly never fails among mortals )
but none worse than this. For in Greece,
whenever an army triumphs over the foe,
men do not think this the achievement of the fighters, 5
but the leader alone wins the glory,
who brandishing his spear — one among ten thousand
others,
doing no more than one, has more credit.
And then sitting proudly in the city
is proudest of all, and seems to the rest 10
to be a most gallant man and useful to the city
for things which not he, but the whole army did .
1. many and bad ; custom , vóuos. 7. mállw , among = uetá.
2 . uwpla , ékleitw . 8. Opô , lóyos.
4. triumphs = sets up trophies 9. oeuvos.
(Tporalov) ; over = of (i.e. 10 . ppoveîv uéyala.
genit.). 11, xpholuos.
5 . čpyov vyoūmai, omit men. 12. for = on the strength of ( eml).
6 . win , ápròual, eúplokw .
EXERCISES
XXIX .
ATHLETES.
For there being ten thousand plagues in Greece,
none is worse than the race of athletes,
who first neither learn how to live well
nor would be able . For how [could one) who has not
leisure, ground down in useless labours,
ever find a pleasant life ?
Nor again does he find wisdom , a glorious lot,
nor among the citizens does he have honour nor offices,
but brilliant in their youth and ornaments of the city
they go to and fro : but when bitter old age assails them 10
they lose their beauty , into disgrace
being cast, as a cloak having lost its nap.
1. plague, kakóv . 8. honour, dóta ; offices, åpxai.
2. åOntńs. 9. lauapós, dyadua.
3. pŵra uév. 10 . go to and fro , portáw ; yîpas,
5 . oxoań , terpeupévos, á xenotos. προσπίπτω.
6 . could comes in here. 11. åróleoa, åtījla.
7. does he find, use [gnomic) 12 . cloak, tpißwv ; lose, ékpáxlw ;
aorist ; wisdom , opórnois; nap, kpókn.
glorious, eŮkleńs.
XXX .
ATHLETES.
And I blame this custom of the Greeks
who for the sake of these gathering assemblies,
praise the useless victories of an athlete .
For who having wrestled, who having run well with his
foot,
who having lifted the quoit , or struck the jaw with his fist 5
idly sporting has benefited his city ?
1. ¿uepy áunu. 4. malalw .
2. for the sake, ēkāti ; assembly, 5. dlokov aipelv, yválov muyun
outloyos ; gather,molelobal. devov.
3. dump 40 Tris, Kodam. 6. uátalos, maišw , upeleiv .
88 EXERCISES.
Will they fight with their foes, in their hands
holding quoits ? or with their feet empty balls
striking, will they drive out the enemy from the land ?
When war is present these things appear foolish . 10
Wherefore rather the wise and the good
ought to be crowned , and whosoever rules the city
best, being a prudent and just man .
8. Kevós, opalpa. 11. wherefore, it pos taüta .
9. Deivu . 12. otéper Bal, eúdúvw .
10. uwpos. 13. ooopwv.
Note. — Thirty additional Easy Exercises will be found at page 145 .
[ From this point onwards the pieces will all be select passages of
English poetry, graduated so as to begin with the easier pieces, or
pieces which with our notes are made the easier. ]
XXXI.
AE. And to what friends should I for aid apply ?
ME. The royal race of Temenus, in Argos
AE. That house, like ours, intestine murder maims.
ME. Thy Spartan cousins, Procles and his brother
AE. Love a won cause, but not a cause to win .
ME. My father, then , and his Arcadian chiefs —
AE. Mean still to keep aloof from Dorian broil.
ME. Wait, then, until sufficient help appears.
AE. Orestes in Mycenae had no more.
ME. He to fulfil an order raised his hand .
AE. What order more precise had he than I ?
Consult $ 76 throughout.
1. ask (aithoouai), to aid . 5. say love (men ) having won , not
2. say weknow themen of Temenus, trying [love is plural, con .
Tmuevenou tinued from last line ].
3 . these also . . . has equally in - 6. ’Aprădes tayol.
jured ; intestine, ényevus. 7. årootātei .
4. from Sparta , Sáptasdro. See 10. Mycenae, say "Apyos if you like.
$ 57 . 11. order, evtolý .
EXERCISES.
ME. Apollo peal'd it from his Delphian cave.

AE. A mother's murder needed hest divine.
ME. He had a hest, at least, and thou hast none.
AE. The gods command not where the heart speaks clear. 15
ME. Thou wilt destroy, I see , thyself and us.
M . ARNOLD.
12 . precise, că ńs. explaining line 13 ]; use
13. pealed , uttered, láokw ; áno μητροκτονείν.
at end of line. 15. where, say if or to whom .
14. insert yáp [he is admitting but 16 . I see, use kaiuñv atbeginning.
XXXII.
Gloster - Buckingham .
Glos. Alas, why would you heap these cares on me ?
I am unfit for state and majesty :
I do beseech you, take it not amiss,
I cannot nor I will not yield to you.
BUCK. If you refuse it, - as, in love and zeal,
loath to depose the child , your brother's son ;
as well we know your tenderness ofheart
and gentle, kind, effeminate remorse,
which we have noted in you to your kin ,
and equally indeed to all estates,- 10
yet whether you accept our suit or no,
your brother's son shall never reign our king ;
1. heap on, éußállw . 7. "weknow you are kind ,' où lav.
2 . I am , say ' who am ' ; unfit Oávels (or Xénoas) öv, etc.
for = 'not such as to ’; 8. 'and have a gentle nature as
state and majesty, simply = of a woman.'
rule . 10 . all estates, say "all the people.'
3. take not amiss = ' forgive me.' 11. you accept our suit, simply
5 -6. ' If you reject it and will not these things seem good ,
endure to deprive ' [omit you approve of this,' etc.
love and zeal]. 12. shall never reign, use où uń .
EXERCISES.
but we will plant some other in the throne,
to the disgrace and downfall of your house :
and in this resolution here we leave you. 15
Come, citizens : we will entreatnomore.
SHAKESPEARE.
13- 14. transpose the lines ; 'wiping being resolved ! (dokŵ ), use
out ( Falelow ) your dishon absolute construction intro
oured race we will establish duced by us.
(i8pów ) some one else.' 16 . let these things be (čáw ); 'enough
15. in this resolution = ' these things of prayers.'
XXXIII.
HERALD.
There now they rest ; butme the king bade bear
good tidings to rejoice this town and thee .
Wherefore be glad , and all ye give much thanks,
for fallen is all the trouble of Calydon.
ALTHÆA.
Laud ye the gods ; for this they have given is good,
and what shall be they hidē until their time.
Much good and somewhat grievous hast thou said ,
and either well ; but let all sad things be,
till all have made before the prosperous gods
burnt-offering, and pour’d out the floral wine. 10
Look fair, O gods, and favourable ; for we
praise you with no false heart or flattering mouth,
being merciful, but with pure souls and prayer.
1. rest, káonytal.
2. “these things to you and the
8. eitherlet be,well, 'I praise both ’;
use čáw .
land
land, a joy of good tidings,' 10. floral, cúvons.
xápu' eváyyelov. See $ 69. 11. use îlewsőtes or some such
3 . so that it is right' (dei, eikos, phrase.
xpecv, etc.). 12-13. make it into three lines if
4. Calydon, say “ this land .' you cannot do it in two.
6 . what shall be, TĂTELTA. 12. false, alaotós, yevôňs ; flatter.
7. somewhat, fotiv Ñ [in some ing, use θώπες λόγοι or
ways]. θωπεύω or ψευδοστομεϊν.
13. pure, åyvós,oáøpwv, vyviouévos.
EXERCISES. 91
HERALD .
Thou hast prayed well; for whoso fears not these,
but once being prosperous waxes huge of heart, 15
him shall some new thing unaware destroy.
INBURNE.
15. “puffs up his heart proud,' 16 . unaware, láopa, or use lav.

Oyków . Dávw .
XXXIV .
King Henry - P. of Wales — Q . Margaret — Exeter.
K . Sad-hearted men,much overgrown with care,
here sits a king more woful than you are.
P . Fly, father , fly : for all your friends are fled ,
and Warwick rages like a chafèd bull :
away ! for death doth hold us in pursuit.
Q . Mount you, my lord ; toward Berwick post amain :
Edward and Richard , like a brace of greyhounds
having the fearful flying hare in sight,
with fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath,
and bloody steel grasp'd in their irefulhands,
are at our backs : and therefore, hence amain .
E . Away, for vengeance comes along with them :
nay, stay not to expostulate ; make speed ;
or else come after ; I'll away before.
K . Nay, take me with thee, good sweet Exeter,
not that I fear to stay, but love to go
whither the queen intends. Forward : away !
SHAKESPEARE.
1. "bearing many heavy woes.' hounds, simply dogs' or
2. sits, first person . " Spartan dogs.'
3. are fled , olxovtai. 10 . grasped , shaking,' seizing,'
4. Warwick, ’Axilleús ; chafed , málw, pápttw, Saußávw ,
. angry,' Quoño Oal. etc.
5 . death , Oávatos, ubpos, Arons. 12 . vengeance, třois, Tolvý, atn.
6. 'speed your horses, O king, to 13. ' cease from wailing.'
the city.' 15. good sweet Exeter, dearest .of
7 . Edward and Richard, doooi men .'
’Arpeidac ; a brace of grey- 17. intends, calls,'• Jeads,''bids.'
92 : EXERCISES .
XXXV.
Mother, most sacred of all names, I come
to deprecate thy curses, not to sue
for pardon , howsoe'er to thee I seem
a sinner, and hateful in thy sight to-day.
What shall I say ? thou knowest my heart and hand , 5
thou know 'st I loved and slew him : know 'st thou why ?
Nay, for thou shrink 'st as from a loathly thing,
and in thy soul unnatural hate is more
than thy most natural sorrow . As for me,
I feel no prick of shame, for allmy woe. 10
For Corinth 's sake, because his mind was set
on villanies : because he took to bride
power , and gat death to firstborn, and with death
falsehood and fraud and every vice of kings :
because of all these things, for Corinth's sake, 15
yea, therefore, mother , for thy sake and mine,
I did not fear to slay him . RHOADES.
1. called a holy name.' 11. Corinth , the city ;' because
2 . I come . . . to deprecate, ús he chose to do shameful
Tapaltolunu. deeds ' (orpocíleto).
4 . a sinner, ' to sin most evilly . 12. to bride, és léxos, és éxtpa ,
6 . why, g 59. ' but why thou éyelv, or găueîv.
know 'st not, but shrink'st? 15 . because of, évekă, oŰveră, årti,
. . . (årootpéDeobal with ă m olvă, zăpiv, all with gen .
acc.). 16 . for thy sakeand mine, 'helping
8 - 9 . . .. ' casting outthy natural thee and me.'
sorrow thou cherishest un . 17. to slay, un oủ kataOPÁSELV or
natural hate ;' natural, ÅTokTeivai or, etc. (for un où
ανθρώπειος, κατ’ άνθρωπον. see § 29].
10. ' I am not ashamed .'
XXXVI.
Messenger- Queen - Duchess of York.
M . The sum of all I can, I have disclosed ;
why, or for what, the nobles were committed
1. all I know ' (Tráv0' 80', coa , 2. nobles were committed, ‘he has
óróva) ; ‘I have shewn ' or imprisoned (δέω or είργω)the
said ' or thou hast heard . princes' (dual or plural).
EXERCISES.
is all unknown to me, my gracious lady.
Q . Ay me, I see the ruin of my house !
the tiger now hath seized the gentle hind ;
insulting tyranny begins to jet
upon the innocent and aweless throne:
welcome, destruction , blood, and massacre !
I see, as in a map, the end of all.
D . Accursed and unquiet wrangling days ! 10
how many of you have mine eyes beheld ?
my husband lost his life to get the crown ;
and often up and down my sons were toss’d,
for me to joy and weep their gain and loss ;
and being seated, and domestic broils 15
clean over blown, themselves, the conquerors,
make war upon themselves. SHAKESPEARE.
4. house, 'race,' yévos; ruin , $63. 12. seeking to reign.'
5. tiger, or lion ' or 'wolf;' hind, 13-14. ‘my sons in many changes
δορκάς or έλαφος. of fortune,
6. tyranny, $ 65 ; to jet, 'rages,' caused me now joy now
luosów , ualvojai. sorrow .'
7. aweless, ápoßos [kal with dpo 15-17. “ But since (ég oŮ) domestie
Bos makes kápoßos, a long ]. strife ceased ,
8 . welcome, xaîpe. Use tolv being conquerors and seat
któvos, ' bloody.' ed on thrones
9. map, ypăoń (picture). they make war [para
10. `days (ģuata or ñuépai) of phrase and expand ] on
quarrel’ (otăois). one another.'
XXXVII.
He, with a cheerful smile, as one whose mind
is all made up, in haste put off the rags
they had mock 'd his misery with , and all in white,
his long white beard down-sweeping to the chain ,
wherewith they bound him to the stake, he stood,
1, with a smile, MELÔTÔ , yedwv; 3. hismisery, $ 63.
cheerful, adv., neut. adj., 4. down -sweeping, letting down
or masc. adj. ; as one . . . (rădels) his . . . beard (TTÁ
made up , use perf. of ywv, yevelăs).'
Dokéw . 5 . stake, rupá .
EXERCISES.
more like an ancient father of the Church ,
than heretic of these times ; and still the friars
plied him , but Cranmer only shook his head ;
whereat Lord Williams gave a sudden cry :
“ Make short ! make short !” and so they lit the wood. 10
Then Cranmer lifted his left hand to heaven,
and thrust his right into the bitter flame ;
and crying, in his deep voice, more than once,
“ This hath offended — this unworthy hand !”
so held it till it all was burn'd . 15
TENNYSON.
6 . father of the church , ſepeús. 8. plied, ' questioned ;' shook his
7. heretic, QO ETTOS, dvooeßńs ; of head , åvalvouai.
these times, ò vûv ; the friars, 9. Lord Williams, "themaster.'
they,' oi dé. 10. light, äntw , åvántw .
15. until, éws, čote ; hold , étréxw .
XXXVIII.
CAES. He calls me“ boy ” ; and chides, as he had power
to beat me out of Egypt ; my messenger
he hath whipp'd with rods ; dares me to personal combat,
Caesar to Antony ; – let the old ruffian know
I have many other ways to die ; meantime
laugh at his challenge.
MAEC. Caesar must think
when one so great begins to rage, he's hunted
even to falling. Give him no breath , but now
1. chides, kặkootOuéw ; as he had 6. challenge, “ letter ;' Caesar
power, às with partic. must think . .. falling : sense :
3. whip, palw , aloow ; daresme, ‘ if one so great [as Antony ]
‘is eager to fight,' ' calls rages thus,
me out to battle. know , o king, you are
4. Caesar to Antony, compare hunting him nearly to
Aiax 467, Ouurteow móvos destruction ,
uovw ; old ruffian, dyplos 8. give no breath , do not re
répwr. lease ' (åvimui), ' press him
hard .'
EXERCISES.
make boot ofhis distraction : never anger
made good guard for itself.
CAES. Let our best heads
know , that to -morrow the last of many battles
wemean to fight : within our files there are
of those that served Mark Antony but late,
enough to fetch him in . See it done :
and feast the army ; we have store to do 't, 15
and they have earn’d the waste . Poor Antony !
SHAKESPEARE.
9. boot, use képdos, kepôalvw , etc. ; 15. we have store to do it, où
distraction , see $ 63. otāvis.
10. guard, say ' is unguarded,' 16. have earned the waste, ' for
άφρακτος, αφύλακτος, αφρού their good deeds,' ' having
pntos ; best heads, § 39. done well,' as being wor
12. within our files, with us,' 'in thy,' etc.
thisarmy,' are present,'etc.
XXXIX .
ROM . Hold , take this letter : early in the morning
see thou deliver it to my lord and father.
Give methe light. Upon thy life I charge,
whate'er thou hear’st or see'st, stand all aloof,
and do not interrupt me in my course .
Why I descend into this bed of death
is partly to behold my lady's face :
but chiefly to take thence from her dead finger
a precious ring, a ring that I must use
in dear employment. Therefore hence, begone : 10
1. hold , ča , étioxes ; early , itp . the dead,' or say “this
3 . light, oậs, lautăs, lúxvos ; upon tomb.'
thy life, if thou carest 7. partly, nprov mév, or tò mév,
(uédel) for life,' by the or TOÛTO MÉv.
gods,' etc. 8. dead finger , ‘finger (xelp) of
4. stand aloof, åtootăréw . the dead .'
6 . Put this as a question and let 10. in dear employment, cognate
7 be answer ; of death , "of acc., xuñois, xpéos.
EXERCISES.
but if thou, jealous, dost return to pry
in what I further shall intend to do,
by heaven I will tear thee joint by joint
and strew this hungry churchyard with thy limbs.
The time and my intents are savage-wild , 15
more fierce and more inexorable far
than empty tigers or the roaring sea. SHAKESPEARE.
11. pry, étiyVOOKOTEîv, ÉTTLOKOTEI , yard , å onpăyov médov .
κατασκοπείν, ίχνεύω. 17. tiger, any beast, or 'beast '
14 , strew , use äravéuw , or say generally .
' throw ; ' hungry church
XL.
AUM . Cousin , farewell : what presence must not know ,
from where you do remain let paper show
MAR. My lord, no leave take I; for I will ride,
as far as land will letme, by your side.
GAUNT. O , to what purpose dost thou hoard thy words, 5
that thou return ’st no greeting to thy friends ?
BOLING . I have too few to take my leave of you,
when the tongue's office should be prodigal
to breathe the abundant dolour of the heart.
GAUNT. Thy grief is but thy absence for a time.
BOLING . Joy absent, grief is present for that time.
GAUNT. What is six winters ? they are quickly gone.
BOLING . To men in joy ; but griefmakes one hour ten .
1-2 . Sense : 'what you cannot tell 8. Put stop after line 7 and begin
usbeing present, explain by this line and yet.' Sense :
writing from where you and yet I ought to have
must stay.' plenty to say.'
3. take leave, zalpelv Néyw , or 10. Sense : ' no long absence thou
Keleów ; ride by your side, lamentest.'
* follow ,' ' accompany.' 13. makes one hour ten , ‘lengthens,
5 . hoard, pdoveiv, peideo dai. doubles .'
6 . return'st, “ in turn. '
EXERCISES.
GAUNT. Call it a travel that thou takest for pleasure. 15

BOLING . My heart will sigh when I miscall it so ,
which finds it an inforced pilgrimage.
SHAKESPEARE.
14. think thou art travelling,' should ) find ;' pilgrimage,
ósay thou art travelling.' use verb , ékBalvw , peúyw ,
16. which finds, ' for I shall (or ÉKTÍTTW ; see § 63.
XLI.
ATALANTA.
This I have also at heart ; that not for me,
not forme only or son of mine, O girls,
the gods have wrought life , and desire of life,
heart's love and heart's division ; but for all
there shines one sun and one wind blows till night.
And when night comes the wind sinks and the sun ,
and there is no light after, and no storm ,
but sleep and much forgetfulness of things.
In such wise I gat knowledge of the gods
years hence, and heard high sayings of one most wise , 10
Eurythemis my mother ; thus she said .
But whatsoever intolerable or glad
the swift hours weave and unweave, I go hence
toward mine and me sufficient ; and what chance
the gods cast lots for and shake out on us, 15
that shall we take, and that much bear withal.
SWIN
SWINBURNE.
1. have at heart, ' consider,' 'per πόλλ' έτη, ετών προ πολλών,
ceive,' ' know ,' ' feel' ; that, παλαι .
ötl, us, oűvekă, oboúveka . 11. Evpūdeus.
4 . “love and bitter hatred.' 13. unweave, low .
8. forgetfulness of things, anon. 14 . ' sufficient for (åpkowoa ) my.
9. knowledge of the gods, say self and my own ones.'
| ep Tép . 15 . cast lots . . . shake . . . chance,
10. years hence,'many years ago,' Tălos, klipos, TỦxn, Molpa ,
Năxos,mállw , kinpów , véuw ,
ÈKoelw .
EXERCISES.
XLII.
Come, come ; no time for lamentation now ,
nor much more cause ; Samson hath quit himself
like Samson , and heroicly hath finished
a life heroic , on his enemies
fully revenged ; hath left them years ofmourning, 5
and lamentation to the sons of Caphtor,
through all Philistian bounds ; to Israel
honour hath left and freedom , let but them
find courage to lay hold on this occasion ;
to himself and father 's house eternal fame ; 10
and, which is best and happiest yet, all this
with God not parted from him , as was feared ,
but favouring and assisting to the end .
Nothing is here for tears, nothing to wail
or knock the breast ; no weakness , no contempt, 15
dispraise, or blame ; nothing but well and fair,
and what may quiet us in a death so noble.
MILTON.
1. time, ăkuń, kalpós. 9. find courage, ' dare ;' occasion ,

2. Samson, 88€ ; quit himself like Kalpós.
Samson , ' has done things 11. but the best . . . I have not
worthy of himself,' 'pre told, for he did all this with
served his own nature God, etc.
(pvous), "shown himself 14. for tears, 'worthy of . . . ';
(Trépavtal) such as he was wail or knock the breast,
born ( ov).' KÓTTOMal, Kouuoi, oiuwrn,
3. heroicly . . . heroic, käròs xăđãs. or literally.
5. years of mourning, ' to mourn 17. what may quiet us, ‘ his . . .
long,' long-lived (uakpalwv) death wemay bear quietly, '
lamento' g 63. or ' one should not grieve
6. Kapiopeios. overmuch ' or ' violently.'
7 . yñ Bricotla ; Israel, " citizens,'
' the city .'
EXERCISES.
XLIII.
ISIAS. .. . So being asked
Whether I count it wisdom , having won,
to keep the prize or yield it, this or that,
I square my answer to the soldier's rule
that serves me for a better : might is right. 5
TIMOLEON . Sirs, I have heard your counsels : naught remains
but that I scrutinise their weight, and act
by what the scale determines. Now to rest .
GENERALS. Good -night,my lord .
TIMOLEON. Good -night. So Dion fell
seduced by such -like arguments, a man 10
who marred the perfect picture of a life
by one black smutch at ending. More than he
none loathed the vice of greatness : yet he
dreamed
of arbitrary power, as 'twere a garb
which , made for base men , might take shape
15
to fit
the limbs of noble action : so he doffed
the saving robe of honour, and did on
the poison that consumed him .
RHOADES.
2 wisdom , $ 63. 11. “who spoiled a blameless life,
3. omit this or that. like a bad painter defiling
4. " I speak in harmony with the picture with foul touch
(oúupwvov) the laws of (Bolý) at the last.' Or
battle,' or words fit for a abandon the metaphor and
soldier.' give the general sense : see
5 . ' and I know no better : ' $ 74 .
might, Bla , Tò kpelooov. 13. vice of greatness, $ 63.
7. scrutinise their weight, ' ex- 14. arbitrary power, tŭpavvis.
amine as in a scale (orăQuós) 15 . might take shape to fit, 'which
and act as it may incline hemightadapt' (uebapuośw );
(ợémw ).' omit limbs.
9. good -night, ‘ farewell.' 17 . did on, åupißádomai, dumlo .
10. seduced , ‘ led astray ,' ' de. χομαι.
ceived .'
100 EXERCISES.
XLIV .
VEN. Ho, young men ! saw you, as you came,
any of allmy sisters wandering here,
having a quiver girded to her side,
and clothed in a spotted leopard's skin ?
Æn. I neither saw nor heard of any such .
But what may I, fair virgin , call your name,
whose looks set forth no mortal form to view ,
nor speech bewrays aught human in thy birth ?
Thou art a goddess that delud'st our eyes,
and shroud'st thy beauty in this borrowed shape : 10
but whether thou the Sun's bright sister be,
or one of chaste Diana's fellow -nymphs,
live happy in the height of all content,
and lighten our extremes with this one boon,
as to instruct us under what good heaven 15
we breathe as now , and what this world is call’d
on which by tempests' fury we are cast.
MARLOWE.
3. quiver, păpétpā , say “ having 10. borrowed , 'false,' ' changed ,'
fitted ,' ápuófw , a postionul. pevońs, álloios, or use
4. spotted , otiKTÓS ; leopard - skin , Morów , or årldoow (comp.) .
Trapdălnpopov dépos, or 12. Diana , "Apteuis ; fellow .
• dépua. (nymphs), ómädós,apóstolos.
6 . virgin , rapoévos, kópn , déontolva, 13. ' in all prosperity,' ' in hap
άνασσα. piest fortune.'
7-8. set forth . . . bewrays . . . use 14 . our extremes, us distressed.'
Maprūpô , or onlów , or palvw , 17 . tempest, tūpus, oknatós, movtía
or dokeiv ; mortal . . . human , ζάλη, κυμάτων βία, μένος
βρότειος, θνητός, ανθρώπειος, Cărárons, Tvellua .
κατ’ άνθρωπον.
XLV .
PAR. Stop thy unhallowed toil, vile Montague !
Can vengeance be pursued further than death ?
1. vile Montague, “accursed one,' 2. “what vengeance is there.'
Sevil man .'
EXERCISES. IOI
Condemned villain , I do apprehend thee :

obey and go with me, for thou must die .
Rom . I must indeed ; and therefore came I hither.
Good gentle youth , tempt not a desperate man ;
fly hence, and leave me; think upon these gone;
let them affright thee. I beseech thee, youth ,
put not another sin upon my head ,
by urging me to fury : O be gone ! 10
by heaven I love thee better than myself :
for I come hither armed against myself:
stay not, begone : live, and hereafter say,
A madman 's mercy bade thee run away.
SHAKESPEARE.
3 . apprehend , outlaußdvw . κείμενοι, τεθνηκότες, όλωλότες ,
5 . indeed, uévtol, kai kápta. κατθανόντες.
7. think upon . . . affright thee, 9. don 't make me sin again .
* dost thou not fear seeing 14, 'Imerciful( eŮ Apovwv)although
these dead ;' verpol,Băvóvres, mad.' $ 63.
XLVI.
More than I have said , loving countrymen,
the leisure and enforcement of the time
forbids to dwell on : yet remember this —
God and our good cause fightupon our side ;
the prayers of holy saints and wrongèd souls,
like high-rear'd bulwarks, stand before our faces ;
Richard except, those whom we fight against
had rather have us win , than him they follow :
for what is he they follow ? truly, gentlemen,
a bloody tyrant and homicide ; 10
one raised in blood, and one in blood establish'd ;
2. "we have no leisure in our 7 . Richard , “ the tyrant,' or
troubles.' Kpéwv, or EỞpŭtos.
5 . holy saints, holy men ;? 11. raised and established, ' having
wronged souls, deknuévol. got power and holding it ;'
6. bulwark , múpyos, émanžis, teix blood , póvos.
loua ; stand ...faces, protect.'
ne 4 tuge nema ni same in viat le mani .
***8 14 11 mar. 10 nens i nein Jim :
** * ' tine Beate TrSEKR 19 de i
. 2 har r 'lons ie 1 7 wes :
* ** * go on sent
SEITE
% mademm maas, nai : 14 3 . esimes the netage:
* tita tolenti on the thrine
- - Ice fake jewel in gobi
mon ' ustensen setting is opézis casos
iwa
XLVII.
1.44, My lord :
Tim Take thou this proclamation ;
sce it he cried at dawn through Syracuse,
and bid our captain of the watch come hither :
this to the late commander of the fort,
all useful arms and properties of war
to bo transported hence three hours ere noon .
Yot tarry --of what temper is the night ?
La, The night was passionato and scowling-dark
but it is pant,my lord .
Tim . In truth so soon ?
llow day forgots us in these gloomy walls ! 10
Yon window should look oast : uncurtain it ;
Ii lori lin answer to oall). 1 7. temper, nature, appear
ance. '
Mi leo www hear; ' 8. scowling dark, use ouroopvoût.
Bai.
10 Norgets as lingers,' 'comes
* * ** whatever is useful late,' keeps aloof,'
Il fer caso, Tds w ; scindow ,
EXERCISES. 103
I tell thee 'tis no stale or common sight

the birth -dawn of a people.
Lys. Behold ! my lord,
as 'twere a ship on fire far out to sea.
Tim . Behold ! indeed . Ay, Lysias, thou wert right ; 15
put out my glimmering lamp : the sun is risen !
RHOADES.
12. stale or common, . cheap,' 'poor. 13. birth-dawn of a people,
' dawn of a free day .' 16 . glimmering , duavpós.
XLVIII.
I cannot joy, until I be resolved
where our right valiant father is become.
I saw him in the battle range about;
and watch'd him how he singled Clifford forth .
Methought he bore him in the thickest troop
as doth a lion in a herd of neat ;
or as a bear, encompass'd round with dogs,
who having pinch 'd a few and made them cry,
the rest stand all aloof, and bark at him .
So fared our father with his enemies ;
so fled his enemies my warlike father :
methinks, 'tis prize enough to be his son.
See how the morning opes her golden gates,
and takes her farewell of the glorious sun !
how well resembles it the prime of youth , 15
trimm 'd like a younker prancing to his love ! SHAKESPEARE.
1. be resolved, learn .' bark ;' cry, kvošolluar; bark,
2. our . . . father, may be made υλακτεϊν , or ύλαγμα άγειν.
accus. by attraction (' learn 12. being his son I want no more,'
- our father, where (he) is '). or ' whatmore shall I ask ?'
4 . ' fighting, ubvos móvą , with 14. takes farewell, dismisses '
Clifford ' (any proper name (åpinue, ÅToothAlw ), or
will do). allows to depart.'
7. bear, dpktos may be fem . 15- 16 . it resembles a youth '(or
8.9. of whoin somehehas bitten ' young bridegroom ' yau
so as to cry ' or ' destroyed Bpós), * in his prime ( paios);'
crying, but the others . . . prancing, say with light
foot ' or ' leap.'
88 EXERCISES.
Will they fight with their foes, in their hands
holding quoits ? or with their feet empty balls
striking, will they drive out the enemy from the land ?
When war is present these things appear foolish . 10
Wherefore rather the wise and the good
ought to be crowned , and whosoever rules the city
best, being a prudent and just man.
8 . kevbs, opalpa . 11. wherefore, ipòs Tallra .
9. Deivw . 12. otépeodai, cúdúvw .
10. u @ pos. 13. owopwv.
Note. — Thirty additional Easy Exercises will be found at page 145.
[From this point onwards the pieces will all be select passages of
English poetry , graduated so as to begin with the easier pieces, or
pieces which with our notes are made the easier. ]
XXXI.
AE. And to what friends should I for aid apply ?
ME. The royal race of Temenus, in Argos
AE. That house, like ours, intestine murder maims.
ME. Thy Spartan cousins, Procles and his brother
AE. Love a won cause, but not a cause to win .
ME. My father, then, and his Arcadian chiefs
AE. Mean still to keep aloof from Dorian broil.
ME. Wait, then , until sufficient help appears.
AE. Orestes in Mycenae had no more.
ME. He to fulfil an order raised his hand .
AE. What order more precise had he than I }
Consult $ 76 throughout.
1. ask (althoquar), to aid . 5. say love (men ) having won , not
2. say weknow themen of Temenus, trying [love is plural, con
Τημενείοι. tinued from last line ].
3. these also . . . has equally in. 6. 'Aprădes tāyol.
jured ; intestine, é vyevus. 7. årootăteîv .
4 . from Sparta , táptns áno. See 10 . Mycenae, say "Apyos if you like.
$ 57. 11. order, evtolÝ.
EXERCISES.
ME. Apollo peal'd it from his Delphian cave.

AE. A mother's murder needed hest divine.
ME. He had a hest, at least, and thou hast none.
AE. The gods command not where the heart speaks clear. 15
ME. Thou wilt destroy, I see, thyself and us.
M . ARNOLD.
12. precise, căońs. explaining line 13] ; use
13. pealed , uttered , láokw ; áno μητροκτονείν.
at end of line. 15 . where, say if or to whom .
14. insert yáo [he is admittingbut 16 . I see, use kai uñv at beginning.
XXXII.
Gloster - Buckingham .
Glos. Alas, why would you heap these cares on me ?
I am unfit for state and majesty :
I do beseech you, take it not amiss,
I cannot nor I will not yield to you.
BUCK. If you refuse it, - as, in love and zeal,
loath to depose the child , your brother's son ;
as well we know your tenderness of heart
and gentle , kind, effeminate remorse,
which we have noted in you to your kin ,
and equally indeed to all estates, 10
yet whether you accept our suit or no,
your brother's son shall never reign our king ;
1. heap on, ĉußállw . 7. 'weknow you are kind ,' où lav .
2. I am , say who am '; unfit Oávels (or lendas) 6v, etc .
for = 'not such as to ’; 8. and have a gentle nature as
state and majesty , simply = of a woman .'
rule. 10 . all estates, say all the people .'
3. take not amiss = 'forgive me.' 11. you accept our suit, simply
5 -6. ' If you reject it and will not these things seem good ,
endure to deprive' [omit you approve of this,' etc.
love and zeal] . 12. shall never reign , use où uń.
EXERCISES.
but we will plant some other in the throne,

to the disgrace and downfall of your house :
and in this resolution here we leave you. 15
Come, citizens : we will entreat no more.
SHAKESPEARE.
13-14 . transpose the lines ; ‘wiping being resolved ! (dok @ ), use
out (égalelow ) your dishon absolute construction intro
oured race wewillelseestablish duced by ws.
(idpów ) some onee else.'
' 16. let these thingsbe (čáw ); 'enough
15. in this resolution = ' thesethings of prayers.'
XXXIII.
HERALD.
There now they rest ; but me the king bade bear
good tidings to rejoice this town and thee.
Wherefore be glad, and all ye give much thanks,
for fallen is all the trouble of Calydon.
ALTHÆA.
Laud ye the gods; for this they have given is good ,
and what shall be they hidē until their time.
Much good and somewhat grievous hast thou said ,
and either well; but let all sad things be,
till all have made before the prosperous gods
burnt-offering, and pour'd out the floralwine. 10
Look fair, O gods, and favourable ; for we
praise you with no false heart or flattering mouth ,
being merciful, but with pure souls and prayer.
1. rest, káonytal. 8. either well, ' I praise both ';
2. ' these things to you and the let be, use éów .
land , a joy of good tidings, 10. floral, eŮbons.
xápu ' củáyyelov. See 8 69. 11. use News ofis or some such
3 . 'so that it is right' (deî, eikos, phrase.
Xpeúv, etc.). 12-13. make it into three lines if
4. Calydon , say ' this land.' you cannot do it in two.
6 . what shall be, TÓTELTA. 12. false, alaotós, yevons ; flatter
7. somewhat, loTLV Û [in some ing, use owTES lóyou or
ways]. θωπεύω or ψευδοστομεϊν.
13. pure, áyvós,ou pwv, vyviouévos.
EXERCISES.
HERALD.
Thou hast prayed well ; for whoso fears not these,
but once being prosperous waxes huge of heart, 15
him shall some new thing unawaredestroy. NBURNE.
15. puffs up his heart proud,' 16. unaware, Xáopa , or use lav.
čoyków . Dávw .
XXXIV.
King Henry — P. of Wales — Q. Margaret — Exeter.
K . Sad-hearted men,much overgrown with care,
here sits a kingmore woful than you are.
P. Fly, father, fly : for all your friends are fled ,
and Warwick rages like a chafèd bull :
away ! for death doth hold us in pursuit .
Mount you , my lord ; toward Berwick post amain :
Edward and Richard , like a brace of greyhounds
having the fearful flying hare in sight,
with fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath,
and bloody steel grasp'd in their ireful hands,
are at our backs : and therefore, hence amain .
E . Away, for vengeance comes along with them :
nay, stay not to expostulate ; make speed ;
or else come after ; I'll away before.
K . Nay, takeme with thee, good sweet Exeter, 15
not that I fear to stay, but love to go
whither the queen intends. Forward : away !
SHAKESPEARE.
1. "bearing many heavy woes.' hounds, simply 'dogs ' or
2 . sits, first person . Spartan dogs.'
3. are fled, oíxovtal. 10 . grasped , shaking,' seizing,'
4 . Warwick , ’Axilleús ; chafèd , állw , uápttw , laußávw ,
: 'angry,' Oūuollolai. etc .
5 . death , Oávatos, uopos, Arons 12. vengeance, třors, Tolvý , ātn .
6. " speed your horses, O king, to 13. cease from wailing.'
the city.' 15. good sweet Exeter, dearest of
7. Edward and Richard , aloooi men .'
’Arpeîdal ; a brace of grey- 17. intends, " calls,' " leads,' bids.'
EXERCISES.
XXXV.
Mother, most sacred of all names, I come
to deprecate thy curses, not to sue
for pardon , howsoe'er to thee I seem
a sinner, and hateful in thy sight to-day.
What shall I say ? thou knowest my heart and hand , 5
thou know 'st I loved and slew him : know 'st thou why ?
Nay, for thou shrink'st as from a loathly thing,
and in thy soul unnatural hate is more
than thy most natural sorrow . As for me,
I feel no prick of shame, for allmy woe. 10
For Corinth 's sake, because his mind was set
on villanies : because he took to bride
power, and gat death to firstborn , and with death
falsehood and fraud and every vice of kings :
because of all these things, for Corinth 's sake , 15
yea, therefore ,mother , for thy sake and mine,
I did not fear to slay him . RHOADES.
1 . called a holy name. 11. Corinth , “ the city ;' because
2 . I come . . . to deprecate, ús he chose to do shameful
παραιτοίμην. deeds ' ( poeleto).
4 . a sinner, ' to sin most evilly . 12. to bride, és léxos, és Xéktpa ,
6 . why , § 59. but why thou ãyelv , or găueîv.
know'st not,but shrink 'st ' 15. because of, čvexă, oövexă, årti,
. . . (åmootpepeodal with ă touă, zăpiv, all with gen .
acc.) . 16 . for thysake and mine, ' helping
8 - 9. . . . ' casting out thy natural thee and me.'
sorrow thou cherishest un 17. to slay, un oŮ katao Páčelv or
natural hate ;' natural, ÅTOKTEîval or, etc. [for us oŮ
ανθρώπειος, κατ’ άνθρωπον. see § 29].
10. “ I am not ashamed.'
XXXVI.
Messenger — Queen - Duchess of York.
M . The sum of all I can, I have disclosed ;
why, or for what, the nobles were committed
1. “all I know ' (tráv O' 80', öva, 2. nobles were committed , he has
Onora ); ' I have shewn ' or imprisoned ( δέω or είργω)the
said ' or thou hast heard . princes ' (dual or plural).
EXERCISES.
is all unknown to me,my gracious lady.
Q . Ay me, I see the ruin of my house !
the tiger now hath seized the gentle hind ;
insulting tyranny begins to jet
upon the innocent and aweless throne :
welcome, destruction , blood, and massacre !
I see, as in a map, the end of all.
D . Accursed and unquiet wrangling days ! 10
how many of you havemine eyes beheld ?
my husband lost his life to get the crown ;
and often up and down my sons were toss'd ,
for me to joy and weep their gain and loss ;
and being seated , and domestic broils 15
clean over blown, themselves,the conquerors,
make war upon themselves. SHAKESPEARE.
4. house, ' race,' yévos ; ruin, $ 63. 12. seeking to reign.'
5 . tiger, or ' lion ' or 'wolf;' hind , 13-14. my sons in many changes
δορκάς or ελάφος. of fortune,
'6. tyranny, $ 65 ; to jet, 'rages,' caused me now joy now
voodw , uaivouai. sorrow . '
7 . aweless, o poßos [kal with doo. 15 - 17 . “ But since (è oŮ) domestie
Bos makes kápoßos, a long ]. strife ceased ,
8 . welcome, xaipe. Use Tolv. being conquerorsand seat
KTÓvos, bloody.' ed on thrones
9. map, ypăoń (picture). they make war [para
10. “days (Buata or ñuépar) of phrase and expand ] on
quarrel '(otãous). one another. '
XXXVII.
He, with a cheerful smile, as one whose mind
is all made up, in haste put off the rags
they had mock 'd his misery with, and all in white,
his long white beard down -sweeping to the chain ,
wherewith they bound him to the stake, he stood ,
1, with a smile, MELÔL@ v, yelớv ; 3. his misery, § 63.
cheerful, adv., neut. adj., 4. down-sweeping, ‘ letting down
or masc . adj. ; as one . . . (ră@ els) his . . . beard (Tú
made up, use perf. of ywv, yeverăs).'
δοκέω. 5 . stake, rūpá.
94 EXERCISES.
more like an ancient father of the Church,

than heretic of these times ; and still the friars
plied him , but Cranmer only shook his head ;
whereat Lord Williams gave a sudden cry :
“ Make short ! make short !” and so they lit the wood. 10
Then Cranmer lifted his left hand to heaven ,
and thrust his right into the bitter flame;
and crying, in his deep voice , more than once,
“ This hath offended — this unworthy hand !”
so held it till it all was burn 'd . 15
TENNYSON.
6 . father of the church, Tepeús. 8. plied, ' questioned ;' shook his
7. heretic, VOETTOS, dvooeßńs ; of head , ávalvojai.
these times, o vûv ; the friars, 9. Lord Williams, 'the master.'
' they,' oi de. 10. light, äntw , åvántw .
15. until, čws, čote ; hold , értéxw .
XXXVIII.
CAES. He calls me “ boy” ; and chides, as he had power
to beat me out of Egypt ; mymessenger
he hath whipp'd with rods ; dares me to personal combat,
Caesar to Antony ; – let the old ruffian know
I have many other ways to die ; meantime
laugh at his challenge.
MAEC. Caesar must think
when one so great begins to rage, he's hunted
even to falling. Give him no breath , but now
1. chides, xăkootoutw ; as he had 6. challenge, “ letter ;' Caesar
power, uswith partic. must think . .. falling : sense :
3. whip, palw ,ańoow ; dares me, “ if one so great [as Antony]
‘ is eager to fight,' calls rages thus,
me out to battle .? know , o king, you are
4 . Caesar to Antony, compare hunting him nearly to
Aiax 467, Ovureowy Móvos destruction .'
uðvw ; old ruffian, šyplos 8. give no breath , do not re
yépwv. lease ' (åvimui), ' press him
hard.'
EXERCISES.
make boot of his distraction : never anger

made good guard for itself.
CAES. Let our best heads
know , that to-morrow the last of many battles
we mean to fight : within our files there are
of those that served Mark Antony but late,
enough to fetch him in. See it done :
and feast the army ; we have store to do 't, 15
and they have earn'd the waste. Poor Antony !
SHAKESPEARE.
9. boot, use képôos, kepôalvw , etc. ; 15. we have store to do it, où
distraction , see § 63. otăvis .
10 . guard, say ' is unguarded ,' 16 . have earned the waste, ‘for
άφρακτος, αφύλακτος, αφρού their good deeds,' ' having
pntos ; best heads, 39. done well,' ' as being wor
12. within our files, with us,' 'in thy,' etc.
thisarmy,' are present,'etc.
XXXIX.
Rom . Hold , take this letter : early in the morning
see thou deliver it to my lord and father.
Give me the light. Upon thy life I charge,
whate'er thou hear'st or see'st, stand all aloof,
and do not interrupt me in my course.
Why I descend into this bed of death
is partly to behold my lady's face :
but chiefly to take thence from her dead finger
a precious ring, a ring that I must use
in dear employment. Therefore hence, begone : 10
1. hold, ča, ètioxes ; early , apų . the dead,' or say “ this
3. light, dậs, Najmăs, lèxvos ; upon tomb.
thy life, ' if thou carest 7. partly , npôrov uév, or to uév,
(Médel) for life,' 'by the or TOÛTo uév.
gods,' etc. 8. dead finger , ‘ finger (xelp ) of
4. stand aloof, årrootăréw . the dead.'
6 . Put this as a question and let 10. in dear employment, cognate
7 be answer ; of death, ‘ of acc ., xpñois, xpéos.
EXERCISES.
but if thou, jealous, dost return to pry
in what I further shall intend to do,
by heaven I will tear thee joint by joint
and strew this hungry churchyard with thy limbs.
The time and my intents are savage-wild , 15
more fierce and more inexorable far
than empty tigers or the roaring sea.
SHAKESPEARE.
11. pry, FLYVOJ KOT EîV , ÉTLO KOTEV, yard , õöroãyov téôov .
KATAG KOT€lv , ixveuw . 17. tiger , any beast , or ' beast '
14 . strew , use õlavéuw , or say generally.
“ throw ;' hungry church
XL.
AUM . Cousin, farewell : what presence must notknow ,
from where you do remain let paper show
MAR. My lord, no leave take I ; for I will ride,
as far as land will letme, by your side.
GAUNT. O, to what purpose dost thou hoard thy words, 5
that thou return'st no greeting to thy friends ?
BOLING. I have too few to takemy leave of you,
when the tongue's office should be prodigal
to breathe the abundant dolour of the heart.
GAUNT. Thy grief is but thy absence for a time.
BOLING . Joy absent, grief is present for that time.
GAUNT. What is six winters ? they are quickly gone.
-
BOLING . To men in joy ; but griefmakes one hour ten .

- -
-
1 -2. Sense : ' what you cannot tell 8. Put stop after line 7 and begin
.
us being present, explain by this line and yet.' Sense :

writing from where you and yet I ought to have
must stay.' plenty to say.'
3. take leave, xalpelv Néyw , or 10. Sense : 'no long absence thou
keleów ; ride by your side, lamentest.'
' follow ,' 'accompany. 13. makes onehour ten , ‘ lengthens,
5. hoard , poveiv, peideo Dai. doubles.'
0. return 'st, in turn.'
EXERCISES.
GAUNT. Call it a travel that thou takest for pleasure.
BOLING. My heart will sigh when I miscall it so, 15
which finds it an inforced pilgrimage.
SHAKESPEARE.
14 . “ think thou art travelling,' should) find ;' pilgrimage,
say thou art travelling.' use verb , ékBaivw , peúyw ,
16 . which finds, for I shall (or ÉKTÍTTW ; see § 63.
XLI.
ATALANTA .
This I have also at heart ; that not for me,
not for me only or son of mine, O girls,
the gods have wrought life, and desire of life ,
heart's love and heart's division ; but for all
there shines one sun and one wind blows till night. 5
And when night comes the wind sinks and the sun,
and there is no light after, and no storm ,
but sleep and much forgetfulness of things.
In such wise I gat knowledge of the gods
years hence, and heard high sayings of one most wise , 10
Eurythemis my mother ; thus she said .
But whatsoever intolerable or glad
the swift hours weave and unweave, I go hence
toward mine and me sufficient ; and what chance
the gods cast lots for and shake out on us,
that shall we take, and thatmuch bear withal.
INBURNE.
1. have atheart,“ consider,'«per tól ? ČTN, TÔV Tpò molôv,

ceive,' ' know ,' ' feel' ; that, nalai.
Őri, us, ouvekă, odoúveka. 11. Evpūbejus.
4 . ' love and bitter hatred.' 13. unweave, Xów.
8. forgetfulness of things, ańon. 14 . sufficient for (åpkoûo a) my
9. knowledge of the gods, say self and my own ones.'
Oev népi. 15 . cast lots . . . shake . . . chance ,
10. years hence, 'many years ago,' Tălos, klipos, TỪxn, Moipa,
Năxos, mallw , kimpów , véuw ,
èKoelw .
ES
R CIS
98 EXE .
XLII.
Come, come; no time for lamentation now ,
nor much more cause ; Samson hath quit himself
like Samson , and heroicly hath finished
a life heroic, on his enemies
fully revenged ; hath left them years ofmourning, 5
and lamentation to the sons of Caphtor,
through all Philistian bounds ; to Israel
honour hath left and freedom , let but them
find courage to lay hold on this occasion ;
to himself and father's house eternal fame; 10
and, which is best and happiest yet, all this
with God not parted from him , as was feared ,
but favouring and assisting to the end.
Nothing is here for tears, nothing to wail
or knock the breast ; no weakness, no contempt, 15
dispraise, or blame; nothing but well and fair,
and what may quiet us in a death so noble.
MILTON .
1. time, ăxuń, kalpós. 9. find courage, ' dare ;' occasion,

2. Samson , 7de ; quit himself like Kalpos.
Samson , ' has done things 11. but the best . . . I have not
worthy of himself,' ' pre told, for he did all this with
served his own nature God , etc.'
(pvous),' 'shown himself 14. for tears, 'worthy of . . . ' ;
(médavtal) such as he was wail or knock the breast,
born (Ěpu).' KÓTTOjai, Koumoi, oiuwrn,
3. heroicly .. . heroic, călds xăXôs. or literally.
5 . years of mourning, ' to mourn 17. what may quiet us, his . . .
long,' 'long-lived (uakpalwv) death wemay bear quietly,'
lament.' $ 63. or ' one should not grieve
6. Kapoopeios. overmuch ' or ' violently.'
7. un cotla ; Israel, citizens,'
the city .'
EXERCISES. 99
XLIII.
ISIAS. . . . So being asked
Whether I count it wisdom , having won ,
to keep the prize or yield it, this or that,
I square myanswer to the soldier's rule
that serves me for a better: might is right. 5
TIMOLEON. Sirs, I have heard your counsels : naught remains
but that I scrutinise their weight, and act
by what the scale determines . Now to rest.
GENERALS. Good -night, my lord.
TIMOLEON . Good-night. So Dion fell
seduced by such-like arguments, a man 10
who marred the perfect picture of a life
by one black smutch at ending. More than he
none loathed the vice of greatness: yet he
dreamed
of arbitrary power, as 'twere a garb
which, made for base men, might take shape
15
to fit
the limbs of noble action : so he doffed
the saving robe of honour, and did on
the poison that consumed him .
RHOADES.
2 wisdom , $ 63. 11. “who spoiled a blameless life,
3. omit this or that. like a bad painter defiling
4. ' I speak in harmony with the picture with foul touch
(oúmowvov) the laws of (Bonn ) at the last.' Or
battle,' or ' words fit for a abandon the metaphor and
soldier.' give the general sense : see
5. 'and I know no better :' $ 74 .
might, Bia , Tò kpelooov. 13. vice of greatness, $ 63.
7. scrutinise their weight, ' ex - 14. arbitrary power, tŭpavvis.
amine as in a scale (otãouós) 15. might take shape to fit, ' which
and act as it may incline hemightadapt'(uedapuošw ) ;
(ÞÉTW ).' omit limbs.
9. good -night, farewell.' 17. did on , åuppállomai, durio .
10. seduced , ' led astray,' ' de xoual.
ceived .'
100 EXERCISES.
XLIV .
VEN. Ho, young men ! saw you, as you came,
any of all my sisters wandering here,
and clothéd in a spotted leopard's skin ?
Æn. I neither saw nor heard of any such.
Thou art a goddess that delud 'st our eyes,
but whether thou the Sun's bright sister be,
and lighten our extremes with this one boon ,
we breathe as now , and what this world is call'd
MARLOWE.
3. quiver, păpétpā, say ' having 10. borrowed , ‘ false, "changed,'
fitted,' åpuošw , atpostionui. yevðńs, dalolos, or use
4. spotted , Otlitós ; leopard - skin, ållaców , or álldoow ( comp.).
napôănpópov dépos, or 12. Diana , " Apteuis ; fellow
• dépua. (nymphs), órādós, a póstolos.
6 . virgin , rapoévos, kópy , déomolva , 13. ' in all prosperity,' ' in hap
ävaooa . piest fortune. '
7- 8. set forth . . . bewrays . . . use 14. our extremes, ' us distressed .'
Maprūpw , or onlów , or galvw , 17. tempest, tūdús, OKYTTÓs, movtia
or dokeiv ;mortal . . . human , ζάλη, κυμάτων βία, μένος
βρότειος, θνητός, ανθρώπειος, Bărárons, arveûna .
κατ’ άνθρωπον.
XLV.
1. vile Montague, 'accursed one,' 2. "what vengeance is there.'
evil man . '
EXERCISES. 101
Condemned villain , I do apprehend thee :

Good gentle youth , tempt not a desperate man ;
fly hence , and leave me ; think upon these gone;
let them affright thee. I beseech thee, youth,
for I come hither armed against myself :
A madman's mercy bade thee run away.
SHAKESPEARE.
3 . apprehend , ovllaußávw . κείμενοι, τεθνηκότες, όλωλότες,
5. indeed , uévtol, kai kápta. κατθανόντες .
dost thou not fear seeing 14 , 'Imerciful (ell dpovớv)although
these dead ;' vekpoi,dăvóvres, mad .' $ 63.
XLVI.
More than I have said , loving countrymen ,
forbids to dwell on : yet remember this,
God and our good cause fight upon our side;
for what is he they follow ? truly , gentlemen ,
one raised in blood , and one in blood establish 'd ;
2. we have no leisure in our 7. Richard , ' the tyrant,' or
troubles.' Kpéwv, or EŰpūtos.
5. holy saints, holy men ;' 11. raised and established , 'having
wronged souls, ndıknuévol. got power and holding it ;'
6. bulwark, múpyos, étangis, teix blood , póvos.
loua ; stand ...faces, ' protect.'
102 EXERCISES.
one that made means to come by what he hath,

and slaughter'd those that were the means to help him ;
a base foul stone, made precious by the foil
of England's chair, where he is falsely set ; 15
one that hath ever been God's enemy.
SHAKESPEARE.
12. mademeans,make it personal : 14-15 . use simile for themetaphor :
by means of others ob . ' sits splendid on the throne
tained,' or ' found men by . . . like false jewel in gold
whom ,'or 'persuaded others setting (oppāyis or opev
to help .' dovń).'
XLVII.
Lys. My lord !
TIM . Take thou this proclamation ;
see it be cried at dawn through Syracuse,
and bid our captain of the watch comehither :
all usefularms and properties of war
to be transported hence three hours ere noon .
Yet tarry - of what temper is the night ?
Lys. The night was passionate and scowling-dark
but it is past,my lord . . .
TIM . In truth so soon ?
How day forgets us in these gloomy walls ! 10
Yon window should look east : uncurtain it ;
1. my lord [in answer to call], ' I 7. temper, nature,' 'appear
am here.' ance.'
2. “let Συράκουσαι hear.' 8. scowling dark , use ouvoppvoão-
3. Opóupapxos. dal.
4. “the late,' ó aplv, 10 . forgets us, ' lingers,' ' comes
5. armsand whatever is useful, late,' keeps aloof.'
or whatever arms. ll. look east, apos ñê ; window ,
6 . three hours ere noon, simply oðpls, tpîua.
ere midday. '
EXERCISES. 103

the birth-dawn of a people .
Lys. Behold ! my lord,
as 'twere a ship on fire far out to sea .
put outmy glimmering lamp : the sun is risen !
RHOADES.
12. stale or common , cheap,' ' poor. 13. birth-dawn of a people ,
dawn of a free day.' 16 . glimmering, ăpavpós.
XLVIII.
I saw him in the battle range about ;
and watch'd him how he singled Clifford forth.
as doth a lion in a herd of neat;
who having pinch 'd a few and made them cry,
So fared our father with his enemies ;
methinks, 'tis prize enough to be his son.
See how themorning opes her golden gates,
1. be resolved, learn.' bark ;' cry,kvogoûuat; bark,
2. our . .. father, may be made υλακτεϊν, or ύλαγμα άγειν.
accus. by attraction (' learn 12. ' being his son Iwant no more,'
- our father , where (he) is '). or 'whatmore shall I ask ?'
4. ' fighting, ubros ubvy , with 14 . takes farewell, "dismisses '
Clifford ' (any proper name (åpinue, ÅTTOOTÉ / w ), or
7. bear, ópktos may be fem . 15 -16 . “ it resembles a youth ' (or
8-9. of whoin somehe has bitten ' young bridegroom ' yau
so as to cry ' or destroyed Bpós), ‘ in his prime(úpałos);'
foot ' or ' leap.'
EXERCISES
ILI
03 . Ferer, itse eart 19e ebaveda ole.
The Bat 33 .n sit us be same zabelae.
Gi.Hier 22 ateize mye
T. I. 909 ve bolnot
lis. The area s of her true thate .
Ts. An1n01in154 poor and desolate.
( 1. Who can forzet, a jezel of such price !
Ts. She that hath learned to master her desires.
Lat reason work , what time doth easily frame
in meanest wits, to bear the greatest ills. 10
Gi. So plenteous are the springs
of4TOWA that increase my passion,
as neither reason can recure my smart,
nor can your care, nor fatherly comfort,
appease the stormy combats of my thoughts ; 15
such is the sweet remembrance of his life.
WILMOT.
See $ 76 all through.
1. challengell, calls out.' learn thou by reason, to
2. reason , yupin : or “ it is wiser ,' bear . . . '
or it is the part of a wise 12. spring, poń, kphun, alnupūpř's,
(woman ).' Konvis .
3 . funeral, éxodopá, rădoi. 13 . recure, åkelodau,wpeleiv, étap
M . Turtle , rpüyov, médeca, medecăs, Keiv , ião dai.
neplotepa ; mate, Euvvopos. 14 . Put it personal: 'nor can you,
7. jewel, ktua. by father 's forethought . . .'
0 . 10. what oven a foollearns by 16 . of his life, ‘ of the dead man.
time,
La Thero's nothing in this world can make me joy :

life is as tedious as a twice -told tale ,
Vexing the dull our of a drowsy man ;
to hear thesameworrls twice. 3. drowsy , 'wishing to sleep.
EXERCISES. 105
and bitter shame hath spoil'd the sweet world's taste,

that it yields naught but shameand bitterness. 5
PA. Before the curing of a strong disease,
even in the instant of repair and health,
the fit is strongest ; evils that take leave,
on their departure most of all show evil.
What have you lost by losing of this day ? 10
LE. All days of glory, joy, and happiness.
PA. If you had won it, certainly you had.
No, no ; when Fortune means to men most good ,
she looks upon them with a threatening eye.
'Tis strange to think how much king John hath lost 15
in this which he accounts so clearly won .
SHAKESPEARE.
4. sweet world 's taste, 'delight of 12 . this line being a correction ,use
life.' μεν ούν.
6 . curing . . . repair . . . health , 13-14. Perhaps simpler : ' For
tãous, ăkos, åtallărń, åpa tune means best when she
πνοή πόνων. threatens . . .!
8. is strongest, tłonie. 15 . King John : Don't say 'Iwav
10. losing of this day, 'being de vîs .
feated .'
LI.
I sought thee, Merope ; I find thee thus,
as I have ever found thee ; bent to keep,
by sad observances and public grief,
a mournful feud alive, which else would die.
I blame thee not, I do thy heart no wrong :
but, Merope, the eyes of other men
read in these actions, innocent in thee ,
perpetual promptings to rebellious hope,
beacons of vengeance, not to be let die.
And me, believe it, wise men gravely blame, 10
2 . keep alive, tpépw . mal),' or ' thou seemest to
3 . observance, say memory. prompt,' didáokw , égalpelv ,
4 . which else would , Cote uń. or fußallelvéůda, etc. ;
7 -9 . ' to others . . . thou seemest beacons, etc., not to be let
to cherish promptings (åpop die, Opuktos doBeotos.
106 EXERCISES.
and ignorantmen despise me, that I stand
passive, permitting thee what course thou wilt.
Yes, the crowd mutters that remorseful fear
and paralysing conscience stop my arm ,
when it should pluck thee from thy hostile way. 15
All this I bear, for, what I seek, I know ;
peace, peace is what I seek, and public calm .
M . ARNOLD.
12 . passive, põovuos. less my hands,' or do it
14. paralysing conscience, i.e. 'me personally , see § 63.
mory of guilt makes harm
LII.
TAL. Upon my blessing, I command thee go.
John . To fight I will, but not to fly the foe.
TAL. Part of thy father may be saved in thee.
John . No part of him but will be shame in me.
TAL. Thou never hadst renown, nor canst not lose it. 5
JOHN. Yes, your renowned name: shall flight abuse it ?
Tal Thy father's charge shall clear thee from that stain .
John. You cannot witness forme, being slain .
If death be so apparent, then both fly .
TAL. And leave my followers here to fight and die ? 10
My age was never tainted with such shame. .
John. And shall my youth be guilty of such blame ?
Nomore can I be sever'd from your side,
than can yourself yourself in twain divide :
stay, go, do what you will, the like do I ; 15
for live I will not, if my father die.
SHAKESPEARE.
N .B . Talbot is father of John.
1.2. See
“if thou care for myprayers.' 9. apparent,
8 76 here and all through.
'near,' "dreadful,'
certain.
6 . " Shall I shame it by flight ?' 13-14 . “ You can easier become
or ‘ I will not . . .' two out of one, than ,'
7. Do it by the sense. etc.
8 . witness for me, i.e. shew 15. Put it simpler .
that you have charged me.'
EXERCISES. 107
LIII.
CHORUS.
Meleager, a noble wisdom and fair words
the gods have given this woman ; hear thou these.
MELEAGER.
O mother, I am not fain to strive in speech
nor setmy mouth against thee, who art wise
even as they say and full of sacred words.
But one thing I know surely , and cleave to this ;
that though I be not subtle of wit as thou
nor womanlike to weave sweet words, and melt
mutable minds of wise men as with fire,
I too, doing justly and reverencing the gods, 10
shall not want wit to see what things be right.
For whom they love and whom reject, being gods,
there is no man but seeth, and in good time
submits himself, refraining all his heart.
And I too as thou sayest have seen great things. 15
SWINBURNE.
1. Meleager, wraç. 11. not want wit to know , Opovéw .
3. strive, épiśw, ăpilluar. 14. submits himself, you may use
4 . set against, éšiooûv . habitual aorist, Kaptepeîv ,
5. sacred, oeuvos, Davjaotós. τλήναι, υπείκειν, ανέχεσθαι.
8 . ' nor weave like a woman.' 15. great things, ‘marvels.
9. melt as with fire, tŭpów .
LIV .
S. Once more, adieu : be valiant, and speed well !
R . Good lords, conduct him to his regiment.
I'll strive, with troubled thoughts, to take a nap,
lest leaden slumber peise me down to -morrow ,
when I should mount with wings of victory :
2 . regiment, rášis, otpărbs, otpá - 4 . leaden slumber peise, use Băpūs
τευμα . or Bapūrw .
100 EXERCISES.
XLIV .
VEN . Ho, young men ! saw you, as you came,
any of all my sisters wandering here,
and clothéd in a spotted leopard's skin ?
Æn. I neither saw nor heard of any such.
Thou art a goddess that delud'st our eyes,
but whether thou the Sun 's bright sister be,
and lighten our extremes with this one boon,
we breathe as now , and what this world is call'd
MARLOWE.
3 . quiver, păpérpā, say “ having 10. borrowed , “ false,' ' changed,'
fitted ,' ápuófw , a postionul. Yevońs, Mlolos, or use
4. spotted, otiKTÓs ; leopard -skin , állotów , or állárow (comp.).
trapàănpopov dépos, or 12 . Diana , "Apteuis ; fellow
• dépua . (nymphs), órādós,a póstolos.
6 . virgin ,tapévos,kópn ,déorolva , 13. ‘ in all prosperity,' 'in hap
ävaooa . piest fortune.'
7 -8. set forth . . . bewrays . . . use 14 . our extremes, ' us distressed .'
Maprūpô , or onlów , or palvw , 17. tempest, tūpús, OKNTTÓS, tovtia
or dokeiv ;mortal . . . human , ζάλη, κυμάτων βία, μένος
βρότειος, θνητός, ανθρώπειος, dăláoons, aveŪua.
κατ ’ άνθρωπον.
XLV.
1. vile Montague, "accursed one,' 2. “what vengeance is there.'
evil man .'
EXERCISES. IOI
Condemned villain , I do apprehend thee:

Good gentle youth, tempt not a desperate man ;
fly hence, and leave me; think upon these gone ;
let them affright thee. I beseech thee, youth ,
for I come hither armed againstmyself :
A madman's mercy bade thee run away.
SHAKESPEARE.
3. apprehend, outlaußdvw . Kelpevol,TeOvnkótes, ól włótes,
5 . indeed , méVTOL, kai kápta . κατθανόντες.
‘dost thou not fear seeing 14 . 'Imerciful (eüppovwv)although
these dead ;' vekpoi,dăvóvres, mad.' $ 63.
XLVI.
More than I have said , loving countrymen ,
forbids to dwell on : yet remember this, —
God and our good cause fight upon our side ;
for what is he they follow ? truly , gentlemen ,
one raised in blood , and one in blood establish'd ;
2. we have no leisure in our 7. Richard , " the tyrant,' or
troubles.' Kpéwv, or EỞpūtos.
5. holy saints , " holy men ;' 11. raised and established , ' having
wronged souls, ndeknuévol. got power and holding it ;'
6 . bulwark , túpyos, émanţes, teix blood , póvos.
coua ; stand ...faces, protect.'
102 EXERCISES.
one that made means to come by what he hath,
and slaughter'd those that were themeans to help him ;
a base foul stone, made precious by the foil
of England 's chair , where he is falsely set ; 15
one that hath ever been God's enemy.
SHAKESPEARE .
12. mademeans,make it personal: 14- 15.use simile for the metaphor :
by means of others ob "sits splendid on the throne
tained,' or ' found men by . . . like false jewel in gold
whom ,'or 'persuaded others setting loopāzis or opeve
to help .' Sový ).'
XLVII.
Lys. My lord !
TIM . Take thou this proclamation ;
see it be cried at dawn through Syracuse,
and bid our captain of the watch come hither :
all useful arms and properties of war
to be transported hence three hours ere noon .
Yet tarry — of what temper is the night ?
Lys. The night was passionate and scowling-dark
but it is past, my lord . . .
TIM . In truth so soon ?
How day forgets us in these gloomy walls ! 10
Yon window should look east : uncurtain it ;
1. mylord [in answer to call], 'I 7. temper, 'nature,' 'appear
am here.' ance.'
2. “let Συράκουσαι hear.' 8. scowling dark, use ouroopvoño
3 . Opbupapxos. Bal.
4 . ' the late,' ó aplv , 10 . forgets us, ' lingers,' 'comes
5. 'armsand whatever is useful,' late,' keeps aloof.'
or whatever arms. 11. look east, at pos nã ; window ,
6 . three hours ere noon , simply oðpls, tpîqua.
ere midday.'
EXERCISES. 103

the birth-dawn of a people.
LYS. Behold ! my lord ,
as 'twere a ship on fire far out to sea .
put out my glimmering lamp : the sun is risen !
RHOADES.
12. stale or common, cheap,' ' poor.' 13. birth -dawn of a people,
dawn ofa free day. 16. glimmering , ăpavpós.
XLVIII.
I saw him in the battle range about ;
and watch'd him how he singled Clifford forth .
as doth a lion in a herd of neat;
who having pinch'd a few and made them cry,
So fared our father with his enemies ; 10
methinks, 'tis prize enough to be his son .
See how the morning opes her golden gates,
1. be resolved , learn .' bark ;' cry, kvošoûual ; bark ,
2. our . . . father, may be made ülaktelv, or Úlayua dyelv .
accus. by attraction (' learn 12. being his son I want no more,'
our father, where (he) is '). or 'whatmore shall I ask ? '
4 . ' fighting, Móvos ubvw , with 14 . takes farewell, dismisses '
Clifford ' (any proper name (åpinue, åTOOTÊXXw ), or
7 . bear, ápktos may be fem . 15 - 16 . ' it resembles a youth ' (or
8-9. ofwhoin somehe has bitten ' young bridegroom ' yau
so as to cry ' or destroyed Bpós), ‘ in his prime(wpaîos);'
foot ' or leap .
104 EXERCISES.
XLIX .
GI. Father, these tears love challengeth of due.
Ta. But reason saith, thou shouldst the same subdue.
GI. His funerals are yet before my sight.
TA. In endless moans princes should not delight.
Gl. The turtle pines in loss of her true mate .
TA. And so continues poor and desolate.
GI. Who can forget a jewel of such price ?
TA. She that hath learned to master her desires.
Let reason work, what time doth easily frame
in meanest wits, to bear the greatest ills. 10
GI. So plenteous are the springs
of sorrows that increase my passion,
as neither reason can recure my smart,
nor can your care, nor fatherly comfort,
appease the stormy combats of my thoughts ; 15
such is the sweet remembrance of his life.
WILMOT.
See § 76 all through .
1. challengeth, ' calls out.' learn thou by reason , to
2. reason , yuóun : or ' it is wiser,'. bear . . .'
or “ it is the part of a wise 12 . spring, poń, kphun, ainupūpos,
(woman ).' kpnvis .
3. funeral, ékpopá , răpol. 13 . recure, åkelodai,upelelv , étap
5 . turtle, tpūžúv, médeca ,telecăs, Kelv, tão dai.
teplotepá ; mate, &úvvouos. 14. Put it personal: 'nor can you,
7. jewel, ktîua. by father's forethought . . .
9- 10 . 'what even a fool learns by 16 . of his life, ' of the dead man .'
time,
LE. There's nothing in this world can make me joy :

life is as tedious as a twice-told tale,
vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man ;
2. “to hearthe samewords twice. 3. drowsy , ' wishing to sleep.
See $$ 40, 63.
EXERCISES. 105
and bitter shame hath spoil'd the sweet world 's taste,
that it yields naught but shameand bitterness. 5
PA. Before the curing of a strong disease,
even in the instant of repair and health ,
the fit is strongest ; evils that take leave,
on their departuremost of all show evil.
What have you lost by losing of this day ? 10
LE. All days of glory, joy, and happiness.
PA. If you had won it, certainly you had .
No, no ; when Fortune means to men most good,
she looks upon them with a threatening eye.
' Tis strange to think how much king John hath lost 15
in this which he accounts so clearly won.
SHAKESPEARE .
4 . sweetworld 's taste, delight of 12 . this line being a correction , use
life. ' μεν ούν.
6. curing . . . repair . . . health , 13- 14 . Perhaps simpler : ' For
iãous, škos, åtallărń, år tune means best when she
πνοή πόνων. threatens . . .
8 . is strongest, Téonle. 15 . King John : Don 't say 'Iwav .
10. losing of this day, being de
feated .'
LI.
I sought thee, Merope ; I find thee thus,
as I have ever found thee ; bent to keep,
by sad observances and public grief,
a mournful feud alive, which else would die.
I blame thee not, I do thy heart no wrong :
but,Merope, the eyes of other men
read in these actions, innocent in thee,
perpetual promptings to rebellious hope,
beacons of vengeance, not to be let die.
And me, believe it, wise men gravely blame, 10
2. keep alive, opépw. mal),' or ' thou seemest to
3. observance , say memory. prompt,' didáo kw , ¿žalpelv ,
4. which else would , bote uń . orčußállel étuda, etc. ;
7 -9 . ' to others . . . thou seemest beacons, etc., not to be let
to cherish promptings(åpop die, ppuktos doßcotos.
106 EXERCISES.
and ignorant men despise me, that I stand
passive, permitting thee what course thou wilt.
Yes, the crowd mutters that remorseful fear
and paralysing conscience stop my arm ,
when it should pluck thee from thy hostile way. 15
All this I bear, for, what I seek, I know ;
peace , peace is what I seek, and public calm .
M . ARNOLD.
12. passive, pão juos. less my hands,' or do it
14. paralysing conscience, i.e. 'me personally , see § 63.
mory of guilt makes harm
LII.
TAL. Upon my blessing, I command thee go.
JOHN . To fight I will, but not to fly the foe.
Tal. Part of thy father may be saved in thee.
John . No part of him but will be shame in me.
TAL. Thou never hadst renown, nor canst not lose it. 5
JOHN. Yes, your renowned name : shall flight abuse it ?
Tal Thy father's charge shall clear thee from that stain .
John. You cannot witness for me, being slain .
If death be so apparent, then both fly.
TAL. And leave my followers here to fight and die ? 10
My age was never tainted with such shame.
JOHN . And shall my youth be guilty of such blame ?
Nomore can I be sever'd from your side,
than can yourself yourself in twain divide :
stay, go, do what you will, the like do I ; 15
for live I will not, ifmy father die.
SHAKESPEARE.
N .B. Talbot is father of John.
1 . “ if thou care for my prayers .' 9. apparent, ' near,' dreadful, '
2 . See 8 76 here and all through . certain.'
6. Shall I shame it by flight ?' 13- 14. “ You can easier become
or ' I will not . . .' two out of one, than , '
7. Do it by the sense. etc.
8 . witness for me, i.e. "shew 15. Put it simpler.
that you have charged me.'
EXERCISES. 107
LIII.
CHORUS.
Meleager, a noble wisdom and fair words
thegods have given this woman ; hear thou these .
MELEAGER .
O mother, I am not fain to strive in speech
nor set my mouth against thee, who art wise
even as they say and full of sacred words.
But one thing I know surely , and cleave to this ;
that though I be not subtle of wit as thou
nor womanlike to weave sweet words, and melt
mutable minds of wise men as with fire,
I too, doing justly and reverencing the gods, 10
shall not want wit to see what things be right.
For whom they love and whom reject, being gods,
there is no man but seeth, and in good time
submits himself, refraining all his heart.
And I too as thou sayest have seen great things. * 15
SWINBURNE.
1. Meleager, wrag. 11. notwantwit to know , ppovéw .
3. strive, épiśw , õuellwual. 14 . submits himself, you may use
4 . set against, èžiooûv. habitual aorist, Kaptepeîv,
5 . sacred, oeuvos , Davuaotós. τλήναι, υπείκειν, ανέχεσθαι.
8. nor weave like a woman. 15. great things, ‘marvels.'
9 . melt aswith fire, rūpów .
LIV .
S. Once more, adieu : be valiant, and speed well !
R . Good lords, conduct him to his regiment .
I'll strive, with troubled thoughts, to take a nap,
lest leaden slumber peise me down to-morrow ,
when I should mount with wings of victory : 5
2. regiment, TáĒLS, otpătós, otpá 4 . leaden slumber peise, use Băpūs
τευμα. Or βαρύνω.
108 EXERCISES.
once more, good night, kind lords and gentlemen .

O Thou, whose captain I account myself,
look on my forces with a gracious eye ;
put in their hands thy bruising -irons of wrath,
that they may crush down with a heavy fall 10
th usurping helmets of our adversaries !
Make us thy ministers of chastisement,
that we may praise thee in thy victory !
To thee I do commend my watchful soul,
ere I let fall the windows of mine eyes : 15
sleeping and waking, 0 , defend me still !
SHAKESPEARE.
7. account myself , eóxouai or åčiū 11. usurping, ' proud ' (with adver
with infinitive. [You may saries).
insert üvaš in the prayer.] 14 . watchful, åütrvos.
8. gracious, Thews. 15 . " close ' or 'darken the light.'
9. bruising-irons, sense 'weapons. 16. standing and lying,' ' by
10. use éykataoKÝTTW . night and hy day.'
LV.
CAMENA. While he is yet alive, he may be slain ;
but from the dead no flesh comes back again .
SOLYMAN . While he remains alive, I live in fear.
C . Though he were dead, that doubt still living were.
S . None hath the power to end what he begun . 5
C . The same occasion follows every son.
S . Their greatness, or their worth, is not so much .
C . And shall the best be slain for being such ?
S . Thy mother, or thy brother, are amiss ;
I am betray'd, and one of them it is. 10
See § 76 all through the exercise .
1. alive, røv, BXétWv . See § 71. to slay ] have the same
6 . Sense : " all his sons ( the sons chance ,' or ' can do the
of theman Solyman wishes same.'
EXERCISES. 109
C . My mother if she errs, errs virtuously ;

and let her err, ere Mustapha should die.
S. Kings for their safety must not blame mistrust .
C. Nor for surmises sacrifice the just.
S. Well, dear Camena,keep this secretly : 15
I will be well advised before he die.
BROOKE.
11. virtuously, piously ,' eủo eßws. 13. 'kings need prudent (safe )
[ The names need not be mistrust .'
given . ] 16 . ' I will consider all.'
LVI
CAL. O Caesar ! these things are beyond all use, .
and I do fear them .
CAES. What can be avoided
whose end is purposed by the mighty gods ?
yet Caesar shall go forth ; for these predictions
are to the world in general as to Caesar.
CAL. When beggars die, there are no comets seen ;
the heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.
CAES. Cowards die many times before their deaths ;
the valiant never taste of death but once .
Ofall the wonders that I yet have heard, 10
it seems to memost strange that men should fear ;
seeing that death , a necessary end,
will comewhen it will come. What say the augurers ?
SERV. They would not have you to stir forth to-day.
Plucking the entrails of an offering forth, 15
they could not find a heart within the beast.
KESPEARE .
1. use, Tà eobra . 13. augurer , Mávtis, Tepao kónos.

3. purpose, kpalvw , telã , åyvow . 15 . offering, apbopaypa, ouua, or
4. predictions, are shown.' say Boûs, taūpos, etc.
6. “ heaven is without signs, '
conuos.
ΠΟ EXERCISES.
LVII.
Erechtheus, king of Athens, tries to reveal to the queen
Praxithea that their daughter is to die.
ER. Thy blood the gods require not ; take this first.
PR. To me than thee more grievous this should sound .
ER . That word rang truer and bitterer than it knew .
PR. This is not then thy grief, to see me die ?
ER . Die shalt thou not, yet give thy blood to death .
PR. If this ring worse I know not; strange it rang.
ER . Alas, thou knowest not ; woe is methat know .
PR. And woe shallmine be, knowing ; yet halt not here.
ER. Guiltless of blood this state may stand no more.
PR. Firm let it stand whatever bleed or fall. 10
ER. O gods, that I should say it shall, and weep.
PR . Weep, and say this ? no tears should bathe such words.
ER. Woe 's me that I must weep upon them , woe.
PR. What stain is on them for thy tears to cleanse ?
ER. A stain of blood unpurgeable with tears. 15
PR. Whence ? for thou sayest it is and is not mine.
SWINBURNE.
Consult & 76 allthrough, and $ 77 for particles.
1. “ first, the gods require not ll. to think that I weeping
thy blood.' should assent to this.' (Use
2. sound , say ' to hear. exclamatory accusative and
3. thou knowest not that thou infinitive with tb.)
speakest truth (ăxnoeuw ) 12. You may omit 'weep and say
bitterly.' this.'
6. ring worse, is worse. 15 . unpurgeable, áviaTOS.
10. `even if td tây fall slaugh
tered .'
LVIII.
Cassandra speaks.
The time has gone by now to mock at me,
so I shall voyage at ease across the sea ,
and watch the ripples dance, not fearing thrall,
1. mock , iſpišelv(ū), ¿pußpíšelv, aoua) of the sea ;' thrall,
έγγελάν, ατιμάζειν. chains.'
3 . ripples dance, ' laughter ( 962
EXERCISES. III
measuring the sunny journey with glad eye

to that clear palace where I have to die,
not blindly , as a fatted ox at stall.
Andromache shall see a second spring,
and be the wife and mother of a king.
Helen shall cherish her Hermione,
and see her gracious golden husband fade,
and fade herself into a pearly shade ;
and surely both of them will pity me.
Let them , for pity lightens heavy care ;
they fancy death is something hard to bear,
but we know better, O Polyxene !
Simcox .
5. clear, bright,' clear- seen .' 'Epuióvn, see § 13.
6. fatted ox at stall, Boûs éri 10. golden , Çav@ós (Homeric epithet
pátum (Homer). of Menelaos).
7 . spring, ýßn, őpå, åvoos. 11. pearly, åkúpătos, leukós.
9. Helen, 'EXévn ; Hermione, 15 . IIověévn.
LIX .
UB. Grant me licence
to answer this defiance. What intelligence
holds your proud master with the will of heaven ,
that, ere the uncertain die of war be thrown ,
he dares assure himself the victory ?
Are his unjust invading arms of fire ?
Or those we put on in defence of right,
like chaff, to be consumed in the encounter ?
I look on your dimensions and find not
mine own of lesser size : the blood, that fills 10
my veins, as hot as yours : my sword as sharp ,
2. what intelligence holds, etc , 6. of fire, tutúpos ; invading
whence does he learn the arms, arms of violence.'
counsel of gods.' 8. chaff, káppos (light chips).
4. die, klîpos. 9. dimensions, $ 64.
11. omit vein .
II2 EXERCISES.
my nerves of equal strength , my heart as good ;

and, confident we have the better cause,
why should we fear the trial ?
FAR . You presume
you are superior in numbers ; we 15
lay hold upon the surest anchor, virtue.
12. nerves, Ovuós. 14. presume, åčloûv.
13. better cause, use the idea of 16 . We ride-at-anchor (óxoóueda )
justice ' somehow . upon virtue safely.'
LX.
Countess of Auvergne - Talbot.
C. Victorious Talbot ! pardon my abuse :
I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited
and more than may be gather'd by thy shape.
Let my presumption not provoke thy wrath ;
for I am sorry that with reverence
I did not entertain thee as thou art.
T. Be not dismay’d, fair lady ; nor misconstrue
the mind of Talbot, as you did mistake
the outward composition of his body.
What you have done hath not offended me;
nor other satisfaction do I crave,
but only , with your patience, that we may
taste of your wine and see what cates you have ;
for soldiers' stomachs always serve them well.
C. With all my heart, and think me honoured 15
to feast so great a warrior in my house.
SHAKESPERE.
1. abuse = ' error.'. Say, “ For- 9. outward composition, tà èw Oev
give me, o king, having or tò č£wdev.
erred . . . ' 12. with your patience, ' if it seems
3. ' far greater than the shape of good to you .'
thy form .' 13. cates, Bopá , citos, Bpwua.
4 . presumption . . . wrath , do it 14 . give the sense.
by verbs, 63. 15. ' I am pleased with such an
7-8. misconstrue,mistake, ' err be honour .'
holding,''be deceived,' etc.
EXERCISES. 113
LXI.
Bothwell.
DARN. I think I am worth more than your counsel is
if I be worth this work here to be done
I think I am so much.
MOR. It may well be, sir,
and you much wiser : yet forbear your wrath
if you would have it ready to your hand .
Darn. I will forbear nothing, nor nothing bear,
nor live by no man's bidding. This year through
I have even been surfeited with wise men's breath
and winds of wordy weather round mine ears
Do this,' spare that,' walk thus,' 'look other wise,' 10
‘hold your head kingly ,' or 'wisely bow your neck.'
A man might come to doubt himself no man
being so long childlike handled . Now , look you ,
look she, look God to it if I be not man !
Now is my way swept, and my foot shod now , 15
my wallet full now for the travelling day,
that I fare forth and forward, arrow straight,
girt for the goal.
SWINBURNE.
. 1. I think , tov. 9. wordyweather, dvońveuocNóyol,
2. “ if I am worthy to do this arvevmóvwv xeiua .
which must be done.' 13. childlike handled , use Taldeów ,
3 . I am so much , Apovô Too OÜ νουθετεϊν.
Tov . 15 . swept, kã đăpós ; shod , use åp
4. forbear, katéxw . Börn, éußăs.
5 . bear, åvéxoual. 16. wallet, týpā ; travelling day,
7. live by bidding, 'obey.' journey .'
LXII.
O you hard hearts , you cruelmen of Rome,
knew you not Pompey ? Many a time and oft
have you climb'd up to walls and battlements,
1. § 69. use Takgus, Texơua, TÚp
3. walls, battlements, towers, etc., yos, kphoeuva .
H
I14 EXERCISES.
to towers and windows, yea, to chimney-tops,

your infants in your arms, and there have sat
the livelong day, with patient expectation,
to see great Pompey pass the streets of Rome:
and when you saw his chariot but appear,
have you not made a universal shout,
that Tiber trembled underneath her banks, 10
to hear the replication of your sounds
made in her concave shores ?
And do you now put on your best attire ?
And do you now cull out a holiday ?
And do you now strew flowers in his way 15
that comes in triumph over Pompey's blood ?
SHAKESPEARE.
4. window , Tpiylvpos ; chimney a hollow bank trembled ;'
tops, ' roofs.' replication , say ' echoing.'
6. patient expectation, kăpa doków. αντηχείσθαι .
9. make [a shout], è žinui. 14. cull out, “keep,' or ' choose.'
10. Tiber, say 'stream .' 16 . rejoicing at the slaughter of
11-12. make two clauses : ' hear Pompey .'
ing your shout echoing,
LXIII.
Bend down your head a little ! let me see
or think I see your eyes. Yes, I am going ,
pray you, another kiss before I die !
For us there waiteth in this world of earth
no bridal torch , no clasp of wedded arms,
no voice of children at the fireside knees ;
breaks at my feet the ocean — I shall sail
to that wan world, obscure as destiny,
wherein our fathers rest ; and I shall change
5 . torch , oậdes ; use meplatůxń. 8. wan, dondos.
6 . omit ' knees,' use adjective
¿PÉOTLOS, § 69.
EXERCISES. 115
to something other than I am , and lacking 10

memory and love of thee ; and between us two
perchance no love shall be for evermore.
So kiss me while my lips are warm !
ANON.
10. and lacking, etc., make a new 11. between us two, vợv.
sentence : ' And I shall not 12 . See § 68.
keep.' 13. my lips, say ' I.'
LXIV .
VIOLA — CAPTAIN .
Vio. What country, friends, is this ?
CAP. This is Illyria, lady.
VIo. And what should I do in Illyria ?
My brother he is in Elysium .
Perchance, he is not drown'd :— what think you, sailors ?
CAP. It is perchance that you yourself were saved.
Vio . O my poor brother ! and so perchance may he be.
CAP. True, madam : and, to comfort you with chance
assure yourself, after our ship did split,
when you , and those poor number saved with you,
hung on our driving boat, I saw your brother 10
(most provident in peril) bind himself
(courage and hope both teaching him the practice )
to a strong mast, that lived upon the sea ;
where, like Arion on the dolphin's back,
I saw him hold acquaintance with the waves 15
so long as I could see.
KESPEARE .
1. ’ IMūpis (yî). See § 13 . 8-12. the clauses may be re

3. 'H \ůOLOV médov. arranged , provided the
4. keep kindred words all story is told clearly .
through for the play on 8. split, părîvai.
• chance,' 'what if he 10. boat, uīkpòv orăpos.
should chance to be saved ,' 11. provident, copós.
etc. . 15. hold acquaintance , ouidelv.
116 EXERCISES.
LXV.
Enid , the pilot star of my lone life ,
Enid ,my early and my only love,
Enid, the loss of whom hath turned me wild
what chance is this ? how is it I see you here ?
Ye are in my power at last, are in my power.
Yet fear me not : I call my own self wild ,
butkeep a touch of sweet civility
here in the heart of waste and wilderness.
I thought, but that your father came between ,
in former days you saw me favourably .
And if it were so do not keep it back :
make me a little happier : let me know it :
owe you me nothing for a life half lost ?
Yea, yea, the whole dear debt of all you are.
O pardon me ! themadness of that hour 15
when first I parted from thee,moves me yet !
TENNYSON .
1. Omit ‘ Enid .' See $ 69. 'Oh 9. came between , 'hindered.'
light, the guider,' củourtýp. 10. favourably , oủk åpelduktos.
3. “turn wild,' ảypów , taypiów . 12. You may take into this line
6. ‘ for even if I am wild , I some words out of the
keep ,' etc . next.
7. a touch , some;' civility, et. 14. See § 69. You may use im
μένειά . perfect if you like, opelles.
LXVI.
VAL. Love is your master, for he masters you :
and he that is so yoked by a fool,
methinks, should not be chronicled for wise.
Pro. Yet writers say, as in the sweetest bud
the eating canker dwells, so eating love
inhabits in the finest wits of all.
2. " bears the yoke of.' 5. eating, máupăyos; åôngăyos ;
3. ' I would not call.' canker, Lexhu.
4 . writers say, hu Xbyos tis ; bud , 6 . finest wits of all, the
kalvě, f. wisest.'
EXERCISES. 117
VAL. And writers say, as the most forward bud

is eaten by the canker ere it blow ,
even so by love the young and tender wit
is turn 'd to folly, blasting in the bud ,
losing his verdure even in the prime
and all the fair effects of future hopes.
But wherefore waste I time to counsel thee
that art a votary to fond desire ?
Once more adieu ! my father at the road 15
expects my coming, there to see me shipp'd.
SHAKESPEARE.
7. forward, dwpos. 14. a votary, dost worship .'
10. A new sentence : "and the 15, road , ' harbour,' veuplov.
bud fades (uăpalvoual).' 16. to see me shipped , till I em
11, verdure, xlwpà åkuń. bark .'
12. and fair hopes of the coming
time.'
LXVII.
ERECHTHEUS — PRAXITHEA.
ER . O , of what breath shall such a word be made,
or from what heart find utterance ? Would my tongue
were rent forth rather from the quivering root
than made as fire or poison thus for thee.
PR. But if thou speak of blood, and I that hear
be chosen of all for this land's love to die
and save to thee thy city, know this well,
happiest I hold me of her seed alive.
ER. O sun that seest, what saying was this of thine,
God, that thy power has breathed into my lips ? 10
1 . Make breath ' and 'heart' fire, rûp, płót, kaùua, šu
nominative. tūpos Bolý, etc.
4. before it slay thee as with 8. of her seed , ' of the whole
poison ,' etc. ; poison , 'īds; race.'
10 . “divine oracle from mymouth .
118 EXERCISES.
for from no sunlit shrine darkling it came.
Pr . What portent from the mid oracular place
hath smitten thee so like a curse that flies
wingless, to waste men with its plagues ? yet speak .
SWINBURNE .
11. 'it came sunless,' åvýkcos. 13. End this line with wingless
curse? (& TT pos).
LXVIII.
Victorious Titus, rue the tears I shed,
a mother's tears in passion for her son :
and if thy sons were ever dear to thee,
O think my son to be as dear to me !
5
Sufficeth not that we are brought to Rome,
to beautify thy triumphs and return,
captive to thee and to thy Roman yoke,
butmust my sons be slaughtered in the streets,
for valiant doings in their country's cause ?
O , if to fight for king and commonweal
were piety in thine, it is in these .
Andronicus, stain not thy tomb with blood :
wilt thou draw near the nature of the gods ?
draw near them then in being merciful:
sweet mercy is nobility 's true badge : 15
thrice noble Titus, spare my first-born son .
KESPEARE.
1. The names may be omitted : 10. útepuăxelv.

observe the quantities TČTOS 11. piety, pious,' ' honour
’ Avopovīkos ; rue, aidoūmai. able.'
2. passion , älyos ; 'mother ' may 12. Andronicus. See note on 1,
be omitted. thy tomb, “the tomb of thy
5. that we are brought to Rome, sons.'
' to bring us prisoners,' 13 . draw near, 'be like.'
déoulos. 14 . being merciful, oikt..
6. return , vóotiuos odos. 15. badge. Tékuap, tekuńplov, oſua,
7. "to bear the yoke of thee and onueĉov.
of,' etc.
EXERCISES. 119
LXIX .
Enough of this !— since then, I havemaintain'd
the sceptre -- not remissly let it fall
and I am seated on a prosperous throne :
yet still, for I conceal it not, ferments
in the Messenian people what remains
of thy dead husband 's faction ; vigorous once ,
now crush'd but not quite lifeless by his fall.
And these men look to thee, and from thy grief
infer thee their accomplice ; and they say
that thou in secret nurturest up thy son , 10
him whom thou hiddest when thy husband fell,
to avenge that fall, and bring them back to power.
Such are their hopes — I ask not if by thee
willingly fed or no — their most vain hopes ;
for I have kept conspiracy fast chain 'd 15
till now , and I have strength to chain it still.
ARNOLD's Merope.
2. . so asnot to fall.' $ 68. For 9. infer, cikášW ; accomplice,
remissly, use αφίημι οι αμε συνεργός with gen.
leiv. 11. having hid .'
4 . ferment, péyw . 12 . bring them back to power, use
5. in the Messenian people, ' in èravopdo-.
the city.' 14 . their most vain hopes, perhaps
7. 'has fallen with him falling a new clause, “ but they are
but not,' etc. vain .'
8. from , use dative. 15 . conspiracy, oraois.
LXX .
Bedford... Talbot.
BED. The day begins to break, and night is fled ,
whose pitchy mantle over-veil'd the earth .
Here sound retreat, and cease our hot pursuit.
2. “having veiled ;' pitchy, médas, 3. “ call back the pursuers.'
kelalveońs, Melárxiuos.
120 EXERCISES.
TAL. Bring forth the body of old Salisbury,
and here advance it in the market-place,
the middle centre of this cursèd town.
Now have I paid my vow unto his soul;
for every drop of blood was drawn from him
there hath at least five Frenchmen died to-night.
And that hereafter ages may behold 10
what ruin happen 'd in revenge of him ,
within their chiefest temple I'll erect
a tomb, wherein his corpse shall be interr'd :
upon the which, that every one may read,
shall be engraved the sack of Orleans, 15
the treacherous manner of his mournful death
and what a terror he had been to France.
SHAKESPEARE.
4. old Salisbury, ' the old man. after,'oiČTELTA,oipedúotepot.
6 . centre, ou pălós. 10 . in revenge of, ávtítolvos.
7 . my vow , what I promised. 14 . may read , that this may be
9. having killed five times as known. '
many Phrygians,' $ půyes, 15. engrave, évypăow ; sack,
πεντακίς. älwors(ă) ; Orleans, “ Troy '
10. hereafter ages, ' those here or the city .'
LXXI.
ARTEVELDE. I thank you, sirs ; I knew it could not be
but men like you must listen to the truth .
Sirs, ye have heard these knights discourse to you
of your ill fortunes, telling on their fingers
the worthy leaders ye have lately lost :
true, they were worthy men, most gallant chiefs ;
and ill would it become us to make light
of the great loss we suffer by their fall.
But had they guess’d, or could they but have dream ’d,
the great examples which they died to show 10
3 . knights, ómen .' 7 . make light, “bear easily.'
4 . fingers, omit ; ill fortunes, 864. 9. ‘ guessed even in dreams.'
EXERCISES. 121
should fall so flat, should shine so fruitless here,

that men should say, ' For liberty these died,
wherefore let us be slaves,'— had they thought this,
oh, then , with what an agony of shame,
their blushing faces buried in the dust, 1.
had their great spirits parted hence for heaven !
H . TAYLOR .
10. example , ' glory.' 11. fruitless, ‘ in vain .'
LXXII.
And if indeed I cast the brand away,
surely a precious thing, one worthy note,
should thus be lost for ever from the earth,
which might have pleased the eyes of many men .
What good should follow this, if this were done ? 5
what harm , undone ? Deep harm to disobey,
seeing obedience is the bond of rule.
Were it well to obey then, if a king demand
an act unprofitable, against himself ?
The king is sick, and knows not what he does. 10
What record , or what relic ofmy lord
should be to aftertime, but empty breath
and rumours of a doubt ? But were this kept,
stored in some treasure-house of mighty kings,
some onemight show it at a joust of arms,
saying, 'King Arthur's sword, Excalibur,
wrought by the lonely maiden of the Lake.'
TENNYSON .
1. brand , " sword .' 13. and rumours of a doubt, onun
2. džcov Noyou, donlos.
4. mighthavepleased, use fuellov. 14. ' a treasure (onoaupós) in the
7. obedience, telapxia. palace.
9. uses åkepoés, oºk ovňoimov. 15. joust of arms, äywy (or plural)
11 . relic, lelyăvov (or plural). 16 . Excalibur, omit.
12. aftertime, “ those after.' 17. of the Lake, Aquvâtis.
122 EXERCISES.
LXXIII.
Noblest Romans,
if you were less, or that your faith and virtue
did not hold good that title with your blood,
I should not now unprofitably spend
myself in words, or catch at empty hopes
by airy ways for solid certainties ;
but since in many and the greatest dangers
I still have known you no less true than valiant,
and that I trust in you the same affections,
to will or nil, to think things good or bad,
alike with me, which argues your firm friendship ;
I dare the boldlier with you set on foot
or lead unto this great and goodliest action.
What I have thought of it afore, you all
have heard apart : I then expressed my zeal 15
unto the glory : now ,the need inflamesme.
BEN JONSON .
1. O noblest men of this Roman 6. airy ways, vain attempts.'
('Pwuaios) city .' 9 . $ 63 .
2. or were not able to guard 10. will or nil, "hate and love.'
this glory by boldness and 11. which argues, so that Iknow . '
virtue.' 13. goodliest, Únépratos.
4 . spend, åvällokeLV ; say 'spend 15. zealunto, 'desire of,' $ 63.
words.' 16 . the need , to deîv , ý xpelā .
LXXIV.
SAMS. All otherwise to memy thoughts portend ,
that these dark orbs no more shall treat with light,
nor the other light of life continue long,
but yield to double darkness nigh at hand :
so much I feelmy genial spirits droop,
1. thoughts, kapdia, kéap, opýv. phrase : “ turn to light,'
2. orbs, ' eyes.' ' see the sun .'
3 . treat with ,change and simplify 5. use àOūuéw , åbūula .
EXERCISES. 123
my hopes all flat, nature within me seems

in all her functions weary of herself ;
my race of glory run, and race of shame,
and I shall shortly be with them that rest.
MAN. Believe not these suggestions, which proceed 10
from anguish of the mind and humours black,
that mingle with thy fancy. I, however,
must not omit a father's timely care
to prosecute the means of thy deliverance
by ransom , or how else : meanwhile be calm , 15
and healing words from these thy friends admit.
MILTON .
6 . flat, “ fallen.' 14. follow the sense.
7. seems to be weak (or unable) 15. ransom , lútpov (or plur.) ; be
to do what is needful.' calm , otépzw .
10 . suggestions, ppovtides. | 16. healing alone, iãntuot xóYou,
11. humours black, ueláyxolo poal. ήπιοι λόγοι.
12. fancy, yvbun, yuwual.
LXXV.
MACB. Why should I play the Roman fool, and die
on mine own sword ? whiles I see lives, the gashes
do better upon them .
MACD . Turn, hell-hound , turn.
MACB. Of all men else I have avoided thee :
but get thee back : my soul is too much charged 5
with blood of thine already.
MACD. I have no words
my voice is in my sword : thou bloodier villain
than terms can give thee out. [They fight.]
МАСв. Thou losest labour:
as easy mayst thou the intrenchant air
1. “Why foolish like a barbarian .' 5. ' I am too full,' yéuw, or 'I
2. lives, ' living men.' $ 63. have shed too much .'
3. do better upon , ' befit ;' hell 8. than terms can give thee out,
hound , kúov. ' than words.'
9. intrenchant, dôlkTOS
124 EXERCISES.
with thy keen sword impress, as make me bleed : 10

let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests :
I bear a charmed life ; which must not yield
to one of woman born .
MACD. Despair thy charm :
and let the angel whom thou still hast served
tell thee, Macduff was from his mother's womb 15
untimely ripped. SHAKESPERE.
11. vulnerable, Tpwrós. “abandon thy hopes.'
12. charmed , Ocios. 14. angel, daluwv.
13. despair thy charm , a new line : 16 . åwpos : otáw .
LXXVI.
PRINCE. Methinks a woman of this valiant spirit
should , if a coward heard her speak these words,
infuse his breast with magnanimity,
and make him , naked , foil a man at arms.
I speak not this, as doubting any here ;
for, did I but suspect a fearfulman,
he should have leave to go away betimes ;
lest, in our need, he might infect another,
and make him of like spirit to himself.
If any such be here, as God forbid ! 10
lethim depart before we need his help.
OXFORD. Women and children of so high a courage !
and warriors faint ! why, 'twere perpetual shame.
O brave young prince ! thy famous grandfather
doth live again in thee : long mayst thou live 15
to bear his image and renew his glories !
SHAKESPEARE.
1. ' thou hast spoken these words another partaking his fear '
valiantly, woman , so that [uetao xúv].
if,' etc. 10. Ở un révolto.
4. he being naked would defeat,' 12.13. ' If women and children . . .
etc. a man would be ashamed
8. infect, diapoelpw , or “lest to fear. '
EXERCISES. 125
LXXVII.
I will go forth ʼmong men, not mailed in scorn,
but in the armour of a pure intent.
Great duties are before me, and great songs,
and whether crowned or crownless, when I fall,
it matters not, so as God's work is done.
I've learned to prize the quiet lightning-deed ,
not the applauding thunder at its heels
which men call fame . . . our night is past :
we stand in precious sunrise, and beyond
a long day stretches to the very end.
Look out, my beautiful, upon the sky !
Even puts on her jewels. Look ! she sets
Venus upon her brow . I never gaze
upon the evening but a tide of awe
swells up within me, as the running brine 15
grows in the creeks and channels of a stream
until it threats its banks. H . TAYLOR .
1. mailed , evdús. 11. jewels, kóduos.
2 . pure, evoeßńs. 12. Venus, 'Appodītns laurás, or
4. crowned or crownless, ' succeed "Eonepos .
or fail,' tŭxeîu . . . ăpapreîv. 13. tide,ilmupūpis ; awe, aidús.
5. ' lightning of deeds. 15. creek, uŭxós ; channel, mbpos.
6 . ' thunder ofapplause ( evonula );'
at its heels, cúvopouos, órādós.
LXXVIII.
TIB . And you are Luria
who sentmy cohort, that laid down its arms
in error of the battle-signal's sense,
back safely to me at the critical time
one of a hundred deeds. I know you ! Therefore 5
to none but you could I . ..
1. “ And you then are he.' 4. critical time, åkuń.
3. ' not knowing what the 5 . ' you have done many such
trumpet (oálny ) signified deeds.'
conualvw ).' 9. “and there is no otherhelper.
126 EXERCISES
LUR. No truce, Tiburzio !
TIB. Luria , you know the peril imminent
on Pisa, — that you have us in the toils,
us her last safeguard, all that intercepts
the rage of her implacablest of foes
from Pisa, — if we fall to-day, she falls.
Tho' Lucca will arrive, yet, 't is too late.
You have so plainly here the best of it,
that you must feel, brave soldier as you are,
how dangerous we grow in this extreme, 15
how truly formidable by despair.
BROWNING.
10 . implacablest of foes, &XOLOTOL. 15 . dangerous we grow , are made
12. Lucca, Aūkioi, 8 13. fierce by.'
16 . § 64.
LXXIX .
Mac. We have scotched the snake, not kill'd it :
she 'll close and be herself ; whilst our poor malice
remains in danger of her former tooth.
But let the frame of things disjoint,both the worlds
suffer,
ere we will eat our meal in fear, and sleep
in the affliction of these terrible dreams
that shake us nightly : better be with the dead ,
whom we to gain our peace have sent to peace,
than on the torture of the mind to lie
in restless ecstasy. Duncan is in his grave ; 10
after life's fitful fever he sleeps well.
Treason has done his worst : nor steel, nor poison ,
1. scotched, wounded .' 5. ere wewill, a piv clavai.
2. close,ouvántelv & Kos ; our poor 8. to gain our peace, Tåuà Kolui
malice, i.e. ' our useless vio SELV.
lence.' 9. torture, ecstasy, lúooă, olyos,
3. former tooth, ó mpbode odoús. äralvw, ålūpal, olotpos,
4 . " heaven and earth perish dis οιστρέω.
solved .'
EXERCISES. _
malice domestic, foreign levy, nothing

can touch him further.
LADY M . Come on ;
Gentle my lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks ; 15
be bright and jovial among your guests to-night.
SHAKESPEARE.
15 . sleek over, Aealvw .
LXXX .
BED. Agreed : I'll to yon corner.
Bur. And I to this.
TAL And here will Talbot mount, or make his grave.
Now , Salisbury, for thee , and for the right
of English Henry, shall this night appear
how much in duty I am bound to both .
The English scale the walls.
SENT. Arm ! arm ! the enemy doth make assault !
The French leap over the walls in their shirts, half ready
and half unready.
ALEN. How now ,my lords ! what, all unready so ?
BAST. Unready ! ay, and glad we 'scaped so well.
REIG . 'Twas time, I trow , to wake and leave our beds,
hearing alarums at our chamber-doors. 10
ALEN . Of all exploits since first I follow 'd arms,
ne'er heard I of a warlike enterprise
' more venturous or desperate than this.
BAST. I think this Talbot be a fiend of hell.
REIG . If not ofhell, the heavens, sure, favour him . 15
ALEN. Here cometh Charles : I marvel how he sped .
SHAKESPEARE.
[Do not translate the stage directions.]
1. ' I will mount here.' 7 . unready, i.e. undressed .
2. Talbot, ‘ I ; ' grave, say ' die .' 10. alarums,"Apns; chamber -doors,
3. Salisbury, otpatnyć. uŭxos obuwv, or ořpai.
4. English Henry, ó óvaš. 12. a warlike enterprise, say 'a
5. ‘how having been well-treated man so daring.'
I shall repay.' 14. this Talbot, oŮtos ; fiend , örn
6 . See § 43. (a ),'Epivús.
128 EXERCISES.
LXXXI.
Saturn, look up !— though wherefore , poor old King ?
I have no comfort for thee, no, not one:
I cannot say, ' O wherefore sleepest thou ? ?
for heaven is parted from thee , and the earth
knows thee not, thus afflicted, for a god ;
and ocean too, with all its solemn noise,
has from thy sceptre pass’d ; and all the air
is emptied of thine hoary majesty .
Thy thunder, conscious of the new command,
rumbles reluctant o'er our fallen house ;
and thy sharp lightning in unpractised hands
scorches and burns our once serene domain .
O aching time! O moments big as years !
Saturn , sleep on : - 0 thoughtless, why did I
thus violate thy slumbrous solitude ? 15 :
KEATS.
1. Saturn, Kpóvos ; poor old King, 10. reluctant, åkwv (ă ).
Tålas. 11. unpractised , åndns.
6 . solemn noise, use Bpéuw , Bou- 12. scorches and burns, ¿KT Úpów ,
χάομαι, φθέγμα, βαρύβρομος, pevăXów , åžotów .
KTŪTOS. 13. long sorrow in a short time.'
7 . sceptre, kpáros. 15. slumbrous, ünvúóns(ū).
9 . command , 'masters.'
LXXXII.
(His wife is speaking.)
O noble breast and all puissant arms,
am I the cause, I the poor cause thatmen
reproach you, saying all your force is gone ?
I am the cause, because I dare not speak
and tell him what I think and what they say,
and yet I hate that he should linger here ;
I cannot love my lord and not his name.
2. am I the cause, û di čuè . . . omitted : ráp will suf
4 . I am the cause may be fice.
EXERCISES.
Far liefer had I gird his harness on him ,

and ride with him to battle and stand by,
and watch his mightful hand striking great blows 10
at caitiffs and at wrongers of the world .
Far better were I laid in the dark earth ,
not hearing any more his noble voice,
not to be folded more in these dear arms,
and darken 'd from the high light in his eyes, 15
than that my lord thro' me should suffer shame.
TENNYSON .
8 . gird his harness, ónlisw , éčo 9. Don't say ride.
alisw . 15 . nor see the noble light.'
LXXXIII.
Why with the offending father did ye slay
two unoffending babes, his innocent sons ?
Why not on them have placed the forfeit crown,
ruled in their name, and train 'd them to your will ?
Had they misruled ? had they forgot their friends ?
No : but to thy ambition their poor lives
were bar ; and this, too, was their father's crime.
That thou might'st reign he died, not for his fault
even fancied ; and his death thou wroughtest chief.
For, if the other lords desired his fall 10
hotlier than thou, and were by thee kept back,
why dost thou only profit by his death ?
thy crown condemns thee, while thy tongue absolves.
And now to me thou tenderest friendly league ,
and to my son reversion to thy throne : 15
short answer is sufficient ; league with thee,
for me I deem such impious ; and for him ,
exile abroad more safe than heirship here.
M . ARNOLD .
1. offending , aituos, tavaltios. of friends were they.'
3. forfeit, épnuos. 7. bar , umrodwv.
4 . to your will, útrýkoos. 9. even fancied, Xóvų .
5. not violent and unmindful 15. reversion, dadoxal.
EXERCISES.
LXXXIV .
MIR. If by your art, my dearest father, you have
put the wild waters in this roar, allay them .
The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch,
but that the sea, mounting to the welkin 's cheek,
dashes the fire out. O, I have suffered
with those that I saw suffer : a brave vessel,
who had, no doubt, some noble creatures in her,
dash 'd all to pieces. O, the cry did knock
against my very heart. Poor souls, they perish 'd.
Had I been any god of power, I would 10
have sunk the sea within the earth or ere
it should the good ship so have swallow 'd and
the fraughting souls within her.
PROS . Be collected :
no more amazement: tell your piteous heart
there's no harm done.
MIR . O, woe the day !
PROS. No harm . 15
I have done nothing but in care of thee.
KESPEARE .
2. put . . -, kivéw , è opīvw ; allay, 3. the fraughting souls, with

naúw , koluáw , oßévvūmi. sailors and all,' use aŭtos ;
3. stinking pitch , svouons alooa. be collected , ' fear not.'
4. cheek , omit : use čutralw , ' to 14. tell, etc., 'know that you pity
strike against.' unharmed men . '
LXXXV.
Ant. But yesterday the word of Caesar might
have stood against the world : now lies he there,
and none so poor to do him reverence.
O masters ! if I were disposed to stir
your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage,
I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong,
3. poor, paūlos. 5 . mutiny, otáois.
EXERCISES. 131
who, you all know , are honourable men. ,

I will not do them wrong : I rather choose
to wrong the dead, to wrong myself and you ,
than I will wrong such honourable men . 10
But here's a parchment with the seal of Caesar,
I found it in his closet: 'tis his will :
Let but the commons hear this testament,
(which , pardon me, I do not mean to read,)
and they would go and kiss dead Caesar's wounds 15
and dip their napkins in his sacred blood.
SHAKESPEARE.
11. parchment, détos, f. 14 . read , ' recite,' tell.'
12. closet, můxós ; will, diáðeous tñs 15 . kiss, a pookūvéw .
ovolas. 16. napkins,métlos, eiuata.
13. the commons, ' you.'
LXXXVI.
Then he, tho’ Miriam Lane had told him all,
because things seen are mightier than things heard ,
stagger'd and shook , holding the branch, and fear'd
to send abroad a shrill and terrible cry,
which in one moment, like the blast of doom ,
would shatter all the happiness of the hearth .
He therefore turning softly like a thief,
lest the harsh shingle should grate under-foot,
and feeling all along the garden-wall,
lest he should swoon and tumble and be found, 10
crept to the gate and open ’d it, and closed ,
as lightly as a sick man's chamber -door,
behind him , and came out upon the waste.
1. ' though he knew it all. 7. softly, siya.
3. staggered and shook , 'trembled 8. ‘noiseless feet on hard stones,'
in his knees.' yooos.
6 . shatter like the blast of doom , 9. wall, replßolos.
'ouykepauvâoal. 10. swoon , apoleinw , èKOVÁo kw .
132 EXERCISES.
And there he would have knelt, but that his knees
were feeble, so that falling prone he dug 15
his fingers into thewet earth , and pray'd.
TENNYSON .
13. waste, alàě čpnuos. 15. dig, aýyvül.
14. kneel, yóvý tréval.
LXXXVII.
AESCH . At dead of night he slew them : then at dawn
high on the shoulders of the cut-throat crew
was trumpeted forth despot - whither now ?
Push not the event so fast : there is much need
we were deliberate in what 's left to do.
TIM . I go to entreat him , and despite himself
win him to virtue, and his saner mind :
may be 'tis not too late : the thought of power
full oft is sweeter than the taste : already
he surfeits of his sin : experience breeds 10
hate in one moment of a life's desire.

Try we persuasion first : perchance even now
he knows how barren and how bleak it is
to stand unloved , unhonoured , and alone
upon the frozen tops of sovereignty . 15
AESCH . First shall the rain wash cool red Aetna's throat
ere mild words melt a tyrant in his ire.
RHOADES.
2. cut-throat crew , Mialpovol. 10. surfeit, kópos.
3. trumpeted , proclaim .' 13. bleak, duo xeiuepov.
1. be not hasty overmuch . 15 . frozen tops, cold height.'
8. thought . . . taste, use verbs 16 . wash cool, oßévvum .
not nouns.
LXXXVIII.
MACB. So fouland fair a day I have not seen .
BAN . How far is 't call’d to Forres ?– What are these,
1. foul (in weather), fair (in the 2. Forres , Dépai.
victory just won ).
EXERCISES. 133
so wither'd and so wild in their attire ;

that look not like the inhabitants o' the earth ,
and yet are on 't ? Live you ? or are you aught 5
that man may question ? You seem to understand
me,
by each at once her choppy finger laying
upon her skinny lips :- You should be women,
and yet your beards forbid me to interpret
that you are so.
MACB. Speak if you can ;– What are you ? 10
1 WITCH. All hail, Macbeth ! hail to thee, thane ofGlamis !
2 WITCH . All hail, Macbeth ! hail to thee, thane of Cawdor !
3 WITCH. All hail, Macbeth ! that shalt be king hereafter.
BAN. Good sir, why do you start ; and seem to fear .
things that do sound so fair ?— I' the name of truth ,
are ye fantastical, or that indeed 16
which outwardly ye show ?
SHAKESPEARE.
3 . withered , šmpós, pūobs. herited honour, Cawdorhas
7. choppy, Tpāxús. been given him by special
8. skinny, okampos. favour.
11-13. Leave out the names. Re. 16 . fantastical, páomata .
member, Glamis is an in
LXXXIX .
Well, there 's now
no time of calling back or standing still.
Friends, be yourselves : keep the same Roman hearts
and ready minds you had yesternight. Prepare
to execute what we resolved : and let not
labour or danger or discovery fright you.
I'll to the army: you the while mature
things here at home: draw to you any aids
that you think fitting, that may help a war.
3. be yourselves, 'be men ;' Roman, ' worthy of your race.'
134 EXERCISES.
I'll bleed a life or win an empire for you.

Within these few days look to see my ensigns
here at the walls : be you but firm within :
Meantime, to draw an envy on the consul,
and give a less suspicion of our course,
let it be given out here in the city, 15
that I am gone, an innocentman, to exile .
BEN JONSON .
10. 'I will perish or you shall reign.' 13 . consul, 'ruler ;' envy, = 'sus
11. ensigns, 'army.' picion.'
XC.
Giou. Thus sometimes hath the brightest day a cloud ;
and after summer evermore succeeds
barren winter, with his wrathful nipping cold :
so cares and joys abound, as seasons fleet.
Sirs, what's o'clock ?
SERV . Ten , my lord .
Glou. Ten is the hour that was appointed me
to watch the coming of my punish 'd duchess :
uneath may she endure the flinty streets,
to tread them with her tender- feeling feet.
Sweet Nell, ill can thy noble mind abrook 10
the abject people gazing on thy face ,
with envious looks, still laughing at thy shame,
that erst did follow thy proud chariot-wheels
when thou didst ride in triumph through the streets .
But, soft ! I think she comes ; and I'll prepare 15
my tear-stain 'd eyes to see her miseries.
KESPEARE .
5. what's o'clock, arnulka ; for ten 10. Omit the name.

say 'midday ' to save 11. abject, kakds, paūlos.
trouble. 12. envious, étiolovos, duo uerhs.
7. duchess, ' wife ; ' punished, 13. chariot, åpua, öxnua , 8xos.
she has to do penance.' 14 . triumph, xăpá, x \ion.
8 . uneath , ' hardly .' 16 . tear -stained , dakpúppoos.
EXERCISES. 135
XCI.
CHORUS. That lot shall no God give who fights for thee.
HER. Shall Gods bear bit and bridle , fool, of men ?
Сно. Nor them forbid we nor shalt thou constrain .
HER . Yet say'st thou none shall make the good lot mine ?
CHO . Of thy side none , nor moved for fear of thee .
HER . Gods hast thou then to baffle Gods of ours ?
Сно . Nor thine nor mine, but equal-souled are they .
HER . Toward good and ill, then, equal-eyed of soul ?
Cho. Nay, but swift-eyed to note where ill thoughts breed .
HER. Thy shaft word -feathered flies yet far of me. 10
CHO. Pride knows not, wounded, till the heart be cleft.
HER . No shaft wounds deep whose wing is plumed with
words.
CHO. Lay that to heart, and bid thy tongue learn grace.
HER. Grace shall thine own crave soon too late ofmine.
CHO. Boast thou till then, but I wage words no more. 15
SWINBURNE .
2. " to bridle,' xalivbw . 12. wounds deep, Dikvollmai.
8. equal-eyed of soul, toov dedop- 1513. grace, zápis.
till then téws
KOTES . . , .
10 . ' the well-feathered shaft of
words.'
XCII.
Though yet of Hamlet ourdear brother's death
the memory be green ; and that it us befitted
to bear our heart in grief, and our whole kingdom
to be contracted in one brow of woe ;
yet so far hath discretion fought with nature,
that we with wisest sorrow think on him ,
together with remembrance of ourselves.
1. Leave out name. 5 . nature, say ' regret.'
2. xlwpå Evu opa ; us (the king). 7. remembrance ofourselves , . con
4. one brow ofwoe, introduce the sidering my own interests
word kolvds or máyKouvoS. (råmá). '
136 EXERCISES.
therefore, our sometime sister, now our queen ,

th ' imperial jointress of this warlike state,
have we, as 'twere with a defeated joy,
with one auspicious, and one dropping eye,
with mirth in funeral, and with dirge in marriage,
in equal scale weighing delight and dole,
taken to wife : nor have we herein barr'd
your better wisdoms, which have freely gone 15
with this affair along : — for all, our thanks.
SHAKESPEARE.
8 . sister (by marriage), Knoos, 10 . defeated , mournful,' oxy.
kņdevua. moron .
9. Follow the sense : it means 11. dropping, 'weeping.'
that she as the widow of 14. 'we have not hidden from
the late king brought the you who are wiser .'
kingdom to her new hus.
band .
XCIII.
ANT. I do beseech you, if ye have meheard,
now , while your purple hands do reek and smoke,
fulfil your pleasure. Live a thousand years,
I shall not find myself so apt to die :
no place will please me so , no mean of death ,
as here by Caesar, and by you cut off,
the choice and master spirits of this age.
Bon. O Antony, beg not your death of us.
Though now wemust appear bloody and cruel,
as by our hands, and this our present act, 10
you see we do : yet see you but our hands,
and this the bleeding business they have done :
our hearts you see not, they are pitiful:
and pity to the general wrong of Rome
(as fire drives out fire, so pity pity) 15
2. reek and smoke. •šéw with 14 . pity . . . hath done, 'we pity
murder.' ing . . . have done.'
7. " Than whom nothing better.'
EXERCISES. 137
hath done this deed on Caesar. For your part,

to you our swords have leaden points, Mark Antony ;
our arms no strength ofmalice, and our hearts
of brother's temper, do receive you in
with all kind love, good thoughts, and reverence. 20
SHAKESPEARE.
17. are weakened like lead (uólußdos).'
XCIV.
Gon . So am I purposed. — Where is my lord of Gloster ?
CORN. Followed the old man forth . (Re-enter Glost.) He is
returned .
Glost. The king is in high rage.
Corn. Whither is he going ?
Glost. He calls to horse, but will I know not whither.
CORN. ' Tis best to give him way : he leads himself.
Gon. My lord, entreat him by no means to stay.
GLOST. Alack , the night comes on , and the bleak winds
do sorely ruffle ; for many miles about
there 's scarce a bush .
REG . O , sir, to wilfulmen
the injuries that they themselves procure 10
must be their schoolmasters. Shut up your doors:
he is attended with a desperate train ;
and what they may incense him to, being apt
to have his ear abused, wisdom bids fear.
CORN . Shut up your doors, my lord ; 'tis a wild night : 15
my Regan counsels well : comeout o' the storm .
SHAKESPEARE.
1 . Kpéov. 12. train , 'men .'
4. to horse, immous élaóvelv. 13. beingapt to have his ear abused ,
8. ruffle, oploow . being liable to flattery (0w
9. bush , Oáuvos ; many miles (sim TEÚw , Ourevua ).
plify ) ; wilful, aúládns. 14 . wisdom bids, “ it is wise to.'
10-11. Use the proverbial mãoń. 16 . come out of the storm , ' come
ματα μαθήματα or πάθος μά in . '
dos.
S
138 EXERCISE .
XCV.
Then stood Timoleon with averted eyes
silent a space, and praying: at last he cried :
• Traitor ! of thine own blood be thine the guilt :
the hour is come: to Corinth I devote
the life, would heaven I had not lived to save.'
So, ere the guards could aid him , he was dead :
for we three closed upon him , who speechless, blind,
fell, as a bull is butchered , heavy as he
and helpless : while the huddling herd behind
stood stupid gazing on Timoleon.
Then, as bewitched by Circe's sorceries,
each at themute commandment of his eye
confounded, no word spoken , with one clang
dropped spear and buckler , all the savage soul
tamed in them , and the wordy tumult lulled .
mult lulled. 15
RHOADES.
1. averted , malitpóros. 11. bewitched , aniów .
4. I devote the life, ' I sacrifice 15 . wordy tumult, ' strife and
you . ' shouting.'
9. huddling,atńOOW, ÉTTOÑObal.
XCVI.
AD. No passage ! Whither would the madman press ?
Close the doors quick on me !
GUI. Too late ! He 's here.
VAL . Sir Guibert, will you help me?— Me,that come
charged by your townsmen, all who starve at Cleves,
to represent their heights and depths of woe
before our Duchess and obtain relief !
Such errands barricade such doors, it seems:
but not a common hindrance drives me back
5 . heights and depths of woe, oia such a messenger they
kará. shut out. '
7. such errands barricade, etc., 8. common , 'wonted.'
EXERCISES. 139
on all the sad yet hopeful faces, lit
with hope for the first time, which sent me forth . 10
Cleves, speak for me ! Cleves'men and women, speak !
Who followed me— your strongest — many a mile
that Imight go the fresher from their ranks,
— who sit — your weakest — by the city gates,
to take me fuller of what news I bring 15
as I return — for I must needs return !
BROWNING .
9. on all, “ to ; ' sad yet hopeful, 13. that I might bear tidings
' hopeful in sorrow ;' omit fresh to you.'
" faces.' 15 . to take me fuller, ' to meet mo
11. speak for me, lotw. when full.'
XCVII.
ER. Hear then and know why only of allmen I
that bring such news as mine is, I alone
mustwash good words with weeping ; I and thou ,
woman, must wail to hear men sing,must groan
to see their joy who love us ; all our friends
save only we, and all save we that love
this holiness of Athens, in our sight
shall lift their hearts up, in our hearing praise
gods whom we may not ; for to these they give
life of their children , flower of all their seed, lo
for alltheir travail fruit, for all their hopes
harvest ; but we for all our good things, we
have at their hands, which fill all these folk full,
3. This may be done literally : 12. for all, i.e. ' instead of.'
or ' weep over good words. ' 12 -13. ' we, instead of good things,
7. this holiness, dépas. receive from the gods who
10. life of their children , ' living give these things (to others)
children ! death ,' etc.
11. fruit . . . harvest, one word
will do.
140 EXERCISES.
death , barrenness, child-slaughter, curses, cares,

sea-leaguer and land-shipwreck ; which of these, 15
which wilt thou first give thanks for ? all are thine.
SWINBURNE.
15 . sea-leaguer and land -shipwreck, wreck of the city, capture
the phrases are intention (älwors) at sea .'
ally crossed : say " ship
XCVIII.
J. My ears have not yet drunk a hundred words
of that tongue's utterance, yet I know the sound :
art thou not Romeo, and a Montague ?
R . Neither, fair saint, if either thee dislike.
J. How camest thou hither, tell me, and wherefore ?
The orchard walls are high and hard to climb,
and the place death , considering who thou art,
if any of my kinsmen find thee here.
With love's light wings did I o'erperch these walls ;
for stony limits cannot hold love out ; 10
and what love can do that dares love attempt ;
therefore thy kinsmen are no let to me.
J. If they do see thee, they will murder thee.
R . Alack ! there lies more peril in thine eye,
than twenty of their swords : look thou but sweet, 15
and I am proof against their enmity .
SHAKESPEARE.
3. A Montague, 'a foe to my kin . 15. twenty, 'all.'
7 . the place death , ' death awaits
thee here.'
XCIX .
FEDALMA. O father, will the women of our tribe
suffer as I do, in the years to come,
when you havemade them great in Africa ?
3. in Africa , say kateloúv : he was an exile about to return .
EXERCISES. 141
Redeemed from ignorant ills only to feel

a conscious woe. Then - is it worth the pains ? 5
Were it not better when we reach that shore ,
to raise a funeral pile and perish all,
so closing up a myriad avenues
to misery yet unwrought ? My soulis faint--
will these sharp pangs buy any certain good ? 10
ZARCA . Nay, never falter : no great deed is done
by falterers who ask for certainty.
No good is certain , but the stedfast mind,
the undivided will to seek the good :
'tis that compels the elements, and wrings
a human music from the indifferent air.
The greatest gift the hero leaves his race
is to have been a hero . Say we fail !
we feed the high tradition of the world ,
and leave our spirit in our children's hearts. 20
G . ELIOT.
8 . avenues, odol. * forces the deaf air to har
ll. falter, ókveiv. monise ( Švvódelv) with man 's
15 . compels the elements, controls woes.'
theheaven .' 19. cherish noble memory of
16. wrings a human music, etc., bravery .'
Then she stretched out her armsand cried aloud

Oh Arthur !' then her voice brake suddenly ,
then — as a stream that spouting from a cliff
fails in mid air, but gathering at the base
remakes itself, and flashes down the vale
went on in passionate utterance :
"Gone-- my lord !
Gone thro' my sin to slay and to be slain !
And he forgave me, and I could not speak.
2. brake, dreppăyn, éppárn.
3 . spout, è opuwmal, ngâv,¢£álouai. 6 . use Apociv .
142 EXERCISES.
Farewell ? I should have answered his farewell. ,

His mercy choked me. Gone, my lord the king, 10
my own true lord ! how dare I call him mine ?
The shadow of another cleaves to me
and makes me one pollution : he, the king,
called me polluted : shall I kill myself ?
What help in that ? I cannot kill my sin ,
if soul be soul: nor can I kill my shame;
no, nor by living can I live it down .
The days will grow to weeks, the weeks to months,
the months will add themselves and make the years,
the years will roll into the centuries, 20
and mine will ever be a name of scorn . TENNYSON .
17. live down, ' wear away by life.' 20. centuries, aiớves.
18. Omit weeks.
APPENDIX
ADDITIONAL EASY EXERCISES

CI- CXXX
APPENDIX .
ADDITIONAL EASY EXERCISES.
[See page 88.]
CI.
TANTALUS.
Who of mortals does not know the fame of Tantalus ?
For he, elated by insolence to do dread deeds,
is punished by the gods for his boldness.
For his limbs scorch with the nether heat,
and feeling insatiable thirst in the mid stream
he ever stands : but if he even bows his head
that with cool founts he may assuage the fire,
the stream flies from him longing, and instead of a draught,
his hot lip is filled with dry dust.
For the god when angry pities no one. 10
1. mortals, Bporós. 6. stand, use lotnu or kablomnul ;
2 . elated , use étalpw ; deeds, bow , veuw ; head, $ 45.
63 ; dread, delvbs. 7. cool, yüxpós ; fount, irryh ;
3. by, pós, see § 58 ; for, use assuage, maloárow , uăláo.
Žirova, § 69. ow .
4 . limbs, ápopa ; scorch , pléyel ; 8. long, tow ; flies, peúnu , acc. ·
nether , νερτερος ; heat, καύμα draught, πώμα.
or plur. 9. hot, Depuós ; lip , xeîlos , dust,
5 . feel, éxw ; insatiable, dainotos ; orodós, f. ; kóvis, f.
thirst, diya.
CII.
The gods are so angry with Tantălus,
that they do not seem to have enough of their vengeance,
1. 80, TOO allta ; angry, unviw . 2. enough, &lis (ă).
146 APPENDIX .
exacting one punishment for his former sins,
but find outmore fierce pain .
For , suffering with the sun's hot rays,
he asks for healing : then , looking to heaven ,
he sees a vine present : and stretching up
his hand, eager to seize the joy ofthe draught,
he finds nothing : for the pleasure of grapes
some god has taken out, so that he gets nothing. 10
3. exact, a páoow ; former sins, S. eager , use now ; joy, gåvos
§ 63, use áutrdăkeîv. (n.) [articles, see § 35 ] ;
5. suffer, rovelv ; ray, åktis, -ivos. draught, wua.
6. asks (aor.) ; healing, tãous. 9. finds (aor.) ; grape, BbTpus.
7. vine, õutrelos, f.; stretch, ék 10. take out, égalpów ; get, tuyo
Teivw . xăvw (g.).
CIII.
What a danger terrifies me with fear !
for now I stand like one on a rock
surrounded with sea-waves,
to whom ever the depth of the surge rises higher,
expecting waves, till in a short (time)
with salt deeps they sink me down.
But now the storm ceases, and the clouds the god
has turned to flight, and the heaven opens:
and the wave retires, and again have appeared
the firm rocks : and I am saved . 10
1. See on, p. 62 ; terrify, ék 6. deep, Būdos : sink, tovrlsW .
anoow . 7. cease, dvyw ; storm , ovella .
2. on a rock, insert Bebus; rock, 8. turn, tpétw [tense, see $ 50]:
rétpa . to flight, ' flying •' opens,
3. surround , kŭkléw . υπερράγη.
4. surge, călos ; rises, use aťpw ; 9. retires, únoppéw ; have ap .
higher, uelfwv. peared, $ 50.
6 . expect, xăpădorû ; until, for' 10. firm , Béßacos ; I am saved
dv. (present, $ 50, kupã ).
EASY EXERCISES. 147
CIV.
Kreān the tyrant proclaimed to the city
that none should bury nor bewail
themiserably slain corpse of Polyneikes,
but that every one should perish disgracefully whoever does
aught of this.
But there was a sister of the man , who in the tomb
hid the body, towards the master nowise
having reverence, but obeying gods' commands,
and she was caught doing this ; and despite laws
having buried her brother, she did not shun to die.
But as she died by the most shameful fate of all (women ) 10
so she found the most glorious fame.
1. tyrant, Tŭpavvos ; proclaim , 7. have reverence towards, céßw ;
εκκηρύσσω. obey, meldapxéw ; command,
2. that none, $ 38 ; bury, Oáttw ; evrolń.
bewail, kwKŪw . 8. was caught, eālw ; despite, Bią
3. slain , dăváv ; corpse, véküs. (g .).
4 . perish , 8XXvuar; disgracefully , 9. shun, peúyw , use uns où after it.
aioxpws. 10 . as, 80w ;died ,use 6Mvue; fate,
5 . of theman, $ 32, v. ; who, ýtis. uópos.
6. hide, KPÚTTW ; master, deo . 11. 80, too♡de ; glorious, eůkleńs.
Tórns ; nowise, ovdauw .
CV .
KOROIBOS.
When love of Kassandra had seized Kõroibos
he came to Trojan Pergămă, that his beloved
hemight be able to see, though desiring in vain .
And meanwhile the army of Hellēnes was about to take
the fort with assaults: but Kassandra someone
1. love, špws; had seized , aipėw 4. meanwhile,ev tựde or ¿v TOÚTW ;
[aorist in Greek ]. Hellenes," El nues ; be about,
2. Trojan, Triods; beloved, Tà i Méllw .
φίλτατα . 5 . fort, relxioma ; assault, tpos
Boln.
148 EASY EXERCISES.
seizing by the hair passed by, and dragged her violently off.
And straight Koroibos seeing it endured it not,
but snatching a sword , and mad with fearful wrath ,
rushed quick after him to save the maid .
But the wretched man perished himself in the battle. 10
6 . by the hair, gen . ; drag off, 8. snatch , mápttw .
Ekxw . 9. rush , lemal ; to save, ùs c. fut.
7. straight, cúbús ; endure, åvexo particip.
Malo
CVI.
THE THREEGOATS.
There were once three goats in the fields.
And the youngest came wandering,
that she might feed in the mountains on abundant grass.
But in the midst was a deep stream ,
and there below a bridge a most savage
snake lay. So seeing the goat
crossing, he told her to jump down into the stream ,
that he might take and eat her , a delight of the feast.
And she persuaded him , so that letting her go free
herself, he should wait for her sister to come, 10
as being larger and worthier of his jaw .
1. goat, xưualpa ; field , dypbs. 7. cross,nepáw ; told , elme ; jump,
2. come, émépXoual ; wander, andaw .
ålâolai, alavaobal. 8. delight, zăvos ; feast, deîtrov.
3. feed , véueo dai, acc. ; abundant, 9. let go, åpeîval.
đpdovos ; grass, xlón . 10. he should , inf. ; wait for , repe
4. in midst, ¿v TQ METAçú . Mévelv , acc. ; sister, kaore
5 . below , věpdev ; bridge, gepópa . výrn .
6 . snake, Spåkww. 11. jaw , yvados.
CVII.
THE THREE GOATS (continued ).
This one accordingly went off : but the second
coming did the same, and being threatened ,
1. accordingly, Mèv oŮv (p. 65) ; 2. did, sayťtaoxe ; threaten,
go off, droixouai ; second , åreléw .
δεύτερος.
APPENDIX . 149
likewise persuaded the snake, [having let her go] free,

to wait for the last [insert in this line the passage in brackets).
And at last she came up. And the snake seeing her, 5
said with a terrible shout, “ Who are you who dares to cross ? ”
But the goat much louder spake,
“ You see the eldest of the three goats."
And speaking she immediately leapt into the stream ,
and ate up the snake and went off. 10
3. likewise, attws. 7. loud, uéyas ; speak, poéyyouai.
4 . last, üotătos. 8. eldest, yepaltatos.
5 . at last, télos ; come up, émel. 9. leap, årloua .
Dev ; and the, $ 34, iv . 10. ate up and, particip. ; eat up,
6 . with a shout, $ 67 ; who, etc., Katapăyeîv.
say 'who darest ' ; dare,
τολμάω.
CVIII.
CAMILLA .
Her mother being dead the father brings up the child :
and when thearmy came near, bringing danger,
the father taking his infant daughter flies.
And in his journey he found in the midst a stream ,
and is at a loss how to cross, bearing the child .
Accordingly, after thinking ofmany things, he devised this.
Taking the spear he fitted the child 's body to it,
making it firm with bonds, and fastening it on the middle of
the spear :
and then shaking it he threw it across the stream ,
and the brass was fixed in the ground : and she wassaved . 10
1. Articles, $ 35 ; bring up, tpépw ; 5. be at a loss, åunxăvew ; how to,
father, yevvýrwp, mărýp. use tws and subj.
2 . army, otpătós ; danger, kivdū. 6. think , voćw ; devise, unxăv @ uai.
vos. 7. spear, byxos, dbpŭ ; fit to, apos
3. infant, výmios ; daughter,aŭyă ántw ; body, owua, dépas.
tñp. 8. make firm , BeBaiów ; bond ,
4 . in . . . journey, 67 ; in the Téon ; fasten, eipyw .
midst, év utou . 9. shake, mallw ; across, trépav.
10. brass, xalkós ; fix , a hyvūm .
150 APPENDIX .
CIX .
OEDIPUS.
Oidipous, leaving Korinthos, at the Delphic
oracles arrived, enquiring about his race.
And the god answered that it was fated that his sire
he should slay, and marry his mother.
And learning this, to his house no more
he returned, but over a strange land wandered.
And by chance finding an old man in the three-ways,
and being struck on his head with a goad, he killed him
with a sword .
And coming to Thēbai, he saves the city from the Sphinx,
and unwitting married his unwitting mother, 10
and so the god accomplished what he foretold . .
1. Aedpokós, acc. 7. chance, TÚxm ; old man, Tpơ
2. oracle , Martelov ; arrive, åØlk Bus ;. three ways, Tolalai
velodac; enquire, lotopów ; odol.
about, $ 57. 8. on his head , acc. ; goad, kév
3. answered , åveile ; it is fated, Tpov ; sword, tipos, n .
deł. 9. saves from , éKOMSELV.
4. mother, 7 TikTopG4. 10. unwitting, åyvoćw .
6. return , katedocîv ; over , éni, 11. accomplish , åvútw.
acc.
CX .
AN ENIGMA.
A . Of all these evils I have a medicine,
of pain , annoyance, and proud anger,
and whenever a man suffers, bearing the weight of troubles.
B. Do you speak of some one medicine for these numerous
things ?
1. medicine, pápuakov ; have, say 3. and whenever,kal őtav, $34, iv .;
τρέφω. suffer, novelv ; trouble, arpây.
2. annoyance, ávta ; proud, útépP ua .
. pwr. 4. numerous, mūpioi, ávýpi@uol.
EASY EXERCISES. 151
A. One alone, cheap and ready to hand.

B . How must one use it ? is it to eat or drink ?
A . Wemust burn it, like incense .
B . And if no altar be near, what is to be done ?
A. You might carry it all easily in your garments.
B . And how can I rightly name it ?
A. It is not yet lawful for you to know such things.
5. cheap, eŮtedýs;. ready to hand, 8. altar, Bwubs ; to be done, apak
apóxelpos (or say ' easy to Téos.
efind .']S 9. garments, tételos, mérlwua .
6 . to eat, Bpwrós; to drink, 10 . Use tuyxávw ; name, 7poo
TOTós. EVVÉTW .
7. incense, ovutāpa ; like, 8 72. 11. lawful, béuts.
CXI.
AEOLUS.
Tyrant Aiolos rules the winds,
and holds all imprisoned in the rocks.
And Hērā persuaded Aiðlos by entreaty
to let loose the raving winds from their fetters, 5
devising evil fate against the Trõěs.

And all the winds being set free
raised up such a tempest in the waves,
that the god of the sea, aroused from the depths,
put forth his head above. And seeing the matter,
he first restrained the winds from their fierce trouble, 10
and abused them , threatening terrible sufferings.
1. wind , dvejos, avellua , tvoń ; 7. tempest, onttós.
rule, kpătéw . 8.0 . ofJuo
thesea
ouus, adj., TÓVTLOS ; arouse,
2. imprison, klelw . efeyelpw ; depth , Bắdos,

3. entreat, Nităpew , aitéw ; by Băoos.
entreaty, $ 67. 9. put forth, a potelvw , $49, viii.
4 . raving, Avooáw [mad ); let loose, 10. restrain, katéxw ; fierce,dyplos.
åpīéval ; fetter ,médn. 11. abuse, Noidopeiv ; sufferings, say
5. devise , unxarãodal. terrible things,' and see
6 . set free, élevő epów . $ 68.
152 APPENDIX .
CXII.
TURNUS.
Turnus— Aeneas.
T. Cease from this fight, for I am wounded .
onqueror mmust
y Iwconqueror
T.T. RIåasknd viter:ilthe ld
ustouspare.
A . Dost thou ask pity that I should not kill thee ?
A . And verily I will pity thee : thou askest not in vain .
T . Receive infinite thanks for thy gentleness. 5
A . But what spear is this thou hast ? whence didst thou
get it ?
T. The spear of Pallas (I got ] by victory in battle.
A . O thou, bearing thememorial of the dearest of men ,
How didst thou hope I should pity thee having this ?
Nay thou must die ! And not by my hand thou diest, 10
Pallas, Pallas slays thee with this sword !
1. Cease, tateofai, gen. ; am ,see 5 . infinite, uvplos ; gentleness,
$55 ; wounded , tetpwuévos. Eůmévecă .
2. pity , OKTOS. 6. spear, aixuń, byxos, dópù ; didst
3. I ask, $ 50 ; conqueror, ó kpa. get, particip.
@ v ; spare, peldeal. 7 . by victory, $ 67.
4. and verily , kaiusv. 8. memorial, uinueiov.
10. nay, Mè ouv.
CXIII.
VISION.
What is this ? a dread dream affrights me.
I see the house blazing with wondrous fire,
my daughter carried off from my hearth.
And very many mortals devour my substance,
and my dear spouse lets fall bitter tears.
Aha ! I understand ! for on this day
1. dream , évÚTVLOV ; affright, ék - 4. very many,máutollo ; devour,
poßéw . collw ; substance [wealth ).
2. blaze, Pléyw . 5. spouse,
let fall
sápap, růvh, aloxos ;
3 . daughter, mais, oùyátnp ; carry let fall, deival.
off, åpaprasw ; hearth , cotla. 6. aha, čā ; I understand, g 50 ;
on , kará.
EASY EXERCISES. 153
shall be my daughter's marriage in the house :

and the mother must let fall tears :
and thou shalt leave us, child ! and the hearth 's fire
shall shine brighter : and into the rich home 10
with abundant banquets I shall welcomemy friends.
8 . must,TPÉTEL, xoń, Xpeuv. 11. banquet, deînvov ; welcome,
10. brighter, ueisov Tl. Sexomat.
CXIV .
THOR.
There was a hero of the Skůthai named Thoros,
and he was present once as a guest in another's house .
And he asked Thoros if he wished to drink,
and gave him a golden cup. And Thoros took it,
and drank long : but always there was some left.
And at last he wearied, no longer being able to drink.
And so vexed he said , What is the cause ? '
And the other, ' No need for you to wonder,' said he,
' for no one could drink up the sea ,
and the cup was the sea. And you do not drink in vain , 10
• for the waves have fled far from the land.'
1 . hero, * pws. 7. vexed [angry ]; cause, aitlā.
4 . gave, topelv ; cup, Twua. 8. no need, oudèv dei.
5 . long, onpbv ; left, Noctós. 9. drink up, éktivw .
6 .wearied , åreîne;able, useodévw .
CXV.
TIT FOR TAT.
A . Would you not pity me, so as to let me go ?
B . No, for those whom justice has caught, we must guard .
A . But I know that you have done more wrong than I.
1. KOVY. 3. do wrong, adików .
2. no, for , $ 76 (4);has caught, elle;
wemust, use verbal in -réos.
154 APPENDIX .
B. Whom have I wronged ? You must speak clearer.
A. My sister, in stealing much silver.
B . You will have to prove such things, not say them only .
A . This is not difficult, for I saw it all.
B . Why did you not charge me before, when she suffered ?
A . My sister persuaded me : but now I hesitate no more.
B. Well, I will let you go. And it is for you to pardon
now . 10
A . And how are we to pity those whom justice has caught ?
4 . clear, vãońs. 7. difficult, duoxephs.
5 . steal,kétTW . 8. why, 59 ; charge, aitiáqual.
6. have to , use del ; prove, onlów . 9. hesitate, ókvw, see § 47 (i.).
CXVI.
BEAUTY.
Fate gave to all that live, gifts ;
different gifts to different creatures ; to oxen great strength
and horns so as to strike terror into wolves ;
on horses it bestowed hooves ; on lions
a jaw well fortified with fearful teeth .
But at last, when it found that on womankind
alone no gift had yet been conferred,
it gave to these (women ) beauty, an excellent prize,
a protection for the body superior to shields
and better than all swords. Nor to withstand 10
this may any avail. Nay rather, easily
one that is beautiful overpowers both fire and steel.
1.that live, particip . with article ; 6. at last,Téos ; womankind = the
gift, dwpov, dupnua. female (Onlus or gúvaikelos ).
2. gifts — creatures, omit . 7. alone, say 'alone of the rest .'
3. strike into, čußállw ; terror, 8. excellent, étoxos, &plotos, lõo.
deiua, poßos (sing. or plur.). TOS ; prize, répas.
4. hoof, onlń ; bestow , ónášw . 9. protection , a póßinua ; body,
5. fortify, opárow ; fearful, delvds, owua, odpĚ, KŪTOS, n. ;
ču poßos, poßepós. superior,kpeloow , Útéptepos.
EASY EXERCISES. 155
CXVII.
THE OLD SPORTSMAN.
Mountain -god Pan ! to thee Gělon dedicates this gift
a spear and woven work of nets ;
who used once to pursue wild -beasts in the deep forest
and beside the streams of Ismēnos.
And often with bow and arrowsthe birds, that over his head 5
were passing, he stayed from their course.
And he joined battle with fearful lions,
having thee ever for assistant and comrade.
But now (since the strength, which ere he came to old age
he possessed, and the nimble speed of his feet, are gone) 10
he leads out no longer his beloved hounds through the wood ,
but warmshis old body with the fire on the hearth.
1. mountain -god , Ópelos (adj.) ; passing, article and parti
dedicates ( = places), next ciple (pass = go).
line. 7. join battle, any phrase mean
2. nets, say " cords ' if you ing fight will do.
like. | 9. sace, ráp.
3. pursue, next line ; forest, next 10. nimble, koûbos.
line ; deep, ßãoúčūlos. 11. wood , aloos.
5. bow and arrows, plur. of tóčov ; 12. old , rolós (or literal) ; on the
birds, next line ; that were hearth , ¿DÉOTLOS.
CXVIII.
THE FORTUNATE ISLE.
And an island lies in the secret-places of the sea,
fostering soft breezes : and it no
whirlwind shakes with cold blasts :
and snow is absent ; and the meadows neither frost
nor the hail of Zeus may ravage, 5
nor fiery shafts of the flaming sun .
1. secret-places, uŭxol; of the sea, 4. frost, měyos.
. adj. 5 . ravage, onów , poeipw (or
2. it, viv. compd.).
3. whirlwind,rüpus, Dúella , okna . 6. fiery , šuTỦpos ; shafts, Boxń,
Tós. åktīs (or say ' heat').
155 APPENDIX
But pious companies inhabit it

of men and women ; if any one formerly during life
having done all things well has perished gloriously.
For these the gods suffer not, below 10
to lie when dead ; but to them , returned again
to light, they grant a most joyful immortal life.
8. men and women , omit and 11. them , omit.
(asyndeton ). 12. grant, véuw .
10 . suffer, čáw .
CXIX .
CRESSY.
Knight — King Edward - Herald .
KN. May this be well ! But,my lord , I fear
lest great danger be encompassing your son
overpowered by the superior force of the Keltai.
K . EDW . Whatmakes you so disheartened ?
KN. This herald seems to be bringing no good news. 5
HER. My lord, it befits you come as an aid to your
friends.
K . EDW . Tell me this first. Is my son dead ?
HER. He lives, but is hard pressed by the foemen.
K . EDW . Is he wounded too, in body, by a Keltic spear ?
HER . Be assured , that the prince's limbs are still un
wounded 10
K . EDW . Well, then , let him achieve this matter all by him
self,
for not even with a father is it honourable to halve
one's glory .
2. encompass, åumloxw . 8. press hard, TiéŚW .
3. superior force, etc., say by 9. See § 59.
the number of more Keltai. 10 . prince, tais ; unwounded , árpw .
4 . = And what is it, on account tos.
of (åvrl) which you have 11. all by himself = himself alone.
this despair ? 12. to halve . . . with , Kolvbw (with
5. news, pătis. dative).
EASY EXERCISES. 157
CXX.
AGAMEMNON .
Chieftains, who ever share with us in all achievements
ruling the host of Argives,
hear, what to me, when I consider these things well,
appears to be the only plan left.
It would have been disgraceful for us, as though afraid , 5
to depart from this land, if we had had, as before,
Zeus still propitious, who despatched forsooth this
army of Achaians; a great woe to the Trojans.
But now (since manifestly to the gods that once were friendly
we are hateful), come, to our fatherland
let us flee again, and cease from toils.
For I cannot take Troy , if fate be unwilling.
1. share in, ouutpárow (next low ; gods, dalyoves (next
line). line ).
2. rule, cúdúvw, dpxw, kpărw ; 10 . am hateful, éxoalpojai, éx @pós
4 . only plan = ' alone of eiul.
plans. ' 12. cannot, express by optative
7. despatch, èKTÉMTW. and dv ; if, use gen, absol. ;
9. manifestly, éupavws, or use on fate, 0eos.
CXXI.
GRAVE QUESTIONS.
Hamlet — Gravedigger.
H . What man 's tomb is being heaped here ?
G . The tomb is mine : ask not again .
H . But why do you tell lies, O villain ?
G . I say that every work is his who made it.
H . Well, then, what man are you burying in this tomb ? 5
1. what man's, say of whom og rápos, túußos ; heap, xúv
men (so in lines 5 and 6, vumi.
say whom of men . . . no 2. ask , tuvávoual; why ? g 59.
one of men ), ; tomb, onua 4 . his who made, use participle
158 APPENDIX .
G . Noman ; but you speak inconsiderately.

H . Then must one call this corpse a woman 's ?
G . Nay, not even now have you set right your tongue.
H . And who is it, in very truth, if it is not a woman ?
G . She was once a woman, but now is no more. 10
H . But how is she not a woman now , if she once was it
woman ?
G . Why, she is dead ; and the dead “ are not.”
6 . inconsiderately, åopovrlotws. 9, if, ei ye.
7. then , oủkoûv. 12. cay, y4p.
8 . nay, állá ; set right, opébw (or
compd .), see $ 50, perfect.
CXXII.
THE TYRANT.
A . But, if I am monarch of those here,
who could possibly restrain my authority,
that all be not fulfilled, whatsoe'er I may ever wish ?
B. King, that you bear rule over this land,
all know , and there is none that is ignorant.
Yet certain (beings) seem to be stronger even than you.
A . Pray, who is so strong as to overcomeme ?
B . First Zeus, and the Gods in heaven ?
and next Shame, who possesses among men
greatest reverence , and the wise honour her ; 10
and Law , they say, is ever king of all things.
These you must serve though you be great.
2. could possibly, optat.with dv ; 7. Pray,who, say “ and who.”
authority, govola . 9 . next, ēmELTA .
3 . that . . . fulfilled , infinitive 11. is king, verb .
with article . 12. these, relative.
CXXIII.
THE CASTAWAY.
A . Stranger, pity the lot of a miserable man ,
nor let me die thus deserted .
EASY EXERCISES. 159
B . Who are you ? and whence do you inhabit this cold

country, wearing a Grecian dress ?
A . I am Lịcon , son ofMeidias the Corinthian :
and I am come to this island through the violence of a
storm .
B. What ask you, then ? Back to your country
would you have me bring you on my ship ? .
A . Most certainly : and if you consent to grantme this
I will present you with great store of wealth. 10
B. Nay rather, keep themoney yourself and preserve it well,
for I will give these things, which you desire to get, free.
3 . inhabit this, next line. 9. grant, zăpíšoual.
4 . Grecian , 'EXXás, adj. 11. and preserve, participle.
7. Back, etc., introduce the ques. 12. free, ducodos.
tion with an interrog. particle.
CXXIV.
THE PRINCE RETURNS TO HIS HOME.
My child , now you may see, being present,
what you were ever desirous of. For here is the city
in which your father held the throne, while he lived ,
and the palace, whence I carried, and reared you
to your presentmanhood . And this, on the left,
you may behold the grove of the sea-god,
and the race-course, where alway to the sons ofGreeks
the public contest of speed is proclaimed .
And, yet, why do I vainly recount these things to you ?
For all in a short time you, yourself being present, 10
may learn . But now at least we should not delay longer,
since this is a season not for words but deeds.
1. you may, EFCOTI, 5. you may behold , optative with
2. desirous, apbūpos ; here, öde. Šv.
3 . rear, ektptDw ,middle . 6 . race-course, orádiov.
4 . your present manhood = ' this 7. of speed, use adj., e.g. ÚKÚTOUS.
much of age. 12. season , åkuń (ă ).
160 APPENDIX .
CXXV.
CHILDREN AND PARENTS .
Well have you spoken, O son , like a reasonable man,
all your speech : nor shall you have blame from me,
as having been guilty of folly in your words.
But I am perplexed, and cannot learn this ;
whether indeed it is better that children be born
to mortals, or whether one shall rather die childless.
For I see that they are miserable, asmany as have not
male children born in their homes,
and as many as have them born , are no happier.
And if one have a bad son, it is a most hateful plague: 10
and again if good ones be born, bitter fear
is present with their father, lest they suffer something.
1. like, katá. 7-8 . Say 'to as many as . . . are
2 . shall you have, optative with not born ' (Epurav aor. of
áv, next line. habit), end line 7 with us.
3 . am guilty of, oolcokávw . 9. Omit ‘ are,' carry on the con
4 . am perplexed , åunxavô . struction from line 7 .
5. indeed, oův. 10 . Omit it is. '
6 . childless, dtais. 11. good, owopwv, 100X6s.
CXXVI.
ODYSSEUS.
Odysseus saw the manners of many men ,
and visited many cities , and he was tempest-tost
by blasts of whirlwinds and roaring waves.
But ever in his woes he found Athene kind,
for the Wise Goddess loves wise men .
So she saved him , and, again to his fatherland
returned,made him king of those he ruled of old .
1. Odysseus,'Odvoreús. 4. Athene,'Adva.
2 . am tempest-tost, xeluácouai. 7. returned = ' having come.'
EASY EXERCISES. · 161
And neither fierce Charybdis, nor the hounds of Skylla

seized the hero with all-devouring jaws.
And the Kůklops, dread child of the Sea God , from evil 10
outrage he made to cease ; and destroyed with the point
of a blazing log the blinded light of his eye.
8 -9 . hounds of Skylla in verse 9, 10 . Küklops, in next line ; child,
seized with jaws in verse 8 . Opéunia (n.).
CXXVII .
THE SIRENS.
Noble Odysseus, among those now and those of old
most famous of Achaean heroes ;
approach and bring-to thy ship hither, O mightiest one,
that thou mayest hear the sweet songs of the Sirens.
For already, to this land, and sea -encompassed
shores, many sailors bringing their ships,
have heard our voices ; and then to their fatherland
sailed forth rejoicing ; and pleasure at once
have won, and knowledge of words that before they knew not;
for we know all things, whatever sufferings in Troy 10
both Trojans and Achaeans once had of the gods,
and all things whatsoever men do anywhere.
1. among, sign of genit. 5. sea-encompassed, neplppėtos.
2. most famous, say 'most famous 7. voice, poéyua,
personage ' (kápa). 8. sailed forth , ekolw.
3 . approach and, partic. ; bring 9. knowledge, uá nous, y wors ;
to, kablotnul. knew not, use åyvoéw .
4. sweet, Teprvós ; Siren , Selphu. 10. had of the gods, use tk.
CXXVIII.
ACHILLES.
Achilles, you ought to cease from this anger
and pity the Greeks : for who would not,
1 . Achilles, 'Ax-Aleús. this line part of the clause
2. and pity , participle. Put in beginning line 3.
162 APPENDIX .
seeing such distress, forget his own wrongs ?

Yet you see me and all the host
fallen into the extremity of disastrous woe ;
and still you remain unmoved , nor from your eyes
is the fresh dew of tears shed forth .
Vainly then do you boast to be the son of Pēleus,
nor did Thětis bear you, but some rock ,
or the briny rage of the sea-surge,
if thus ever retaining a hard heart
you shall endure to see your comrades perishing.
5 . disastrous, arnpós, delvós, kakós. 10. surge = ' wave.'
7. say "shed forth for you ’ (eth . 12. comrades, Tà TW piawr (or
dative) ; fresh , xlwpós. literal).
CXXIX .
THE RESTORATION .
I have heard an old true saying
that nothing is past hoping, but, even if one fail
in most things, hemay be able to set right his fate.
And I myself have now found these things to be so ,
who having once reigned over the Argeian land
was deprived of my power, and driven out
into a foreign land, into the desolate wilderness :
and so I had many sorrows, and not once alone
I prayed (miserable man ) to all the gods that I might die.
But now the city, which once hated me, having pitied me, 10
letsme return , and possess my father's realms,
and the proud name of King, and sovereignty.
2 . past hoping, «entos ; one, 9. that I might, infinitive.
next line. 10 . realms, kpáros (may be plural).
3 set right, opěów (or compound). 12. sovereignty, ok atpa , OKNTTOU
5 . reigned over , tŭpavveuw . xla, Opóvor, Túpavvis.
7. inaccessible, áßatos.
CXXX .
VANITY OF RICHES .
If great abundance of riches to mortals
gave safety, so that to die should not
EASY EXERCISES. 163
be necessary for the rich man, I, from seeking of riches

and guarding them , would never cease.
For so it would be possible for me, having persuaded the god
below
with gifts, to escape untimely death ,
and not lie hidden, a corpse , in the chamber of the dead.
But since the gods suffer not mortals with gold
to buy life , and alike die
the rich and the poor, what does it profit me
to wear myself out in vain with countless labours
seeking wealth, ofwhich I shall be deprived when dead?
3 . be necessary, delv ; from seeking 5 . possible, Tapeîval ; having per .
of, say simply ' I seeking suaded , next line.
riches. If convenient in . 6. untimely , wubs.
troduce into this line the 7. chamber , Kevoucév, uvxós (or
år required by the condi- plural).
tional clause of line 4. 9. life, not Blós here, but to gñv.
4. guard , diãoŭldoow .
VOCABULARY
NOTE.
N . B. The quantity of all vowels about which there could be any
doubt is given .
If there are several words containing obviously the same stem , the
quantity is not repeated. Thus' general, otpărnyós, otpatnaštys.'
If the quantity of a vowel is not marked in the Vocabulary, turn to
the Rules for Quantity, SS 16 -27.
Besides the hints there given , OBSERVE
All adjectives ending in -ús have Ŭ : as ošūs, očūv, oči.
-LKÓS )
-Luos Ý: ,, Tourikos, & KỸuos, fxplos.
og -LOS )
,, verbals - Ols „ : „ a pâčís, otáots, öyts.
,, verbs -úvw „ ū : „ ålyóvw .
-ávw „ ă : „ Taußăvw , dpaprăvw .
When English words appear at the end in square brackets, they
should be referred to for other Greek equivalents for the word you are
looking out.
Thus “ detest, otủyelv [hate]” means that if otuyeî won't do, look
out “ hate.”
When Greek words appear at the end in square brackets, they are not
literaltranslations of the word you are looking out, but other expressions,
which may be useful or suggestive in turning the line.
Thus if we had to translate
“ slay him not yet : we must deliberate,”
we should look out “ deliberate ” and find
βουλεύομαι, περισκοπεϊν [σκοπεϊν εύ πάντα, συν γνώμη πράσσειν].
Wemight then write :
μη κτεϊνέ πω: πράξαι τι συν γνώμη χρεών.
Or ούπω κτανείν δεί, πάντα δ' ευ σκοπεϊν πάρος.
ABBREVIATIONS.
a . accusative. s. substantive. n . neuter .
do dative. v. verb. intr . intransitive.
g. genitive. tr. transitive.
VOCABULARY
accessible, προσβατός.
a, an , τις. accession, προσθήκη.
abandon, προδούναι, λείπω, μεθίημι. accident, τύχη, συμφορά.
abandoned, έρημος, γυμνός. accompany, ακολουθώ, μεθεπομαι,
abate (tr.), υφεϊναι, κουφίζειν, ελασ συμπαραστάτω, συνείναι.
σούν, παύειν. accomplice, κοινωνός, συλλήπτωρ,
(intr.), λήγειν,λωφαν, παύεσθαι. συνεργός, μεταίτιος.
abhor , στυγείν, μισείν [hate]. accomplish, εκτελεϊν, εκπράσσειν,
abide (remain), μένω and compd. ανύτω, εργάζομαι and compd.
(tolerate), καρτερώ, φέρω, τλή according to, κατά (a.), εκ (g.),
ναι [endure]. πρός ( a.).
abject, ταπεινός, κακός, φαύλος. accordingly, oύν, τοίνυν, νύν οι νύν.
able, δυνατός, ικανός (1), οιός τε. account, λόγος.
am - , σθένω, ισχύω (0), έχω on account of, oύνεκα (g.), διά
[ can, power ]. (a.), χάριν ( g.).
abode, oικoς, oίκησις. give account (relate), αγγέλλω.
abominable, κατάπτυστος. accursed, κατάρατος, παντομίσής,
abound, πληθύω, εύπορώ. έχθιστος.
about( prep.), περί (g. a.),αμφί(g a.). | [the accursed one, το μίσος.]
(adv. ), πέριξ, κύκλω. accuse, αιτιάσθαι, αιτίαν προσφέρειν,
am about to, μέλλω. μέμφομαι, κατηγορείν.
above, υπέρ (0) ( g. a.). be accused, αιτίαν έχειν, κακώς
abridge, συντέμνειν . ακούειν.
abroad (adj.), θυραίος : (adv.), έξω, I accustom, εθίζω, παιδεύω.
έξωθεν, ουκ ένδον. accustomed, συνήθης, σύντροφος,
absence, απουσία. είθισμένος.
(from home), εκδημία. am - , είωθα, φιλώ.
(desolation), ερημία. | ache (s.), άλγος (n.), λύπη, άχος (α),
absent, απών, εκδημος, θυραίος. n., [ pain].
am – άπειμι, εκδημώ. achieve [accomplish].
absolutely, κάρτα, πάνυ, παντελώς. | achievement, έργον, πράγμα.
absolve, λύω, αφιέναι. acknowledge, αινώ and compd.,
abstain, απεσχόμην, αποστάτεϊν. σύμφημι, ουκ απαρνούμαι.
absurd (ridiculous), γελοίος. acquaint with, use αγγέλλω, δι
(ill-timed), άκαιρος. δάσκω.
abundant, άφθονος, πολύς, or use acquaintance, an, συνήθης, οικείος,
άλις [abound]. γνώριμος, φίλος.
abuse (ill-treat), υβρίζειν (ύ ύ) acquainted with, έμπειρος, επιστή
(revile) λοιδορείν, κακοστομεϊν. μων, ουκ άϊδρις.
( deceive), κλέπτειν, ψεύδειν, am acquainted with, οίδα, επί
ήπάτησα and compd. σταμαι, ουκ αγνοώ.
abyss, βυθός, βάθος, (n.). acquiesce, στέργω.
accept, δέχομαι, λαμβάνειν, αινείν acquire, κερδαίνω, κτώμαι.
and compd .
acceptable, τερπνός, ήδύς.
acquit, αφεϊναι, λύειν.
across, πέραν (g.)(beyond, πέρα, g.).
access, είσοδος, (f.) ( or use verbs). I act ( v.), ποιείν, πράσσειν, δρών.
168 VOCABULARY.
act (s.), έργον, πράξις, πράγμα (n.), | agony, άλγος ( n.) [ pain, grief].
or use participles. | agree with, συνάδειν, συγχωρείν ,
adapt, αρμόζειν and compd. συντίθεσθαι, σύμφημι, επαινείν.
add, προστιθέναι, προσβάλλειν. agreed, it is - , δοκεί, δεδοκται.
address (v.), προσαυδάν, προσειπείν, aid (v.), ώφελεϊν , βοηθεϊν, συμπαρα
προσφωνείν, προσαγορεύειν, προσ στάτεϊν [assist, help).
εννέπειν.
adieu, χαίρε.
aid (s.), ωφέλεια, βοήθεια, αρωγή.
aim (s.), σκοπός.
admire, θαυμάζω, ζηλώ. ( met.), τέλος, γνώμη.
admit (allow), εάν, δέχεσθαι. aim (v.), εφίεσθαι, τοξεύω, στοχά
the case admits, έχω. ζομαι ( all g .), τείνειν είς.
admonish, νουθετεϊν, παραινείν, δι- | air, αιθήρ, ουρανός, πόλος, αήρ, πνοή,
δάσκειν, σωφρονίζειν, φρενούν. αύρα.
adore, σέβειν, σέβεσθαι, προσκυνείν. | alarm (s.), φόβος, δεύμα [ afright].
adorn, κοσμείν, καλλύνειν. (v.), ταράσσω, εκπλήσσω, έμ
advance, προχωρείν, προβαίνειν. βάλλειν φόβον, φοβεϊν.
advantage, λήμμα (n.), κέρδος (n.), | alas,62). φευ, οίμοι, α, ιώ. (See 8 61,
το συμφερον [ profit].
adversary, εναντίος,εχθρός [enemy ]. | alien, αλλότριος, βάρβάρος , ξένος, αλ
adversity , συμφορά [sorrow]. λόφυλος.
advice, βουλή, συμβούλη, βουλεύ- | alike, εξ ίσου (0), ομοίως, ίσα, ίσον.
ματα. | alive, ξών, έμψυχος [φώς βλέπειν].
advise, βουλεύω, ξύμβουλος είναι, | to take - , ζωγρεϊν.
νουθετεϊν, παραινείν, πείθειν. | all, πας, άπας, σύμπας, όλος, or use
affair, πράγμα, χρήμα, έργον. τίς ου - ; ( See 8 71 (2).).
affection (state, condition), πάθος men and all , αυτοίς ανδράσιν.
( n.). allay, πραϋνω (0), σβέννυμι, παύω,
(love), έρως, πόθος. κουφίζω, μάλάσσω, μαλθάσσω.
(friendship ), Eůvocă or eůvolā, | allegiance, πίστις, πειθαρχία.
προθυμία. | alliance, σπονδαι, or use συμμαχείν.
aflict, κακούν, ταλαιπωρείν, λύπεϊν, ( marriage) γάμος, κηδος.
λυμαίνειν [ grieve]. allot, νέμειν, δούναι.
afright, πτοείν , ταράσσειν[frighten]. | allow, εάν, συγχωρείν, δούναι, εφίεσ
afront (s.), λώβη,όνειδος(n.), ύβρισμα θαι, παρασχεϊν.
(ου) (n.) [insult]. it is allowed, έξεστι, πάρα.
afraid, περίφοβος, ταραχθείς, φοβού- | allowance (excuse), συγγνώμη.
μενος. ally (s.), σύμμαχος, παραστάτης,
am - , τρέω, δέδοικα, φοβούμαι, συνασπίστης.
ταρβω. almost, σχεδόν, όσον ου, σχεδόν τι.
after, μετά (a.), εκ (g.), επί ( d.), I| alone, μόνος, έρημος, οιoς, oιόζωνος,
ύστερον, μεθύστερον. μούνος, μονωθείς.
afterwards, ύστερον, ειτα, έπειτα. | along, παρά (α.), ανά (a.), κατά (a.).
again, πάλιν, αύθις, το δεύτερον, aloof, πρόσω, πρόσωθεν, μακράν.
αυ. to stand - αποστάτεϊν ,
against, επί (a.), κατά (g.), εναντίον αφεστάναι.
(g.), or use verbs compounded | already, ήδη.
with αντι-. also, και, έτι, άμα (α), ουχ ήσσον.
age, old -, γήρας, μακρος αιών or | altar, βωμός.
βίος. alter (tr.), μεταλλάσσειν, μεταστρέ
(epoch), αιών , χρόνος.
ago, long, πάλαι, πρίν ποτε, εκ πολ. φειν(intr.)
, αμείβειν and -εσθαι.
passives of the above,
λου. and μεταστήναι, μεταπεσείν.
VOCABULARY. 169
although,
ει και.
καίπερ, περ ( with part.), | answer, αντειπείν, αμείβομαι.
( of oracles), ανείλε, or use
altogether, παντελώς, ές το παν, anticipate, χρησμός, μάντευμα.
φθάνω.
πάντα, πάνυ, όλως.
always, αεί (α), είσαεί, αιεί, αιέν, any, τις (often πας).
παντότε. apart, χωρίς, δίχα, άνευ (g.).
amaze (wonder, affright]. appal, εκπλήσσω[afright, alarm].
ambition, use θρόνων εράν, ζητεϊν apparent, δήλος, εμφανής, εναργής,
κράτος, σκήπτρον ιμείρων (1), νέμειν, φανερός.
or some such phrase. appear, φαίνομαι, ορώμαι, δοκώ.
ambush, λόχος. appease, πραύνειν(0 ), κηλεϊν, θέλγειν.
amend, διορθoύν, εξορθούν. applaud, αινείν, επαινείν, ευ λέγειν.
amid, εν μέσω, έν, παρά (d.), μέσος : applause, έπαινος, ευφημία.
sometimes σύν ( d.), or μετά (g.). I apple, μήλον.
Amiss, κακός [ bad, evil], σκαιός. apply, προσφέρειν, επεμβάλλειν,
take amiss, δυσχεραίνω, ου αρμόζειν.
ραδίως φέρω. approach, πλησιάζειν, προσελθείν.
among (see amid ). approve, επαινείν, συναινείν.
ample, άφθονος, μέγας, μακρός, πολύς. archer, τοξότης.
ancestor, πατήρ, οι πρίν, οι πρόσ. argument, λόγος.
θε(ν), οι πάρος. arm (of body) (s.), ωλένη, βραχίων ,
ancestral, πάτρώος, πάτριος. αγκάλη.
anchor (s.), άγκυρα. arms, armour (s.), όπλα, πανοπλία.
anchor (v. tr.), opuisw and compd . arm (v. tr.), οπλίζω, εξοπλίζω.
(intr.) όρμεϊν and compd . (intr.) passives of above.
ancient, αρχαίος, παλαιός, εκ παλαι army, στράτος, στράτευμα, στόλος,
τέρου, οι πρίν , οι πάλαι. τάξις. .
and, *τε, * δέ, και, ήδέ. arouse, εκκίνέω, εξεγείρω.
anew, πάλιν, αύθις, αύ, νέον. arrange, array (v.), τάσσειν, κοσμείν.
angel, δαίμων. arrive, ήκειν, μολεϊν, παρεϊναι, αφικ
anger, χολή, οργή, θυμός. νούμαι.
angry, χολωθείς, ήγριωμένος, δυσμε arrow, δίστός(or oιστός), βέλος (n.),
νής, οργισθείς, χάλεπός, θυμού βέλεμνον, άτρακτος.
μενος. art, τέχνη, μηχανή.
to be - , χολούσθαι, οργίζεσ (artifce) δόλος, μηχάνημα, τέχ
θαι, έχειν δι' οργής, θυμούσθαι, νημα.
δυσχεραίνειν, εξαγριούισθαι, as (temporal ), ως, επεί, επειδή ,
μηνίω, λυσσάν, μαίνεσθα , άχ ηνίκα .
θεσθαι. as (causal), ως, επεί, επειδή.
anguish, άλγος (n.), άχος (ά), n., αλ. ( comparative), ως, ώςπερ, ώςτε,
γηδών, λύπη, πάθος (n.). ώςπέρει (often oίoς or όσος).
animal, ζώον, θρέμμα, βόσκημα. | ash, σποδός (f.), τέφρά.
wild - , θήρ, δάκος ( n.). ashamed, am, αισχύνομαι, αιδούμαι,
announce, αγγέλλω, κηρύσσω, λέγω, οκνεϊν , ερυθριάν.
σημαίνω, δηλόω, σαφηνίζω, προει- | ask (inquire), έρωτάν, ιστορείν,
πείν, φαίνω, δείκνυμι. ζητεϊν.
annoy, βλάπτειν, ανιάν, κακουργείν, (request), αιτεϊν, ζητεϊν, λιπά
ρείν, λίσσεσθαι.
λυπείν , λυμαίνεσθαι.
annoyance, ανία. assail, προσπίπτω, αράσσω, εγκείμαι.
anoint, χρίω, αλείφω. assault, προσβολή. '
another, άλλος, έτερος. assembly, σύλλογος, πανήγυρίς,
another time, άλλοτε, πάλιν. Ι άθροισμός.
170 VOCABULARY.
assent, σύμφημι, συναινω. | band (a troop), τάξις, σύστασις.
assist, επαρκεϊν, βοηθείν, ώφελεϊν, Ι (a bond), δεσμός, σύνδεσμος.
συμπαραστατείν , αρήγειν, αμύνειν , banish, εκβάλλειν, εξελαύνειν.
συλλαμβάνειν,υπουργείν,υπηρετείν, | banishment, φυγή.
συμμαχεν. .. . bank (of river), όχθη.
assistant, συνεργός, συλλήπτωρ, | bar, 8., (literal sense) μοχλός,
συνεργάτης,παραστάτης, σύμμαχος. | κλήθρον .
assuage [allay ). ( met.), κώλυμα.
assured, I am,
olda [know ).
πέπoιθα, πιστεύω, | bar (v.), κωλύω, εμποδίζω, ουκ εάν.
barbarian, βάρβαρος.
astonish, εκπλήσσω, θαύμα εμβάλλω. barbarous, ωμός, άγριος [ ferce,
at, κατά (a.), έν ( d.), επί (d.). savage , wild ). '
athlete , αθλήτης ( α). bare, γυμνός, γυμνωθείς, έρημος.
attack ( v.), ές χείρας ελθείν. | bark, S., (of tree), φλοιός .
[assault] (s.), ορμή, προσβολή. V. (of dogs), υλακτείν (0),
attempt (v.), πειράν and « ασθαι, ύλαγμα άγειν.
εγχειρείν, άπτεσθαι. barren, άκαρπος [ bare].
(ε.) τόλμημα, πείρα. base (adj.), αισχρός, άτιμος, ανάξιος
attend (look to), σκοπεϊν, μέλεσθαι. [bad].
( wait on), θεραπεύειν [ accom. (foundation), βάθρον(α),κρηπίς.
bathe, λούειν, βάπτειν, τέγγειν.
pany ].
attire, εσθής, στολή, σχήμα. battle, μάχη, αγών,"Αρης [ές χείρας
auspicious, δεξιός, ευτυχής, καίριος : έλθεϊν, δόρυ ).
sometimes λαμπρός. bayόρμο( ofς.sea), κολπός, μυχός, λίμήν,
avert, αποστρέφειν.
avoid , φεύγειν, εκφεύγειν, αφίστασ - | be, είναι, υπάρχειν, κύρεϊν , πεφυ
θαι, ευλαβείσθαι, (sometimes may κέναι, γενέσθαι [τυγχάνω ών].
beturned by a negative particle). let be (allow), εάν.
await, μένω and compds., μίμνω. | beach, ακτή.
awake, εγείρω (tr.).
away, εκποδών, φρούδος (adj.).
beacon, φρυκτώριον, φρυκτοί, σημα,
σημείον.
am gone - , οίχομαι.
away with you ! έρρε, άπαγε,
beam(light),
βολαί.
αυγή, σέλας(n.), ηλίου
απίθι. bear (carry), άγω, φέρω, κομίζω.
awe, αιδώς, σέβας. (undergo), πάσχειν, καρτερείν,
awful, δεινός, θείος, σεμνός. τλήναι, sometimes τολμάν,
axe, γένυς (f.), πέλεκυς ( mm.). ανέχεσθαι.
(bring forth), τίκτειν.
bear (s.), άρκτος.
back (s.),νώτον(oftenin plur.νώτα). | beard, γενειάς, πώγων.
back, backwards, πάλιν, έμπαλιν, | beast , θήρ, δάκος, κνώδαλον.
εις τούπισθεν (or use verb compd. ! beat, πλήσσειν, κόπτειν, παίειν,
with ανα-). αράσσειν, πατάσσειν.
bad, κακός, πονηρός, μοχθηρός, beautiful, καλός, ωραίος, ευειδής,
φαύλος, άχρηστος, κάκιστος. εύμορφος, ευπρόσωπος.
badge, τεκμήριον, σημείον. beauty, κάλλος (n.), ευμορφία.
badly, κακώς, κάκιστα, ουκ ευ . because , έπει, επειδή, ότι, δίοτι.
baffle, σφάλλειν, ψεύδειν, μάταιον because of, oύνεκα ( g.), από (g.),
ποιείν, ( or use μάτην). διά ( a.), αποινα , χάριν.
balance (s.), τάλαντον, στάθμός. become, γενέσθαι, φύναι, πεφυκέναι,
balanced, ισόρροπος. έκβαίνω.
ball, σφαίρα. ( beit), προσήκει, πρέπει.
VOCABULARY. 171
bed, λέχος ( n.), κοίτη, λέκτρον and | bestride, έφιζάνω.

plur., ευνή, κευθμών.
bee, μέλισσα.
betray ν.(deceive), απατώ, κλέπτω,
befall, γενέσθαι, συμβαίνειν (or use φηλού (reveal), σημαίνω, φαίνω, μηνύω.
τυγχάνω). better , αμείνων, κρείσσων, βελτίων,
beft, δεί, χρή, χρεών [become]. χρησιμώτερος.
more than befts, μάλλον ή | between, μεταξύ( g.), εν μέσω, έν ( d.).
κατά ( a.). bewall, στένω, κωκύω.
before (prep.), πρό, πρόσθε( ν), έμ- | beware, φυλάσσομαι, ευλαβείσθαι,
προσθεν (all g.). απέχομαι.
(conj.), πρίν. bewitch, κηλεϊν, θέλγειν.
(adv.), πρίν, το πρίν, πρόσθε(ν), beyond,
έμπροσθεν.
πέρα (g.),
bid, κελεύειν, υπέρ (g.).
πρoστάσσω, είπεϊν.
beg, αιτεϊν, λιπαρείν, λίσσεσθαι. bid farewell, χαίρειν λέγω.
beget, γενναν, τίκτειν, φύειν. bind, δέω, ζεύγνυμι, άπτειν ( προσ-,
beggar, πένης, πτωχός, αγυρτής. συν-).
begin, άρχω, -ομαι, εξάρχειν, άπτο- | bird, όρνις, πτηνον.
μαι (g.). birth, γένος ( n.), γέννημα ( n.).
beginning, αρχή, αφορμή,το πρώτον. bit, χάλινός, στόμιον.
begone, έξελθε , έρρε. bite(v.),δάκνειν, γνάθοις σπαράσσειν.
beguile, ψεύδειν, κλέπτειν, κηλεϊν,
εξηπάτησα .
(σ.), δήγμα ( n.).
bitter, πίκρός: ( met.)εχθρός, έχθισ.
behalf of, on , υπέρ (g.), oύνεκα ( g.). τος, αλγεινός.
χάριν, προς χάριν. black, μέλας, μελάγχιμος, κελαινός.
behind, όπισθε (g.). (scowling), σκυθρωπός, συνωφ
behold, οράν, βλέπειν, σκοπεϊν, ρυωμένος.
αθρείν, εισoράν, λεύσσειν, προσβλέ- | blame, αιτίασθαι, εγκάλεϊν, ψέγειν,
πειν . ονειδίζειν , μέμφεσθαι, επιτιμών,
(interjection), ιδού. ελέγχειν, κακοστομεϊν [επίρροθον
believe, πιστεύω, πείθομαι, ουκ κακόν].
απιστώ, πέπoιθα, νομίζω. blameless, αμύμων, άμεμπτος.
belly, γαστήρ, νηδύς. blank, κενός, έρημος.
below ( prep.), υπό (g. ), κάτω ( g.). blast, πνοή, πνεύμα.
(adv.), κάτω, κάτωθεν, νέρθε(ν) blaze, στίλβειν, φλέγεσθαι, λάμπειν,
(often use adj. νερτερος). αστράπτειν.
bend, κάμπτειν, κλίνειν, στρέφειν, blemish, όνειδος ( n.), αισχύνη.
γνάμπτειν. blessed, ευδαίμων, όλβιος, μάκαρ.
' (stoop),
κύπτειν .
νεύειν, προνεύειν blood,
blind, τυφλός, άδερκτος, τυφλωθείς.
αίμα (n.), φόνος, σφαγή.
bend ( a bow), τείνειν. bloody ( cruel, murderous), φόνιος,
beneath [below]. φοίνιος, μιαίφονος, ωμός, άγριος,
benefit,
δράν.
to, ωφελεϊν, ευεργετεϊν, ευ αυθέ(blood-stained),
ντης.
αιματηρός,
bereave, στερείν, στερίσκειν,αποστε bloom (s.), ήμαγμένος, ήματωμένος .
άνθος (n.), ακμή.
ρεϊν.
beseech, λίσσομαι, ίκνούμαι, προσ. (v.), ανθεϊν, θάλλειν, ακμάζειν.
τρέπεσθαι [beg, ask, pray]. blow (8.), πληγή, πλήγμα.
beside, παρά (d.), πρός ( d.). ( v., wind), πνεϊν.
( except), πλήν. blunt, αμβλύς.
besides , έτι, και, προς τούτοις. blush (v.), ερύθρίαν.
best, άριστος, ληστος, βέλτιστος, | boast (v.), κομπάζειν, αυχεϊν,
κράτιστος, κάλλιστος, φίλτατος. Η υψηγορείν .
172 VOCABULARY.
boast, boasting (s.), κομπός, στόμω- | broad, ευρύς, μέγας, πλατύς.
σις. broil (strife), έρίς, στάσις.
boat, πλοίον, σκάφος (n.). brook, ρείθρον , νάμα ( n.), ρέεθρον,
body, σώμα, δέμας ( n.). ροή.
( dead ), νεκρός, νέκυς. brother, αδελφός, κάσις, κασίγνητος,
bold, θρασύς, τολμηρός, εύτολμος. σύναιμος, σύγγονος.
boldness, τόλμά. brow, οφρύς, όμμα (n .).
bolt (arrow), βέλος (n.). bud, άνθος (n.), κάλυξ.
bond, δεσμός (plur. δεσμά), σύν. build, δέμω.
δεσμος, πέδη. bull, βούς, ταύρος.
bone, όστούν. bulwark, έπαλξις, έρυμα (n.), τείχος.
book, βιβλίον. burden, άχθος(n.), βάρος( n.) grief].
boon, δώρον, γέρας (n.). burn, φλέγειν, καίειν, πυρούν, εκ
bootless, αχρείος, ανωφελής. καίειν, άπτειν.
booty, λεία, λάφυρα. burnt-offering, έμπύρον.
both, άμφω, bury, τυμβεύειν, θάπτειν, κρύπτειν
bough, κλάδος,κλών,κλήμα, έρνος (n.). |
bound, όρος (n.), πέρας, τέλος (n.), | bush, θάμνος, λόχμη.
τέρμα. , toινbe. - , σπουδάζειν, πολλά
busyπράττε
boundless, άπειρος.
bounty , εύνοιά or ευνοία. but ( particle), *δε, αλλά, πλήν, αλλ'
bow ( v.) [ bend]. όμως, αλλά μην.
(s.), τόξον and plur. (except), πλήν (g .), ει μή.
boy, παίς, νέος, νέα τροφή, τέκνον. | buy, πρίασθαι, αγοράξειν, ωνείσθαι,
branch, κλαδος [ bough]. έμπολάν.
brandish , πάλλειν. by (agent), υπό (g.), πρός ( g.), εκ
brass, χαλκός. (g .), από (g .), (oaths) νή, μα (a.).
brave, εσθλός, άλκιμος, άνδρείος. (means), diá (g., or simply d .).
brazen, χαλκους. (near, beside), πρός (d.), παρά
break, ρήγνυμι,απορρήγνυμι,θρύπτω, ( d.), πλησίον (g.), εγγύς (g.).
θραύω, κατακλάν. (adjuring), πρός (g.).
breast, στέρνον, στήθος (n.). (according to), κατά (a.).
breastplate , θώραξ. bystanders, οι περιστάντες, παρα
breath, πνεύμα, πνοή. στάται, παραστατούντες, παρόντες .
breathe, πνείν.
breed (v.), φύειν, τρέφειν, εκτρέφειν,
παιδεύειν.
breed (s.), τροφή, γένος (n.), σπορά . | cable, κάλως, πείσμα ( n.), πρυμνή
breeze, αύρα,πνοή, πνεύμα, άνεμος (&). σια ( n. plur.).
bridal (adj.), νυμφικός. calamity, συμφορά, πάθος (n.),
(s.), γάμος, γάμοι. κακόν, άλγος (n.), τύχη.
bridge, γεφύρα. call ( name), ονομάζω, καλώ, λέγω,
bridle, χάλινός, ηνία. ειπείν, προσηγόρευσα.
brief, briefly [short]. (address), προσεννέπω, καλώ,
bright, brilliant, λαμπρός, φαιδρός, πρόσφημι.
(cry), βοάν, φθέγγεσθαι.
καλός, περιφανής, έμπρέπης, φα
εινός, ευάγης. call back, ανακαλείν.
calm (s.), γαλήνη, ευδία.
brine, άλς, αλμυρά δρόσος, αλίρρoθος | calm
ροή [sea]. (adj.), ήσυχος, ακίνητος, ευ
bring, άγειν, φέρειν, κομίζειν, προσ κολος .
φέρειν. calm, be - , έχ' ησύχως, θάρσει, ήρέ
bring up, τρέφω. μει, ταύτα χρή πράως φέρειν.
VOCABULARY. 173
calm, to make - -, πραύνω(0), παύω.| change ( v.), μεταλλάσσω, άλλοιούν ,
camp, στρατόπεδον (and plur. • α). Η μεθιστάναι [alter].
can, δύνασθαι, έχειν, σθένειν, κρα (s.), μεταβολή, τροπή.
τεϊν, ειδέναι, ισχύειν, οιός τε είναι; chaplet, στέφος ( n.), στέφανος.
[or use optat. with dv.] character, ήθος (n.).
canker, λειχήν.
cape, άκρα, πρών.
charge (v.) (enjoin), πρoστάσσειν,
κελεύειν , etc .
captain ; use στρατηγός, ηγεμών, - (accuse), αιτιάομαι.
etc. charge (s.) (injunction), εντολή; or
captive, αιχμάλωτος, δέσμιος, δεσμώ use μέλει impers.
της, άλούς (α), έξωγρημένος, συλ. - (accusation), αιτία, τουπίκ
ληφθείς. λημα.
car,απήνη.δίφρος, άρμα, όχος, όχημα, charm
chariot, άρμα [car], η.
Care (s.), φροντίς, πρόνοια, μέριμνα. | (lit.).(v.), θέλγειν, κηλεϊν, επέδειν
(v.), φροντίζειν, μέλω, μέλομαι, I chase (v.), διώκω.
( μέλει μοι, impers.). . (s.), θήρα ,άγρά, κυνηγία.
careless, ράθυμος.
to be - , αμελείν.. chaste, αγνός , σώφρων.
chastise, κολάζειν, τίνειν, φρενούν,
carry, φέρειν , βαστάζειν , άγειν, κο- σωφρονίζειν.
μίξειν. chastisement, τίσις, ποιναι.
- off, αφαρπάζειν. cheap, ευτέλης, φαύλος.
cast, βάλλω, ρίπτω, ίημι. cheat (v.), κλέπτω, απατώ.
cast out, away, compds. of the cheerful, εύθυμος, εύψύχος, φαιδρός.
above, with από, εκ. cherish, τρέφειν, στέργειν, ατάλλειν,
cast lots, κληρούσθαι, κλήρον νέμειν. θάλπεις, έχειν. .
catch, αρπάζειν, ελεϊν, μάρπτειν, | chide, ψέγειν [ blame].
λαμβάνειν (συλ.). | chief, άρχων, ηγεμών, πρόμος, ταγός,
cattle, βούς, μόσχος, ταύρος, βουκό προστάτης, αρχηγέτης, στρατηλά
λων φρουρήματα, βοσκήματα. Ι της, στρατηγός.
cause, αιτία ; or use χάριν (g.), ού chiety, μάλιστα, το μέγιστον, ουχ
νεκα (g.), διά (a.). ήκιστα.
caution, ευλάβεια, προμήθεια [some- child,
( n.).
παίς, έκγονος, τέκνον, βρέφος
times φόβος ].
cautious, to be - , ευλαβείσθαι, φυ- choice (adj.), κριτός, εξαίρετος.
λάσσειν, ευ σκοπεϊν, περισκοπεϊν. I choke, πνίγειν.
cave, cavern, άντρον, σπηλαίον, choose, αιρείσθαι, εξαιρείν, εκκρίνειν,
σπέoς ( n.) [ πέτρα). προειλόμην, κρίνω.
cease, παύομαι, λήγω ; or use ουκέτι. citizen, πολίτης, αστός, δημότης.
centre, το μέσον, όμφάλος ; or use city,
claim,πόλις,
αξιoύν.άστυ, πόλισμα, πτόλις.
ceaseless, άπαυστος.
μέσος as adj. clamour, βοή.
century , aiúv. clang, κλαγγή, ψόφος.
certain, βέβαιος, ασφαλής, σαφής, | clear, λαμπρός, ευαγής.
εναργής, δηλος. ( met.) σαφής, δήλος.
certainly, κάρτα, μαλά. clear, make – (acquit), αιτίαν λύειν,
chaff , κάρφος (n.) όνειδος λύειν.
chain, δεσμός, πέδη. clearly,
δηλούν].
σαφώς[or use δηλός είμι or
chair, έδρα, θρόνος, εδώλιον.
chamber, θάλαμος. cleave (adhere), έχεσθαι, προσηρ
chance, τύχη, συμφορά ; or use τυγ τησθαι, έμπεφυκέναι, λαβέσθαι.
χάνω, συμβαίνω. - (split), σχίζω.
174 VOCABULARY.
cliff, κρημνός,
climb, πάγος,εξακρίζω
επεμβαίνω, πέτρα. [υπερ commons, δήμος, στρατός, λεώς,
αστοί, πολίται.
θορεϊν]. commotion, στάσις [trouble].
cling [cleave to]. Companion, σύντροφος, σύννομος,
cloak, πέπλος, τρίβων. Η συνήθης, παραστάτης [ οι ξυνόντες].
close (v.), κλείω ( or κλήω), πυκάζω, company
λία. (assembly), σύλλογος, ομι
συγκλείω, εγκλ..
(s.), τέλος (n.), τελευτή, τέρμα ! compassion, οίκτος [pity].
[ύστατος, πανύστατος]. compel, αναγκάζειν, βιάζεσθαι.
closet, μυχός δόμου. complain, οδύρεσθαι, εγκάλεϊν, μέμ
clot , θρόμβος. φεσθαι, αιτιάσθαι [ blame, la
clothe(v.) ενδύειν, αμφιβάλλειν, αμπ. I ment].
έχειν. complete (v. adj.), όλος, παντελής,
clothes, στολή, εσθής, είματα. πας.
cloud, νέφος (n.). (v.), τελεϊν [accomplish].
clutch, λαμβάνειν, -εσθαι [catch]. compulsion, ανάγκη, βία.
coarse, άγροικος, απαίδευτος. comrade, εταίρος, κοινωνός [ com
coast , ακτή, παραλία. panion ].
coil, σπείρα. conceal, κρύπτω, καλύπτω, κεύθω.
coin, νόμισμα ( n.). am concealed, λανθάνω.
cold, ψυχρός, δυσχειμερος. condemn, κρίνω (κατα-), ελέγχειν,
collect ( v. tr. ), αγείρω, αθροίζω, Ι είλον.
συλλέγειν. am condemned, αλίσκομαι,
colony, αποικία. [όφλισκάνω ].
colour, χρώμα (n.), βαφή (dye). conditio n, on, επί (d.), [ώστε].
conduct, άγειν, ηγείσθαι, πέμπω,
colt, πωλος.
combat, αγών, μάχη, άμιλλα. προπέμπω.
Come, ήκειν, μολεϊν, έρχομαι (προσ-, confess, σύμφημι, ουκ απαρνούμαι.
κατ., επ.), προσστείχω, προσέρπω, confine, είργω, κλείειν, καθείργειν.
αφικνείσθαι. confirm, βεβαιούν, κυρούν.
- near, προσελθείν. confound, ταράσσω, συγχέω, κύκών,
comely, ευπρέπης [ beautiful]. συμμιγνύναι.
comet (star ). confused, άτακτος, σύμμικτος.
comfort (v.), παρηγορείν , - είσθαι | confute, ελέγχω.
[cure, healj. conjecture ( v .), εικάζω, τεκμαίρεσθαι.
comforting (adj.), θελκτήριος.
command (v.), κελεύειν, πρoστάσ
στοχάζεσθαι, οίεσθαι, (subst.) δόξα,
υποψία.
σειν, επιστέλλειν, σημαίνειν. connect, συνάπτω [join].
(s.) (injunction), εντολή, πρόσ conquer, νικών, κρατείν, αίρεϊν.
ταγμα. conqueror, ο νικών, ο κρατήσας, νικη
Command (government), αρχή. φόρος, ελών.
commander , στρατηγός, άρχων , ήγε- conquest, νική, άλωσις, κράτος (n .,
μών [chief]. often pl.).
commend ( praise), επαινώ. conscious, am, σύνoιδα, επίσταμαι
(intrust to), πιστεύω(commend | [ know].
oneself), προστρέπεσθαι. I consecrate, εξαγίζειν, αγίζειν.
commit ( wrong), αδικείν, πλημ- I consent, συναινείν [agree].
μελειν, αμαρτάνειν, κακουργείν. I consider, ενθυμείσθαι, σκοπεϊν, λο
common ( usual), είωθώς. . γίζεσθαι, θεάσθαι, εννοεϊν.
(shared), κοινός. (hold), νομίζειν, ηγείσθαι.
(inferior), φαύλος, ευτελής [τα | console, παρηγορείν, -είσθαι [κουφί
τυχόντα). 1 ζειν, πραύνειν (ύ).
VOCABULARY. 175
conspiracy, στάσις. I country (fatherland), πάτρα, πατρίς.
conspirator , συνωμότης. countrymen (fellow-), πολίτης, άσ
constrain , ίσχω, κατίσχω, αναγκάζω τός.
[compel]. courage, τόλμα, θυμός, ευψυχία, αν.
consume (tr.), ανάλισκω, φθείρω, δρεία, θάρσος ( n.), φρόνημα.
τρύχω, [εκτήκω]. course , οδός, δρόμος, ορμή.
Contemplate, σκοπεϊν , θεάσθαι. court, αυλή.
contempt, (act.) Üßpus (ū ū ī), (pass.) courtesy, ευέπεια .
ατιμία. cousin, ανεψιός, συγγενής.
contemptible, φαύλος, ευτελής. Covenant, σπον δαί, συνθήκη.
contend,αγωνίζεσθαι
μάχομαι, ερίζειν, άμιλλα cover ( v.), καλύπτειν, στέγειν, κρύπ.
σθαι, . τειν.
contented , εύκολος. cow, βούς.
(to be), στέργειν , ραδίως φέρειν, coward, cowardly, άνανδρος, δειλός,
χαίρειν, κακός, άτολμος.
contest , άμιλλα (α, α) [ battle]. cowardice, δειλία, ανανδρία.
continue, μένειν (έμ-, αμ-), διατελεϊν, cower, πτήσσω [fear ].
ου παύεσθαι [or use έτι]. craft, τέχνη, δόλος.
contradict , έναντιούσθαι, αντειπείν , crag, πάγος [cliff, rock].
διχοστατεϊν . crash (v.), ψοφεϊν.
contrary, εναντίος [τούμπαλιν]. crawl, έρπειν .
contribute, συμφέρειν, συμβάλλομαι. create, φόω, ποιώ [ make].
contrive, μηχανάσθαι, ευρίσκειν, πο creature, θρέμμα ( n. ).
ρίζειν. credit, πίστίς.
control, κρατεϊν , κατίσχειν , είργειν. creep, έρπω [ χαμαιπετής].
conversant , έμπειρος [accustom]. Crest (of helmet ), λόφος, κράνος ( μ.).
conversation, λόγοι. (of hill), κρήμνος, λόφος, άκρα.
converse
θείν .
(v.), ομίλεϊν, ές λόγους ελ crew [αυτοις ανδράσιν], ναύται, ναυ
τίλοι.
convey,
carry].
φέρειν, κομίζειν [conduct, crime, αμαρτία, ύβρις (ύ ύ), αικία
[κακουργεϊν].
convince, πείθω, ελέγχω. crisis, ακμή, καιρος, ροπή.
cool, ψυχρός . crooked, λοξός, κυρτός, αγκύλος,
cord, βρόχος, αρτάνη. διάστρoφος, σκολιός.
corn, σίτος, στάχυς. crop, καρπός, [fruit], [ γύης].
corner, γωνία, μυχός. cross (v.), υπερβαίνειν, υπερθoρείν,
Corpse, νεκρός, νέκυς. περάω.
correct (v.), διορθούν [amend]. crowd, πλήθος (n.), όμιλος, σύστασις,
corrupt ( v.), φθείρω, μολύνω. όχλος, [οι πολλοί].
crown(royal), use θρόνοι,orσκήπτρα,
corrupt (adj.), κακός, πονηρός [bad, I
base). Or κράτος.
corruption, φθορά. crown ( garland), στέφος (n.).
cost, δαπάνη, τίμη, αξία. crown ( v.), στέφω.
Costly, πολυτελής, τίμιος. cruel, ωμός, νηλεής, άγριος, τραχύς,
couch, λέχος (n.), ευνή [bed]. σκληρός, χαλεπός.
council, βουλή [βουλευταί]. crush,συρρήγνυμι,συντρίβειν ,θραύειν,
counsel
βουλή.
(s.), συμβουλία, βούλευμα, συνθλίβειν, θρύπτειν, διαφθείρειν.
cry ( v.), βοών, φθέγγεσθαι ; ( weep),
counsel (v.), συμβουλεύω [advice]. δακρύειν.
count (lit.), αριθμείν. (s.), κραυγή, βοή, βόάμα.
( met.), ηγείσθαι [consider].. cunning (s.), δόλος [μηχανάσθαι].
country, γη, χθών, χώρα, αγροί. 1 cup, κύλιξ.
176 VOCABULARY.
carb, χαλινός [ bit]. | day, day by day [ daily].
cure ( v.), ακείσθαι, εξακείσθαι, ιάσ | daybreak, at, άμ' ήμέρα [dawn ].
θαι(t), λωφαν , [παύω]. dead, the, οι θανόντες, οι κάτω, τους
not to be cured, ανήκεστος. ένερθεν , των ολωλότων, τους νερτέ
cure (s.), ίασις, άκου(α) n., μηχος n. ρους, τους πεπαυμένοισι, τους εν
( or -αρ). " Αιδου, εξολωλότες.
curse (v.), επεύχεσθαι [επιρρόθοις dead body, νεκρός, νεκύς.
κακoίσι). deadly, θανάσιμος, ολέθριος, καίριος
(s.), αρά, [άτη, Ερινύς]. [έχθιστος].
deaf, κωφός.
curved, καμπτος,
custom, καμπύλος.
νόμος, έθος, το ειωθός, τα | deal, have dealings with, ομιλείν,
ειωθότα [accustomed]. προσφέρεσθαι [ συναλλαγή].
cut, τέμνειν, κόπτειν, σχίζειν, κείρειν. | dear, φίλος, προσφιλής, φίλτατος,
away, off, αποταμεϊν, εκκόπτειν. εφήμερος.
to pieces, συγκόπτειν, κατα (valuable), τίμιος( ), πολυτελής.
σχίζειν, διασχίζειν. death, θάνατος, πότμος, μόρος, μοίρα,
βίου τέρμα, απαλλαγή βίου, το κατ.
D θανείν, του θανείν, "Αιδης.
debt, χρέος ( n.) [οφείλω].
dagger, μάχαιρα [ξίφος (n.), χαλκός]. decay, φθίνω, απόλλύμαι, τήκομαι,
daily, αεί, κατ' ήμαρ, καθ' ημέραν. μαραίνομαι [die, perish]).
dainty, αβρός, μαλθακός [χλιδή, deceit, δόλος, απάτη, ψεύδος (n.).
τρυφή). deceive, ψεύδειν, φηλούν, απατάν,
damage, βλάβη [harm, loss]. εξαπάταν, κλέπτειν [λανθάνω].
dance, όρχείσθαι, χορεύειν, χορούς am deceived, σφάλλομαι, ψεύ
άγειν. δομαι, αμαρτάνειν.
danger, κίνδυνος, αγών, το δεινόν. | decent, ευπρεπής, ευσχήμων.
dangerous,
δεινός. .
επισφαλής, σφαλερός, | decide, κρίνω, γνώναι, διαγνώναι,
γνώμην ποιείσθαι.
dare, τολμών, τλήναι, κινδυνεύω, | decision, κρίσις, γνώμη [ψήφος ].
πειραν λαβείν. deck, κοσμείν, περιστέλλειν [adorn].
daring (s.), θάρσος ( n.), τόλμα. declare, προειπείν , λέγειν, δηλούν,
(adj.), εύτολμος, τολμηρός, κηρύσσειν, εξειπείν [announce,tell,
άφοβος(α), σχέτλιος. proclaimſ.
dark, darkness, σκότος, όρφνη, | decline [ decay].
κνέφας [ night]. decree (s.), ψήφισμα (n.), νόμος,
dark (adj.), κελαινός, σκοτεινός, κήρυγμα ( n.).
αμαυρός, ανήλιος, μέλας, άφεγγής (v.),c κελεύειν, κραίνειν ( of fate,
[ blind]. et .) ."
darken, σκοτούν, αμαυρούν, επι dedicate, αγίζω (consecrate).
σκοτείν, επηλυγάζειν. deed, πράγος ( n. ), έργον.
darling, τα φίλτατα, [φίλος]. deep, βαθύς.
dart, βέλος( n.), αιχμή[ arrow,spear]. (s.) βύθος.
dash, tr. ( destroy) καταβάλεϊν, | deer, έλαφος [ θήρ, άγρα].
φθείρειν. defeat ( v.), σφάλλω, νικώ [ con.
intran . (dash down upon ), quer).
εγκατασκήπτω, εμπίπτω. ( passive), ήσσομαι, αλίσκομαι.
daughter, θυγάτηρ, παίς,κόρη, τέκνον. | defeat (s.), ήσσα, άλωσις.
dawn, έως, ημέρας αρχή, φως, όρθρος, | defend, αμύνειν, βοηθείν, παραστατ.
αυγαι [έωθινός]. είν (συμ-), παρίστασθαι, συμμαχείν,
day, ημέρα, ήμαρ, φως [ήλιος]. σώζειν , υπερμαχείν, άρήγειν(α)
all day, πανήμερος (adj.). ωφελείν (επ.).
VOCABULARY. 177
defance, κόμποι, σεμνά έπη. . desert (v.), λείπειν, πρoλείπειν, εκ

deficient, ενδεής, ουχ άλις [σπανίζω]. λιπείν, έρημούν, μονούν, αποστρέ
defile, καταισχύνω, μίαίνω, φθείρω, φεσθαι [abandon].
μολύνω, λυμαίνομαι. desert ( wilderness), ερημία , γη
defne, ορίζω. έρημος, απάνθρωπον πέδον.
degenerate, αγεννής, κακός, έφθαρ ( merit), αξία, έργα καλά.
μένος. deserve, άξιός είμι, δίκαιος είμι with
degree (rank), τάξις. inf. [χρή, προσήκει, πρέπει).
deity, θεός, δαίμων. design (s.), βουλή [intention].
dejected, άθυμος [sad ]. design (v.), εννοείν -είσθαι, βούλομαι
delay ( v. intr.), μέλλειν, οκνείν, ή [intend ].
βραδύνομαι, χρονίζειν. desire (s.), έρως, ίμερος(i), πόθος
*(tr.), κωλύειν, εμποδίζειν. [love, wish ).
(s.), όκνος, τριβή, αναβολή. | desire (v.), θέλω, εύχομαι, ποθείν,
deliberate, βουλεύομαι, περισκοπείν, Ι εφίεσθαι, εμείρομαι, εμείρω.
[σκοπείν εύ πάντα, συν γνώμη | desolate, έρημος, ήρημωμένος.
πράσσειν ]. despair (s.), åbūpia (grief, sorrow ).
deliberation, συμβουλή, πρόνοια, I despair (v.), άθυμεϊν, ανελπίστως
φροντίς. έχειν, αμηχανείν, ελπίδων έρημός
delicate, λεπτός, αβρός, μαλθακός Ι είμι [σφαλέντος ών ήλπιζον].
[ χλιδή]. despise, καταφρονείν, υπερφρονείν,
delight (s.), τέρψις, ηδονή, χαρμονή, Ι ατιμάζειν, αποπτύειν.
χαρά. ( pleasant thing), γάνος. I destiny, τύχη, μοίρα, αναγκή, ειμαρ
delight (v. tr.), τέρπειν, ευφραίνειν, μένον [ πέπρωται, θεοί κραίνουσι].
θέλγειν. destitute, ενδεής [ desolate].
Wintr.), ήδεσθαι, τέρπομαι, ευ destroy, φθείρειν ( δια-), ολλύναι (απ-,
φραίνομαι, χαίρω. | εξαπ-, δι-), καθαιρείν, αναιρείν, εξ
deliver, σώζειν (εκ.), λύειν, απαλλάσ αϊστούν, πέρθειν.
σειν, [εξελείν κακών]. am destroyed, φθείρομαι, δλ.
deliverance, απαλλαγή, λύσις. λύμαι, ούχομαι [ perish].
delude, ψεύδειν [ deceive]. destruction, φθορά, λυμή, κατασκα
demand, αιτεϊν, εξαιτεϊν, άξιούν, πη, όλεθρος.
δείσθαι. destructive, πολυφθόρος, ολέθριος.
demeanour, σχήμα ( n.). detain, κατίσχειν [stay, restrain }
denial, άρνησις. detect, εξευρεϊν [find, discover].
deny, αναίνομαι, απαρνούμαι, ου φημί, determine, κρίνειν, γιγνώσκειν [de
αντειπείν . cide, judge]. .
depart, άπειμι, εξειμι, απέρχομαι, detest, στυγείν [ hate].
εκποδών ορμάν or -ασθαι, οϊχεσθαι, | devise, εξευρίσκω [find, plan, deli
απoίχεσθαι, απηλλάγην, εξέβην, ; berate]. μηχανάομαι.
απεστάλην[έκπλεϊν, λείπειν πάτρας, devour, έσθίειν, φαγείν.
dew,( δρόσος.
met.),όλλυμι, πέρθω [destroy].
φεύγειν ].
deprecate, παραιτείσθαι. ,
deprive, στερείν, στερίσκειν, αφαι- | dice, κύβοι.
ρείσθαι, αποστερείν, (τητώμενος]. | die, θνήσκειν, κατθανείν , ολέσθαι
depth, βάθος n. (α). βυθος, m. (έξ-), διόλλυσθαι, απόλλυσθαι, φθί
descend, καταβαίνω, υφέρπω, κατέρ νειν, οΐχεσθαι.
χομαι. die with, συνθνήσκειν.
descendants, έκγονοι (or έκγονα η. | differ, διαφέρειν, αποστάτεϊν.
plur.), παίδων παίδες, οι μεθύσ- difficult, χαλεπός, ου ράδιος, αμή
τερον, τους έπειτα, γένος [των χανος, δυσχερής.
πάλαι νέα τροφή]. difficulty, with – , μόλις.
Y
178 VOCABULAR .
dig, σκάπτειν, ορύσσειν. display, φαίνω (έκ-, προ-) [show,
dignity, αξία, σέβας [honour]. reveal].
diligent, πρόθυμος [σπουδάζειν]. displease, ουκ αρέσκω, ούχ άνδάνω.
dim, σκοτεινός, άφεγγής, αμαυρός. displeased, am, δυσχεραίνω, ουχ
din, ψόφος. ήδομαι, οργίζομαι.
dine, δειπνείν. displeasure, οργή, λύπη.
dip, τέγγειν, βάπτειν. disposed [ well disposed], εύνους,
direct (v.), ορθούν, νέμειν [lead, ευμενής].
guide, govern , command). disposition, τρόπος, ήθος (n.).
dirge, θρήνος, θρήνημα ( n.). | dispute (v.), ερίζω, δίχoστατείν, μά
disagree, διχοστατείν, ου ταυτά φρο 1 χομαι, ανθίσταμαι.
disagreeable, αηδής, εχθρός[hateful, " (s.),[quarrel].
στάσις, έρις, άμιλλα (α),
velv .
unpleasant]. disregarded, ατημέλητος, άτιμος.
disappear, οΐχομαι, εκποδών γίγ dissatisfied, δύσκολος[ discontented].
νεσθαι, άφαντος οίχομαι, αφανί- , dissemble, απατώ [ deceive].
' ζομαι. dissolve, λύειν, διαλύειν, τήκειν.
disappoint,
λειν.
ελπίδος ψεύδειν, σφάλ. dissuade,
εάν. αποτρέπειν, απείργειν, ουκ
disaster,
lamity ).συμφορά, πάθος, n. [ca- distant,
verbs).
απών [μακράν, πρόσω, ad
disbelieve, απιστεϊν, ου πείθομαι,
ούτι πιστεύω.
am – άπειμι, αφίσταμαι, απο
στατεϊν.
discipline, ευταξία, πειθαρχία. distinct (clear), λαμπρός, σαφής.
disclose, φαίνω, δείκνυμι, εκκαλύπτω ( different), διάφορος.
[show , reveal]. distraction (fear), φόβος, τάραγμα,
discontented, δύσκολος. έκπληξις.
am - ου στέργω, δυσχεραίνω, . (anger), οργή, χολή.
λυπούμαι. distress (s.), κακά, συμφοραί, λύπη
disgrace (s.), όνειδος, αισχύνη, αδο [grief, sorrow ).
ξία, ατιμία, λώβη. distress(v.), άλγύνειν, λυπείν, ανιάν,
it is a - , αισχρόν (or -ιστόν) πικρά δράν.
εστι. distressed, am, αμηχανείν, άλγείν,
disgrace ( v.), καταισχύνω, αισχύνω, πάσχειν, κακά.
ατιμάζω, αισχύνην φέρειν. distribute, νέμειν.
disgraceful, αισχρός, ανάξιος, κά distrust, απιστεϊν, υποπτεύειν [ dis
κιστος. believe ).
disgusted, am, δυσχεραίνω.
dishonest , άπιστος .
disturb, κινώ, ταράσσω, πτοείν, εκ
πλήσσειν, συνταράσσω.
dishonour [disgrace]. disturbance, στάσις [ distraction].
dishonoured, άτιμος, ήτίμωμένος, | ditch, όρυγμα ( n.), τάφρος.
άδοξος. diverse [different].
dismal, στυγνός, μελαμβαθής, δυσ- | divert, εκτρέπειν, απάγειν.
χείμερος. divide, διαιρείν, μερίζειν, διίστημι,
dismay,
en ].
φοβεϊν , εκπλήσσειν [fright - χωρίζειν, σχίζειν, ένδατείσθαι, δίχα
ποιείν, διανέμειν.
dismiss, αφιέναι, μεθιέναι, εκπέμπειν. | divine, θείος, σεμνός, ου κατ’ άν
disobey, απειθείν, ου πείθομαι. θρωπον. .
disorder, αταξία, άκοσμία, στάσις | division ( dispute), στάσις.
[confound, distraction ). do, ποιείν, πράσσειν, δρών , τελεϊν,
disown, απαρνούμαι [deny]. ανύτειν, εργάζομαι, [ have to do
disperse, σκεδάννυμι(δια-), διίστημι. I with, μέτεστι μοι].
VOCABULARY. 179
dock, λίμήν . | dropdrip(v.), μεθίημι [lose, abandon ;
doff, εκδύω, (-ομαι). , fall ].
dog, κύων, σκύλαξ. drought, αυχμός, καύμα (n.) [dry].
dolphin, δελφίς. drown, ποντίζω, βυθίζω, κατακλύζω,
domestic, οικείος, εγγενής, εμφύλιος. | drowsy,
πνίγω.
(servant), οικέτης. υπνώδης [sleep).
dominion, άρχη,τυραννίς, κράτος( n.). am - , νυστάζειν.
doom, μοίρα, αναγκή [destiny, fate, drug, φάρμακον.
death ). drunken, am, μεθύω, μεθύσκομαι.
door, θύρα, πύλη ( mostly plural). dry (adj.), ξηρός, αυχμηρός, άνομ
dote (talk foolishly), ληρείν. βρος, άνυδρος.
double (adj.), δισσός, δις τοσούτος, ( v.), αυαίνειν, ξηραίνειν.
διπλούς. due, is, οφείλεται, πρέπει, προσήκει,
(v.), διπλάζω, ( met.) μηκύνω, Τ δεί, χρή, χρεών.
αυξάνω. due, δίκαιος, άξιος, χρέος.
doubt (v.), απιστεϊν, υποπτεύειν duel [ μόνος μόνω μάχεσθαι].
[disbelieve]. dull , κωφός, αμαυρός, αμβλύς.
(8.)φήμη].
απιστία, υποψία [άδηλος | dumb, άφωνος, κωφός, άναυδος.
during, έν (d.), μεταξύ ( with
doubtful, άδηλος, άσημος, άπιστος, particip .) [acc. of time).
ασαφής, αφανής. dust, κόνις, σποδός (f.) [ χάμαι).
doughty, άλκιμος [ brave]. (corpse), οστά, νέκρος, νέκυς,
dove, πέλεια, πελειάς. σποδός .
down, κάτω.
drag, έλκειν, σύρειν, σπάν, αποσπών, duty, χρέος (n.)[is due].
dwell, οικείν, κατοικείν, μένειν.
άγειν, εξέλκειν. dwelling, oίκησις, οίκος, οικία, οίκημα
dragon, δράκων. [house].
draught, πώμα, πόσις. dye, χραίνω, βάπτω [άλουργός, βαφή].
draw [ drag].
dreadful, δεινός, φοβερός, στυγνός,
εχθρός, κακός.
dream (8.), ενύπνιον, όναρ, όνειρος, | each,(oftwo),
φάσμα ( n.).
έκαστος, εκάτερος,
πάς τις. άμφω.
(v., met.), ελπίζω, δοκώ. other, αλληλούς.
drench, βρέχειν. eager, am, σπεύδω -ομαι, εμείρω (i),
dress (s.), στολή, εσθής, είμα (n.), -ομαι ποθώ [ wish].
κοσμός . eagle, αιετός [ Διός πτηνός κύων].
(v.), κοσμείσθαι, περιστέλλεσ ear, oύς [ give ear, ακούω, κλύω].
θαι, αμφιβάλλεσθαι. early (adj.), (in the day), εωθινός,
drink (s.), ποτόν [ wine, water ]. όρθιος [dawn].
( v.), πίνω. (adj.), (ancient), παλαιός,
- up, εκπίνω. αρχαίος.
drip, στάξω, λείβομαι, ρεϊν. (adv.), (in the day), προ της
drive, ελαύνω, άγω, δίφρηλάτεϊν ημέρας [ dawn].
[chariot].
- away, – out, εξελαύνω, εκ
(adv.), (long ago), πάλαι, πρίν,
ποτε, εξ αρχής.
βάλλω, έξωθεϊν. earnest, πρόθυμος [eager].
driver, ήνιοστρόφος, ιππηλάτης. earth, γη, χθών, γαια, πέδον , ούδας.
droop ( met.), μαραίνομαι, τήκομαι, on earth, χάμαι [ χάμαιπετής,
πίπτω, κείμαι, άθυμώ. adj.].
drop (s.), σταγών, στάλαγμα (n.), | earthly ( mortal), βροτός, θνητός.
ψακάς, δρόσος. ease, σχολή, ευμάρεια.
18ο VOCABULARY.
ease, be at, ραθυμεϊν, ήσυχως έχειν. | embroider, ποικίλλειν, πλέκειν,
easily, ραδίως, ευχερώς, κούφως, | κοσμεϊν .
εύμαρώς. -ed, ποικίλος,δαίδαλος[ ποίκιλμά].
east, αντολαί, έως, αυγαί. | embroil, ταράσσειν [distract, dis
easy, ράδιος,ευπετής, κουφος,ελαφρός, | turb, confound].
έκβαίνειν.
ευμάρής, πρόχειρος [ often in com- | emerge,
pounds ευ-, e.9. ευμαθής, easy to | emotion, πάθος (n.) [ λύπη, χαρά,
learn ). φόβος].
easy-tempere d, εύκολος, ήσυχος, emperor, empire [king, ruler ).
πράος. employ, χρήσθαι [subst. χρήσεις,
eat, εσθίειν , φαγείν , δειπνείν. χρεία. See use].
( met.) φθείρειν [destroy, de | empty, κενός (hungry, άσιτος,
vour]. πεινών ).
eaves, στεγή [roof, house]. ( met.) μάταιος, κενός.
ebb, to, απορρείν. enable [turn it by can ,' olbs te
echo, ηχώ [sound, noise]. είναι, etc.].
edge [two-edged αμφήκης] (of | enchant, κηλεϊν [charm].
sword), στόμα (n.), ακμή. enchantress, αοιδός (f.).
efface, εξαλείφω. enchantment, επωδή (lit.).
effect (v.),πράσσειν[accomplish,do). encircle, κυκλούν (περι-), αμπέχειν,
effeminate, μαλθακός [ήθος γυναικός είργειν, περιβάλεϊν [surround].
ύστερον, θηλύνω]. encounter ( v.), απαντάν, εμπίπτειν
effort, with – , μόλις, πολλά πονών, [τυγχάνω (έν.)].
συν πόνο. encourage, θαρσύνω, επαίρω, θάρσος
egg, ώόν. εμβάλλειν.
eight, οκτώ. encumber, βαρύνω,εμποδίζω[ hinder,
either - Or, - ή, είτε είτε, ήτοι - ή. I grieve, load ].
either (adj.), (each), εκάτερος, άμφω. | end (s.), τέλος ( n.), τέρμα (n. ),
either (one or the other), άτερος (α) | τελευτή, πέρας [έσχατος, ύστατος].
= ο έτερος. (v. tr.), περαίνειν, τελεϊν,
elate, to, επαίρειν, εξογκούν [proud]. τελευταν.
elder, πρεσβύτερος, παλαίτερος (intr.), παύεσθαι,λήγειν [cease].
• [ γερών]. endless, άπειρος, ανώνυτος, αιώνιος,
elements [heaven and earth ). ατέρμων, άπαυστος.
ell, πηχυς. | endure, καρτερείν, τολμάν, φέρειν,
eloquent, δεινός λέγειν, σοφός [χρήσ . τλήναι, πάσχειν, ανέχομαι, αντέχω.
θαι καλούς λόγοις ]. [cannot endure, δυσχεραίνω,
else, some one, άλλος τις, έτερός τις. hate.']
else, nothing, ουδέν άλλο πλήν, I enemy, εχθρός, δήϊος, πολέμιος,
[ μόνον τόδε]. εναντίος, δυσμενής.
else, or – , ει δε μή, [ού γάρ άν]. enforce, εκβιάζεσθαι, εξαναγκάζω
elsewhere, αλλαχου [άλλοθεν, άλλη]. [compel].
from, άλλοθεν. engine (of war), μηχανή.
embark (tr.), έντίθημι, έμβιβάζειν. engrave, εγγράφειν, χαράσσειν
(intr.), έμβαίνειν, εισβαίνειν [έκ mostly metaph.
πλεϊν , εξορμαν, ναυτίλλομαι). enjoy ( delight in ), τέρπομαι, ήδομαι,
embassy, πρέσβεις, άγγελοι. χαίρω.
embrace (v.), ασπάζομαι, λαμβάνεσ . " (possess), τυγχάνω, χρώμαι.
θαι, έχεσθαι, εν αγκάλαις έχειν, I enjoyment,
pleasure].
τέρψις, ηδονή [joy,
εμπεφυκέναι, εμφύναι [κυνείν].
embrace (s.), περιβολαι βραχιόνων, | enmity, έχθρα, έχθος(n.), μίσος (n.).
περιπτύχαι χερών, ασπασμα. (at enmity, δυσμενής, απεχθής).
VOCABULARY . 181
enormous, υπερφυής, θαυμαστός, | escape (s.), φυγή.

μέγιστος [ μυρίος ]. met., μηχάνη, άκος, ασις [cure,
enough (adv.), αλίς (ά), αρκούντως, remedy).
άδην.
(adj.), άφθονος, επαρκής, εξαρκής escort(v.),
lead ].
πέμπειν (προ-)[conduct,
enough, it is, αρκεί, εξαρκεί, άλις especially, κάρτα, μάλα [έξοχος].
[ plenty].
espouse, γαμεϊν [ marry ].
εστίν, ου σπάνις. establish, ιστάναι (καθ-), ιδρύω,
enquire, πυθέσθαι,ιστορέω [ask]. βεβαιούν [κυρίως έχειν].
enrage, εξοργίζειν, εμβαλείν οργήν, | estate (condition), τάξις, αξία,
εξαγρίαίνειν. αξίωμα, τιμή.
enrich , πλουτίζειν, αυξάνειν. esteem (think), νομίζω, ηγείσθαι,
enslave,. δουλούν, δεσμωτόν άγειν, έχειν, ποιείσθαι [consider].
ελεϊν ( value), τιμών, φίλεϊν , άξιούν
enter, εισιέναι, εσελθείν, εισέρχομαι, [honour, regard].
εισβαίνειν, έπιέναι. eternal, άφθαρτος, αιώνιος, αθάνα
enterprise, πείρα, έργον, εγχείρημα. του( α).
entertain, εστίαν, ξενίζειν -εσθαι, of memory, αείμνηστος.
σύνδειπνον ποιείν. even (adv.), και ( not even, ουδέ),
met. τρέφω. (adj.), (smooth, level), λείος,
entice, εφέλκειν -εσθαι, επαγειν. ψιλός .
entire, όλος, πας, άπας, σύμπας, | evening, εσπέρα, νύξ, ηλίου δύσις.
παντελής. event, συμφορά, τέλος (n.). τύχη.
entrails , orláyxva n . plur. ever, ποτέ.
entrance, είσοδος (f.). always, åel (ă ä)aiel, aiév.
entreat, λιπαρείν, λίσσομαι, ικετεύειν | everlasting [ eternal].
(1),ικνούμαι, δείσθαι, αιτεϊν , εξαιτείν | every, πάς, έκαστος, πάς τις [ ουκ
-είσθαι, εύχομαι(επ.)[ κελεύω, ask, έστιν όστις ου].
pray]. everywhere, πάντη, πανταχού,
entrust, πιστεύω, επιτρέπω. πανταχή. .
enviable, δήλωτος, μάκάρ [happy]. evident, δήλος, εμφανής [ clear].
envy (s.), (in bad sense), φθόνος.evidently, σαφώς.
(in good sense), ζηλος. evil, κακός, μοχθηρός, πονηρός, φαύ
envy (v.) (in bad sense), φθονείν, λος, αισχρός, κάκιστος, ανόσιος,
επιφθόνως έχειν. δυσσεβής, εκδίκος [ bad, ill].
(in good sense), ζηλούν. | exact ( v.), εκπράσσω, λάβεϊν, πράσ.
equal, ίσος, όμοιος, ισόρροπος, ουχ σομαι, πράσσω [ punish].
ήσσων. (adj.), ακριβής.
equally, εξ ίσου, όμοια, ίσα, ίσως, | exalt, αίρω, επαίρω, εξογκούν, αυξά
νειν [erect].
ομοίως.
ere, πρίν [ before]. exalted , υψηλός, μέγας, λαμπρός,
erect ( v.), ορθούν (εξ., αν-, κατ-,), σεμνός.
ιστάναι (αν- καθ-), εξαίρω. examine, σκοπεϊν, διαγνώναι, εξερευ
(adj.), ορθός, όρθιος. ναν, εξετάζειν, περισκοπείν .
err, αμαρτάνω (εξ.), σφάλλομαι, I
έψευσμαι [ignorance, sin]. exasperate, παροξύνω [enrage,
error, αμαρτία, άγνοια, πταίσμα, anger).
πλάνος, πλάνη. exceed, υπερβαίνειν, υπερβάλλειν,
erst, ποτέ, πρίν, πάλαι [ancient]. περισσεύειν [υπερβολή].
escape (v.), φεύγειν (εκ.), σώζεσθαι | exceeding, περισσός.
(εκ.) οΐχομαι φυγών. exceedingly, περισσά, λίαν (1 ί),
– notice, λανθάνω (λήθω rare). Ι άγαν, σφόδρα, κάρτά, δεινώς.
182 VOCABULARY.
excel, πρoύχειν , υπερφέρειν, αριστεύ- | exploit , έργον [achievement].
ειν, νικάν [υπέρτερος]. explore [examine].
excellent, άριστος, βέλτιστος, λό- expose, εκτίθημι, εκβάλλειν, φαίνω
στος,
πής.
άμεμπτος, εξοχος, εκπρε [shew, reveal, betray].
expressly, σαφώς.
except, πλήν, ει μή. extend, τείνω and compds.
( prep.), πλήν , χωρίς, άνευ, εκ- exterior (Εξω, εκτός, έξωθεν, ad
τός, παρά. ' verbs).
excess, υπερβολή, κόρος. | extinguish, σβέννυμι ( κατα-).
excessive, περισσός, δεινός, μέγιστος, 1 extreme, έσχατος, ύστατος [or use
πλείστος, βαρύς. superl. adjectives).
exchange (v.), αμείβειν (αντ.), αλ exult, χαίρω, αυχεϊν, αγάλλομαι.
λάσσειν (-εσθαι). (exult over, γελάν επί, έφυ
exchange (s.), αμοιβή, άποινα (n. βρίζω, εγγελώ). .
pl.), αντίποινα ( n. pl.). eye, οφθαλμός, όμμα(n.), κόρη, αυγή,
excite, κινείν, ταράσσειν, επαίρειν, βλέφαρον [όσσων -οις, όμμάτων κύκ
εγείρειν [ παροξύνειν, εξοργίζειν, λοι].
πτοεϊν].
exclaim, βοών, φθέγγεσθαι [cry,
speak].
exclude, εκκλείειν, εξείργειν, εξελαύ- fable, μύθος, λόγος.
VELV [shut, close]. face, όμμα, πρόσωπον, όψις.
excuse (v.), παραιτείσθαι, καλλύνειν. to one's face, κατ’ οφθαλμούς.
. (s.), συγγνώμη, πρόφασις. fact, έργον.
execute, τελεϊν, ποιείν, περαίνειν, | faction, στάσις, έρις [έγγενής "Αρης].
πράσσειν, εργάζεσθαι, ανύτειν [do, fade, φθίνω, μαραίνομαι, απανθεϊν.
accomplish ]. fail, αμαρτάνω, εκλείπω, λείπομαι,
exempt, άμοιρος, ελεύθερος, απαλ. σφάλλομαι, ου τυγχάνω.
λαγείς. faint, (adj.) ασθενής, ( met.) άθυμος,
exercise, ασκεϊν [ use, practise, em άτολμος .
ploy ]. (v.), ασθενείς, πρoλείπειν, εκ
λείπειν.
exhaust, εξαντλεϊν, αναλίσκειν (εξ.).
exhort, παραινείν, κελεύειν, νουθετεϊν. ( met., άθυμεϊν, despair, fear.).
exile (s.) (the state of), φυγή. fair (beautiful), καλός, ευπρόσωπος,
(1man in), φυγάς, εκπεσών πά λαμπρός.
τρας. (of weather), εύδιος, καλός.
exile (v.), εξέλαύνω, εκβάλλω, εξο faith(just), δίκαιος, ένδικος.
, πίστίς.
ρίζω.
(am exiled, φεύγω, εκπίπτω). faithful, πιστός, χρηστός, αγαθός.
expect, καραδοκεϊν, ελπίζειν, προσ- | faithless, άπιστος, κακός.
δοκών, προσδέχεσθαι, εκδέχεσθαι. | faithlessness, απιστία.
expedient, χρήσιμος, σύμφορος [συμ- | fall, πίπτω, σφάλλομαι, ερείπομαι.
φέρει]. em fallen, πέπτωκα, όλωλα,
expedition, στρατεία, οδός, στόλος. οΐχομαι, κείμαι.
expel, εκβάλλω, εξελαύνω. false, ψευδής, έψευσμένος, κίβδηλος.
expense, δαπάνη, τριβή. υπόβλητος, πλαστός.
experience ( v.), πάσχειν, χρήσθαι. falsehood, ψεύδος (n.), ψύθος ( n.).
(s.), εμπειρία. falter, οκνεϊν [fear].
experiment, πείρα. fame, δόξα, κλέος (n.), εύκλεια, έπαι
expiate, λύειν, δίκην δούναι. νος, ευδοξία.
explain, σαφηνίζω, σημαίνω, εξηγεί- | familiar, συνήθης, οικείος.
σθαι, δηλούν, φαίνειν, φράζειν. | family, γένος (n. ).
VOCABULARY. 183
famine, λιμός. feeble, ασθενής.

famous, ευκλεής, κλεινός, ένδοξος, feed, φέρβω, βόσκω, τρέφω, ατάλλω
λαμπρός, ούκ άδοξος. [ ποιμαίνω, νέμω].
fancy (s.), δόξα. - intr., νέμομαι.
far, πρόσω, άπωθεν, άποπτος (adj.), I feel (touch), ψαύω.
μακράν. (perceive), αισθάνομαι, ειδέναι,
( with
λω.).
comparatives, πολύ, πολ feign, . οράν, πάσχειν.
δοκεϊν.
(as far as, όσον επί.). fellow, κοινωνός, εταίρος, σύζυξ,
fare (ill or well), πράσσειν, πάσχειν. Η σύζυγος [ compds. with συν-].
fare (food), σίτος, βορά, τροφή. | female, θήλυς.
farewell, χαίρε. fence (v.), αποφάργνυμι, φράσσειν,
bid - , χαίρειν λέγω. φυλάσσειν, είργειν
fast (adj.), ταχύς, οξύς [quick, fertile, (s.), έρκος (n.).
εύκαρπος, άφθονος.
swift ].
fasten, δείν, εφάπτειν, συνάπτειν, | festival, εορτή, πανήγυρις.
πήγνυμι. fetch, κομίζω ( bring).
( with nails), προσηλούν, προσ . - out, εκπέμπομαι.
πασσαλεύειν. fetter, δεσμός, πέδη.
fatal, ολέθριος, ειμαρμένος, καίριος. feud, στάσις [strife].
fate, μοιρά, αναγκή, μόρος, τύχη, fever, νόσος.
πότμος, το πεπρωμένον, & πέπρωται | few, παύρος, βαιός, ολίγος.
[destiny, lot]. ickle, αστάθμητος, ού βέβαιος, σφα
fated (it is), δεί, πέπρωται. λερός.
father, πατήρ, γονεύς, γεννήτωρ, o feld, αγρός, λειμών, γύης, αρουρα, γή.
φύσας [ οι τεχόντες ]. (battle-field , omit 'field .')
fatherland, πάτρα, πατρίς, πατρώα | fend, δαίμων, 'Ερινύς, άτη.
γή, πόλις. fierce, άγριος, ωμός, ηγριωμένος ( απ.)
fault, αμαρτία [ error, sin ]. [cruel].
favour (s.), χάρις, εύνοια. fery, έμπυρος, αίθων, πυρφόρος,
(v.), ευ φρονείν, χαρίζομαι, ευ | θερμός.
νοείν, εν δράν. fifty, πεντήκοντα.
favourable, ευμενής, εύνους, φίλος, fght (v.), μάχομαι, ερίζομαι, αγωνί
πρευμενής, ίλεως (ή), πρόφρων. ζεσθαι, διχοστατεϊν , άμιλλάσθαι,
fawn, νεβρός. ές χείρας ελθεϊν, συμβάλλειν [deri
fear (s.), φόβος, δεύμα, τάραγμα(n.), vatives in -μαχεϊν].
δέος ( n.), τάρβος ( n.). (s.), μάχη, σύστασις, αγών,
(v.), φοβείσθαι, δέδοικα,ταρβεϊν, "Αρης [battle, strife] (α in
τρέσαι, τρομεϊν, δειμαίνω, οκ all).
νεϊν, πτοείσθαι, φρίσσειν, εκ- | figure, σχήμα (n.), είδος ( n.), μόρφη.
πλαγήναι, άθυμεϊν. fil , πληρούν, πίμπλημι (έμ-, εκ-),
fearful, delvós [dreadful, terrible] ;| μεστόν ποιείν.
[trembling], τρομερός. " be filled, γέμειν.
fearless, άφοβος, άταρβής, αδείμαντος. | finally, τέλος (adv.) [ύστατος].
feast (festival), εορτή. find, ευρίσκω [εξ-], εντυγχάνω,
( dinner), δείπνον, τράπεζα, δαίς. εμπίπτω, λαμβάνω.
feast (v.), εστιαν, δαίνυμι. (learn), αισθάνομαι, μανθάνω.
feaster, δαιταλεύς. fine (s.), ζημία.
feat, έργον , πράγμα ( n.). fine (adj.), λεπτός, αβρός, καλός
feather, πτέρον. [fair, beautiful, dainty].
feathered, πτερωτός, εύπτερος. [inetalk, σεμνά έπη,κομψεύειν].
fee, μισθός. I finger, δάκτύλος [ χείρ].
184 VOCABUL .
ARY
finish, περαίνειν, παύειν, τελευτάν | Hy (as a bird), πέτεσθαι, αίρομαι.
[accomplish, end]. (fee), φεύγω, απιέναι, οϊχομαι
fir, πευκή, πίτύς. φυγών [fee].
fire,λε πύρ, φλόξ, καυμα [καίειν, πυρπο foal, πώλος.
ϊν). foe,δήϊος,εχθρός, πολέμιος, δυσμενής,
fire-side, εστία. ενάντιος.
firm, ακίνητος(7), ασφαλής, βέβαιος, fog, νύξ, σκότος.
έμπεδος, πυκνός. foil,σφάλλω, βλάπτω[νικών, κράτειν].
be frm, θαρσείν. fold (v.), πτύσσειν, περιπλέκειν.
make – βεβαίοω. folk, δήμος [people, crowd].
first (adj.), πρώτος, πρώτιστος. follow, ακολουθείν( α), έπεσθαι, μετιέ
( adν.), πρώτον, πρώτα. ναι, μετέρχομαι [attend, pursue].
(at first, το πρώτον.). follower, εταίρος, οπαδός, σύμμαχος.
fish, ιχθύς. folly, [talk foolishly, ληρεϊν]
fist, πυγμή. fond ( love).
fit (adj.), έτοιμος, πρέπων, προσήκων, food, βορά, τροφή, σιτος.
καίριος, άξιος. fool, μώρος, άφρων, ευήθης, ου σοφός,
(to think fit, αξιoύν.) δυσμάθής , μάταιος.
fit ( v.), αρμόζω(εφ-), συμμετρείν. Ι foot, πούς, βάσις.
five, πέντε. ( on foot, πεζός, άνιππος.)
fix ( v.), πήγνυμι (έμ-), στηρίζειν, ! for, (recipient) dative simply,
προσάπτειν [fasten ]. (duration of time) accusative
fixed, βέβαιος [firm]. simply .
lame, φλόξ, πυρ. ( sake of), χάριν, oύνεκα ( g.),
Hanks (of a horse, etc.), λαγών. " διά (a.), προς χάριν.
Hash (v .), αστράπτω, στίλβω. ( with a view to), επί ( d.), ες,
Hat, πλατύς. εις (a.).
Hatter, θωπεύειν, αρέσκειν. (instead of), αντί.
flattery , θώπευμα . emotions," e.g. ‘for fear'),
fee, φεύγειν, οίχεσθαι (απ.), απιέναι, υπό.
for (partic.), *γάρ, επεί, ώς.
τρεπέσθαι, σκεδασθήναι [ φρούδος]. forbear
fleece, πόκος. [ cease].
feet (s.), στόλος. forbid, κωλύειν, απειπείν, ουκ έαν,
fleeting, βραχύς,σφαλερός, πτερωτός. είργειν(απ.).
flesh, σάρξ, σώμα. ( God forbid ! μη γένοιτο.) .
fight, φυγή. force (s.), βία, σθένος ( n.), ισχύς,
" ( of birds), ορμή, κέλευθος. αλκή, ρώμη [ανάγκη].
fing, βάλλω, ρίπτω, ίημι [throw]. (v.), αναγκάζω, βιάζομαι [com.
fint, λίθος, πέτρα. pel].
Hock, ποίμνιον, ποίμνη, αγελή(α). forceful, βίαιος.
met.πλήθος, σύλλογος[assembly, I ford, πόρος.
crowd ]. forebode (tr.), θεσπίζω, σημαίνω,
food, πλημμυρίς, κλύδων, κλυδώνιον δηλούν.
[sea, river]. foreign, βάρβαρος, αλλότριος.
flourish, ανθεϊν, ακμάζειν, θάλλειν. | foreigner, ξένος.
met . καλώς έχειν. foresee, προσκοπεϊν, μαντεύεσθαι,
How (v.), ρεϊν, φέρεσθαι, λείβεσθαι. οράν, προειδέναι.
How (s.), ροή, ρούς, ρεύμα. forestall , φθάνω.
Hower, άνθος ( n.), κάλυξ. foretell, προειπείν [forebode].
aute, αυλός. forethought, προμηθία, πρόνοια.
flutter (intr.),πτοούμαι, ταράσσομαι, forfeit, ζημία.
[fear ). | forge (v.) ( metal), χαλκεύειν .
VOCABULARY. 185
forge (lies, etc.), πλάσσειν. fraud, απατη, δόλος, ψεύδος ( n.),
forged, κίβδηλος [false]. πανουργία.
forget, λανθάνεσθαι, λήθομαι, αμνη fray, μάχη [strife].
σθαι. free (adj.), ελεύθερος, απαλλαχθείς,
στεϊν , αμνημονείν, λήθην ποιεί άμοιρος [ εκτός ών κακού].
forgetful , αμνήμων. free (v.), λύειν , απαλλάσσειν ,
forgetfulness, λήθη, αμνηστία. αφιέναι, ελευθερούν.
forgive, συγγιγνώσκειν, συγγνώμην ! free-speech, παρρησία.
έχειν, σύγγνοιαν ίσχειν, αφιέναι, freedom, λύσις, απαλλαγή.
λύειν. freely, ελευθέρως, ουκ εξ ανάγκης.
forgiveness, συγγνώμη, σύγγνοια. freeze, πήγνυμι.
forgotten, άμνήμων. freight (s.), γόμος.
forlorn, έρημος, δύσελπις, ορφανός. frequent, συχνός [πολύς].
form (s.), σχήμα (n.), μορφή, είδος | frequently, πολλάκις, συχνά.
( n.), τύπος, όψις. fresh, νεός, νεοχμός, ποταίνιος,
form (v.), πλάσσειν, ποιεϊν [ make]. χλωρός, πρόσφατος [ άκμαίος,
former , πρότερος [πρίν, πρόσθε(ν), ωραίος).
έμπροσθεν]. (cool), ψυχρός.
formerly, πρίν, ποτέ, παλαι, fret (tr.), δοκνειν, τάρασσειν [annoy,
πρόσθε(ν). vex].
fort,
έρυfortress,
μα.
τείχος ( n.), τείχισμα, friend, φίλος, συνήθης, εταίρος.
friendly, φιλόφρων , ευμενής, εύνους,
fortitude, θάρσος (n.) [courage]. φιλάνθρωπος. "
fortunate, ευτυχής, ευδαίμων, όλβιος, Ι friendship, εταιρεία, εύνοια, ευμένεια
μακάρ [ευτυχείν, ευ πράσσειν]. I [είναι φίλος ].
( of things,) δεξιός, αΐσιος, | frighten, πτοείν, ταράσσειν, εκπλήσ.
ευτυχής, ευπετής [καλώς έχειν, σειν, φοβεϊν, θράσσειν [ δεϊμα, φό
ευ πίπτειν]. βος]. .
fortune, τυχη, λάχος ( n.), μοίρα. | from (source Wience), από ( g.),
(good), ευπραξία, όλβος. εκ ( g.), παρά (g.), πρός ( g.).
forward, πρόσω, περαιτέρω, ες | (emotion , e.g. from indigna
τούμπροσθεν [verbs compd. with tion '), υπό (g.); διά (a.).
προ-]. front, τούμπροσθεν , τάμπροσθεν .
[forwards ! χώρει, πρόβαινε, έθι.] . (face), πρόσωπον. "
foul, αισχρός, κακός, στυγνός, μιαρός, | frost, κρύος ( n.), πάγος ( n.).
φαύλος, φλαυρος. frowning, σκυθρωπός, συνωφρυωμέ
( of weather), σκυθρωπον ημάρ, vos.
χειμών [storm]. frozen, κρυσταλλόπηκτος.
found, ιδρύειν, κατοικίζειν, κτίζειν. fruit, καρπός.
foundation, κρηπίς(t), βάσις. fruitful, έγκαρπος [fertile].
founder (s.), αρχηγός, αρχηγέτης. fruitless, άκαρπος, ( met.) κενός, μά
founder (v.) (of a ship), ποντίζεσθαι, ταιος, ανωφελής [μάτην].
όλωλέναι, ήφάνισμαι, «θην. . fugitive, φυγάς.
fountain, πηγή, κρήνη, νάμα (n.) |fuifl, τελεϊν [accomplish].
[stream] . full, πλήρης, πλέως, μεστός, πλη
four, τέσσαρες ; -times, τετράκις. σθείς.
fourth, τέταρτος. (complete), τέλειος.
fowl, όρνις, πτηνόν. fully, παντελώς, κάρτα, πάνυ, το
fox, αλώπηξ ( met. κίνάδος n.). παν.
fragrant, ευώδης. funeral, ταφος, κτέρισμα, εκφορά,
frail, ασθενής, βραχύς. ταφαί.
frame ( v.) [form, make]. funeral- pile, πυρά.
186 VOCABULARY.
furnish, σκευάζειν (ταρα-, κατα-), I genius ( guardian-spirit), δαίμων.
παρέχειν, πορίζειν, δούναι. gentle ( well-born), ευγενής.
furrow, αύλαξ [χαράσσειν]. ( kindly), πράος, ήμερος, ήπιος,
further ( beyond), περαιτέρω, πέρα, ήσυχος, ήσυχαίος, μαλθακός.
πέραν . gentleness, ευμένεια.
(in addition), προς τούτοις , έτί. I get , λαμβάνειν, σχεϊν (κατα-), δέχε
( more) adj., πλέων, πλείων . σθαι, άρνυσθαι, λαγχάνειν, ευρεϊν,
furthest, έσχατος(προσώτατα,adv.). κτάσθαι, τυγχάνειν (g.), κερδαίνειν
fury, λύσσα, οργή [anger). [ γίγνεται μοι].
future, μέλλων [future generations, I ghastly, ωχρός, χλωρός.
οι μεθύστερον]. ghost, φάσμα ( n.), είδωλον, σκιά.
the - , το λοιπόν, τουπίλοιπον, | giant, γίγας.
τούπειτα, το μέλλον. gift, δώρον, δόσις, γέρας, δώρημα (n.),
δωρεά.
gilded ( met.), λαμπρός.
gain (s.), κέρδος, λήμμα (n.), εύρημα | gird, ζώννυμι.
(n.) [έρμαιον]. girded, girt, έζωσμένος, ευστάλής,
gain (s.), εύρισκω, κερδαίνω, κτάσθαι. Ι εύστολος.
λαμβάνειν, τυγχάνειν [προσγιγ- girdle, ζώνη, ζωστήρ.
νέται]. girl, παρθένος (f.), νεανίς, κόρη,
gait, βάσις [σχήμα(n.),(n.)].πνοή, θύελλα |
gale, πνεύμα
παίς (f.).
give, δούναι and compds., παρέχειν,
[ wind, storm]. νέμειν, δωρείσθαι.
gallant ( brave), αγαθός (α), εσθλός, 1 giver, δοτήρ.
εύτολμος, άριστος. I glad, εύθυμος, περιχαρής, χαίρων
galley, ναύς, σκάφος (n.) [ship]. [ happy ].
game(caught by hunters)(s.), άγρα , (of things), τερπνός, ήδύς.
θήρα, θήρευμα (n.), άγρευμα ( n.). I glad, am, ήδομαι, χαίρω, τέρπομαι,
garb, στολή, εσθής [dress]. ευφραίνομαι.
garden, κήπος. gladden, ευφραίνω, τέρπω.
garland, στέφος (n.), στέμμα ( n.). I gladly, ασμένως, ήδέως [χαιρω Or
garments [ garb, dress]. ήδομαι, with participle].
gash, τραύμα ( n.), πληγή. glance [eye, look ].
gasp, εκφυσαν, εκπνείν. glide, ρεϊν (and compds.), έρπω.
gate, πύλη (and plur.), πυλών. glitter, λάμπειν, στίλβω.
gather, συλλέγειν, αγείρειν, αθροί- gloomy, σκότεινος,αμαυρός, κελαινός,
συννεφής, μέλας.
SELV.
gathering, συλλογή [assembly ]. ( met.),στυγνός,σκυθρωπός, άτερ
gay ( bright), λαμπρός. πής.
e , είσoράν , είσαθρείν , λεύσσειν | glorκλεινός.
gaz[see]. ious , ευκλεής, ένδοξος, λαμπρός,
gem, λίθος (f.). glory, δόξα, κλέος ( n.), εύκλεια, κύδος
general (adj.), κοινός, πάνδημος, ( n.), έπαινος, ευδοξία.
πανδήμιος. glow ( v.), θερμαίνομαι, θάλπομαι.
(s.), στρατηγός, στρατηλάτης, ! glowing, θερμός, έμπυρος.
ηγέμων [leader]. Τglut, μεστούν, πίμπλημα.
generate, φύω, τίκτω, γεννάν», go, έρχομαι, ιέναι, βαίνειν, ορμάσθαι,
generation ( age), αιών [future]. στέλλομαι, πορεύομαι, χωρείν, αποί -
( offspring), βλάστημα (n.), γέ χομαι.
vos (n .) [descendants]. to and fro, φοιταν.
generous, γενναίος, ελεύθερος, πρευ [approach, depart, enter, re
μενής, ευγενής. tire, return .)
VOCABULARY. 187
goad (s.), κέντρον. greet, ασπάζομαι, χαίρειν λέγω or
(v.), κεντείν. κελεύω.
goal, τέλος (n.), τέρμα (n.) [σκοπός]. grey, λευκός.
goat, αίξ, χίμαιρα. grief, άλγος, λύπη, πένθος, άχος (α),
god, θεός, δαίμων [Ζεύς, μοίρα, πότ - Ι άλγηδών, φροντίς.
μος.]
gold, χρυσός [χρήματα, πλούτος]. grieve (tr.), αντάν(α), αλγίνειν,
βαρύνειν, λύπεϊν.
golden, χρυσέος, χρυσούς. (intr.), passives of the above, and
(of hair), ξανθός. αλγείν, στένειν, πενθείν.
gone,am, φρούδός είμι, οϊχομα.(απ-), I grievous, βαρύς, πίκρός, χάλεπός,
λυπηρός, δυσχερής, επαχθής,
απειναι.
good, εσθλός, αγαθός, χρηστός, καλός. Ι δύσοιστος, δυσφόρητος.
ευγένης, γενναίος, ευσεβής, πιστός, I grind, τρίβω (συν-) [ grind teeth,
άριστος, βέλτιστος [το συμφέρον]. πρίω].
goodly, καλός.
good- will , εύνοια, προθυμία. grip (grasp ).
groan, στένειν, στενάζειν [lament].
govern, άρχω, ευθύνω [rule]. ground, γη, πέδον, γαία [earth].
government, αρχή, κράτος (n.), on the - , χάμαι (adv.).
σκήπτρα (n. pl.), θρόνοι, σκηπ- I grow (tr.), τρέφω, φύω or φύω.
τουχία. (intr.), βλαστάνω, φύεσθαι,
governor [ chief, king). τρέφεσθαι, αυξάνεσθαι, γίγνεσ
grace, χάρις. θαι, πέφυκα.
gracious, ίλεως, ευμενής, πρευμενής, | guard ( v.),τηρείν, φυλάσσειν, σώζειν
πράος, πρόφρων. (εκ.).
grand, σεμνός, υψηλός, μέγας. (s.),φρουρά).
φύλαξ, φρουρός (garrison,
grandfather, πάππος.
grant ( v.), συγχωρείν , διδόναι, χαρί- I guess, εικάζω, τεκμαίρομαι, δοκώ.
ζομαι, νέμω, εάν, εφίεσθαι. guest, ξένος.
(s.), δώρημα [ gift]. (at banquet), σύνδειπνος, συμ
grapes, βότρυς. πότης, δαιταλεύς.
grapple with, grasp, λαμβάνεσθαι, | guide (v.), άγειν, ηγείσθαι, πέμπειν,
έχεσθαι, αντέχεσθαι, αρπάζω, Ι ευθύνειν.
μάρπτω( συμ.). (s.),πομηγεμών,
πός.
αγωγός, εύθυντήρ,
grass, λειμώνων χλόη,or χλόη simply.
grateful, am, χάριν οίδα. guile, δόλος, απιστία.
gratify, χαρίζομαι [ gladden, please]. | guilt, αιτία, αμαρτία,(of blood, etc.,
μύσος (n.), μίασμα).
grave (adj.), σεμνός.
(s.), τάφος, τύμβος, σήμα (n.), guiltless,
αθώος.
αναίτιος, καθαρός, αβλαβής,
θήκη, σηκός ( n.).
gray, λευκός, πολιός. guilty, αίτιος, υπαίτιος, άδικών
graze (v.) (feed), ποιμαίνειν , βόσκειν, [όφλισκάνω].
τρέφειν. gush, ρεϊν , εκραγήναι.
(touch), ψαύειν. H
great, μέγας, μακρός, πολύς, ευρύς.
very -- μέγιστος, υπεοόυής, I habit, νόμος [accustom].
περισσός. habitation, έδρα, οίκησις [home].
greatly, μάλα, κάρτα, πάνυ. hag, γραύς.
greatness , πλήθος ( n.), βάθος (n.) I hail (s.), χάλαζα.
[ power, might]. hail ! χαίρε.
greedy, λάβρος, πάμφάγος. hair, θρίξ, χαιτή, κόμη [πλοκάμος,
Greek, a, "Έλλην. βόστρυχος].
green, χλωρός, ευθαλής. Thairy, δασύς.
188 VOCABULARY .
half, ήμισυς. I have to do, δεί, χρή [ must].
hall, δώμα (n.), μέλαθρον, δόμοι. haven [harbour].
halt ( hesitate), οκνεϊν. hazard (s.), τύχη [chance].
(stop, tr.), παύω, ίστημι. he, ούτος, όδε, εκείνος, κείνος, ό( δέ)
hand, χείρ, δεξιά [arm). (often omitted ).
at - , πρόχειρος [ near]. head (of body), κάρα, κεφαλή.
handle ( v.), νέμειν, έχειν εν χερσί. (of troops, etc.),[chief,leader).
hang (tr.), κρεμάννυμι, αρτάν. headland, άκρα .
hang on (intr.), [cleave to]. heal, ιάσθαι(ί), ακείσθαι (α), εξακείσ
happen, γίγνομαι, τυγχάνω, συμβαί Η θαι.
νει. healer, ιατρός(i).
happiness, όλβος, ευπραξία. healing (s.). ίασις(i), άκος ( α) ( n.),
happy, ευτυχής, ευδαίμων, μάκαρ, Ι άκεσμα, φάρμακον.
όλβιος, [χαίρω, ήδομαι]. (adj.), ιάσιμος (i), ήπιος:
harass, ταράσσω [grieve, annoy]. | health [ εϊ έχειν, καλώς έχειν, “ heal,
harbour, λιμήν, όρμος, νεώρια n. I care, disease ].
plur. healthy, άνοσος, υγιής (υ).
harbourless, άνορμος, δύσορμος. heap, πλήθος (n.), άθροισμός.
hard, σκληρός, περισκελής. hear, ακούω, κλύω, [κτυπον δέδορκα].
( met.)δυσχερής, χαλεπός, δύσοισ (be told), πυνθάνομαι, μανθάνω.
τος, δυσφόρητος [difficult, (in return), αντακούω.
severe ]. | heart , καρδία, κέαρ, λημα, φρόνημα,
hard by [near]. φρών, φρένες, ήπαρ, ήτορ, θυμός,
hardly, μόλις, σχολή. ψύχη.
hardship,
tune].
κακά n. plur. [ misfor- hearth, εσχάρα , εστία.
heat, θάλπος ( n.), καύμα ( n.).
hare, λαγώς. heaven, ουρανός, πόλος, αιθήρ,
harm (s.), βλάβη, κακόν, ημία. αήρ( α).
harm (v.), βλάπτειν, αδίκειν [grieve]. [by heaven, προς θεών, έστω
harmless, αβλαβής, ασϊνής, αθώος. * Ζεύς, θεός ξυνίστωρ].
harmonious, σύμφωνος, έμμελής, | heavenly, θείος, ουράνιος.
σύμμετρος [συνάδειν]. heavy, βαρύς, επαχθής, εμβριθής,
δεινός [ grievous).
harp, λύρα.
harsh, τραχύς, δυσάλγητος [severe]. | heed, pay heed to, ώραν νέμειν,
harvest, οπώρα, καρπός, [θέρος π.]. φυλάσσομαι, φροντίζω, κηδεύω,
haste ( s.), τάχος, σπουδή. μέλειν, μέλεσθαι [attend, care].
in - , ώς τάχιστα, ώς τάχος, | heedless, ράθυμος.
συν τάχει. I heedlessly, άφροντίστως.
haste (v.), εγκονεϊν, σπεύδειν, | height, ύψος ( n.), μήκος (n.) [ βάθος
επείγεσθαι, ταχύνειν [ φθάνειν]. ( n.)].
hasty, ταχύς, οξύς, άοκνος. heir [ λαγχάνω].
hate, μισείν, στυγείν (απο-), έχθαίρειν | hell, άδης, οι κάτω, met . Ερινύς,
(απ.), δυσχεραίνειν, αποπτύειν, órnlà ) [death ].
δυσμενής είναι . helm (rudder), οίαξ.
hateful, έχθρός, απεχθής, δυσφιλής, I helmet, κόρις, κράνος, λόφος.
στυγνός, απόπτυστος. helmsman, οίακοστρόφος.
hatred, μίσος ( n.), έχθος (n.), έχθρα, | help (s.), αρωγή, άρκεσις, ωφέλεια,
δυσμένεια, στύγος ( n). βοήθεια, υπουργία.
haughty, σεμνός, υπέρφρων [ proud ). (v.), βοηθείν, αμύνειν, αφελεϊν
haunt, νέμειν, οικείν, έχειν [inhabit]. (επ., προς-), αρήγειν, συμμα
have, έχειν (κατ.), άσχειν (κατ.), χεϊν, υπουργείν, υπηρετείν,
κτώμαι ( perfect)[έστι μοί, τρέφειν]. I βοηδρομεϊν.
VOCABULARY. I89
helper, βοηθός, βοηδρόμος, υπηρέτης, || history,

hiss, σίζειν.
λόγοι.
αρωγός, συμπράκτωρ, συλλήπτωρ,
συνεργός. hit (strike), παίω, πλήσσω,πατάσσω,
helpless, αμήχανος, αναλκις, έρημος. αράσσω [strike].
hence ( place), ενθένδε, εντεύθεν (a mark), τυγχάνω [εμπίπτω].
[αυτόθεν]. hither, δεύρο, ώδε, ενθάδε.
(accordingly), * ούν, προς ταύτα. hitherto, ές τόδε, ές το νύν, ες τον
henceforward, εκ τούδε, τάπό τού- Ι νύν χρόνον.
του, (ες ) το λοιπόν. ho ! ιού, ώ ούτος.
herald, κήρυξ, άγγελος. hoard (be stingy), φθονείν.
herb, χλόη, φυτόν. hoarse, [τραχεία φωνή, φθέγγομαι].
herd, αγελή, ποίμνη, νομή, ποίμνιον, hoary, πολτός, λευκός : met. [γεραιός,
( met.) πλήθος (n.), οι πολλοί. γέρων, αρχαίος ].
herdsman, βουκόλος, ποιμήν. hoist (sail), αίρειν.
here, ενθάδε, ενταύθα, τήδε [παρεϊναι, | hold, έχειν (κατ.), ισχειν (κατ-, επ.),
όδε]. κράτεϊν, νέμειν, κτώμαι.
hereafter, αύθις, είσαυθις, έτι, έσαυ (seize), έχεσθαι (αντ.), λαβέσθαι
θις, ύστερον (μεθ-)[ henceforward]. (grasp ).
hereditary [λαγχάνω].
hero, ανήρ [άριστεύω].
(think), έχειν, νομίζειν, ηγείσθαι
[consider].
heroic, εσθλός [ brave]. hold ! (stop that !) επίσχες, παύσαι.
( of deeds), καλός, λαμπρός [άρι- | hold out, καρτερείν, θαρσεϊν
στεύειν]. [endure].
hesitate, οκνεϊν, μέλλειν. (extend), προτείνειν, εκτείνειν.
hesitation , όκνος. hole, χάσμα(n.), βάραθρον (α), έρυγμα
hew, τέμνειν, κείρειν, κόπτειν,σχίζειν, ( n.), βόθρος, σπέoς (n.) [cave].
(and compds. with συν-). holiday, εορτή.
hidden , κρυπτός [λανθάνω]. hollow, κοίλος, κενός [κατασκαφής].
hide (s.), δέρμα (n.), δέρος ( n.) δορά. (vain), κενός, μάταιος. .
(v.), κρύπτειν, καλύπτειν, κεύ- | holy, αγνός, θείος, ευσεβής, ιερός
θειν , στεγάζειν , υπεκτίθεσθαι, I (scanned Τρος), άγιος (α), όσιος,
κλέπτειν (εκ), στέγειν [σιγάν, Ι [άσυλος].
σιωπών ]. home, oικός, οικία (1), oίκησις, δόμοι.
hideous, αισχρός [ ugly]. δώμα, μέλαθρον [house].
high,υψηλός,υψηρεφής, υψιγέννητος, at - , οίκοι, ένδον, έσω δόμων.
stay at - , οίκουρείν.
μακρός [αιπύς]. "
( proud), σεμνός, επηρμένος, | homicide, ανδροκτόνος, μιαίφονος,
επαρθείς. φονεύς [αυτόχειρ, αυθέντης).
high-born, ευγενής [noble ). | honest, δικαιός, πιστός, αγαθός( α, α),
hill , λόφος, όρος (n.), πάγος, κρήμνος εσθλός, (of things) καλός.
[mountain ). honesty, πίστες.
himself (emphatic), αυτός. honey, μέλι.
(reflexive), εαυτόν, αυτόν. honourable, έντιμος, καλός, ευγενής,
hind ( doe), δορκάς, έλαφος. τίμιος, άριστος .
hinder, τούπισθε(ν). | honour (s.), τιμή, κλέος ( n.), κύδος
hinder (v.), παύειν, κωλύειν, είργειν Ι ( n.), έπαινος, αξία , δόξα, ευγένεια,
( κατ-, απ.), εμποδίζειν [stop]. κοσμός, γέρας ( n.).
hindermost, έσχατος. honour (v.), τιμών, επαινείν, σέβειν
hindrance,κώλυμα(n.),εμπόδισμα(n.). Ι [γεραίρειν with gifts ].
hire (s.), μισθός. hope (s.), ελπίς.
(v.), μισθούσθαι [am hired, (v.), ελπίζω, καραδοκεϊν, προσ
μισθαρνεϊν]. δοκάν προσδέχεσθαι,
190 VOCABULARY.
hopeful, εύελπις, ελπίδος πλήρης, | hunt (v.), θηράν -ασθαι, θηρεύειν,
ελπίδος μεστός. | διώκειν [pursue, seek].
hopeless, ανέλπιστος, δύσελπίς, άν- | hunter, κυνηγέτης.
ελπίς (α), ελπίδων έρημος, ουδέν | hurl, ρίπτω, βάλλω, ίημι [throw].
ελπίζων έτι. hurricane, θύελλα [storm].
horn, κέρας. . hurry (v. tr.), επείγειν, οτρύνειν,
horror, δείμα, φόβος [fear]. σπεύδειν.
horse, ίππος, πώλος [άρμα, ελαύνειν]. (intr.), επείγεσθαι, σπεύδειν,
horseman, ιππεύς, ιππηλάτης, εγκονεϊν [haste].
ιππότης. | hurt ( v.), λυπείν, δάκνειν, άλγύνειν,
hospitable, φιλόξενος [ entertain]. ανταν. "
host, στρατός [army]. (injure), αδικείν, βλάπτειν.
hostage, όμηρος [ captive]. husband, ανήρ, πόσις, ομευνέτης.
hostile, εχθρός, πολέμιος, δυσμενής | husbandman, γεωργός.
[enemy, strife]. hushed, to be, σιγάν, σιωπάν
hot, lit. θερμός. [ σεσίγηται δόμος].
met. θερμός, οξύς, θρασύς, | hymn, ύμνος, δή.
ισχυρός, δεινός, σφοδρός. Ι
hound, κύων , σκύλαξ.
hour, ώρα : met. καιρός, ακμή. I, εγώ, often όδε or ημείς.
house,
στέγη,oικoς, οικία,δόμοι,
δώμα, οίκησις, στέγος (n.), | ice,covered
μέλαθρον. κρύσταλλος,
with πάγος.
- ,κρυσταλλοπηκτος.
(family), γένος ( n.) [race]. | idea , δόξα [thought ].
household (adj.), οικείος [τάν δον , I have -, δοκεί, υπήλθε με,
οικέται]. παρέστη μοι.
hover, κρέμασθα
πέτεσθαι, ποτάσθαι, αιωρού- | idle, αργός, ράθυμος, απράγμων.
μαι, ι. be - , αργείν, ραθυμεϊν.
how ? (interr.), πώς και πη; το idleness, αργία , σχολή.
τρόπω; πως πότε και πώς δη ; πώς | idly (lit.), αργώς.
γάρ ; και πώς ; (in vain), μάτην, μάταια, άλλως.
how (indir.), όπως, όπη, ότω τρόπω, | if,
.. εί,talk
εάν, -ήν,ληρεϊν.
είπερ, ήνπερ.
how ! (interj. ), ως, οίον, ολα. oh if, είθε.
however (conjunction), ως άν, όπως - (past), είθε, είθ' ώφελν.
άν. ignoble ( birth), αγεννής, άσημος.
how much, many, πόσος, οπόσος , Γ (actions), αισχρός.
(indir.) όσος, οπόσος. ignominious, αισχρός, αεικής,
however ( partic.), όμως, *μέντοι,Ι ανάξιος.
καίτοι, * γε μήν, αλλά, αλλ' ούν. ignorance, άγνοια, άπειρία.
huge, δεινός, μέγιστος, πελώριος, ( want ofinstruction), αμουσία.
υπερφυής, θαυμαστός. ignorant (not knowing), άπειρος,
hull, σκάφος (n.). άιδρις : often use αγνοεϊν.
human, ανθρώπειος, βρότειος [κατ' ( unlearned), αμαθής, απαι
άνθρωπον]. δευτος.
mortal, θνητός. – ly, αγνοία, δι' άγνοιαν.
humble, ταπεινός, ύφειμένος, μέτριος, | ill, κακώς, φαύλως.
φαύλος. (adj.), νοσών [νόσος, νοσέω,
hundred, εκατόν . κάμνω, άρρωστεϊν ].
hunger, πείνα. (s.), κακόν [evil, sorrow, suffer
hungry, άσιτος, αδηφάγος. ing ).
hungry, be, πεινήν. speak - , κακοστομεϊν, δυσφημ
hunt (s.), θήρα, κυνηγία. είν, υβρίζειν.
VOCABULARY. 191
ill , be – treated, κακώς πάσχειν. | impose, εμβαλείν.

ill - doer, κακούργος, πανούργος. impossible, αμήχανος, αδύνατος, ουχ
ill- will, δυσμένεια, δύσνοια . οιός τε.
illness, νόσος. it is – , ουκ έστιν, ουκέσθ' όπως.
illustrious, ευκλεής, εύδοξος, έξοχος. impotent, ασθενής.
image, είδος (n.), σχήμα, μορφή. imprecate, αράσθαι, επεύχομαι
imagination, δόξα [thought]. [κατ.].
imagine, νοείν, δοξάζειν, οίεσθαι | imprison, δέω, καθείργω.
[think , fancy). – ment, δεσμός, pl.
imitate, μιμείσθαι. - ed, δέσμιος, δεσμώτης.
immeasurable, άμετρος. improper, άκαιρος, αεικής, ανάξιος.
- y, υπερφυώς, λιαν (it), αγαν. | imprudent, άβουλος.
immediately, ευθύς, ευθέως, αυτίκα, | impudence, αναίδεια.
τάχα, βάσσον, ώς τάχος.
immense, άμετρος, άπειρος.
impudent , θρασύς, αναιδής, αναίσ
χυντος.
(number), ανήρίθμος. impulse, ορμή.
imminent, προκείμενος, ήδη παρών. impunity, with, χαίρων.
be - έφεστάναι, παρεστάναι, impure, αναγνος.
μέλλειν. impute, αιτίαν προσάπτειν, αιτιάσ.
immortal, άμβροτος, άφθαρτος, θαι.
αθάνατος, άφθίτος. . in, έν (d.).
(of memory), αείμνηστος. – case of, επί (g.).
(of things), αιώνιος, άφθαρτος. – comparison with, πρός (a.).
immoveable, ακίνητος, άσφαλής. - consequence of, diá (a .).
immutable, άτροπος. – light of, εν μέρει ( g.).
impart ( give), νέμω, παρασχεϊν, – order to, ένα, ώς, ως άν,
δούναι. όπως, όπως άν.
(tell), κοινούν. – place of, αντί ( g.).
impartial [just]. – proportion to, κατά (α.).
impassable, άβατος, αστϊβής. – respect of, περί ( g.).
impatience [use verb]. - (space of time), εντός (g.)
impatient ( vexed), δυσχεραίνων. or g. only.
be - , δυσχ εραί νω ορεί
, δυσφ , ν – spite of , βία ( g.).
ατλητεϊν. – time of, επί (g.).
impede, κωλύω, εμποδών είναι. – (describingmeans) dat.
impediment, κώλυμα. - (describing manner), [past,
impel, εξορμάω, επαίρω. dat., subst., adv.).
impend ( beimminent). inaccessible, απρόσβατος, δύσβατος.
imperial, βασιλικός, τύραννικός. inane, κενός.
imperishable (immortal). inasmuch
επείπερ.
as, ως, έπει, επειδή,
impetuous, οξύς, δεινός.
impiety, ασέβεια. inborn, έμφυτος, σύμφυτος.
( concr.), ασέβημα. incense (s.), θύος ( n.), θυμίαμα.
impious, ασεβής, δυσσεβής, ανόσιος. incense (v.), χολόω, παροξύνω,
implacable, άσπονδος, ανήκεστος. εξοργίξω, πικραίνω.
implant, εμφύω. | incite, παρορμάω.
- ed , έμφυτος, σύμφυτος . incline (intr.), ( scale) ρέπω.
implore, λίσσομαι, αιτεϊν, λιπαρείν | be – d, θέλω[πρόθυμος],
[ask ]. inconstant, ασταθής, άπιστος.
important, μέγας, βαρύς.γλισχρός. incorruptible, άφθαρτος, άφθορος.
importunate, λιπαρής, increase (tr.), αυξάνω.
importune, λιπαρείν. (intr.), αυξάνομαι, προκόπτειν.
192 VOCABULARY.
incredible, άπιστος. | inhabitant, έγχώριος, κάτοικος,
incur ( peril), κινδυνεύω. οικήτωρ, αστός, πρόσχωροι [οι ένδον,
(blame), αιτίαν έχειν, οφλείν. εκεί, etc.].
incurable, ανήκεστος. inherit, παραλαβείν, δέχεσθαι
indebted, be, οφείλω. [ διαδοχαι).
(thanks), χάριν οφείλω. --ance (concr.), κλήρος, ουσία.
indecent, απρεπής. (abstr.) διαδοχή pl.
indeed (concessive), μέν, μέντοι. ! inhospitable, άξενος, απόξενος.
(affirmative), πάνυ, μάλα. | injure, βλάπτω, άδικέω, κακουργείν .
(emphatic), έργω αληθώς, | injury, βλάβή, ημία, συμφορά,
κάρτα. κακόν .
(corrective), μέν ούν. injustice, αδικία,τομή δίκαιον[έκδικος,
indicate, δηλόω, σημαίνω. άδικος] (δίκ).
indifferent (just). inner, τα ένδον, έσω.
(unimportant), φαύλος, ευτελής | innocence, αγνότης [αναίτιος].
[φροντίζω, παρ' ουδέν]. innocent, αναίτιος, καθαρός, αθώος,
[careless). αβλαβής.
indignant [angry]. ( pure), αγνός.
indignity, υβρισμα (n.). innumerable, αναρίθμος, ανήριθμος.
indolent, ράθυμος, μεθήμων. insane [ mad ].
indulge, χαρίζομαι. insatiable, άπληστος, ακόρετος,
indulgent , ευμενής, πράος, συγγνώ | ακόρεστος.
μων. inscribe, εγγράφειν , γράφω, compd.
inevitable, άφυκτος. inside, έσω, εντός, ένδον.
inexorable, άτεγκτος, αμείλικτος, | insight, γνώμη, φρόνησις.
άκαμπτος . insolence, ύβρις ( ), θράσος (n.),
inexperienced, άπειρος, άγευστος. αναίδεια.
infamous, άτιμος, δυσκλεής. insolent, υβριστής.
(evil), ανόσιος, άναγνος. insomuch that, ώστε.
infamy, ατιμία, όνειδος (n.), αίσχος | inspect, επισκοπείν.
( n.), λώβη. inspired, ένθεος.
infant, βρέφος ( n.), τέκνον. instant, adj.t (entreating), λιπαρής
(adj.), νήπιος. [ imminen ].
infect, χραίνω, αναπλήσ αι,διαφθείρω. | instant ly, ευθύς, τάχα (α α) [im
infection , μίασμα. mediately ).
infer, εικάζω. instead of, αντί (g.).
inferior, ελάσσων, ήσσων, ύστερος. | instruct, διδάσκειν [teach, tell].
( bad), φαύλος, ευτελής. instruction, παιδεία, μάθημα (n.).
infernal,νερτερος, ο κάτω, οι νέρθε(ν), | instrument, μηχανή.
χθόνιος. ( met.), αφορμή, πόρος [αίτιος].
infinite, άπειρος, άμετρος, μυρίος. | insult (s.), ύβρις (0), αικία, λωβή.
infirm, ασθενής. (v.), υβρίζω,λωβάσθαι,προπηλα
* κίζω.
infame (tr.), άπτω, επιφλέγω.
- , met. παροξύνω. insurrection, στάσις.
indict, επιβάλλω, εμβάλλω [ ημιούν, ! intelligence ( understanding), νούς,
αδικείν, δίκην λαβεϊν]. γνώμη.
inform, δηλούν, σημαίνω [acquaint |
with , tell, learn, etc.). intend ( wish), βούλεσθαι.
ingenious, σοφός. ( mean), εννοείν, βουλεύειν,
inglorious,
κλεής.
άκλεής, άδοξος, δυσ μέλλειν.
intent, intention, επίνοια, γνώμη,
inhabit , οικείν, compd. έχειν. βούλευμα ( n.).
VOCABULARY. 193
intentional, εκών, εκούσιος. join (often by compounding other
- ly, εξ εκουσίας, εκουσίως. verbs with σύν).
intercourse,
θεια.
συνουσία, ομιλία, συνή – battle, μάχην συνάπτειν, ές
χείρας ελθείν, δόρατος ες πείραν
have - , ομιλείν, συνείναι[οικείος, μολεϊν, συμβαλείν " Αρη (α).
συνηθής]. (intr.), – in doing, κοινωνείν.
interest (the common), το κοινόν, | joining (s.), συμβολή.
το συμφέρον, ωφέλεια. joint ( body), μέλος (n.), άρθρον.
interpret, κρίνω( dreams). jointly, κοινή, ομού.
φράζω, σαφηνίζω, δηλόω, εξηγεί- joke [jest].
σθαι.
interpreter, ερμηνεύς. journey (s.), πορεία, πόρος, οδός(f.),
στόλος.
interrupt, ταράσσω, κωλύω. – (v.), οδοιπορείν, πορεύεσθαι.
interval, in the, εν τω μεταξύ. joust, αγών.
intestine, adj., ( met. ), οικείος, I jovial, εύθυμος, εύφρων.
ένδημος, εγγενής.
into, els (a.), (čow g., sometimes). |I| joyχαρμονή,
(s.), χαρά,γάνοςχάρμα,
( n.). τέρψις, ηδονή,
intolerable, άτλητος, άφερτος, δύσοισ feel - , χαίρω, ευφραίνεσθαι,
τος, επαχθής, ου φορητός, ουκ ήδεσθαι.
ανεκτός. give - , ευφραίνω.
introduce, εισάγειν. joyful, εύθυμος, άσμενος [ ήδέως].
invent, ευρίσκειν, μηχανάσθαι. joyless, ατερπής.
investigate, ίχνοσκοπείν εξ-, εξετάξω, I judge (s. ), κριτής, δίκασπόλος (1),
ίχνεύω, σκοπεϊν , έρευνών. βραβεύς.
invincible, άμαχος, ανίκητος. – ((v.), κρίνω(1) δικάζω, γνώναι
invisible, αφανής, άδηλος. δια-).
invite (ask to come), καλέω ( α), I judgment , κρίσις, γνώμη, δίκη.
compd. I jump, πηδάω, άλλομαι, θορείν compd.
( ask to do), αιτώ. just, δίκαιος, ένδικος (1).
involuntary, άκων (α), ακούσιος. – (adv.), (numbers) μάλιστα.
inward, inwardly, έσω [inside]. – now, νύν δή.
iron, σίδηρος, χαλκός. – (this, that), αυτό (τούτο,
island, νήσος (f.). εκείνο ).
isolate, μονόω, χωρίζω, ερημόω. – ( with verbs) [τυγχάνω].
issue, τέλος ( n.). justice, δίκη, το ένδικον, τα δίκαια.
it, αυτό. justly, ενδίκως, εν δίκη, ορθώς.
ivy, κισσός. K
keen (blade), οξύς, οξύστομος[sharp].
keep, έχω, κατασχεϊν,σώζω, φυλάσσω. .
javelin, ακόντιον (α), βέλος ( n.). – (cherish), τρέφω.
jaw, γνάθος (f.), γένειον. - (check), κατασχεϊν, είργειν,
jealous, ύποπτος, φθονερός, επίφθονος. κωλύειν (υ).
be – , φθονώ. – feast, άγειν.
jealousy, φθόνος, ζηλος. -- (intr.), έχειν (adv.), μένειν.
jeopardy [danger). – back(hide), κρύπτειν,εκκλέπ
jest,παίζειν
παιδιά,
].
γέλως [σκώπτειν, γελάν, τειν.
– away (tr.), απέχω.
jewel (lit.), λίθος (f.), κόσμος (array). I keeper, φυλαξ.
( met.), κτημα, κέρδος( n).[τίμιος]. | kill, κτείνω( compd.), φονεύω,σφάζω,
join (tr.), συνάπτειν, συμπηξαι, νοσφίζω. - pass., θανείν .
συναρμόττειν.
194 VOCABULARY.
kin, συναιμος, συγγενής, εγγενής, last , έσχατος, ύστερος , τελευταίος.
όμαίμων, οι εν γένει. at - , τέλος, εν τέλει, χρόνω,
kind of(s.), γένος ( n.). ποτέ, συν χρόνω.
this - , τοιούτος, τοιος, τοιόςδε. | last (v.), μένειν, χρονίζειν.
of what - , οδος, ποιος (int.), | late (adv.), οψέ.
οποίος. be – , υστερείν, υστερίζειν.
of all – (s.), πας, παντοιος. lately, άρτι, αρτίως.
kind (adj.), φίλος, εύνους, ευμενής, | later, ύστερος.
χρηστός, πρευμενής, ίλεως (i). laud, αινέω compd. [praise].
kindred [kin ]. laugh (s.), γέλως.
king, άναξ (α), m. – (v.), γελάω.
kingdom, αρχή [γή, πόλις]. laugh at, εγγελάω, σκώπτειν.
kiss (s.), φίλημα. laughter, γέλως.
(v.), φίλέω, κύνεϊν (προς-). laurel, δάφνη.
knee, γόνυ. law, νόμος.
kneel, γη θείναι γόνυ [κείσθαι, | lawful, έννομος, νόμιμος [θέμις).
lawless, άθεσμος, άνομος, εκδίκος.
καθήσθαι].
– ( met.), προσκυνείν, λίσσομαι lay (trs.), θεϊναι, βάλλειν compd.
– hold on, λαβέσθαι (g. ).
knock [ask, pray]. τύπτειν, παίειν, I lead (s.),
(strike), μόλυβδος.
πλήσσειν. lead (v.), άγειν, ηγείσθαι ( = be a
(door), κόπτειν. leader), φέρειν.
[ hit, break, strike, beat.] - away, απάγειν.
know, ειδέναι, επίσταμαι ( εξ.), έξ-, leader, ηγεμών, ταγός, στρατηλάτης,
κάτ-, σύν- οιδα, γιγνώσκειν, μάθεϊν. . στρατηγός, αρχηγός, αρχηγέτης.
[άγνοέω, λανθάνω, δήλος, έχω]. lean leaf, φύλλον, φόβη.
knowledge, επιστήμη, μάθησις. (trs.), έγκλίνω.
known, γνωτός, γνωστός, δηλος, leap (intr.), κύπτω.
(s.), πήδημα, άλμα.
φανερός, εύγνωστος.
– ( v.), πηδάω, άλλομαι, compd.
I learn, γνώναι, μάθεϊν.
L learning, παιδεία.
least, ελάχιστος.
labour, πόνος, μόχθος. – (adv.), ήκιστα.
– (v.),
lack (s.), ένδεια.πονείν, κάμνω, μοχθείν. Ι . at - * γε, * γούν.
I leave (s.), permission, συγγνώμη,
– ( v.), [δεί], [ want, need). Η εξουσία [εώ, αφεϊναι].
lady, γυνή, άνασσα, δέσποινα. take - , απελθείν, απαλλαγήναι
lake, λίμνη. [go away).
lame, χωλός. leave(v), λείπω, compd., αποστήναι,
lament (v.),
θαι, πενθείν.
στένω, oιμώζω, οδύρεσ- αποστάτεϊν, προδούναι.
( permit), εώ, αφιέναι.
- (s.), θρήνος, οιμωγή, στόνος, I left ( hand, etc.), σκαιός, ευώνυμος,
πένθος ( n.), γόοι. αριστερός, λαιός.
lamp, λαμπάς, λύχνος, φως ( φάος). on the - , εξ αριστεράς.
lance, δόρυ [spear]. – (remaining), λοιπός.
land (s.), χθών, γη, χώρα. leg, σκέλος ( n.), κνήμη.
– (v.), σχεϊν, οκέλλειν (ναύν). | leisure, σχολή [σχολαίος, ήσυχος].
language, γλώσσα. at - , κατά σχολήν.
lap, κόλπος, στήθος (n.). lend, παρασχεϊν.
large, μέγας, ευρύς, πολύς. length, μήκος (n.).
lash, παίω, μαστιγόω. | lengthen, τείνω, μηκύνη
VOCABULARY. 195
less, ήσσων, ελάσσων, μείων. likewise, άμα (α, ά), ομού, ουχ
ήσσον.
(adv.), ήσσον, μείον.
no - -, ουδέν ήσσον, ουχ ήσσον. | limb, άρθρον, μέλος ( n.) , κώλον.
let ( permit), εώ, μεθίημι (7), αφίημι. limit (s.), όρος, τέρμα, τέλος ( n.).
– down, καθεϊναι. – (v.), ορίζειν : παύειν .
– in, εισάγειν, δέχεσθαι. line ( written), γραμμή.
( hinder), κωλύω. (army), τάξις .
- go, αφίημι. (family), γένος ( n.).
letter, γραφή, γράμμα, επιστολή. | linger, μένειν, χρονίζειν.
liable (to passion), ήσσων, ουκ – ( hesitate), οκνέω [βραδυν-].
άθικτος. lion, λέων .
liberate, ελευθερώ (έξ-), λόω. lioness, λέαινα.
liberty, το ελεύθερον . lip, χείλος (n.).
licence, εξουσία, άδεια. listen (hear), ακούειν, ακροάομαι,
grant - , έω, δίδωμι. κλύειν. .
lie (s.), ψεύδος (n.) [ ψευδής πλαστός]. (obey), πείθεσθαι.
– (v.), ψεύδεσθαι, απατάω. little, μικρός, βραχύς, βαιός.
lie (v.), κείσθαι, compd. κλιθήναι, live, ήν, βιώναι[ έτ' ειμί, βλέπω, etc.].
πεπτωκέναι.. (dwell ), οικείν, διαιτασθαι.
life, βιός, ζωή, ψυχή, αιών [ζήν]. | livelong [ πανήμερος, πάννυχος].
( manner ) δίαιτα. liver, ήπαρ ( n.).
lift,ανέχω.
ορθόω, compd., αίρω, compd. living,
1ο ! ιδού,έμψύχος, ζών, ζωός.και μήν.
(at beginning)
light (s.), φάος (n.), φως, φέγγος | Ioad, φόρτος, άχθος ( n.), βάρος (n.).
( n.), σέλας, αυγή, ακτίς. load, γεμίζω, βαρύνω.
(lamp), δας, λαμπάς, λύχνος. loathe, στυγείν, μισείν .
- (adj.) (bright) λαμπρός lock, κλείειν [shut].
[bright]. lofty, υψηλός [ high].
- (not heavy), κούφος, ελαφρός. lone, lonely, lonesome, έρημος,
- - , make – of, ραδίως μόνος, ήρημωμένος, απλάτος.
φέρειν, παρ' ουδέν νέμειν or θέσθαι. | loneliness,
light ( not hard), ράδιος, ευχερής.
ερημία.
long, adj., μακρός, πολύς, συχνός.
light ( v.) ( fire), άπτειν. a - time, μακράν, δηρόν.
lighten, κουφίζειν [aid, help]. – lived, μακραίων, χρόνιος.
lightly, κούφως, ραδίως. – ago, πάλαι.
(easily),
τώς.
ραδίως, ευχερώς, εύπε 80 – as, όσον χρόνον, έως (άν),
μέχρι, έστε. .
lightning , αστραπή, κεραυνός. long (v.), ποθεϊν, εμείρειν (1).
like, (adj.), όμοιος, εμφερής ( προς-), I longing, πόθος, ίμερος (i).
έoικώς, αλίγκιος, ίσος (1) : οδος. look (s.) (glance ), δέργμα [όμμα,
(adv.), όμοια, ώς, ώσπερ, εξ ίσου, Ι οφθαλμός ).
ίσα : τρόπον, δίκην, δέμας ( g.): - (appearance), όψις, είδος (n.),
ώστε, ώσπέρει. σχήμα.-
like ( v.), φίλέω, στέργω, αινέω: look (v.), βλέπειν, οραν, ιδείν,
χαίρειν, ήδεσθαι [ήδέως, εκών, σκοπεϊν, λεύσσειν, δέρκεσθαι, δεδορ
βούλομαι]. κέναι, αθρεϊν (compds.).
likely (adj.), εύλογος. – (appear), φαίνεσθαι, έoικέναι,
it is - , έoικεν, είκός εστιν. δοκεϊν.
as is - , ώς εικός, ώςπερ είκός, - about, περιβλέπειν.
είκότως. – at, σκοπεϊν, θεωρείν, θεάσθαι,
likeminded, to be, ταυτόν φρονείν. εισoράν, προσβλέπειν.
likeness, εικών. – for, ζητεϊν, προσδοκών.
196 . VOCABULARY.
look off, away, αποβλέπειν. | maid (servant), δούλη, δμφαί,
– through, διαθρείν. λατρίς.
loose (adj.), ανειμένος. maim, πηρόω, βλάπτω.
let - , αφίημι, εξελευθε- maintain, τηρέω, φυλάσσω, έχω,
ρούν. τρέφω.
loosen, λέω, αφίεναι, μεθιέναι (i). | maintenance ( defence), σωτηρία.
Iord (s.), κύριος, άναξ, δεσπότης, – (life), τροφή, βίος.
κoίρανος. majesty, σέβας : κράτος ( n.), αρχή,
- (v.), κράτειν [command, τυραννίς.
conquer, rule]. make, ποιείν , καθίστημι , σκευάζειν.
lose, έκβαλείν, απολλύναι, απο (invent), ευρείν, πλάσαι, μηχα
στερείσθαι. ναν.
- (battle, wager, etc.), (render), ποιείν, τίθημι.
σφάλήναι, ήσσασθαι. male, άρσης, άνδρείος.
– (labour) [ μάτην]. malice, φθόνος, έρις, πονηρία.
be lost, ολέσθαι, όλωλα, compd. | man, ανήρ ( not woman).
loss, βλάβη, ζημία , συμφορά. man, άνθρωπος (human being).
be at a – , απορέω, αμηχανεω. βροτός, θνητός, φώς.
lot ( cast ), κλήρος , πάλος. . manage, διοικέω, πράσσω, νέμω.
(fate), λάχος ( n.), μόρος, μοίρα, mane, χαίτη, λόφος.
τύχη, πότμος . manful, άνδρείος, ανδρικός.
cast - , κληρούσθαι, πάλλειν | manifest, δηλος, εμφανής, σαφής,
κληρον. φανερός.
loud, μέγας. (v.), δηλόω, σημαίνω[shew].
love (friendly), φιλεϊν. manliness, άνδρεία.
(passionate), εράν ( g.), ερασ manner, τρόπος, οδός (f.), σχήμα.
θήναι. – (custom), έθος, νόμος.
(parental, etc.), στέργειν. mantle, πέπλος, έσθημα [cloak].
love(s.), ίμερος, m. many, πολύς, συχνός, μυρίος, παμ
low, κάτω. πληθής.
– (adj.), ταπεινός, φαύλος. – times, πολλάκις .
lull, παύειν, μαλθάσσειν [abate, how – πόσος (int.), οπόσος
soothe]. (ind. int.), όσος rel.).
lump, όγκος. march, πορεία.
lurk, κέλευθα. (v.), στρατεύειν ( mid .), ελθεϊν,
lust, η επιθυμία. compd .
luxury , τρυφή, χλιδή. marine, θαλάσσιος, πόντιος.
lyre, λύρα, κιθάρα. mark (s.), σήμα, σημείον, τεκμαρ,
τεκμήριον, σύνθημα, σύμβολον.
(target), σκοπός.
(v.) (note, heed, observe).
M market- place, αγορά.
marriage, γάμος.
mad, εμμανής, έκφρων, λυσσώδης, marry,
μανείς.
ές λέχος άγειν, λαβείν: γαμέω.
marvel (s.), θαύμα.
madden, εκμαίνω, εκπλήσσω, ταράσ (v.), θαυμάξω.
σω.
madman, μανείς [ mad ].
marvellous,
φυής.
θαυμαστός, καινός, υπερ
madness, λύσσα, άνοια. massacre, σφαγή, φόνος.
magician, μάγος. mast, ιστός.
maid, maiden, παρθένος (f.), κόρη, | master, κύριος, δεσπότης, κoίρανος.
παίς. be - , κρατεϊν, δεσπόζειν [rule).
VOCABULARY. 197
mate, σύννομος, [συνήθης]. | milk , γάλα ( n-).
matter (business), έργον, πράγμα, | mind (s.), ψυχή, νούς, φρών (plur.),
χρήμα. γνώμη, θυμός.
( v.), διαφέρω, μέλειν. bearin - μεμνήσθαι, μνημονεύ
it does not – , παρ' ουδέν έστι. ειν .
nature ( v.) ( met), σπεύδω, περαίνω. | mindful, μνήμων.
may, I, έξεστί μοι: πάρα, at end of mine, έμός, αμός (&).
line. mingle, μίγνυμι [ mix].
mead, meadow, λειμών. minister (s.), υπηρέτης, υπουργός,
mean, φαύλος. διάκονος, συμπράκτωρ, βοηθός.
in the – time, εν μέσω, έν | - (in council), σύμβουλος.
τούτω, εν τω μεταξύ, τέως. – (v.), ωφελεϊν (n.), υπηρετείν
mean ( v.), νοείν, βουλεύειν, γνώμην (d.).
έχειν. mire, πηλός.
what - you, πώς λέγεις; mirth, χαρά, κώμος, ευθυμία, τέρψις.
means, μηχανή, πόρος. mischief, κακόν, πήμα, συμφορά,
[ often verbs, μηχανάσθαι, etc., βλαβή [ harm, woe, pain, grief].
or preps., διά, etc., or πως, miserable, οικτρός, άθλιος ( δυσ -τρις-),
όπως]. . τλήμων, τάλας.
measure (s.), μέτρον. misery, κακά.
– (v.), μετρεϊν ( mid.). misfortune, πάθος, πένθος, δυσπραξ
medicine, φάρμακον, ίασις (i). ία, συμφορά, πάθημα.
meet ( v.), εμπεσείν, συναντάω, κυρεϊν | mislead, πλανάω.
(g.), τυχεϊν ( g.). miss, αμαρτάνω.
(intr.) (assemble), συνελθεϊν, mistake (s.), πλημμέλημα, πταίσμα.
[σύλλογος πανήγυρις]. mistake (v. sense), αγνοείν , σφαλή
melt, τήκω. ναι.
– ( met.), μαλάσσω, μαλθασσω, (act.), αμαρτάνω, πλανάσθαι.
κηλέω. mistrust (s.), απιστία.
member, άρθρον [limb]. (v.), άπιστέω.
memorial, μνήμα, μνημείον . | mistrustful, άπιστος, ύποπτος.
memory, μνήμη, μνεία . mix (tr.), φυρω, κυκάω, μίξαι compd.
mend [amend]. κεράννυμι.
merchant, έμπορος. (intr.), συνείναι, συγγενέσθαι.
merciful, οικτίρμων, εύνους, εύφρων. | mixture, κράσις.
be - , οικτίζειν, οικτείρω, ώφε | moan [lament, groan], στόνος.
λείν. mob, όχλος, δήμος, πλήθος (n.).
merciless, ωμός, νηλεής. mock, υβρίζειν(ύ), κερτομεϊν , εγγελάν,
mercy, oικτος, έλεος. ατιμάζειν.
merry, εύθυμος. moderate, μέτριος.
message, άγγελμα. modest, κόσμιος, αιδοίος, σώφρων.
messenger, άγγελος. modesty, αιδώς.
method, τρόπος. moment, καιρός.
methought, έδοξέ μοι. money, πλούτος, χρήματα, χρυσός.
mid, μέσος. monster, τέρας, κνώδαλον, θαύμα.
midday, μεσημβρία. monstrous, υπερφυής, θαυμαστός.
before - , πρίν μεσούν την | month, μήν.
| monument, σήμα, μνήμα, μνημείον .
middleημέραν.
, μέσος. moon, σελήνη, μήνη.
might , βία, κράτος (n.). more (adj.), πλέων, πλείων, υπέρ
might have, ήμελλον, άν with aor. τερος.
mighty, ισχυρός. – (adv.), πλέον, πλείον, μάλλον,
RY
198 VOCABULA .
more,nono- ,– ουδέν
(time), ουκέτι, μηκέτι. | mutter
πλέον, μάλλον. ειπείν.
(speak secretly), λάθρα
moreover, προς τούτω (τούτοις), έτι. ! (grumble), ψέγω, μέμφομαι
morn, όρθρος, έως, ήώς. [ blame].
in the - , έωθεν, εξ εωθινού, | my, έμός.
πρώ, όρθριος, εωθινός. myriad, μυρίος.
morrow, the, ή αυρίον, ή ες αυρίον, Ν
ή ' πιούσα.
mortal, θνητός, φθαρτός, βροτός. naked, γυμνός, ψιλός.
(deadly), θανάσιμος, ολέθριος, name, όνομα, πρόσφθεγμα [ανώνυμος,
καίριος. επώνυμος , συνώνυμος].
(of or belonging to - ), βρότειος, – (glory), δόξα, κλέος ( n.).
ανθρώπειος. name ( v.), ονομάζω, προσεννέπω
most (adj.), πλείστος [ often πλείων | [ call ].
or ο πλείων]. I nap, κρόκαι.
(adv.), πλείστον, μάλιστα. narrate, εξηγείσθαι [tell}.
mostly, πολλάκις, τα πολλά, ως τα narrow, στενός , στενωπός .
πολλά. nation, γένος (n.), δήμος [ people].
mother, μήτηρ, ή τεκούσα οι τίκτουσα. | natural (inborn), έμφυτος, εγγενής.
mount, αναβαίνω, εξακρίζω, αίρομαι. ( human), κατ’ άνθρωπον, ανθρώ
mountain, όρος ( n.), ακμή, πρών. πειος.
mourn, πενθεϊν, θρηνείν, πενθικώς it is – , είκός εστιν.
έχειν. nature, φύσις(0), ήθος, φρών, τρόποι,
mourner, πενθητήρ. γνώμη, etc.
mournful, στυγνός, θρηνώδης, πενθή (appearance), σχήμα,είδος(n.).
μων, πένθιμος. naval , ναυτικός.
mourning, πένθος (n.), θρήνος, κουρά, near(adj.),
ερπών.
ο πλησίον, παρών, προσ
κομμός, πένθημα.
mouth, στόμα, γένυς, γνάθος, γλώσσα.
move (tr.), κινέω, σείω, ταράσσω
(adv.), πέλας, άγχι, εγγύς (0),
[trouble, excite, madden]. be - , παρεϊναι, παρεστάναι.
(intr.), κινείσθαι, φέρεσθαι, nearly, σχεδόν, σχεδόν τι, εγγύς.
ελθεϊν, χωρείν. necessary; αναγκαίος [δέον, προσή
much (adj.), πολύς, συχνός. κον].
(adv.), μάλα, κάρτα, πολλά, it is – , ανάγκη, δεί.
πολύ, σφόδρα . necessity, ανάγκη, το δεϊν, χρεία. .
multitude, πλήθος (n.) [πολύς, neck, αυχήν, δέρη, λόφος, λαιμός,
παμπληθής, άφθονος]. τράχηλος.
murder (s.), φόνος, σφαγή, αιμα. need, χρεία, χρέος, το δεόν.
– ( v.), κτείνειν, σφάζειν at - , és déov.
( compd.), φονεύειν, ελεϊν , need (v.), δεί, δέομαι, χρή.
νοσφίξω. needful, προσήκων [necessary].
murderer, φονεύς,αυτόχειρ, αυθέντης, | needy , ενδεής.
μιαίφονος. neglect, αμελείν (g.), λείπειν, μεθεί
murderous, φοίνιος [ bloody].
mur , θροε .
ναι.
mur ϊν neglected, ατημέλητος.
muse, μούσα. negligent, μεθήμων, ράθυμος.
must, δεί, χρή, ανάγκη, πρέπει, neighbour, γείτων, πρόσχωρος, πρόσ.
[verbals in -τέος]. οικος.
mutable, ασταθής, άστατος. neither (adj.), ουδέτερος.
mute, άφωνος, άναυδος. – ( particle), ούτε - ούτε.
mutiny, στάσις. | net , δίκτυον, αμφιβληστρον, άρκύς.
VOCABULARY. 199
nether, νέρτερος. | oath, swear -, ομνύναι, ορκωμοτείν.

never, oύποτε, ουδεπώποτε. obedience, πειθαρχία, πειθώ.
nevertheless, ουδέν ήσσον, αλλ' | obey, πείθεσθαι, πειθαρχείν,
όμως. object (v.), αντειπείν, ψέγειν.
new, νέος, καινός, πρόσφατος, νέοχμος, | oblige, βιάζεσθαι, αναγκάζω (εξ.).
ποταίνιος. obscure, άδηλος, άσημος, κρυπτός,
news, λόγοι, το συμβάν [αγγέλλω). δύσκριτος, αμαυρός.
next, άγχιστα. | observe
obst
[keep, watch, note, say].
night, νύξ, σκότος, όρφνη, ευφρόνη. Η
- ly, νύχιος, έννυχος. obstinate, σκληρός, αυθάδης.
all – long, πάννυχος. obtain, λαβείν, κτήσασθαι, τυχεϊν.
nine, εννεα. occasion (s.), καιρός.
no,έστινού,. ουχί, ουδαμώς, ου δητα, ουκ (v.), αίτιος είναι.
no, none, ουδείς, ούτις.
occupy,
ελεϊν.
έχειν, κατασχεϊν, λαβείν,
nobility, ευγένεια. ocean, θάλασσα, πόντος, πέλαγος ( n.).
noble, ευγενής, άριστος, γενναίος. odour, οσμή.
nod, νεύω. of, από[εξ and από in compd.].
noise, ψόφος, θόρυβος(voice), φθέγμα.
noon, μεσημβρία.
be - , άπερρε, ουκ άπει; έκποδών
απελθε.
ner (neither - nor), ούτε - ούτε. ofence, ύβρις (0), πλημμέλημα, αμαρ
(not, ε1or), ουκ - ουδέ. τία, αμάρτημα.
(simply), ουδέ. offend, άδικέω, αμαρτάνω είς, λύπεϊν.
northern, πρόσβορρος, βόρειος. be – ed, δι' οργής έχω [angry].
not, ου, ουκ, ουχί, ου πάνυ, ήκιστα, | offender, κακούργος.
ουδεν, ούτι, ου μή(fut. and subj.), | offer, δίδωμι, φέρειν , προσφέρειν,
ούπως , ουδαμώς. παρασχεϊν.
note ( mark), σήμα, σημείον. (sacrifice), θύειν .
( v. observe), νοείν , κατανοείν , | offering, θύμα, πρόσφαγμα.
ιδείν , μαθείν. office ( business), έργον.
- worthy, άξιος λόγου. (rule), αρχή.
nothing, ουδέν. offspring, γονή, γένος (n.), γέννημα,
notwithstanding , όμως. έκγονος, βλάστημα.
nourish, τρέφω, ατάλλω. often, πολλάκις, θάμα, πολλά.
nourishment , τροφή. oil, έλαιον.
now, νύν, ήδη, τα νύν, σήμερον. old, παλαιός, αρχαίος.
nowhere, ουδαμού. of - , ποτέ, πάλαι,εκ πάλαιτέρου.
number, αριθμός (α), πλήθος (n.), - man, γέρων, πρέσβυς.
numberless, ανήρίθμος, άπειρος. - age, γήρας.
numerous, πολύς, μυρίος. omen, οιωνός.
nuptial, γαμήλιος. omit, λείπειν
αμνημονείν.
(έλ. παρα-), παρείναι,
nurse, τροφός, τίθήνη.
(v.), τρέφειν, θεραπεύειν. on, επί ( d.).
nurture [ nurse]. - account of, διά (a.)( κατά, a.).
nymph, νύμφη. – behalf of, υπέρ.
- side of, πρός ( g.), παρά (d .).
- condition of, επί ( d.).
0, ώ, αιαι, οίμοι, φεύ. - (time : on the . . . day)
oak, δρύς, δρυός. (dat. ).
Οar, κώπη, πλάτη, έρετμός. I once (formerly ), πάλαι, ποτέ, ήδη.
oath, όρκος, [εύορκος , ευορκία, όρκιος, Ι ( one time) , απαξ.
ενώματος]. – for all, εισάπαξ.
200 VOCABULARY.
one, είς, μία, έν. | outermost, εξώτατος.
- another, ο μέν . . . ο δέ . outrage(s.), λώβη, αϊκισμα, ύβρις (υ).
a certain - , τις. outside, έξω, έξωθεν.
- another, άλλήλων. outward [outer].
only, μόνος, μούνος. over, υπέρ ( g.), επί ( d.).
– (adv. ), μόνον . – ( across), πέρα.
open (adj.), έκλειστος. all – , κατά (a.).
(v.),λύω.ανοίγω, χαλάω, αναπτύσσω, - (excessively), άγαν, λίαν(ort).
overcome, νικάν, κράτειν.
opening, λύσις, άνοιξις. overmuch, άγαν, λίαν.
" - (hole), χάσμα, στόμα. overtake, αιρεϊν , καταλαβείν.
opinion, δόξα, γνώμη [think]. owe, οφείλειν.
opponent, εναντίος. owing to, διά (a.).
opportune, καίριος, εύκαιρος. own, ίδιος, οικείος.
- ly, εν καιρώ, εν καλώ, ές δέον. | ox, βούς.
opportunity, καιρός.
oppose (tr.), αντιτάσσω. P
(intr.), έναντιούμαι, αντιστήναι.
opposite, εναντίος, αντίoν. pain ( bodily), άλγος (n.), άλγημα,
oppress, πιέζω, άδικέω, κακόω, άλγηδών (f.), παθος ( n.).
υβρίζω (0). ( mental), άλγος, πάθος, πένθος,
oppression, ύβρις. λυπή, πόνος.
oppressive, βαρύς, επαχθής, δύσφορος. | pain (v. tr.), λυπέω, ανϊάω.
or , ή, είτε. " painful, αλγεινός, λυπηρός, πικρός,
Oracle, χρησμός, μαντείον, μάντευμα. βαρύς, δεινός.
– (place), χρηστήριον. paint (v.), γράφω, ζωγραφέω.
give an - , έχρησα, ανείλον. | paint (s.), χρώμα.
consult - , μαντεύομαι. painter, γραφεύς, ζωγραφος.
Orator, ρήτωρ. pair, ζεύγος ( n.), ξυνωρίς (f.).
orchard, κήπος, άλσος ( n.). palace, μέλαθρον, δόμοι, δώματα,
order (arrangement), τάξις, κόσμος. Ο βασίλεια ( pl.).
- (command), εντολή, πρόσ. | pale, ωχρός, χλωρός.
ταγμα. paltry, φαύλος, ταπεινός.
order ( v.) ( arrange), τάσσειν, κοσ pang, δύη, άλγος [ pain].
μεϊν, διοικείν. paper, δέλτος (tablet).
- (command), τάσσειν, κελεύω, pardon (s.), συγγνώμη, σύγγνοια.
είπον. – (v.), συγγνώναι, συγγνώμην
orderly, εύτακτος, εύθετος. έχειν, σύγγνοιαν ίσχειν.
origin, αρχή. parent, γονεύς, τοκεύς [τεκών].
Ornament , κόσμος, άγαλμα, αγλάϊσ parricide, πατροκτόνος [τ-έω].
μα. part (s.), μέρος, μοίρα.
other, άλλος, έτερος, αλλoίoς. - ( country ), χώρα.
[άλλοσε, άλλοτε, αλλαχού, άλ. it is my - , προσήκει μοι .
λοθεν ]. take) - , κοινωνέω, μετασχεϊν
the = day, αρτίως.
otherwise, άλλη, άλλως. part (v. tr.), διαιρείν , χωρίζειν.
ought, χρή, χρεών, δεί. : – (intr.), απαλλαγήναι, λείπειν,
our, ημέτερος. απελθείν.
out, εκ-. partake, κοινωνείν (g.).
(adv.), έξω, εκτός (g.). partaker, κοινωνός.
outcast, φυγάς. partially, εκ μέρους.
outer, ο εξωτέρω, έξωθεν, εκτός. particularly, κάρτα.
VOCABULARY. 201
partly, το μέν . . . το δέ, πρώτον | perpetual, άπαυστος, αιανής (άει,
μέν . . . δε. αιεν ).
partner, κοινωνός. perplexed, άπορος, αμήχανος.
party, στάσεις, οι φρονούντες ταυτόν, persevere, καρτερέω, εμμένειν, ουδέν
φίλοι. ελλείπειν .
pass ( v.), περάω, παρελθείν , ούχομαι. | person, άνθρωπος, τις, βροτός.
- by, παρελθείν. αναλίσκειν persuade, πείθειν, επάγειν.
- time, τρίβω, I am -- d, πέπoιθα, πέπεισμαι.
[πανήμερος, πάννυχος]. persuasion, πειθώ.
pass (s.), πόρος. persuasive, πιθανός.
passenger, οδοιπορος. pervert, διαφθείρω, διαστρέφω.
passion , ópyń [anger]. pestilence, λοιμός, νόσος (f.).
passionate, δεινός, στυγνός. philosopher, σοφός.
passive, ήσυχος, ράθυμος. Γphysician, ιατρός (i).
past (adj.), παρελθών, πεφευγώς, pick (flowers), δρέπω, συλλέγω.
ο πρίν [πρόσθεν, πάρος, πάροιθεν]. pick (choose), λέγω, ελέσθαι.
pasture, νομή. picture, γραφή, πίναξ, εικών (f.).
paternal, πατρώος. piece, μέρος.
path, οδός (f.), τρίβος (f.). pierce, σχίζω, τετραίνω, διορύσσω.
patience (have), καρτερείν , τλήναι. pierced, διάτορος.
patient, ήσυχος, τλήμων. piercing, διατόρος.
expect – ly, καραδοκώ. piety, ευσέβεια, το ευσεβές.
pause (v.), στήναι, παύεσθαι, παύλαν pile (funeral), πυρά.
λαβείν. pillage (s.), αρπαγή.
pay, τίνω, τελεϊν. pillar, κίων στήλη.
payment, τίσις, μισθός [ ζημία]. pilot ( v.), κυβερνάω.
peace, ειρήνη, σπονδαί,στάσεως, λύσις. pinch, θλίβω, πιέζω.
peak, άκρον. pine (s.), πίτυς, πευκή.
peasant, γεωργός, αγρότης. pine (v.), τακήναι [θρηνέω].
pebble, ψήφος (f.). pious, ευσεβής, καλός, άμεμπτος.
pelt, βάλλω [λεύσιμος]. pit, όρυγμα, βόθρος.
penalty, ζημία. pitch, πίσσα.
penny , δραχμή. pitiable, έλεινός, οικτρός.
people, δήμος, πλήθος ( n.), όχλος,Γpitiful (active), οικτίρμων.
* στρατός, πόλις, αστοί, πολίται. Γpitiless, ωμός, νηλεής.
perceive, αισθάνομαι, ορώ, νοέω, Tpity (s.), οίκτος, έλεος, οικτιρμός.
μαθείν. (v.), οικτείρω (επ.), οικτίζω
perchance,ίσως(t), τύχη [τυγχάνω]. (κατ.).
perfect, τέλειος, άριστος, εντελώς. Η place, χώρος, τόπος [τάξις, τείχος,
– ly, παντελώς, πάνυ, κάρτα. τείχισμα : που, όπου, ή, ενθάδε,
perfdy, απιστία.
perform, τελέω, πράσσω. – .(v.), θείναι, καθισταναι,
etc.].
perfume, οσμή [ευώδης]. τάσσω.
perhaps, ίσως (άν), τάχ' άν, τύχη | plague, λοιμός, κακόν, νόσος (f.).
[τυγχάνω, κινδυνεύω]. | plain (s.), πέδον.
- ( adj .), δηλος [clear].
peril, κίνδυνος. - -- (simple), απλούς, άκομψος.
perilous, επικίνδυνος.
perish, ολέσθαι (απ- δι-), διαφ- I plait, πλέκειν ( conapd.).
θαρήναι, οϊχεσθαι, θανείν. plan (s.), τέχνη, μηχανή, γνώμη.
perjured, ψεύδορκος, επίορκος. – (v.), μηχανάσθαι.
permit, εάω, συγχωρείν, αφεϊναι, I plant (v.), φυτεύειν, φιτεύειν.
μεθείναι, επιτρέπειν, περϊ δεϊν. Γplay, δράμα (sport), παιδιά .
202 VOCABULARY.
play ( v.), παίζω. possessor, κεκτημένος.
plead (v.), αιτώ [ pray]. possible, oιός τε, δύναι ός.
pleader, σύνδικος. it is - , πάρεστι, έξεστι [πάρα
pleasant, ήδύς, γλυκύς, τερπνός, at end of line].
φίλος, προσφιλής. post ( pillar), σταθμός, στήλη.
please, αρέσκω (α), άνδάνω, χαρίζο (station), τάξις.
μαι. posterity, οι έπειτα, οι μέλλοντες.
it --s me, ήδομαι, ήσθην, pot, κάλπη, λέβης.
δοκεί. pour, χέω ( compd.).
pleasure, ηδονή, τέρψις. poverty, ένδεια, σπάνις, πενία.
pledge, εγγύη, πίστις [εγγυάσθαι, | powder, κόνις, ψήγμα.
* εχέγγυος]. power, δύναμις, σθένος, ισχύς, κράτος.
plentiful, άφθονος, αφειδής, δαψιλής. ( permission), εξουσία .
plenty, άλις, άδην (α, α). powerful, σθένων, ισχυρος, καρτερός,
have - , εύπορείν. δεινός.
plot, μηχανή, δόλος. practice ( skill), τέχνη, εμπειρία.
plough, άροτρον. practise (v.), ασκεϊν : (evil, or
pluck, έλκω (Howers), δρέπω. scheme), πράσσω, βουλεύω.
plume, πτερόν [feather ]. praise (s.), έπαινος, δόξα, ευδοξία.
plumed, πτερωτός. ( v.), αινώ (επ.), ευλογείν, υμνείν.
plunder, αρπαγή, λεία. pray, λίσσομαι , εύχομαι, λιπαρείν,
poem, μέλος, ωδή. * αιτεϊν [ask].
poet , ποιητής, αοιδός (α). prayer, λιτή, ευχή, προσευχή.
point, ακμή, αιχμή, γλωχίς (i). precept, εντολή.
(time), καιρός. precious, τίμιος, πολυτελής.
pointed (sharp), οξύστομος. precipice, κρημνός.
poison, ιός (i), φάρμακον. precise, ακριβής, σαφής.
pole (stick), δόρυ. predict, σημαίνω, προειπείν, μαντεύ
( axis), πόλος. εσθαι.
polish, λεαίνω, λαμπρύνω ξέω. prediction, μάντευμα.
polished, λείος, ξεστός. prefer, προτιμάω, κρίνω,μάλλον βούλ.
pollute, μίαίνω, χραίνω. εσθαι, αιρείσθαι.
polluted, μίαρός, προςτρόπαιος. prelude, φροίμιον.
pollution, μίασμα, μύσος ( n.). premature, άωρος.
pomp, χλιδή, κόμπος. prepare (tr.), σκευάζω (compd.),
pompous, σεμνός. ευτρεπίζω, ετοιμάζω, πορίζω.
ponder, φροντίζω, ενθυμείσθαι ! (intr.), εσκεύασμαι, ετοιμάζομαι.
[think]. " I prepared, έτοιμος, εσκευασμένος,
poor (not rich), πένης, πτωχός, ευτρεπής, πρόχειρος.
ενδεής. presence, παρουσία.
(inferior), φαύλος, ευτελής. present (adj.), παρών, πρόχειρος,
( wretched), άθλιος (δυς- τρις-), I προκείμενος.
τλήμων, ταλαίπωρος, δειλός, for the -, το νύν, τα νύν.
δυστυχής, δυσδαίμων . present (v.), παρέχειν , δωρούμαι,
portend, θεσπίζω, μαντεύομαι. δούναι.
portent, τέρας, θαύμα, σημείον. to - oneself, παρεϊναι, παρα
porter, θυρωρός, πυλωρός. στήναι, φανήναι.
portion, μοίρα [ part]. present (s.), δώρον, δώρημα.
possess, κεκτησθαι, έχειν, μετασχεϊν, I preserve, σώζω, φυλάσσω.
κρατείν. press, θλίβω, πιέζω, βαρύνω.
possession (abstr.), κτησις. presume (arrogantly), αξιόω,
( concr.), κτημα. υβρίζω(ύ ύ).
VOCABULARY. 203
presumption, τόλμα, ύβρις (ύ). | profitable, Ονήσιμος, σύμφορος.
presumptuous, υπερφρων [ φρονείν | prottless, άκαρπος, άχρηστος, άνω
μέγα). φελής, ασύμφορος (& in all).
pretence, σκήψις, πρόσχημα. prolong, μηκύνω, τείνω. .
pretend, δοκεϊν. promise (s.), εγγύη [ ών υπέσχετο].
pretended, δοκών [often δή], ( v .) , υπεσχόμην, υποστήναι
πλαστός. [ πίστίς ].
pretext, πρόφασίς, πρόβλημα . prompt, άοκνος [quick, ready].
pretty, κομψός, καλός. prone, πρηνής, προνωπής.
prevail, νικάν [conquer]. met. πρόθυμος.
prevent, κωλύω [εμποδών ], είργειν , I proof, έλεγχος, τεκμήριον, σημείον,
εμποδίζω. τέκμάρ.
previous, πρότερος, ο πρίν, πάρος, etc. make - , πειραν λαβείν.
prey, θήρα, έλωρ, λεία, άγρευμα. prop, έρεισμα.
price, τιμή, αξία. proper, ευπρεπής [it].
prick (s.), κέντρον, κέντημα. property, κτήματα [riches, posses
(v.), κεντέω. sions ].
– up, ορθόν ιστάναι. prophecy, μάντευμα, χρησμός.
pride, ύβρις(ύ ύ), φρόνημα, όγκος. prophesy ( v.), χρησμωδείν, προειπείν ,
priest, ιερεύς(ί). θεσπίζειν, αναιρείν , άδειν.
prime (s.), ακμή, άνθος (n.), ώρα. prophet, προφήτης, μάντις, οιωνο
prince, τύραννος, άναξ( α) [ king]. σκόπος, τερασκόπος.
print (foot-), ίχνος, στίβος. false - , ψευδόμαντίς.
(impression), χάραγμα, έκ- I propitious ( mind), ίλεως(i), ευμενής,
μαγμα. φίλος .
prison, δεσμοί, πέδαι . – ( word), εύφημος.
prisoner, δέσμιος [δέω είργω]. propose, παραινώ, πείθω, προβάλλω.
- ( war), αιχμάλωτος . prosper, εύ έχειν, εύ πράσσειν (καλώς.)
private, ιδίoς (τ), οικείος. ευτυχείν, ευδαιμονείν.
privily, λάθρα [λανθάνω]. prosperity, ευπράγία, τύχη.
prize, άθλον, γέρας. prosperous (bringing good), avotos,
- (gain), κτημα, κέρδος. δεξιός, ευτυχής.
prize (v.), αξιώ, αινώ compd. . (enjoying good), ευτυχής,όλβιος,
probable, it is, εικός, έoικεν, δοκεί, ευδαίμων, μακάρτατος.
εύλογον. prostrate, πρηνής.
probably, είκότως. protect, σώζω, προστατεϊν , στέγω.
proceed, χωρέω [go]. protector , προστάτης, επιστάτης.
procession , πομπή. protest, μαρτύρομαι.
proclaim, εξαγγέλλω, κηρύσσω, proud, σεμνός, υπέρφρων, υψηλόφρων,
προειπείν, σημαίνω. φρονων μέγα.
proclamation, κήρυγμα, κήρυξις. prove, δηλούν [shew].
procure, πορίζω. (test ), πείραν λαβείν .
produce ( bear), φύω, φέρειν, τίκτειν | proverb, παροιμία, λόγος.
[ bear]. " provide, πορίζων, αρτύω (εξ.),
(bring out), εκφέρω, εξάγω. Ι ευρείν.
produce (s.), καρπός. (foresee), προσκοπείν.
profess, φάσκειν [pretend]. providence, πρόνοια.
proft (s.), κέρδος, ωφέλεια.
(v . tr.), ώφελέω.
provoke,
[ές οργήν].
παροξύνω, ερεθίζω, δάκνω
(intr.), κερδαίνω. prow, πρώρα.
it - s not, ου λύει τέλη, ουδέν | prudence, πρόνοια, ευβουλία, ευλά
όφελος. βεια, φρόνησις.
204 VOCABULARY.
prudent, σώφρων, εύβουλος, ασφαλής | question (v.), έρωτάν, έρεσθαι.
(of things). quick, ταχύς, οξύς.
be , φρονείν, ευ φρονείν, ή -tempered , οξύθυμος.
σωφρονείν. (adv.), θάσσον, τάχα, τάχος, ως
public, κοινός, πάνδημος, δήμιος, τάχος,εν τάχει, ώς τάχιστα,όσον
[πολέως]. τάχος [ουκ αν φθάνοις, φθάνω].
puff , φυσάω. quickness, τάχος ( n.).
met. όγκόω, εξ-, εκτυφούν, I quiet, ήσυχος, άτρεμής, ήρεμαίος,
επαίρω [κόμπος]. μέτριος, ησύχαίος.
pull, σπάω, έλκω, άγειν (compd.), I - (silent), άψοφος, αψόφητος.
pump out , εξαντλεϊν. (v.), παύω, κατασχεϊν.
punish, δημιούν, κολάζω, δίκην λαβείν. | quietly, ησύχως, άτρεμα, ήρέμα,
σιγα, σιγή.
punishment, ζημία , δίκη, ποινή,
* τιμωρία, τιμή. quit, λείπω [leave].
pure, ακήρατος, ακραιφνής, καθαρός,
αγνός, ακράτος.
– θερούσθαι.
be quit, απαλλαγήναι, ελευ
pure ( morally), σώφρων, ήγνισμένος, I quite, παντελώς,το πάν, πανύ, κάρτα.
ευσεβής. quittance, απαλλαγή.
Β : καθαίρω, αγνίζω, καθοσϊόω, quiver– (v.),
(s.), φαρέτρα.
τρέω, τρέμω, τρομέω.
purification, καθαρμός. quoit, δίσκος.
purple, πορφύρα. R
(adj.), πορφυρούς, φοίνιος, η
ερυθρός. race, φύλον, γένος.
purpose (s.), βούλευμα, γνώμη, - (course), δρόμος.
* επίνοια [ αν θέλη, το δόξαν, etc.]. radiant, λαμπρός [ bright].
purpose ( v.), ενθυμούμαι, βουλεύω, rag, ράκος (n.), λακής.
μέλλω. rage (s.), οργή, χόλος [anger].
purposely, [έκών], εκουσίως, εκ – ( v.), λυσσάω, μαίνομαι, μαρ
γάω,
προνοίας.
pursue, μεταστείχω, μετελθεϊν, διώκω. | rail (abuse), λοιδορείν, νεικείν, λοιδο
push, ώθέω, ελαύνω. ρεΐσθαι (d.) [επίρρoθος , κακόρρoθος].
put, τίθημι, ίστημι [ορθόω, αίρω, | raiment, εσθής, πέπλος [clothes,
βάλλω, ίημι, τείνω, έχω, άγω, garment ].
φέρω] compd. rain , ύδωρ (0), όμβρος, δρόσος (f.).
– forth, εκτείνω, προτείνω. rains, it, ύει (ύ).
– off , εκδύομαι, απαλλάσσεσθαι, | raise, ορθόω, αίρω (compds.).
αποβάλλω, απορρίπτω. rampart, τείχος (n.), έρύμα, τειχισ
– on, αμπέχω, αμφιέννυμι, μός.
κοσμείσθαι, ενδύω. random, at, εική.
- out (light), σβέσαι compd. range, πλανάομαι [ wander ].
putrefy, σήπεσθαι. rank ( military), τάξις.
putrid, σαπρός. rank among (v.), τελεϊν ές.
ransom (s.), λύτρον, άποινα.
( v.), λυτρόω, λέω, ελευθερόω.
quantity, πλήθος (n.). rapid, οξύς, ταχύς.
quarrel, έρις, νεΐκος (n.), στάσις. rapine, αρπαγή.
(v.), ερίζω [συνάπτω νεΐκος]. rare, θαυμαστός, σπάνιος.
quarter, from all – s, παντόθεν. | rash, άβουλος, άσκεπτος.
from what - , πόθεν .
queen, άνασσα, γυνή.
rather,
ούν.
μάλλον (corrective), μεν
quench, σβέσαι (κατα- απο-). | rattle, κρότος, κτύπος.
VOCABULARY. 205
ravage, δηούν , πoρθεϊν, άγειν φέρειν | reed, δόναξ.
τε. reflect, έννοέω, λογίζομαι, σκοπεϊν
ravage (s.), φθορά, λύμη. [ consider].
ravager, λυμαντήρ. reform, ανορθόω.
rave [rage]. refrain (tr.), κατειργάθεϊν, κατασχεϊν,
raw, ωμός. απέχω.
ray, ακτίς, αυγή. (intr.), αποστήναι.
reach (arrive), αφικνείσθαι, προσελ. | refuge, φυγή, αποστροφή.
θεϊν . refuse, αποπτυσαι, απωθεϊν .
- (stretch), προτείνω, παρασ - (to do), ου θέλω, ου πείθομαι,
χειν. απειπον.
read, ανάγνωναι [ μαθεϊν]. refute, ελέγχω.
ready, έτοιμος, πρόχειρος, ευτρεπής. | regard, σκοπεϊν , νομίζειν [consider].
– ( willing), πρόθυμος άσμενος. regard (s.), ώρα, σπουδή.
make - , ευτρεπίζω [ prepare]. – pay, - - to, ώραν νέμειν, (d.),
real, αληθής, ετήτυμος. σπουδήν ποιείσθαι, (g.), φρον
reality, αλήθεια. τίζω.
really, αληθώς, έργω. regiment, στρατός, ταξίς.
reap, θερίζω. region, χώρα.
rear, αίρω [lift]. regret, πόθος [sorrow, repent].
– (cherish), τρέφω, παιδοτρο (v.), ποθείν.
φεϊν [ έντροφος, σύντροφος]. | reign (s.), αρχή.
Year (of army), οι όπισθεν. (v.), κράτέω, άρχω, δεσπόζω,
reason ( mind), νους, λόγος, γνώμη, τυραννεύειν.
φρόνησίς. rein, ηνία, χαλινός, δυτήρ.
– (cause), αιτία [ένεκα, oύνεκα]. |reject, απωθέω, εκβάλεϊν, απορρίψαι,
reason (v.), λογίζομαι. αποπτύσαι.
reasonable (thing), εύλογος. rejoice, χαίρω, τέρπομαι, ήδομαι.
– ( man), σώφρων, δίκαιος, (tr.), ευφραίνω.
μέτριος. relate, δηλόω, αγγέλλω, φράζω [tell ].
reasonably, είκότως, εν δίκη, δικαίως.
related, relation, συγγενής [ kin].
rebellion, στάσις, βία. relationship, αγχιστεία γένους, το
rebellious, δυσσεβής, βίαιος [ αντι συγγενές .
relax, χαλάω, ανϊέναι, λύειν.
στήναι, έναντιούσθαι]. release, ελευθερόω [free].
rebuke, μέμφομαιδέχεσθαι,
receive, λαβείν, [ blame].τυχεϊν .release (s.), λύσις, απαλλαγή.
– friendly, δέχεσθαι, δεξιούσ relentless, άτεγκτος [ pitiless].
θαι, ασπάζωμαι. reliance, θάρσος, ( n.), πίστίς.
recently άρτι [lately]. relic, λείψανον.
recite, εξείπείν, διηγείσθαι. relief,
λαγήλύσις, κούφισίς, αμπνοή, απαλ.
reckon, αξιώ, νομίζω [think]. .
recognise, αναγνώναι. - (disease or pain), ίασις (i).
recompence, χάρις, άποινα. – (assistance), ωφέλεια .
reconcile, διαλλάσσειν. | relieve, λόω, κουφίζω, παύειν (άλγος
reconciliation, διαλλαγή. etc.).
record ( s.), μνήμα. - (assist), ωφελεϊν, (a.), άρκεϊν,
recover, αναλαβείν, ανακτάσθαι. επαρκεϊν, βοηθείν, (d.).
– ( medical), απαλλαγήναι νό- | religion, το θείον.
σου, φεύγειν νοσ. religious, ευσεβής .
recovery , νόσου φυγή. relinquish, λείπω.
red, ερυθρός, πορφυρούς. reluctant, άκων, ακούσιος (&).
reduce (to a state), καταστήσαι. rely, πέπoιθα.
206 VOCABULARY.
remain, μένω (compd .), [ καθήσθαι], | resent, --ful, ment,[κότος, οργή,
λείπεσθαι. χόλος, . . anger].
what - 8, το λοιπόν, τουπικεί | reserve, τηρέω.
μενον χρέος. | resign, αφεϊναι, απειπείν, εκστήναι.
remainder, το λοιπόν. resist, αντέχειν, αντιστήναι, έναν
remaining, λοιπός. τιούσθαι, καρτερείν.
remarkable [famous]. resolute, εύτολμος, ευθαρσής, άοκνος.
remedy, φάρμακον, άκος (α), ίαμα (i). resolution, [δοκεί, δέδοκται, βουλεύω],
(v.), ιάσθαι, (i), άκείσθαι (α). βούλευμα, δόγμα.
[βοηθείν, επαρκείν]. resolve, γιγνώσκειν, βουλεύω, εννοώ.
remember, μνήμην έχειν, μνημονέυειν, resource, πόρος, μηχανή.
μεμνήσθαι, μνηστίν ίσχειν. respect, (s.), αιδώς, τιμή, εντροπή.
remembrance, μνήμη, μνεία, μνηστίς ( v.), τιμάω, θαυμάζω, αιδείσθαι.
remind, μιμνήσκω. respectable, τίμιος, έντιμος.
remiss, ράθυμος, αμβλύς, ανειμένος. respite, αμπνοή (a.).
remit, αφεϊναι. responsible, υπέγγυος.
remnant, λοιπός. rest, (s.), ανάπαυλα, αμπνοή, σχολή
remorse, oικτος. [ peace].
remove, [take, put, --- away : τιθ (adj.), λοιπός, ο άλλος.
έναι, ιστάναι, αιρεϊν , τάσσειν, (v.), εύδειν, κείσθαι, ήσθαι,
compd.] αφαιρείν. ησυχάζω .
rend, σπάω [tear]. restless, άυπνος, ακοίμητος, άστατος.
renew, ανορθόω. be – , αγρυπνείν.
renounce, απείπον, απέστης, αφίημι. I restoration, επανόρθωσις .
renown, κλέος, (n.), δόξ° | restore, αποδούναι.
rent, λακές, ρήγμα. – [reestablish], ανορθόω, καθ
repair, ανορθόω, ακέομαι [amend, ιστάναι πάλιν.
remedy ). – [exile], κατάγω.
repay, τίνω. be - - d, [exile], κατελθεϊν.
repeat, [αύθις, πάλιν, αυ.] restrain, επι- κατα- σχεϊν, απο
repel (foes], άμύνασθαι, απωθέω, στρέφειν, κωλύω.
διαθέω, εξαπωθέω. result, το συμβάν.
repent, μεταμέλει, impers. [ grieve, result (v.), έκβαίνω, συμ- γίγνομαι.
sorry ). retain, έχω, σώζω, φυλάσσειν.
reply [answer]. retire,Η ξ χωρείν,ιέναι
. (ί), compd.,
report, λόγος, φήμη. retreat, λ "
(v.), [relate, tell ]. φεύγω. υπορρσω ( water).
reproach, (s.), όνειδος ( n.), έγκλημα. | retreat (s.), προσφυγή, καταφυγη.
(v.), ονειδίζω, αιτιάσθαι, μέμ return (intr.), ήκω, νοστέω, κατ.
φομαι, ψέγω, κατηγορώ, ελθείν, επανελθεϊν, υποστρέφειν.
[ μεμπτός, επιρρόθοις κακούσι, – to land or home, κατελθείν.
δεννάζω). return (s.), υποστροφή, νόστος, [νοσ
reproof, ψόγος [reproach]. τίμω ποδί, νοστίμην οδόν].
repulse, ( v.), παρωθεϊν [repel]. reveal, μηνύω, δηλόω, [show, tell].
repute, δόξα [fame]. revel, κώμος.
request [ask, pray, require], αξιόω. (v.), κωμάζω, βαγχεύω.
require, δίκαιόω, αξιώ, κελεύω, αιτώ. revenge (s.), τιμωρία, δίκη.
requisite, αναγκαίος [need]. (v.),δίκην
τίνω,αμύνεσθαι, αμείβεσθαι,
requital, αμοιβή, αποινα, ζημία, λαβείν.
δίκη. in – for, ανταποινα, άποινα,
requite, αμύνασθαι, αμείβεσθαι. [accusatives in apposition to
resemble, έoικα [like]. clause or subj.].
VOCABULARY. 207
revere, σέβειν, σέβεσθαι, αιδείσθαι, | rise, rising
αιδώ νέμειν.
[of sun, etc.], αντολή,
αντολαί.
reverence, αιδώς. . (adj.), υπερτελής, όρθιος.
pay --, αιδώ νέμειν. risk, κίνδυνος .
-- (v.), [revere]. (v.). παραβάλλεσθαι, τολμάω.
reverend, σεμνός. rite, τέλος ( n.).
review, κρίνειν, εξετάζειν. rival, άνθάμιλλος.
revile, λοιδορείν, κακοστομεϊν, κερ (v.), ανταγωνίζομαι, αντιστήναι,
τομείν. άμιλλάσθαι (α).
revive, (tr.), εγείρειν. river, ποταμός, ρείθρον, ρέεθρον,
revolt, αποστήναι, επαναστήναι. ρεύμα, ροή.
(s.), επανάστασις, στάσις. road, οδός (f.), κέλευθος (f.), αμαξιτός
revolution, [change]. (f.).
reward, χάρις, μισθός, γέρας. roam, πλάνωμαι, αλώμαι, ανα
( v.), αμείβεσθαι. στρέφεσθαι.
rib, πλευρά, πλεύρον . roaring, βοών, βρυχάσθαι, ηχείν,
rich, πλούσιος, εύπορος, πλουτών, κτυπείν, φθέγγεσθαι, βρέμω, στένω.
άφθονος. roaring, βρέμων, στένων, βαρύκτύπος,
riches, πλούτος, χρήματα. αλίρρoθος (sea).
– be rich, πλουτέω, εύπορείν , ( s.), μύκημα, βρόμος.
πλουτίζεσθαι, άφθόνως έχειν. roast, oπτάω, καίω.
en - , πλουτίζω.
rid ( ν. tr.), απαλλάσσειν, ελευθερούν. rob, αρπάζω,
robber συλάω,στερείν
, ληστής . (compd.).
get - , απαλλαγήναι, ελευθερούσ robbery, ληστεία, αρπαγή.
θαι. robe, πέπλος, στολή, στόλισμα, εσθής.
riddance, απαλλαγή. rock , πέτρα, πέτρος, χοιράς.
ride, ιππεύειν, ιππηλάτεϊν, ελαύνειν. rocky, πετραίος, πετρώδης.
rider, ιππεύς, ιππηλάτης. rod, ράβδος.
ridge, λόφος, κορυφή, δειράς. Yogue, πανούργος.
ridicule, γέλως : [incur --,] οφλείν roli, κυλίνδω, ελίσσω, στρέφω.
γέλωτα. roof, στέγος, στέγη, πύργος, έπαλξις
ridiculous, γελοίος. (of a wall).
right (adj.), [straight], ορθός, ιθύς roonm , χώρα, στέγη, οίκημα.
(1), ευθύς.
- [just], ορθός, δίκαιος, ένδικος. root, - ρίζα.
(space), χώρος.
- [ proper], ορθός, ευπρεπής, – and branch, πρόρριζος.
πρέπων . rope, σπάρτον , αρτάνη.
[δεί, προσήκει, χρή, πρέπει,θέμις]. rose, ρόδον.
-- [ hand], δεξιός rot, σάπηναι.
right (s.), θέμις, δίκη, τούνδίκον. rotten, σαπρός.
have the - -, δίκαιος είναι. rough (lit.), τραχύς.
ring, σφραγίς, κύκλος. – KO( met.), σκληρός, ωμός, άγροι
ring (v.), ηχεϊν . S.
riot, στάσις. round (adv.), πέριξ, κύκλω.
rip, λύω, σπάω. ( prep.), περί (d. a.).
ripen (tr.), πεπαίνω. Youse, εγείρω, εκκϊνέω, ορμάω, ανισ
(intr.), ακμάζω. τάναι, εξορθόω.
rise, ορθούσθαι, αναστήναι, αίρεσθαι, Ι Yout (v.), ες φυγήν τρέπειν.
compd. χωρείν άνω. row (s.), στίχος, τάξις.
- - [from sleep), εγερθήναι (εξ.). (v.), ερέσσω, κωπηλάτειν.
- [stars, etc.), ανίσχειν, | royal, βασίλικός, τυραννικός.
φανήναι. rub, τείρω, τρίβω.
208 VOCABULARY.
rude, άμουσος, απαίδευτος, άκομψος, | sail (v.), πλεϊν, ναυστολεϊν, ναυτίλ.
rudder, olat (āx-) (steer). λομαι [ούριος, ιστίο δρομείν].
rugged, στυφλός. sailor, ναύτης, ναυτίλος, ναυβάτης,
ruin, φθορά, όλεθρος, άτη (α). ναύκληρος.
(v.), φθείρω, όλλυμι. | sake, for – of, χάριν, oύνεκα, έκάτι.
ruinous, εξώλης, πανώλης, ολέθριος. |sale, απεμπολή.
rule (lit.), στάθμη, κανών. salt, άλς, άλες ( α).
– (law), νόμος . . salt (adj.), αλμυρός.
– (dominion), κράτος ( n.), αρχή. | salute, ασπάζομαι.
rule ( v.), άρχειν, κράτεϊν, δεσπόζω, | same, και αυτός [ταυτό and ταυτόν]
τυραννεύω ( g.) : ευθύνω ( a.). ομοίος, ίσος (1).
rulers, άρχοντες, οι κρατούντες, τους [compounds, όμο- συν- ισο-].
εν τέλει, δεσπόται. at – time, oμου, άμα (α) : σύμ
rumble, βρέμειν, βρυχάσθαι, ψοφεϊν, μετρος χρόνω, etc.
επηχείν. sanctuary, vāós (temple).
rumour, λόγος, φήμη. Sand, ψάμμος (f.).
run, δράμεϊν, θεϊν, φέρεσθαι, ρεϊν sandal, πέδιλον, αρβύλη.
(compd.), ορμάσθαι, σπεύδειν, | sane, έμφρων, σώφρων [φρονέω, σω
εγκονεϊν. φρονείν ].
away, φεύγειν, διδράσκειν | satiate, μεστούν, πλήσαι.
(compd.), οϊχομαι [ φρούδος]. | satiety, κόρος, πλησμονή.
rush (v.), ορμάω ( mid.), φέρομαι, | satisfaction (for wrong), δίκη,
άσσω, φεύγω(compd.) [συθείς]. τιμωρία, αποινα.
(s.), ορμή, φορά. | satisfy, πληρούν, χαρίζομαι.
rustic, γεωργός, αγρότης, αυτουργός. savage, άγριος, ωμός, απροσήγορος .
rustle, ψοφεϊν. Save, σώζω, φυλάσσω.
ruthless, wuós [pitiless]. – from, απαλλάσσω, εξελεϊν ,
ελευθερούν, εκσώζω.
save (prep.), πλήν (g.).
| saving, σωτήριος.
sack (s. city), άλωσις (α), αρπαγή. | saviour , σωτήρ.
(v.), αρπάξω, ελεϊν. say, λέγειν, φημί, ειπείν, αυδάω,
sacred, άγιος (α), άγνος (α), σεμνός, | εννέπειν , εξελίσσειν λόγον.
ιερός (ζ, ι), θείος. – σημαίνω,
(explain),σαφηνίζειν.
δηλούν, φράζειν,
sacrifice (s.), θύμα, πρόσφαγμα.
(v.), (lit.), θυω, σφάζω. – (utter), φωνείν, φθέγγεσθαι,
– – ( met.) κτείνω, όλλυμι λάσκειν, εκβάλεϊν έπος.
(compd.).
sacrificial, θυστάς (f.). saying, λόγος, μυθος, φάτίς, φθέγμα,
έπος ( n.).
sad ( persons), άθυμος, λυπούμενος, | scale ( weigh), σταθμός, τάλαντον
αλγών,τλήμων, σκυθρωπός (στυγνός, [ροπή, αντίρροπος, ισόρροπος ].
appearance). scant, σπάνιστός, μικρός, βαιός [σπά
(things), αλγεινός, λυπηρός, δει νίς , σπανιζω].
νός, βαρύς. scantily, ενδεώς.
sadden, λυπείν. scar, ουλή [ύπουλος].
safe,γυος.ασφαλής, πιστός, βέβαιος, εχέγ scarcely, μόλις, μόγις, σχολή.
scarcity, čvdela (deficient].
– (unharmed), ακήρατος. scare, φοβείν, πτοεϊν.
safety, άδεια, ασφάλεια. | scatter, διασπείρω, διασκεδάννυμι.
sail (s.), ιστίον. sceptre, σκήπτρον [rule, throne].
strike - , χάλαν ιστίον. scorch, φλέγω (tr. and intr.),
set - , αίρειν ιστίον, τείνειν ιστίον. | εκπυρόω, καίειν.
VOCABULARY. 209
scorn, ύβρις (ύ ύ), ατιμία. seem, it – (s.), good, δοκεί, δέδονται.
(v.), υβρίζω, ατιμάζω. seer, μάντις , προφήτης, χρησμωδός,
scourge, μάστιξ. οιωνοσκόπος.
scream (v.), βοάω [κραυγή]. seize, λαβείν, ελεϊν, μάρπτειν, αρπά
sea, πόντος, θάλασσα, πέλαγος ( n.), | ζειν ( compd.).
σάλος [κύμα, κλυδών , κλυδώνιον, seldom [μόλις, σπάνϊς ].
οίδμα], άλς. select, εξελέσθαι [choose].
sea (adj.), θαλάσσιος, πόντιος , ενάλιος. self, αυτός.
άλιος (α), αλίρρoθος. self- will, αυθαδία.
-fight, ναυμάχείν. - ed, αυθαδής.
-coast, ακτή, ρηγμές.
seal, σφραγίς.
sell, πωλεϊν, πιπράσκειν, εμπολάω,
έξοδάω.
seam, ροφή. send, πέμπω, στέλλω, ίημι (1), (com.
search, έρευνα. pounds).
( v.), ερευνών, ζητεϊν, μάτεύειν , | sense ( perception), αίσθησις.
μαστεύειν, θηράν,ιχνεύειν (ιι). ( brains), γνώμη, νούς, φρένες.
season, ώρα, καιρός. sensible (person), έμφρων, φρόνιμος,
seat, έδρα (8), θάκημα, θώκος, θρόνος, σώφρων.
έδος, εδώλιον, θακησις. (thing), εύλογος.
(v.), καθίζειν, ιδρύειν. be - , σωφρονώ, ευ φρονείν,
second, δεύτερος. φρονείν, λόγον έχειν.
secrecy, το κρυπτόν, ταφανές, τάπόρ- | sentence, δίκη, κρίσις, γνώμη.
ρητα. separate, χωρίζω, λύω, διαιρείν, δια
secret (adj.). κρυπτός, κρυφίος, κρυ σπάν.
φαίος, απόρρητος, λαθραίος, άδηλος, separately, χωρίς, δίχα.
άσημος . sepulchre, ταφή, τάφος, τύμβος.
keep - , κρύπτειν ( compd.), serene, αίθριος : ( met.), ήσυχος, ησύ
στέγω, καλύπτω [ σιγάω, σιγα, χαίος.
λανθάνω]. serpent, όφις, έχιδνα, δρακών.
secret (s.), απόρρητον. servant, πρόςπολος, διάκονος, οικέτης,
secretly, λάθρα, κρύφα, κρύφη, λάθ υπηρέτης, παίς, λάτρις, θής.
ραίως. serve (as attendant), υπηρετείν ,
secure, ασφαλής [safe]. λατρεύειν, δουλεύω.
( v.), βεβαιόω. – (beneft), ώφελεϊν, ευεργετεϊν,
security, ασφάλεια, άδεια, το πισ ευ δράν [χρήσιμος].
τών . service, δουλεία, δούλευμα.
sedition, στάσις, θόρυβος, αταξία, – ( beneft), ευεργέτημα, ωφέ
τάραγμα. . λημα, ωφέλειά.
seduce, πλάνάω, παράγω, πείθω, serviceable, χρήσιμος, υπουργός .
απατάω, φθείρω. set (v.), θείναι, στήσαι, ιδρύειν
see, ορώ, ιδείν, σκοπεϊν, αθρείν, (compd.).
βλέπειν, λεύσσειν, θεάσθαι, δέρκεσ - about , πείραν λαβείν, έγ
θαι ( compds.). χειρείν.
seed, σπέρμα, σπόρος, σπορά, γόνος, – out, απελθείν [go away,
γενός (n.), γονή. depart].
– ( met.) αρχή, αφορμή, αιτία. – up, ανίστημι, ορθούν (com
seek , ζητείν [search]. pounds).
– (aimin business), σπουδάζειν . - upon , éykeio dal [attack ].
σπεύδειν, πειράσθαι, μηχανάσ. (intr. of sun), δύναι.
θαι. settle, τάσσω, καθιστάναι, διοικείν,
seem, φαίνομαι, δοκώ, έoικα [ ώς with περαίνω, κραίνω, τελεϊν.
part.]. – (home), οικίζω.
210 VOCABULARY.
seven, επτά. shorten, συγκόπτω, συστέλλω.
sever, χωρίζω [separate ]. . shortly (soon), εν τάχει, τάχος,
severe, πίκρός, δεινός, οξύς, τραχύς, τάχα.
δυσάλγητος, βαρύς, etc. shot, βέλος (n.), τόξευμα, οϊστός.
Sew, ράπτω. should, χρή, δεί, χρεών: conditional,
shade, σκιά [darkness]. optative and άν.
- ghost, είδωλον, ψυχή. shoulder, ώμος.
shaft, βέλος ( n.), αιχμή, οϊστός. shout (s.), βοή [cry, noise, etc.].
shake, σείω, πάλλω, τινάσσω. (v.), βοάω, κεκραγέναι.
shall, μέλλω (fut.), ( opt.), άν : in | show, δείκνυμι, δηλούν, σημαίνω,
questions (subj.). φαίνω, εμφανίζω, παρέχω, προς
shame(s.), αίσχος (n .), αισχύνη, αιδώς. φέρειν.
(ν. tr.), αισχύνω (compd.). shower, όμβρος, χειμών.
-ful, αισχρός, δεινός, ανάξιος. shrill, οξύς, λίγύς, μακρός.
-less, αναιδής, αναίσχυντος. shrine, ναός, νεώς [temple].
shamelessness, αναίδεια. shrink, οκνέω (απ.), φυγείν, αποστη
shape, μορφή, σχήμα, είδος (n.), όψίς. ναι, αποστρέφεσθαι.
shapeless, άμορφος . shrivel, ισχναίνω.
share, μέρος ( n.), μοίρα [ part]. -led, ρυσός, ισχνός.
(v .), μετασχεϊν, κοινωνείν, | shroud, περιπτύσσειν, περιστέλλω
συλλαβέσθαι. [cover].
sharp, οξύς, θηκτός, τεθηγμένος, | shudder, φρίσσω [shiver].
οξύστομος, οξύπρωρος, οξυπευκής. shun, φεύγω.
-sighted , εύσκοπος. shut, πυκάζω, κλείω, φράσσω, πακ
sharpen, οξύνω, θήγω, θηγανω, τόω, πηγνύμι ( compds.).
ακονάω. sick, ασθενής, κάμνων, άρρωστος,
shear, κείρω, ξυρέω [κουρά, κούριμος]. νοσώδης .
shed, εκβάλεϊν, χέω. be - , νοσείν, κακώς έχειν,
sheep, oις, μήλον, βοτόν. ασθενείν .
sheet, φάρος, φάρος( n.): (ship), πούς. | sickness, νόσος, νόσημα, πάθος (n.).
shell , όστρακον . . side, πλευρά (sing.), πλευρά ( pl.).
shelter, στέγη, σκέπασμα,καταφύγή. on the opposite - , εξ εναντίας.
( v. ), στέγω, προστατείν ( g.). on this s , on that - , ένθα μέν,
shepherd , ποιμήν , ένθα δε.
shield, ασπίς . on this -, τηδε, ταύτη [ here],
- bearing, ασπίδηφόρος, ασπίδ on that - , εκείνη (there),
ούχος , ασπιστήρ. [έτερος, οπότερος, εκάτεροι].
shine, λάμπω, στίλβω, πρέπω. on father's ( mother's, etc.) - ,
shining, λαμπρός, εκπρεπής [bright]. πατρόθεν, μητρόθεν, πρός
ship, ναύς, πλοίον , δόρυ , σκάφος ( n.). πατρός, etc.
- wreck, ναυαγία [ναυάγεϊν]. which - , πη, όπη.
shiver, φρίσσω [tremble]. siege, [τειχηρής].
– ( break), θραύω. sigh (s.), στεναγμα, στόνος.
shoe, εμβάς, αρβύλη, πέδιλος (v.), στένω, στενάζω.
- maker , σκύτορράφος.
shoot, τοξεύω, βάλλω, ακοντίζω, sight, όψις [ όμμα, οφθαλμός,], θέα,
θέαμα.
βέλος αφεϊναι. sightless, τυφλός, αμαυρός, όμματοσ
" (intr.) ( met.) ορμάν, άσσω. τερής.
shore, ακτή, ρηγμές, [παράκτιος, | sign, σήμα, σημείον, σύμβολον,
επάκτιος , άκτιος]. signal, σύνθημα, τεκμήριον , τεκμαρ.
short, βραχύς, ολίγος, βαιός, σύντομος, | signify, σημαίνω [show, tell,
εφήμερος. decla re).
VOCABULARY. 211
silence, σιγή, σιωπή: ευφημία. slay, κτείνω, σφάζω, νοσφίξω, φονεύω,

silent, σιγών, ήσυχος, ησύχαίος, άφω- διαφθείρω, άλλύμι (compds.).
νος : εύφημος, άψοφος, άψόφητος. | slayer, φονεύς.
be – , σιγαν, σιωπών, ευφημεϊν. | sleep, ύπνος(ύ).
silver ( s.), άργυρος. (v.), εύδω, κοιμάσθαι, υπνώσσω,
(adj.), αργύρους. υπνούσθαι, καθεύδω.
simple, απλούς, άκομψος, χρηστός. asleep, ύπνο δάμείς, κείμενος.
– morally, άδολος, άπλαστος, | sleepless, άυπνος, άγρυπνος (ύ ύ).
ακήρατος. sleepy, υπνώδης (ου).
simply, μόνον, απλώς. slight, φαύλος, ευτελής, ασθενής,
sin, αμαρτία, αμάρτημα, δυσσέβεια, λεπτός, αραιός, βραχύς.
τάδικον, πλημμέλημα. slip, πταίω, σφάλήναι, ολισθάνω.
sin ( v.), αμαρτάνω, αδίκέω, δυσσεβείν, ή slip away, εκκλέπτω πόδα, αφέρπειν,
αμπλάκεϊν (aor.inf.). σιγα υπεκφυγείν, etc.
since (temporal), επεί, εξ ου, αφ' ού slippery, σφαλερός.
( ούπερ). slope, καταντής (adj.).
(causal), επεί, ως, επειδή. sloth, αργία, ραθυμία.
(thenceforth), εκ τούδε, εξ εκείνου. I slothful, αργός [idle].
sincere, αληθής [simple]. slow, βραδύς, σχολαίος.
sinful, δυσσεβής, άδικος, αλίτήριος. be -, βραδύνομαι, μέλλω,
sing, άδειν, αείδειν, μέλπειν, υμ χρονίζω.
νείν. slumber,slumbrous,[sleep,sleepy].
sly, δόλιος, πανούργος, ποικίλος.
singer, αοιδός, μελωδός. Small, μικρός, σμίκρός, βραχύς, βαιός.
single, είς, μόνος.
sink, ποντίζω, δύω, κατα-, καθεϊναι, | smart, άλγος ( n.) [ pain].
κρύπτω. smell (s.), οσμή [ευώδης, δυσώδης].
' (intr.), ρέπω, πίπτω, εύδω. (v. intr.), όζειν, οσμήν έχειν.
sinner, κακούργος, αμαρτωλός, δυσ (v. tr.) οσφραίνομαι.
σεβής. smile, μειδιών, γελάω.
sire, πατήρ, γεννήτωρ. smite, παίω, κόπτω, τύπτω, πλήσσω,
sister, αδελφή, κάσιγνήτη. θραύω.
sit , ήσθαι, καθ-, εφ-, καθίζω, θάσσω, - ( met.), εκπλήσσω.
θακέω. smith, χαλκεύς.
sitting, έδρα. smoke (s.), καπνός.
six, έξ. (v.), ζέω, καπνόν εξείναι .
– years old , εξέτης, smooth, λείος, ξεστός
size, μέτρον, μέγεθος, μήκος ( n.). ( v.), λεαίνω.
skilful, σοφός, δεξιός, έμπειρος, δεινός , | smother, πνίγω.
επιστήμων . | snake, όφις, δράκων.
skill, εμπειρία, τέχνη. | snare, παγή, άρκυς (f.).
skin, δέρμα. | snatch, αρπάζω, μάρπτω, ελεϊν.
sky, ουρανός, αιθήρ, αήρ(α), πόλος. snort, φυσιάω, φυσαω, εκπνείν.
slack, ανειμένος. snow, χίών, νιφάς.
Slacken, χαλάω, ανϊέναι. so (thus), ούτως, ώδε, τηδε, ταύτη.
slaughter, φόνος, σφαγή. (accordingly), ούκουν, * ούν,
(v.), σφάζω, κτείνω, φθείρω *τοίνυν, τοιγάρ, τοιγαρούν,
(compd .). ώστε, *άρα.
slave, δούλος, οικέτης, πρόςπολος, (so that), ώστε, ως.
αιχμάλωτος, δμώς. so much, τοσούτον, τοσόνδε,
be a - , δουλεύω. τόσον, τοσαύτα.
slavery, δουλεία, δεσμά, [δέω, etc., ! s0 great, τοσούτος, etc.
είργω]. Tsoar, πέτεσθαι.
212 VOCABULARY.
Sober, νήφων : ( met.), σώφρων. | sort, all – s, παντοιος.
soft, μαλακός , μαλθακός, αβρός. | soul, φρών, ψυχή, φρενές, λημα, ήτορ,
soften( v.), ( met.), μάλάσσω, πραύνω. | ήπαρ, καρδία, στήθος (n.).
softly, μαλθακώς. sound, κτύπος, ήχή, φωνή, φθόγγος ,
( met.), ησύχως, σιγα. φθέγμα, ψόφος.
soil (s.), γή, πέδον, χθών , ούδας, χώρα. | sound (v.), ήχέω, φωνέω, ψοφέω.
( v.), μολύνω, μιαίνω, χραίνω. | sound (adj.), σώος, σώφρων.
sojourn, μετοικέω. sour, οξύς, πικρός.
soldier, ανήρ, οπλίτης, παρασπίστης, source, πηγαί, αρχή.
ασπίστης, ασπίδηφόρος, ασπίστης, south, νότος, μεσημβρία.
άλκίμος ανήρ, λοχίτης. sovereign, κύριος, δεσπότης, τύραννος,
sole, μόνος, μούνος. [lord, master).
solemn, σεμνός. - ty, κράτος (n.), τυραννίς
solid, στερρός, πυκνός. [power, rule].
– (firm), ασφαλής, βέβαιος, | sow ( v.), σπείρω.
έμπεδος, ευσταθής. Sow (s. ), ύς.
solitary, μόνος, έρημος, μονόστολος . | sowing, σπορά, σπόρος.
solitude, ερημία. space, χώρος, χώρα.
Some, τις, έστιν οί, ( πη, πως, που, που, | spare, φείδεσθαι (g.), μετρίως χρησ
πoθέν). θαι ( d.).
- times, έσθ' ότε, ποτέ, ήδη, ήδη - (refrain), αποσχέσθαι, φυγείν.
ποτέ, άλλοτε μέν . . . άλλοτε | sparing, φειδωλός.
δε.
son, υιός (1) παίς, τέκνον, έκγονος, sparkle, στίλβω, αστράπτω, λάμπω,
φλέγομαι.
[πεφυκώς, φύς, γεγώς, εκγεγώς]. speak, λέγω, φημί, είπείν (έξ-, προ-,
Song, έπος, αοιδή (α), αδή, μέλος (n.), κατ.), λάσκειν, αγορεύω, εννέπω,
άσμα, νόμος. φθέγγομαι, βοών, φωνείν.
soon, τάχα, αυτίκα, θάσσον, ταχύ, ως – to, προςειπείν , προσαυδάν,
τάχος, ώς τάχιστα, ευθύς, ευθέως. προςεννέπειν, προσφωνείν.
παραυτίκα. speaker, ρήτωρ, δημηγόρος.
soothe, πραύνω, κηλέω. speaking, λόγος.
soothsayer, μάντις, χρησμωδός, οιω spear, λόγχη, δόρυ, έγχος ( n.).
νοσκόπος [seer]. spearman, δορισθενής, δορυσσούς
Sorcerer, μάγος. (adj.).
Sorcery, φάρμακα (n. pl.) special, εξαίρετος.
Sore (s.), έλκος (n.), τραύμα [ pain, spectacle, θέα, όψις, θέαμα.
wound ). spectre, φάσμα, είδωλον, φάντασμα.
Sore (adj.), αλγών [ pain]. speech, φωνή, λόγος, φθέγμα : γλώσ
Sorely (adv.), κάρτα, λίαν, άγών, oa (tongue).
πάνυ, παντελώς. speechless , άφωνος, άφθογγος.
Sorrow (s.), άχος, κήδος, πένθος, speed, σπουδή, τάχος ( n.), δρόμος.
πάθος ( all n.), λύπη, δυή. ( v.), σπεύδω, επείγομαι, εγκονεϊν.
to one's - , κλαίων, ούτι χαίρων. – ( prosper), ευτυχείν.
– ( v.), άλγείν [ grieve]. speedily ταχύ [see quick].
Sorry ( sad), άθυμος, αλγών, λυπού spend, ανάλισκειν (compd.).
μενος, δύσθυμος. - (time), τρίβω, διάγω.
( mean), φαύλος, φλαυρος. spin, υφαίνω ( weave), νέω.
sort, γένος ( n.) [kindj. (intr.), δίνεΐσθαι.
what, this, which - , ποιος, | spindle, άτρακτος (f. m.).
τοιούτος, τοιόςδε, τoίoς, oίoς, | spirit , πνεύμα ( breath), ψυχή, φρό
οποίος. νημα, θυμός, ήθος ( n.), λημα [soul,
in some - , τρόπον τινά. mind).
VOCABULARY. 213
spirited, εύθυμος, φρονών μέγα. | stain, κηλίς, μίασμα [ pollution].
spit, πτυω, πτυσαι. stainless, ακήρατος [ pure].
spite, έχθρα, φθόνος. stair, κλίμαξ (f).
* in - , βία (g.), προς βίαν ( g.). stake (s. pale), σταυρός, χάραξ.
splendid, λαμπρός, φαεννός [ bright, stall , – φάτν
(pyre),
η.
πυρά.
clear].
splendour φάος ( n.), φώς, σέλας, το stamp, τυπος.
λαμπρόν, αυγή, ακτίς, φλόξ. stanch (fow), ίσχειν, παύσαι, σβέσα
[flame, beam ]. (compds.).
split, διαρρήξαι, σχίζω. stand, ίσταμαι, έστηκα, ορθούμαι,
spoil(destroy),διαφθείρω, λυμαίνομαι. | έστην, μένω, μίμνω (compds.).
( plunder), κλέπτειν, συλάω. [ορθοστάδην, περισταδόν, παρα
(s.), λεία, αρπαγή. σταδόν).
sport (s.), άθυρμα, παιδιά. standard, σημείον (n.) σήμα (n.).
star, αστήρ, άστρον.
(v .), παίζω, αθύρω.
spot (stain), κηλίς (f.), μίασμα. | stare, αθρείν.
spotted (animal), στικτός. start(v.set of), ορμάω( mid.),απαίρω.
spotless (lit.), ακήρατος, καθαρός. - (alarm), φρίσσω,τρέμειν,δέδοικα,
εκπλαγήναι, επτοήσθαι.
( met.), ακήρατος, άμεμπτος. startle, εκπλήξαι, πτοείν , φοβεϊν,
spouse (wife).
spread, στρώννυμι (compd.), χέω, ταράξαι.
τείνω ( stretch), σπείρω (scatter), | starve, λιμώ κτείνω, or θνήσκω.
πετάννυμι. state (condition), πάθος ( n.).
(intr.), χωρείν, αυξάνεσθαι, φέ ( city), πόλις, το κοινόν, δήμος.
ρεσθαι, νέμεσθαι. (power, pomp),σχήμα,τύραννον
spring ( ν. grow), φυναι, γενέσθαι, σχήμα, κράτος ( n .), λαμπρά
βλαστάνω (compds.). στολή.
(How), ρέω. statue, άγαλμα, εικών (f.).
(s. season), έαρ, ώρα, άνθος ( n.), I stature,σώμα,μορφή, είδος (n.),δέμας.
ακμή (2 last metaph.). stay (intr.), μένω, μίμνω, στήναι.
- (source), πηγή ( pl.), κρήνη, (tr.), σχεϊν (επί - κατα-).
ναμα. steadfast, βέβαιος, πιστός [stable].
sprinkle, steady,κλέπτω,
salvw (fluid ),táoow (pow steal,
der), (compd.).
ασφαλής,συλάω.
βέβαιος [stable].
sprout, βλάστη, βλάστημα. stealthy, κρυφαίος, λαθραίος.
spur (s.), κέντρον. – ily, κρυφή, λάθρα, κρύβδην.
(v.), κεντείν: ( metaph.), οτρύνω, | steel, σίδηρος, χαλκός, αδαμάς.
παρορμάω. steep, δεύω, βάπτω (compd.).
spurious, κίβδηλος, ψευδής. steer, κυβερνάω, οίακοστροφεϊν, οιακά
spurn, λακτίζω, πάτεϊν , αποπτύσαι, νωμάν.
απωθείν. steersman, κυβερνήτης, οιάκοστρό
spy, σκοπός, κατάσκοπος. φος.
( v.), σκοπεϊν. | step (s. of foot), βάσις, ίχνος (1), n.,
squalid, αυχμηρός. στίβος.
squeeze, θλίβω, τρίβω.
(-v.),(ofβαίνω,
stable (adj.), ασφαλής, βεβαιός, I stair),βαδίζω.
βάθρον βημα (n.).
έμπεδος, ακίνητος. stern (s.), πρύμνά.
(s.), σταθμός, σηκός. - (adj.), δεινός, τραχύς [severe].
staff, ράβδος (f.), σκήπτρον. stick (s.), βάκτρον, βακτηρία, σκήπ
stag, έλαφος ( m.), θήρ. τρον.
stagger ( met.), σφάλήναι, οκνεϊν, | stick (v. tr.), προς- συν- άπτειν,
τρέμειν. πήξαι, κολλάω.
214 VOCABULARY.
stick (intr.), έχέσθαι (g.), εμφύναι | strew, διασπείρω, διασκεδάννυμι.
(d .), προσεϊναι ( d.), αντέχε- | strict, ακριβής.
σθαι ( g.). strike, παίω, πλήσσω, τύπτω, πατάσ.
stiff, σκληρός, άκαμπτος. σω, κόπτω, θείνειν, αράσσω, βάλλω.
still (adj.), ήσυχαίος [quiet]. strip, αποδύω, εκδύω, γυμνόω, απο
(adv.), έτι, μέχρι τούδε (never στερείν .
theless ), όμως. strive (try), πειράσθαι, πείραν λάβεϊν,
(v.), παύω. προθυμείσθαι,σπεύδειν,άμιλλάομαι
σπουδάζειν :
sting (v.), κεντείν, πλήσσειν, δάκνειν. (contend), ερίζειν, .
(s.), κέντρον. stroke, πληγή [ blow].
stingy, αισχροκερδής. strong, καρτερός, ισχυρός, δεινός,
stink, [δυσώδης, κάκοσμος, σαπρύς: όβρίμος.
smell ]. be - , ισχυω, σθένω.
stint, φθονείν, φείδεσθαι. study, μάθεϊν, άσκειν.
stir, κινέω [ more]. stumble, πταίω, σφάλήναι, πίπτω.
stomach, κοιλία, γαστήρ. stupid, άνους [foolish].
stone, λίθος, πέτρα. – (stupefied), εκπλαγείς, εκ
(v.), [λεύσιμος μόρος]. πεπληγμένος , επτοημένος .
stony ( met.), άτεγκτος [ cruel, hard, I subdue, δαμάζω, κράτέω [conquer].
pitiless ]. subject (adj.), υπήκοος.
stoop, κύπτω (compd.). sublime, υψηλός, θείος.
stop (tr.), παύω, κατέχω, κωλύω, | submit ( yield, endure), είκειν ,
απείργειν , εμποδίζω. τλήναι, καρτερείν, στέργειν.
(intr.), λήγειν, παύεσθαι, μένειν, | subterranean, χθόντος, κατασκαφής.
στηναι. subtle, λεπτός ( met.), οξύς, σοφός.
stoppage, επίστασις, κώλυμα. succeed (follow), έπεσθαι, οπάδεϊν .
store, πλήθος ( n.), θησαυρός [άφθονος, - ( prosper), προχωρέω, ορθού
εύπορειν]. σθαι, κατορθόω, ευτυχείν.
storm, χειμών, σκηπτός, θύελλα, | success, ευπραγία.
κλύδων, τυφώς. succession, διαδοχή.
stormy, λάβρος, κυμαίνων. successive [εξής].
story, λόγος, μύθος. | such, τοιούτος, τοιος, τοιόςδε.
straight (adj.), ορθός, ευθύς. sudden, άελπτος.
(adv.), ευθύς. suddenly, άφνω (ά), εξαίφνης, ευθέως,
straighten, ευθύνω, ορθόω (compd.). παραυτίκα.
strain, τείνω. suffer, πάσχειν, άλγείν, πονείν.
strait (s.), στενόν, πορθμός. – (endure), καρτερείν, φέρειν,
strange (foreign), ξένος, αλλόφυλος. τλήναι, υπομένειν, ανασχέσθαι,
- ( new), καινός, νέος, θαυμαστός. στέργειν.
– ( wonderful), θαυμαστός [ use – (allow), εώ, αφεϊναι.
θαυμάξω], υπερφυής. suffering, πάθος [pain, grief, etc.]
stranger [strange], ξένος. ( n.).
strangling, αγχόνη. suffice, αρκεϊν, εξαρκεϊν.
stray, πλανάομαι. suggestion, συμβουλή, παραινέσεις,
stream, ρόος, ρούς, ροή, ρεύμα ; γνώμη, φροντίδες.
ρείθρον, ρέεθρον [river , water, suit, πρέπω, αρμόζω, εφ-.
brook]. . ( tr. ), ỏpubơƠ Q.
(v.), ρέω [How]. | suitable, πρέπων, πρόσφορος, σύμφω
street, οδός (f.), πόλις, άγυια. νος, έμμελής.
strength, κράτος (n.), ισχύς, ρώμη, | sullen, στυγνός, σκυθρωπός , συνω
αλκή, βία , σθένος (n .). φρυωμένος .
stretch, τείνω (compd.). | sum, αρίθμός.
VOCABULARY. 215
summer, θέρος (n.), καύμα. | swallow [lit.], κατεσθίειν, φάγειν .
summit, άκρα. [ met.], όλλυμι [destroy].
summon , kăXéw [call]. Swear, ομνύμι [όρκος, αράσθαι].
sun, ήλιος, Φοίβος. Sweat, ιδρώς.
- beam, ακτίς, αυγή. Sweep, σαίρω.
- rise, αντολή. -- [drag], σύρω, έλκω .
- less, ανήλιος. Sweet, γλυκύς, ήδύς : τερπνός, φίλος.
--set, δύσίς. Sweeten, ηδυνω.
sup, δειπνείν , εορτάζω. Swell (tr.), ογκόω, εξ-, φυσάω.
superior, μείζων, κρείσσων,υπέρτερος. (intr.), όγκούσθαι.
be - , κρατέω. swell (sea), οίδμα, κλύδων [ wave].
superiority, υπερβολή. Swelling, όγκος. .
supper, δείπνον. Swift, ώκύς, ταχός, θοός, κραιπνός,
suppliant, ικέτης (ί), προστρόπαιος, λάβρος .
ικτήρ, πρoσίκτωρ, εφέστιος. -- ness, τάχος, η .
supplicate, λιπαρείν , ικετεύειν, προς -
swim, νέω.
τρέπειν . Swing, πάλλω, σείω.
supplication, προςτροπή. Sword, ξίφος n., φάσγανον, χαλκός,
supply, πορίζω, παρασκευάζω. έγχος n., αιχμή σίδηρος.
support, στηρίζω, ερείδω, σκήπτω. Sword, kill with, ξίφοκτονείν.
supportable, ανεκτός. symmetrical, σύμμετρος, εύρυθμος.
suppose, νομίζω, ηγείσθαι [consider, Τ
think].
suppress, παύω, κατασχεϊν. table, τράπεζα.
supreme, υπέρτατος, πρώτος, μέγιστος. tablet, δέλτος (f.), πίναξ ( m.), γράμ
be - , αριστεύω. ματα, γραφή.
sure, πιστός, ασφαλής, έμπεδος, tail, ουρά.
βέβαιος, σαφής. taint, utalvw [defile].
surely, σαφώς, σαφέστατα. take [seize], λαβείν, ελεϊν, μάρπτειν,
– (particle), * που, * δήπου, αρπάζειν, συλλάβεϊν.
* τοι, * κάρτα, ήπου. [receive], λαβείν, δέχεσθαι.
surface, τάξωθεν, τάξω. -- hold, λαβέσθαι g., αντιλαμ
surfeit, κόρος, πλησμονή.
surge, σάλος [ wave]. - - βάνεσθαι
away, g.αφαιρείν, αποσπάω,
surgeon, ιατρός (i). αποστερείν, εκκλέπτω.
surly, στυγνός [sullen]. -- arms, αίρεσθαι δόρυ.
surname, όνομα. - out, εξαιρέω.
surnamed, επώνυμος (called after»). | tale, λόγος.
surpass, υπερβάλεϊν, [cross, defeat]. talk ( s.), λόγοι, ομιλία .
surprise (s.), θαύμα, έκπληξίς . (v.), λέγω [say, speak].
(v.), θαύμα παρασχεϊν . tall, μακρός, μέγας, υψηλός, υψίγέν
surround, κυκλείσθαι, κυκλέω. νητος.
survey, κατασκοπείν, θεάσθαι [κατ. tame, ήμερος.
όψιος]. (v.), δαμάζω.
survive, σωθήναι. tangle, εμποδίζω.
suspect, υποπτεύω [υποψία, ύποπτος]. tarnish, αμαυρόω, μαραίνω, αισχύνω.
suspicion, υποψία. tarry, μένω, τρίβω, μίμνω [τριβή]
suspicious, ύποπτος. παύεσθαι.
sustain [ bear], φέρω [bear]. task, έργον, το ταχθέν, τουπικείμενον,
-- [rear], τρέφω. [προκείμενον].
sustenance, βίος, τροφή. taste, γεύμα, γεύσις.
Swaddle, σπαργανόω [σπάργανα] (v.), γεύεσθαι.
216 VOCABULARY.
taunt, κερτομεϊν . | then (after that), είτα, έπειτα,
tax , φόρος, τέλος η. εντεύθεν, τηνικαύτα.
teach, διδάσκω, παιδεύω, τρέφω: νου (at that time), τότε, ενταύθα,
θετεϊν, φρενόω [μάθεϊν, ευμαθής, τηνίκαύτα.
δυς-]. ( during that time), τέως.
-- ing, παιδεία, τροφή. (inferential), άρα (α), ούν, νύν,
-- er, διδάσκαλος . νυν, τοίνυν, τοιγάρ, τοιγαρούν,
tear, ρήξαι, διασπών, σπαράσσειν, άνθ' ών.
δάπτω. . | thence, ενθένδε, εντεύθεν, εκείθεν,
[snatch], έλκω, σπάω, αρπάζω. Ι κείθεν, αυτόθεν.
tear (s.), δάκρυ, δάκρυον : [δακρύρρους, | there, ενταύθα,ένθα, ενθάδε,τηδε, εκεί.
-έω, αστακτί (τ ι)]. | therefore, τούτου χάριν, αντί (1) τούδε,
tease, λυπέω, ανίάω. τoίγαρ, τοιγαρούν, ουκούν [then ].
tell, λέγω, φάσκω, μηνύω, φράζω, αγ- | thick, παχύς: [close] πυκνός.
γείλαι, κατειπείν, εξ-, εξηγείσθαι, thief, κλέπτης.
[say). thigh, μηρός, μηρίον.
temper, φύσις, οργή, τρόπος. thin, λεπτός, αραιός, ισχνός.
good – - ed, εύκολος, εύνους. thine, σός, [σέθεν].
bad - -ed, δυσμενής, στυγνός, | thing, χρήμα, πράγμα, έργον,
δύσκολος. πράγος, η. [often omit].
temperate, μέτριος,σώφρων, εγκρατής. I think ( consider a thing to be -- ),
tempest, χειμών, σκηπτός, άζάλη, νομίζω, οίομαι, oίμαι, λογίζεσθαι,
σάλος, [storm]. δοκέω, δοξάζω, ηγείσθαι.
temple, νεώς, ναός, δώματα, ιερόν (1), (refect), φρονέω, νοέω, ενθυμου
μαντείον. μαι, εννοείν, εννοείσθαι.
tempt, πειράν, εξορμάω, εξορίνω, • [σύννοια, λογισμός, φρών, νους].
προάγω. third, τρίτος.
ten, δέκα, (compds.). thirst, δίψα, δίψος, η.
tend, θεραπεύω, τρέφω, ποιμαίνω. thirsty, diyios.
tender (v.), προτείνω, δούναι, παρα be -- , διψάω (-ήν).
σχεϊν. this, ούτος, όδε.
(adj.), μαλακός, μαλθακός, τέρην. thither, εκείσε.
tent, σκηνή. thong, ίμάς, ήνία, ούτήρ, μαστίξ.
term (condition), [επί, d.]. thorn, άκανθα (α).
-- (end), τέλος n., τέρμα. thou, συ.
terrible, δεινός, [ dreadful]. though, καίπερ [ partic.] : κάν, κει.
terrify, φοβέω, πτοέω, θράσσω, I thought, έννοια, σύννοια, νόημα,
ταράσσω, εκπλήσσω. φρόνημα, γνώμη, νούς, διάνοια, μέρ
terror, φόβος, δεύμα [fear]. ιμνα, φροντίς, [ κέαρ, φρών, στήθος,
test, (v.), εξετάζω. n . etc .).
testify, μαρτυρείν. thoughtful , σώφρων [ wise].
than, ή, or g. simply. thoughtless, άφρων (ά), άνους, μώρος,
thanks, χάρις. αφρόντιστος, κουφόνους, άβουλος.
thank (v.), επαινώ, αινώ, χάριν είδ - ness, άνοια.
έναι, χάριν έχειν, φέρειν. thousand, χίλιος :[indefinite], μυρίοι.
that, εκείνος, κείνος. thread, νήμα, λίνον.
(rel.), ός, όστις, [article]. threat (s.), απειλή (α).
(conj.), ότι, οθούνεκα, oύνεκα, ως. ( v.), απειλέω, φόβον παρασχειν ,
(so - - ), ώστε. φ. Εμφέρειν.
( final), ώς, όπως, ίνα (1). three, τρείς [τρίχα, τρι- compd.].
the, ό. - -fold, τρίπλους, τριπλάσιος.
theft, κλοπή, κλέμμα. threshold, ουδός, βηλός, θύρα.
VOCABULARY. 217
thrice, τρίς (t). | toil, πόνος, μόχθος ; (v.), πονέω.

throat, τράχηλός, αυχήν, δέρη, λαιμός. toils, άρκύς, f, [snare, net ].
(cut), σφαγή. toilsome, μοχθηρός.
throne, θρόνος, έδρα, θάκησις, | token, σημείον, σύμβολον, τεκμήριον
[κράτος n., τυραννίς, σκήπτρα]. [sign ].
throttle, άγχειν [άγχόνη]. tolerable, ανεκτός, μέτριος.
through, διά g. tomb, τάφος, ταφή, τύμβος, μνήμα.
- (owing to), διά a. to- morrow, αυρίον : την ες αυρίον.
through [fear, joy, etc.], υπό g., tone, φωνή, φθόγγος [sound].
εκ g., πρός 4. tongue, γλώσσα, στόμα ( n.).
throw, βάλλω, ρίπτω, προείναι too (also), και, προς δε τούτοις (τάδε).
[compds.]. – (excessively), λίαν (ίί), αγαν.
be -- η, πίπτω (compounds). tools, σκεύη, όπλα.
(s.), βολή. tooth, οδούς.
thrust, ώθέω (compds.), πλήσσω, | top,κάρηνον
τύπτω, κεντέω.
άκρα : (f.), άκρον (n.), κράτα, και
άκρος (α) (adj.).
(s.), πληγή. | torch, λαμπάς, δάς [λαμπάδήφορος,
thunder, βροντή, βρόντημα, κεραυνός. | δαδούχος].
- bolt, κεραυνός [κεραυνόω, | torment, άλγηδών, ανία [ pain).
φεψάλόω]. ( v. ), λυπείν, δάκνειν, ανιάν [ pain).
itthunders, βροντα. torrent, χειμάρρους [stream].
thus, ούτως, ώδε, [sb]. torture (s.), βασάνος [pain] (f.).
thy, σός, σέθεν. (v.), στρεβλόω [ pain].
tide, ροή, πλημμυρίς, ρεύμα, πόντος | toss, ρίπτω, βάλλω, σείω, πάλλω.
[sea, river]. be - ed (sea), σαλεύειν.
tidings, λόγος : [αγγέλλω, κηρύσσω touch ( v.) άπτεσθαι, ψαύω, θίγειν,
compds. ).
tie (v.), δέω, άπτω(compds.). ( g.) : (compds.).
tiger, τίγρίς. (a touch of = a little), τις, τι.
tight, πυκνός . [ άθικτος, άψαυστος ( g.).]
tili, έστε, έως, μέχρι, [until]. towards ( motion), πρός (a.), επί
(v.), γεωργείν . (a. g.), ές (a.).
timber, ύλη (ύ), ξύλα. – (about), περί (1), αμφί (a.).
time, χρόνος, αιών. tower, πύργος, τείχος ( n. ).
(season), ώρα, καιρός, ακμή (α). town, πόλις, πτόλις, πόλισμα, άστυ.
what - ? , πηνίκα ; trace, ίχνος (m) n.,σημείον, τεκμήριον .
another - , αύ, αύθις, άλλοτε. track , ίχνη, στίβος (i).
Some - , έσθ' ότε. ( v.), ίχνοσκοπεϊν, έξ-, ιχνεύειν(1),
(leisure), σχολή . μετελθείν, θηράν.
that - , τηνικαύτα . trade, τέχνη, χειρωναξία.
timid, οκνηρός, ευλαβής, δειλός. (v .), κερδαίνω, εμπολάω, εμπορ
- ity, φόβος, όκνος, ατολμία. εύομαι.
trader, έμπορος.
tip, άκρος (α).
tired, to be, κάμνειν, πονείν. tragedy, τραγωδία [τραγωδός, τραγω
title, κλέος n ., δόξα . δεΐν ].
to, είς, πρός, επί, ώς, acc. train, παιδεύω [teach].
to-day, σήμερον, νύν, τα νύν. traitor, προδότης, άπιστος.
together (motion to same place), trample, πάτεϊν, λακτίζειν, επεμβήναι,
ές ταυτό. προπηλακίζω.
(rest at same place), εν ταύτα, tranquil, [calm, quiet].
άμα (α), ές ταυτόν, ομού. transfer, μεταλλάσσω, μεταφέρω.
(generally), ομού, κοινή. transgress, αμαρτάνω, πλημμελώ [sin].
218 VOCABULARY.
transgress ( break), παραβαίνω. trumpet, σάλπιγξ (f.).
transport, κομίζω, φέρω. ( v.), σαλπίζειν .
travel, οδός (f.), στόλος, πορεία. trust, πίστις, θάρσος, ελπίς.
(v.), οδοιπορείν, πορεύομαι, (v .) πιστεύω, πεποιθέναι, ελπίζω:
στάλήναι, αποστάληναι. δοκώ, οίμαι : θαρσείν.
traveller, οδοιπορος, έμπορος, οδίτης. I trustworthy, βέβαιος, πιστός, εχέγ
treacherous, άπιστος, δόλος. γυος.
treachery, δόλος, απιστία. truth, αλήθεια, ταληθές.
tread, στείβω, πατέω, βαίνω. in --, αληθώς, ετητύμως.
treason, δόλος, προδοσία, απιστία . | try, πειράν, πειράσθαι, εγχειρείν [ές
treasure, θησαυρός, χρήματα, πλούτος. πάν άφιγμαι : πάσα μηχανή].
treat, χρήσθαι. tub, σκάφος (n.).
be - ed ,πάσχειν. tumble [fall].
- (entertain), δέχεσθαι, ξενοδο tumult, θόρυβος, στάσις ( α).
χείν. tune, μέλος ( n.), ωδή, αοιδή( α).
treaty, σπονδαι, σύμβασίς, σύνθημα. 1 in - , έμμελής, σύμφωνος.
treble, τρίπλους, τριπλάσιος [τρείς]. | turn ( ν. tr.), lit. τρέπω, στρέφω,
tree, δένδρον, φυτόν. | κάμπτω, κλίνω, (compds.), δίνέω.
tremble, τρέω, τρέμω, τρομέω [fear]. | turn (render), θείναι.
trembling, τρομερός, τρομώδης. - (change), αλλάσσω, μεταβά
trench, όρυγμα, τάφρος. λεϊν, μεθιστάναι.
trial, πείρα, αγών ( α). - (change), αλλάγήναι, μετα
– ( proof), έλεγχος. στήναι, ρέπειν.
– (law), δίκη, αγών (α). – (v. intr.), lit. τρέπεσθαι,
tribe, φύλον, γένος (n.). στρέφεσθαι, Sometimes στήναι.
of the - , έμφύλος, εγγενής. ( happen, become), γενέσθαι,
tribute, φόρος. συμβαίνω, φανήναι [τύχη,
trick, σοφισμα, δόλος, τέχνη, μηχά πίπτω].
νημα. turn (s.), στροφή, μεταλλάγή, ροπή.
trip (v.), σφάλήναι [stumble].
triumph, πομπή.
in - , εν μέρει, εξής, εφεξής.
tusk, οδούς.
( met.), νίκη, κλέος ( n.), δόξα. twain, δύο, δισσοί. -
triumph (v.), πομπήν άγειν. in - , δίχα.
( met.), χαίρω, αγάλλομαι, χλι twelve, δώδεκα.
δάω. twenty, είκοσί ( v.).
troop, τάξις, στρατός. twice, δίς.
trophy, τρόπαιον. twig, κλών, κλάδος, βλάστημα.
trouble (s.), όχλος, θόρυβος, τάραξις. twin, δίδυμος.
– (toil), πόνος, μόχθος, κώματος | twine, πλέκω, συμ-, συστρέφειν :
( α). ελίσσω, πτύσσω.
– (suffering), πάθος, πένθος | twining, πλεκτος, έλικτός.
[grief, pain], oιζύς, κακόν. twirl , δίνέω, ελίσσω, στρέφω.
trouble (v. disturb), θολόω, ταράσσω. twist, στρέφω, πλέκω.
- (annoy), λύπέω, αντάω, | two, δύο, δισσοί, δίπτυχοι.
αλγόνω [annoy]. - fold, δίπλούς.
troublesome, μοχθηρός, λυπηρός, | tyranny, τυραννίς, κράτος, αρχή.
επαχθής, δυσχερής, βαρύς. tyrant, τύραννος, δεσπότης, άρχων.
truce, σπονδαί.
true, αληθής, ετήτυμος.
(right), ορθός, δίκαιος.
(faithful), πιστός. udder, μαστός.
be - , αληθεύειν. ugliness, αίσχος (n.), άμορφία.
VOCABULARY. 219
ugly, αισχρός, ασχήμων, άμορφος. Η undermost
underground, κατασκαφής.
, νέρτερος.
ulcer, έλκος (n.).
umpire, βραβεύς. understand, μάθεϊν, συνείναι, έμπεί
unable, αδύνατος, ασθενής. ρως έχειν [know].
unaccustomed,άπειρος, άηθής, αξυνή – ing, φρών, γνώμη, φρόνησις
[ mind).
θης.
unacquainted,
αμαθής.
άίδρίς, αγνώς, άπειρος, | undertake, υποστήναι, εγχειρείν.
undeserved, ανάξιος, ού κατ' αξίαν.
unadorned, άκοσμος, άκοσμητος. undisciplined, άτακτος.
unalloyed, άκράτος, άμικτος. undisguised, άπλαστος.
unanimous, σύμφωνος, ομογνώμων, undo, λύω [ανώνυτος, άπρακτος ].
μία γνώμη, εξ ενός λόγου[συνδοκεϊν]. undone, αργός [λίπείν, αφεϊναι].
unanswerable, ανεξέλεγκτος. undress, αποδύω (another), αποδύ
unarmed, άοπλος, ψιλός, γυμνός. | ομαι (self).
unasked, άκλητος . uneducated, άμουσος.
unavoidable, άφυκτος. unenviable, άζηλος, άφθόνητος.
unawares, άφνω(α), εξαίφνης, απρος unexercised, αγύμναστος.
δόκητος. unfaithful, άπιστος.
unbearable, άφερτος, ουκ ανεκτός, unfathomable, άβυσσος.
ουκ ανασχετός [intolerable]. unfavourable, δυσμενής [angry].
unbecoming, απρεπής, ασχήμων. unfearing, αταρβής.
unbelieving, άπιστος, ύποπτος. unfeeling, δυσάλγητος, σκληρός.
unbidden, άκλητος. unfit, απρεπής, ανάρμοστος : άχρησ
unblemished, άγνός, ακήρατος. τος : ουχ οδός τε.
unborn, αγέννητος. unfold, εξελίσσω.
unbroken, άρρηκτος, άκλαστος . unforeseen, απροσδόκητος.
unburied, άθαπτος. unforgotten, αείμνηστος.
uncertain, αστάθμητος, άπιστος, unfortited, άφρακτος.
ασαφής, άδηλος, άσημος. unfortunate, δυστυχής [ miserable,
– ty, το άδηλον, τασαφές. unhappy ).
unchanged, άστροφος, ( unturning), unfriendly, δυσμενής.
άτροπος. unfruitful, άκαρπος, έρημος.
unchaste , αναγνος. unfulfilled, άπρακτος.
unchecked, άπαυστος ungenerous, αμείλιχος.
uncivilised, άγριος. ungovernable, ακρατής.
uncle, θείος. ungrateful, αχάριστος, αγνώμων.
unclean, ανάγνος, μίανθείς, μιαρός. | unguarded, άφρακτος , αφρούρητος.
uncommon, αηθής, υπερφυής, δεινός, unhallowed, ανάγνός, δυσσεβής.
καινός. unhappy, δυστυχής, δύσμορος, άθλιος
unconcerned, αφρόντιστος, αμελής. (δύς- τρίς-), δυσδαίμων, τλήμων,
unconquerable, ανίκητος. τάλας, ταλαίπωρος, άνολβος, σχέτ .
unconscious, άπειρος, άίδρίς, αγνώς λιος, δύσποτμος.
[άγνοείν]. unhealthy, νοσώδης.
unconsecrated, βέβηλος. unheard, ανήκοος, άπυστος.
unconstrained, εκών, εκούσιος. unhesitating, άοκνος, πρόθυμος.
uncover, ανοίγω, εκκαλύπτω, ψιλόω. unholy [impious].
uncultivated (lit.), αργός. unhonoured, άτιμος.
( met.), άγροικος, άγριος. uninjured, ακραίφνης, ασκηθής, απή
undefended, άφρούρητος, άφρακτος. | μων, άνάτος, αβλαβής.
under, υπό, κατά (g.). unintelligible, άσημος.
undergo, πάσχειν, φέρειν [bear, en- unintentional, άκων, ακούσιος.
dure). union, ζεύξις, κράσις.
220 VOCABULARY
unite, συνάπτειν, συζεύξαι, συναρ- | unstable, ο Σ ασταθής,
. Α . αστάθμητος.
μόττω, συνιστάναι, συνείργειν. | unsteady, com
universal, κοινός [πας, σύμπας]. | unsubdued, αχείρωτος.
unjust, έκδίκος, άδικος (α), ουκ ορθός, | unsuccessful, άπρακτος, άκαρπος.
ουκ ενδίκος. unsworn, ανώμοτος.
unkind, δυσμενής, σκληρός. untamed, άδμητος, άγριος.
unknown,άγνωστος, άδηλος, [λαθεϊν]. untasted, άγευστος.
unlawful, άνομος, παράνομος. until ( prep.), μέχρί (g.), ές (a.).
unlearned, άμουσος, απαίδευτος. (conj.), μέχρι, έως, έστε : πρίν
unless, ει μή. after neg.
unlimited, άπειρος, άμετρος, απείραν- untimely, άωρος.
τος. (adv.), άωρίαν.
unloose, λύω. untired, άτρυτος, άμοχθος.
unloved, άφίλος. untouched, άθικτος, άψαυστος, ακή
unmanly, άνανδρος. ρατος.
unmerciful, νηλεής, ωμός, ανοικτίρ- untried, απείράτος, άγευστος, άπειρος.
μων. untrodden, αστίβής, άβατος.
unmindful, αμνήμων. unturned, άστροφος.
unmixed, άμικτος. unusual, αηθής, ούκ είωθώς.
unmoved, άτεγκτος, ακίνητος. unveil, εκκαλύπτω.
unmourned, άκλαυττος, ανοίμωκτος. unwashed , άλουτος, άνιπτος.
unnatural, ου κατ’ άνθρωπον, υπερ unwedded, άδμητος, άνυμφος, ανύμ
φυής. φευτος.
unnecessary , περισσός. unwelcome, δυσχερής,[unpleasant].
unnoticed [λανθάνω, λάθρα). unwell, ασθενής .
unoffending, αναίτιος, αθώος. unwept, άκλαυτος.
unpleasant, αηδής, άτερπής, πίκρός, unwilling, άκων, ακούσιος (@).
επαχθής, χάλεπός, δυσχερής. unwise, άνους.
unpolished, άξεστος. unwonted, άηθής.
unpractised, άπειρος, άηθής, αγύμ- Ι unworthy, ανάξιος.
ναστος. unwritten, άγραπτος.
unprofitable, ανωφελής, ανωφέλητος, | up, άνω (α). "
ασύμφορος, αχρείος, μάταιος. " ( prep.), ανά.
unprofitably, άλλως, μάτην. upbraid, ονειδίζω [revile].
unprotected, άφρακτος, αφρούρητος. I upon, επί [ on]. ς
unpunished, αζήμιος . upper, υπέρτερο [ ανωτέρω).
unquenched , άσβεστος. upright (lit.), ορθός, όρθιος.
unravel, εξελίσσειν. * ( met.), ορθός, δίκαιος, ένδικος.
unrebuked, άμεμφής [ blameless]. upwards, άνω (α) (άνωθεν Some
unrelenting, άτεγκτος, άκαμπτος. times).
unrequited
un rewarded,, ξ άμισθος. urge, επείγω, ορμάω, εξ-, εγείρω, εξ-,
παροξύνω.
unripe, άωρος . urn, κύτος ( n.), τεύχος ( n.).
unsafe, επικίνδυνος, άπιστος, ουκ use ( v.), χρώμαι ( d.).
ασφαλής. - . (habitual), είωθα.
unseasonable, άκαιρος. use ( s.), χρεία .
unseen [λαθεϊν, λάθρα ). useful , χρησίμος, χρηστός, πρόσφορος,
unserviceable, ανωφελής. σύμφορος.
unshaken, ακίνητος. useless, άχρηστος, αχρείος, άκαρπος,
unskilful, άπειρος. ασύμφορος.
unsparing, αφειδής [άφειδέω]. usual, είθισμένος, είωθώς, συνήθης,
unspeakable, άφραστος, άρρητος. | νόμιμος, καθεστώς.
VOCABULARY. 221
usurp, ελεϊν, τυραννείν, δεσπόσαι, | vessel (ship), ναύς, πλοίον.

etc. (bowl), σκεύος ( n.), άγγος ( n.).
usurper, τύραννος, οι κρατούντες. αγγείον.
Vest, πέπλος, εσθής [garment, dress
usury, τόκος.
utmost, άκρος, έσχατος [μάλιστα clothes].
υπέρτατον, κάρτά). vestibule, πρόθυρα.
utter, εξείναι, εκβαλείν, εκρίπτειν vestige, ίχνος (n., ) [track ].
φθέγγομαι, λέλάκα [ say speak]. vex, δάκνειν, αντάω, λυπέω [grieve]..
Vexation, λύπη [ grief].
vice, κακόν, μοχθηρία, πονηρία.
vacant, έρημος, λελειμμένος. vicious, κακός, μοχθηρός [ bad].
Vagabond, αλήτης (α). victim, σφάγιον [sacrifice].
vague, άδηλος, άσημος. victorious, νικηφόρος.
vain, μάταιος, κενός. victory, νίκη, κράτος (n.), [conquer].
in - , μάτην, ματαίως, άλλως. view όψις [κατόψιος, g.].
vale, νάπη. ( met.), γνώμη, δόξα.
Valiant, άλκιμος [ brave, courage]. (v.) [look , see, examine ]. -
validl, κύριος, βέβαιος. vigorous, be, ακμάζειν, ήβάν, .
valley , νάπη, νάπος ( n.), αγκών. ισχύω.
valuable, τίμιος, έντιμος. vile, παγκάκιστος, πανούργος, άθλιος.
value (s.), τιμή, αξία. villain, πανούργος, κάκιστος, παγκά
( v.), τιμάω, άξιούν, ποιείσθαι κιστος.
( estimate). villany, πανουργία, αναισχυντία,
vanish [άφαντος], οϊχεσθαι. [κάκιστα].
variety [ποικίλος, παντοιος] vine, άμπελος (f.)
various, ποικίλος, παντοιος. Vinegar, όξος ( n.).
vase, αμφορεύς, κύτος ( n.), σκεύος violate, υβρίζω ( ύ), βιάζεσθαι :
(n.), κρωσσός. υπερβήναι.
vassal, υπήκοος. violence, βία.
vast [great ). violent, βίαιος, δεινός.
Vault, κύκλος. violently, βία, βιαίως.
vehement, ισχυρός. violet, ίον ( ).
veil (s ), κάλυμμα, καλύπτρα . viper, έχιδνα, όφις.
– (robe), πέπλος. virgin, παρθένος (f.), κόρη.
veil (v.), καλύπτω, κρύπτω [ hide, Virtue, αρετή (αρετή = η αρετή).
conceal]. ( met.), σθένος (n.), ισχύς.
vein, φλέψ (f.). virtuous, χρηστός,ευσεβής.
Venerable, αιδοίος, σεμνός. vision , sight,ofis.
venerate, αιδείσθαι, σέβειν, σέβεσθαι (thing seen), φάσμα, φάντασμα.
[revere]. voice, φωνή, φθέγμα, φθόγγος.
Vengeance, τιμωρία,ποινή, τίσις, δίκη. void, έρημος, κενός.
venture, τολμάω, κινδύνευω. voluntary, έκονοιος, (chosen) αυθαί
(s.), τόλμημα, κινδύνευμα. ρετος.
- Some, τολμηρός. vomit, έμεϊν.
verdure[ακμή, ώρα, χλωρός, φυτα]. I vote, ψήφος (f.), γνώμη.
verily, ή μήν, ήτοι, *κάρτα, *δητα, (v.), ψηφίζομαι, θέσθαι ψήφον.
μαλά, αληθώς ( α). vow, ευχή.
and - , και μήν. (ν.), εύχεσθαι (compd.).
verse, έπος. Voyage (s.), πλούς, στόλος.
versed, εντριβής, έμπειρος,επιστήμων. (v.), πλεϊν, ναυστολεϊν [journey,
very, μάλα, μάλιστα, σφόδρα, κάρτα, sail].
λίαν ( ), αγαν (α), πολύ,ισχυρώς. νulnerable, τρωτός.
222 VOCABULARY.
W water (v.), άρδειν.
Wages, μισθός. watery, υγρός ( ).
wagon, άμαξα (α). wave, κύμα, κλυδών , κλυδώνιον,
wail, στένω, κωκύω [lament]. οίδμα, σάλος.
wailing, οδυρμός, κομμός [lanental (v.), σείω, πάλλω, κραδαίνω.
tion ). wax (s.), κηρός.
wait, μένω, μίμνω,προσδοκάω,
επισχείν.προςδέχε way, πόρος, τρίβος, οίμος, στίβος ;
-- (await), κέλευθος, οδός (Ξ.).
σθαι, καραδοκέω. – manner, τρόπος.
-- for, περιμένω. ( which ? this, that, - ) πη,
waken, εγείρω, εξ-. τηδε, ταύτη, όπη, ή, etc.
wakeful, εγρηγορώς, άυπνος (ύ ύ). I wayfarer, οδοιπορος.
walk, βαίνω, βαδίζω, φοιτάω, στείχω. | we, ημείς.
wall, τείχος ( n.), τοίχος, τείχισμα. Η weak, ασθενής, αφαυρός.
wander, αλάσθαι (α), πλανάσθαι, be - , ασθενέω, νοσείν.
φοιτάω, οδοιπορέω. - en, αμβλύνω, θηλύνω.
wanderer, αλήτης, πλανήτης weakness, ασθένεια.
wane, φθίνω. wealth, πλούτος, χρήματα.
want (lack), σπανίζω, ενδεώς έχειν, wealthy, πλούσιος, εύπορος [rich].
δεί [ενδεής]. weapons, όπλα, σκεύη, βέλη
( wish), ποθέω [ desire]. ( plurals).
(s.), ένδειά, σπάνιες και πόθος: χρεία. wear (clothes), έχειν, φορείν, φέρειν,
War , πόλεμος,"Αρης (α) : μάχη, δόρυ. χρήσθαι [ήμφιεσμένος].
to go to - , αίρεσθαι δόρυ, αίρειν (rub), τρίβω, τρέχω.
δόρυ : μάχην συνάπτειν. weariness, κόπος, πόνος.
ward of, είργω, απείργειν, αμύνω. weary, κάμνων, κεκμηκώς.
warlike, άλκιμος, έσθλός, άνδρείος. – ( v.), κάμνω, απείπον.
warm, θερμός. weave, υφαίνω (0), κρέκω, πλέκω :
(v.), θερμαίνω, θάλπω. ιστουργείν.
warmth, θάλπος ( n.), καύμα. . weaver, υφάντης (0), ιστουργός.
warn, νουθετείν, φρενούν, [admon- web, ύφασμα (0), πλοκή, υφή (ύ).
ish ]. wed, γαμείν.
warrior, άλκιμος ανήρ, ανδρείος. | wedding, γάμος.
wash, λούω, νίζω : κλύζω.
waste (v.), φθείρω, μαραίνω, τρύχω, I
weep, κλαίω, δακούω, δακρυρροεϊν.
weigh (tr.), ιστάναι.
τήκειν . – down, βαρύνω, βρίθω.
- time, τρίβω. (intr.), βάρος έχειν.
(adj.), έρημος [desolate]. weight, βάρος ( n.), σταθμός (amount
(s.), ερημία, ( of time) τριβή. weighed), ροπή (turn of scale).
watch (s.), φρουρά (a post) [guard]. weighty, βαρύς, εμβριθής.
(guarder), φρουρός, φύλαξ. welcome ! χαίρε.
( ν. guard), φρουρείν, φυλάσ (adj.), ασπαστός.
σειν, [ guard, v.]. (v.), ασπάζομαι, χαίρειν κελεύω
- (observe), σκοπεϊν, θεωρείν, Οι λέγω, δεξιούμαι, ξενόω,
αθρειν (α) [see, look]. δέχομαι.
watchful, άγρυπνος , άυπνος (υ, but well (s.), φρέαρ.
v generally ). (adv.), εύ, καλώς[ήδεώς], ορθώς,
watchword, σύνθημα, σύμβολον. άριστα, κάλλιστα.
water, ύδωρ (0), ποταμός, κρήνη, (adj.), [εύ έχειν, καλώς έχειν,
πηγή : δρόσος (f.), κύμα, κλυδών, healed, cured ).
κλυδώνιον : ροή, ρόος, ρεύμα, ρέεθ - particle, άγε δή, *δητα, και
ρον, ρείθρον : [sea, stream, lake]. μήν.
VOCABULARY. 223
wellwisher, εύνους. | white, λευκός : λευκόπτερος, λευχεί
west, εσπέρα, ηλίου δυσμαι. μων, λευκόχρως,
wet, ύγρός, νοτερός. whither (int.), ποι.
(v.), βρέχω, τέγγω, βάπτω. (indirect), όποι , ( που).
what ? τί, τίς , ποιος. rel. οι, οίπερ, ίνα : ένθα.
(indirect), όστις, ό,τι, οίος, who (int.), τίς (ποίος).
όποιος . (indir.), όςτίς (τίς).
(exclam . ), oios. (rel.), ός, όστις.
(relat.), ός, όςτίς, όσπερ. (indef.), ός άν, όστις, όστις άν,
- ever, εί τι, ό,τι. όσοι.
wheat, σιτος, στάχυς. whole, όλος, πας, άπας, σύμπας.
wheel, τροχός. wholly, παντελώς, πάνυ, κάρτα,
( v.), κυλίνδω, -δέω. πάντα.
whelp, σκύμνος.
when ? πότε, πηνίκα.
why (int.), τί, πώς, διά τί, του χάριν,
τίνος χάριν, αντί του, τι χρήμα.
(indirect, intr.), οπότε, όπηνίκα (indirect), ό,τι, όπως, ότου χάριν,
( πότε). ανθ' ότου.
(temporal), έπει, επειδή, ηνίκα, (relative), ότου χάριν.
εύτε, ώς, όπως.
(relative), ότε.
wicked,
γος.
κακούργος, δυσσεβής, πανούρ
when ? (indef.), όταν, επειδάν, ηνίκ’ wickedness, πανουργία [evil, guilt,
άν. crime, sin].
whence (int.), πόθεν. wide, ευρύς, ευρύχωρος.
(ind. int.), οπόθεν ( πόθεν ). widow, χήρα [ χηρεύω] άνανδρος.
(rel.), όθεν, ένθεν, όθεν περ. width, εύρος ( n.).
where (int.), που, πη. wield, νωμάω, νέμω, πάλλω.
(ind. int.), όπου, όπη( που, πη). I wife, γυνή, σύνευνος, σύζυγος, άλοχος,
(rel.), ού, ή, ίνα, όπου, ούπερ, Ι (α ).
ένθα, ένθάπερ, ήπερ. | wild, άγριος, of country, έρημος.
whereas, επεί [since]. make - , εξαγρίαίνω.
wherefore (int.), διά τή[ why]. wilderness, ερημία.
(rel.), ανθ' ών, ώστε, πρός τάδ' wile, δόλος.
ούν, τοίνυν, προς ταύτα. wilful, αυθαδής.
whether (adj. int.), πότερος. will
– ness, αυθαδία.
(int. ind.), οπότερος. ( mind), γνώμη, φρών .
(indef.), οπότερος άν. (desire), βουλή, πόθος.
(adv. int .), πότερον, πότερα. (testament), διαθήκη, διάθεσις
(ind. int.), εί. της ουσίας.
(alternative), είτε, είτε. will (v.), βούλεσθαι, θέλειν , ποθείν.
(altern. quest.), πότερον . .. . ή. willing, πρόθυμος, εκούσιος, έτοιμος.
which (int.), ποιος, πότερος (of two), be – , θέλειν.
τίς.
(int. indirect), όποιος, οπότερος, | win, – ly, ασμένως,φέρεσθαι,
άρνύμαι, εκουσίως, ήδέως.
φέρειν,
όστις. κτάομαι, τυχεϊν.
(rel.), ός, όστις. (conquer ), κρατεϊν, νικάω.
(indef.), οίος άν, όποιος άν, ός άν. ( persuade), πείθω.
while, χρόνος. wind, άνεμος, πνεύμα, πνοή, χειμών.
(conj.), έως, εν ώ, όσον χρόνον, sheltered from – , υπήνεμος.
έστε. with fair - , ούριος.
whip, μάστιξ ( γ-). | wind (v.), στρέφω, πλέκω, ελίσσω.
(v.), ραίω, πλήσσω, αράσσω (α). I window, θυρίς, τρήμα.
whirl, δίνέω. | wine, οίνος.
224 VOCABULARY.
wing, πτέρυξ, πτερόν. wonder ( v.), θαυμάζω, εκπλαγήναι.
winged, πτερωτός, πτηνός, υπό wonderful, θαυμαστός, θείος, αμή
πτερος. χανος.
winter, χειμών , χείμα. wont, είωθα (accustomed).
wipe, ομόρξαι, αλείφω, τρίβω. wood, ξύλον, ύλη, [ξυλουργός].
wisdom, νους, φρόνησίς, φρών. (forest ), ύλη, δρυμός, δένδρα
wise, σοφός,σώφρων, εύβουλος, φρόνι ( plur.).
μος. woof, κρόκη.
- , φρονέω,σωφρονείν, ευ φρο wool, πόκος [εύερος].
be νειν.
wish, βούλομαι, θέλειν, χρήζειν, πο word, ρήμα, λόγος, έπος (n.), πίστις
[speak, say ].
θεϊν, εύχομαι. work (s.), έργον, πράγμα, πόνος,
(s.), πόθος, ευχή, σπουδή. μόχθος [ άσχολος].
wit, φρών, νούς, γνώμη. (ν.), πονέω, εργάζομαι, μοχθέω,
with, σύν, ξύν (Ο), d., μετά (g.) , πράσσειν.
[συνείναι, άμα, ομού, παρών, πέ
λας].
– τεχνίτης.
man, τέκτων, δημιουργός,
(instrument), dative simply. I world, γη, χθών , το παν, πάντες
manner, often διά ( g.) or σύν, | βροτοί.
μετά, or d. simply. worse, χείρων, κακίων .
withdraw (tr.), εξάγειν, υπεξελεϊν, worship (s.),σέβας, τιμή, ευσέβεια.
αποφέρειν, εκκλέπτειν. (v.), προσκύνεϊν, σέβω, σέβεσθαι.
(intr.), υφέρπειν, σίγ' αποί- I worst, κάκιστος, έσχατος.
χεσθαι. ( v.), νικάω.
wither (tr.). μαραίνω. be - ed, ήσσασθαι.
(intr.), μαραίνομαι, φθίνω. worth, αρετή (η αρ. = ά), δόξα, κράτος.
withered, ρυσός, ξηρός. worth (adj.), άξιος.
withhold, κρύπτειν, κατασχεϊν, εκ - less, ευτελής, φαύλος.
κλέπτειν. worthy, άξιος, επ ., δίκαιος [καλός
within, εντός, ένδον, ένδοθεν, έσω, I καλώς, κακός κακώς).
έσωθεν . wound, τραύμα, πληγή, έλκος (n.).
without (outside),
έξω, έξωθεν.
έκτος, έκτοθεν, (v.), βάλλω, πλήσσω, έτρωσα,
τραυματίζω [strike].
(apart from), χωρίς,
άτερ, άτερθε(ν).
δίχα,άνευ, ( met .), δάκνω, ανίάω [grieve].
unwounded, άτρωτος.
witness ( v.), μαρτυρείν, δηλόω, | woven, πλεκτός. .
φαίνω. wrath, οργή, θύμος, χόλος, μένος
(s.), μάρτυς, συνίστωρ.
call to – , μαρτύρομαι.
1., [anger].
wreak, έξεργάζομαι [τίνω, δίκη).
witty, δεξιός, κομψός, σοφός. Wreath, στέφος ( n.), στέμμα, πλέγμα.
woe, πημα, άλγος ( n.), πάθος ( n.), wreathe, πλέκω, στέφω.
δύη [grief, sorrow, trouble]. wreck, ναυαγίον.
woeful, οικτρός, άθλιος [unhappy ]. (v. tr.), ραίω, ρήξαι, ολλύναι.
wolf, λύκος ( m.), λύκαινα (f.). Wrench, αποσπών, μοχλεύω.
woman, γυνή, παρθένος, κόρη , νύμφη, wrestle, πάλαίω.
παίς, νεανίς, γρανς. - r, παλαιστής.
womanish ,θηλυς, γυναικείος, γυναικό – ing, πάλη.
μίμος. wretched, δυστυχής, άθλιος, τάλας,
womb, κοιλία, νηδύς, γαστήρ, κόλπος τλήμων, ταλαίπωρος [ miserable,
[υπό ζώνης φέρειν]. unhappy ].
wonder (s.), θαύμα, θάμβος. wrinkled, ρυσός..
(a marvel), θαύμα, τέρας. | write, γράφειν (compd.).
VOCABULARY. 225
writer, γράφεύς. - yet ( still), έτί, ( hitherto) πω.
writing, γράμματα, γραφή, συγ not -, ούπω, ουδέπω, ουδεπώ.
γραφή, δέλτος. » ποτε.
Writhe, είλύομαι. - (but), καίτοι, αλλ' ούν, * γε
wrong (adj.), πλημμελής, άδικος, μήν, όμως, * μέντοι, * γε μεν δή,
ψευδής [ wicked, bad, evil]. * γε μέντοι.
(s.),ill,πανούργημα,
evil].
αμαρτία [sin , yield, είκειν (υπ' , παρ-), υφέσθαι.
(agree), πείθομαι.
(v.), αδικείν, πανουργείν, κακουρ- yoke (8.), ζυγόν, λέπαδνον.
γείν, κακώς δράν. (v.), συζεύξαι.
be - ed, κακώς παθείν, ήδί be - d, ζυγόν φέρειν.
κησθαι. young ( human), νεός, νεανίας, παίς.
wroth, be, θυμούσθαι, δυσχεραίνω, ( birds), νεοσσός.
χολούσθαι [angry]. ( beasts), σκύμνος.
(horse), πώλος.
ever - , αγήρως.
your, υμέτερος.
yawn, χαίνω, χάσκω. youth (time), ήβη, ώρα, ακμή.
yea, πως γάρ ουχί, ναι, και κάρτα γ, ( person), νεανίας.
πάνυ, σύμφημι, επήνεσα [ often γε youthful, ηβών, νεαρός, ακμάζων.
only ]. Z
year, έτος ( n.), ενιαυτός.
yearn, ποθείν, εμείρω ( ). Zeal, σπουδή, προθυμία.
yell, βοών. Zealous, πρόθυμος [σπουδάζω, προ
yellow, ξανθός. θυμούμαι].
yesterday, χθές, εχθές. Zone (girdle), ζώνη, ζωστήρ.
day before - , πρώην. Zounds, ώ θεοί.
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An Introduction To Greek Verse Compositi

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FROM THE LIBRARY OF

Stories from Ouid in

Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London .

RIVINGTONS: WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON .

GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION

GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION

THIRD EDITION , REVISED

tions of syllables will save the student much time by

in the natural order according to the parts of speech. It is

4 . To give a sufficient number of exercises on the

5. To give a full vocabulary of words suitable to

words only suited for prose, and others confined to epic

In issuing a Third Edition we wish to express our

admission, in certain parts of the line, of other feet

It is usually quite easy to correct such lines by a slight

The monosyllables that are treated as belonging to the

87. The Quasi-Caesura .

The following are also correct lines, containing no

never come after the second syllable only , as that would

$ 11. A spondee (- -) may be also resolved into an

$ 12. Note on the three-syllable feet (Tribrach ,Dactyl,

8 13. Proper Names.

The dotted lines indicate the two places, in one of which

1 - v - occurring in this place must be followed by an enclitic or

iii. χμ, γν, δμ, δν, and nearly always βλ, γλ ;

$ 20. Rule 6. — A final short vowel may remain short

Rule 10. — a, l, v are long by nature when they stand

We will now give a few rules for determining the

8 22. Verb terminations.

$ 23. Noun terminations : Participles.

$ 24. Nouns increasing long.

ii. Final av and as in accusatives follow the quan

But whereas in Latin the elided vowel is elided only to

8 32. (a .) The article in Crasis.

tá preceding å - also produces tå -(ā -) ; as

θoύρμαιον (το έρμαιον), θήμέρα (τη ημέρα).

Besides the article and και, the relative ( neuter only )

εγώδα (εγώ οίδα), εμούστι (έμοί έστι), μούστι (μοι

8 37. Still more rarely as demonstrative :

ó mèv and ó sé are of course used in every case and

$ 40. The article with infinitive is still more commonly

So το ζην, το κατθανείν, το σωφρονείν , ταδικείν, το

$ 42 . A common use in poetry is the dative of place

§ 43. The use of substantives for verbs : omission of

§ 44. Poetic use of plural for singular.

and especially abstracts: σφαγαί, πάθη, βαφαί, κέρδη,

A few words occur in tragedy with the Epic syncope of

$ 50 . Certain devices or idioms are common, which

. . . πολλά τοι σμικροί λόγοι

$ 52. Negative Imperative, or Prohibition .

And for the past wish

τί δήτ' αν ώς έκ τώνδ' άν ωφελούμι σε ; Αi. 537.

In what are you a true pro- που συ μάντις ει σαφής και

We even find both in one clause :

ου μή with subjunctive, strong negation:

Mocking his prudence. έγγελών τώ σώφρονι.

$ 64. Again (just as in Prose) many an English abs

8 65. On the other hand abstract expressions are often

$ 68. The use of the Infinitive epexegetic as it is called,

She deserves honour. αξία τιμής λαχείν.