murad Sonia

filosofia

`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. Sonia

filosofia

registrirebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
 damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi gadmocemulia sistemuri
filosofiis ZiriTadi da daskvniTi sakiTxebi zogad-
filosofiuri kuTxiT.

damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi garCeulia filosofiis

iseTi sakvanZo Temebi, rogorebicaa idealuri, realuri,
Semecneba-Sefaseba, ganviTareba da misi kanonebi, kavSiri
da misi formebi, wyviladi kategoriebi, da bolos, fi-
losofia rogorc meTodologia. amasTan TiToeuli maT-
gani moicavs yvela im sakiTxs, rac aucilebelia maTi
SeswavlisaTvis.

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gamiznulia studentebisa

da profesor-maswavleblebisaTvis, aseve filosofiiT da-
interesebuli nebismieri mkiTxvelisaTvis.

redaqtori profesori v. Wiaureli

recenzenti asocirebeli prof. s. lominaZe

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-560-5
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
 sarCevi

winasityvaoba ...................................................... 7

Tavi I. idealuri .................................................. 8

1.idealuris cneba ....................................................... 8
2.idealuris Tvisebebi ............................................. 12
3.idealuris saxeebi ........................................................18
4.idealurisa da realuris urTierTdamoki-
debulebis problema........................................... 24
5. idealuris adgili yofierebaSi .................. 32
6. idealuris filosofiuri moZRvrebis mniSv-
neloba adamianis cxovrebaSi .............................. 37
7. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis `idealuri
(sulieri)~.............................................................................39

Tavi II. realuri ................................................. 43

1. realuris cneba ...................................................... 43
2 . realuris niSan-Tvisebani
(dro-sivrce; moZraoba) ....................................... 45
3 . realuris struqtura (Semadgenloba) ..... 49
4 . zogadad realobis saxeTa Sesaxeb ............ 51
5. materia rogorc realoba ............................... 56
6 . veli rogorc realoba ...................................... 63
7 . praqtika rogorc realoba .............................. 67
8. realuris adgili yofierebaSi .................... 71
9. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis `realuri
(xorcieli)~................................................................. 74

3
Tavi III. Semecneba da Sefaseba ................... 81
1. s i na m d v il i s a dm i S e m e c n e b i T - S e f a s e b i T i
damokidebuleba. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis
Teoriebi ......................................................................... 81
2 . Se m e c ne b isa da Se fas e b is c neb e b i, m aT i
msgavseba-gansxvaveba ............................................ 84
3 . Semecnebis mxareebi, Sefasebis mxareebi.. 86
4 . Semecnebisa da Sefasebis sagnebi, miznebi
da Sedegebi ................................................................ 88
Tavi V. kavSiri da misi formebi.
5. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis saxeebi .............. 90
6 . Semecnebisa da Sefasebis problemebi...... 95
7 . Semecnebisa da Sefasebis safexurebi ..... 99
8. codna da faseuloba .......................................... 113
9 . WeSmaritebis problema ..................................... 116
10. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis roli adamianis
cxovrebaSi ................................................................. 121
11. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis `Semecneba
da Sefaseba~.................................................................123
Tavi IV. ganviTareba da misi kanonebi ... 135
1. moZraoba da ganviTareba ............................... 135
2 . ganviTarebis cneba .............................................. 138
3 . ganviTarebis saxeebi, safexurebi (etapebi);
sasruloba................................................................... 139
4 . ganviTarebis Teoriebi (ganviTarebis e.w.
ori koncefcia)......................................................... 141
5. ganviTarebis kanonebi
(zogadi daxasiaTeba)............................................ 143
4 5
6 . dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis
kanoni............................................................................... 145
7 . raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis
urTierTgadasvlis kanoni................................. 147
8. uaryofis uaryofis kanoni ............................ 148
9. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis `ganviTareba
da misi kanonebi~ ................................................... 150
wyviladi kategoriebi ................... 156
1. kavSiri da ganviTareba. kavSiris Tvisebebi.
kavSiris mniSvneloba ........................................ 156
2. kavSiris cneba. samyaros sayovelTao
kavSiri ......................................................................... 158
3 . kavSiris saxeebi (formebi) ............................. 160
4 . kanoni rogorc kavSiris forma,
misi saxeebi ............................................................... 162
5. kavSiris Teoriebi ................................................ 166
6 . wyviladi kategoriebi ...................................... 169
61 zogadi da erTeuli ..................................... 170
62 mTeli da nawili ............................................ 173
63 arseba da movlena ............................................ 176
64 Sinaarsi da forma ......................................... 177
65 mizezi da Sedegi .............................................. 178
66 aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba ............... 182
67 SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile) . ............... 186
 7. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis `kavSiri da
misi formebi. wyviladi kategoriebi~............189
Tavi VI. filosofia rogorc
meTodologia ................................. 198
1. s a k i T x i s d a y e n e b a . T e o r i a d a m e T o d i
zogadad ....................................................................... 198
2 . meTodisa da meTodologiis cnebebi ...... 202
3 . meTodisa da meTodologiis saxeebi ....... 204
4 . filos ofia r ogorc Te oria da r ogorc
meTodi .......................................................................... 215
5. filosofiis meTodologiuri roli adami-
anis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi ..................... 216
6 . filosofiis meTodologiuri roli ada-
mianis cxovrebaSi .............................................. 218
7. TvalsaCino masla TemisaTvis
`filosofia rogorc meTodologia~....... 222
bolosityvaoba ........................................................... 225
6 7
winasityvaoba
winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens damxmare saxelm-
ZRvanelos filosofiaSi saqarTvelos teqnikuri
universitetis bakalavrebisaTvis.
damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi gadmocemulia sistemuri
filosofiis ZiriTadi da daskvniTi nawili da amiT igi
gagrZelebaa Cvens mier uwin gamoqveynebuli saxelmZRva-
nelosi (ix. filosofiis Sesavali, Tb., 2006).
winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxiluli Temebi
mTeli Tavisi sakiTxebiT Seexeba sistemuri filosofiis
iseT ZiriTad problemebs, rogorebicaa idealurisa da
realuris ontologiuri, Semecnebisa da Sefasebis Sesaba-
misad gnoseologiuri da aqsiologiuri, ganviTarebisa
da kavSiris meTodologiuri problemebi, aseve sistemuri
filosofiis erTgvar, daskvniT problemas - Tavad filo-
sofiis rogorc universaluri meTodologiis problemas.
saxelmZRvanelos yvela Tavs boloSi Tan axlavs
erTgvari TvalsaCino masala, rac, bunebrivia, gauiolebs
saqmes mkiTxvels masalis aTvisebaSi.
ase rom, sistemuri filosofiis es damxmare saxelm-
ZRvanelo garkveul samsaxurs gauwevs student
axalgazrdobas filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis
CamoyalibebaSi.
avtori
Tbilisi
2009 weli
 Tavi 1 (5). idealuri (sulieri)
gegma
1 . idealuris cneba
2. idealuris Tvisebebi
3. idealuris saxeebi
4. idealurisa da realuris urTierTda-
mokidebulebis problema
5. idealuris adgili yofierebaSi
6. idealuri s filosofiuri mo ZRvrebis
mniSvneloba adamianis cxovrebaSi
1. idealuris cneba
idealuri saerTod yofierebis, universumis erT-
erTi sferoa, yofieris, universaluris erT-erTi Semad-
geneli nawilia, misi iseTi sxva sferos, nawilis gverdiT,
rogoricaa realuri.
mokled, idealuri universaluris (yofieris) erT-
erTi saxea.
idealuri yofierebis upirvelesi saxea sulierTan
SedarebiT, vinaidan filosofiis ZiriTadi sakiTxi –
idealurisa da realuris damokidebulebis sakiTxi
swored idealuris realurTan SedarebiT upiratesobiT
8 9
(primatiT) unda gadawydes, e.i. RirebulebiTi midgomisas
upiratesi mniSvneloba yofierebis or ZiriTad sferos
– idealursa da realurs Soris swored idealurs da
ara realurs unda mieniWos.
termini (sityva) `idealuri~ nawarmoebia sityvis-
gan `idea~ da `ideasTan dakavSirebuls~ niSnavs. Tavad
`idea~ berZnuli sityvaa da igi sityvasityviT niSnavs
`imas, rac Cans~, `saxes~, `xats~, `warmodgenas~, `cnebas~. aq
yvela SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba aranivTieri ram, rac sagnis
nivTieri, e.i. realuri (materialuri) mxaris miRma arsebobs,
amitom `idealuri~ filosofiaSi `realuris~ (`materia-
lurisadmia~) dapirispirebuli. igi `ararealuris~,
`aramaterialuris~ sinonimad (tolmniSvnelovan sityva-
daa) miRebuli, amitomac SemTxveviTi rodia `materializ-
mis~ (`realizmis~) sapirispiro moZRvrebas filosofiaSi
swored rom `idealizms~ uwodeben. am SemTxvevaSi idea-
luris Sesaxeb moZRvreba ise faravs realuris (materia-
luris) Sesaxeb moZRvrebis sapirispiro moZRvrebas, rogo-
radac Tavad idealuri – realuris (materialuris) sapi-
rispiro sferos (wres) yofierebisas.
termin `ideasTan~ dakavSirebulia agreTve iseTi
mniSvnelovani sityva, rogoricaa `ideali~, rac `yvelaze
srulyofils~ niSnavs da es garemoeba ki metad mniSvne-
lovania imis saCveneblad, rom yvelaze `srulyofilad~
anu jerovnad miCneulia swored aranivTieri, ararealuri,
aramaterialuri nimuSi sagnisa. rogorc vxedavT, am
sityvis (`idealis~) etimologiac (warmomavlobis codnac)
idealuris realuris winaSe upiratesobas amtkicebs,
vinaidan risime jerovani nimuSis saxed aq miRebulia
sagnis swored idealuri da ara realuri (materialuri)
mxare, e.i. yovelgvari nimuSis saxed Cven idealuri da
ara materialuri migvaCnia.
termin `idealurs~ qarTulSi `sulieri~ Seesabameba,
iseve rogorc `materialurs~ - `xorcieli~. ase rom,
`idealuri~ igive `sulieri~ anu `araxorcielia~.
mainc rogoria idealuris (sulieris) cnebis
gansazRvreba?
idealuri (sulieri) aris ararealuri, aramate-
rialuri (aranivTieri) da araempiriuli (aragrZnoba-
di) realoba (sinamdvile). sxvanairad, idealuri (sulieri)
aris zerealuri, zematerialuri (zenivTieri) da
zeempiriuli (zegrZnobadi) realoba (sinamdvile).
idealuris (sulieris) cnebis am gansazRvrebaSi,
rogorc vxedavT, gamoyofilia ori – ontologiuri
(yofierebaTmcodneobrivi) da gnoseologiuri (Semec-
nebaTmcodneobrivi) kuTxe (aspeqti).
pirveli aspeqti am gansazRvrebaSi idealurs
(suliers) gansazRvravs yofierebis kuTxiT, xolo meore
aspeqti – Semecnebis kuTxiT.
yofierebis kuTxiT idealuri (sulieri) ararea-
luri ane zerealuri (aranivTieri anu zenivTieri) sinamd-
10
vilea, xolo Semecnebis kuTxiT – araempiriuli anu
zeempiriuli (aragrZnobadi anu zegrZnobadi) sinamdvile.
ras niSnavs yofierebiTi da SemecnebiTi aspeqtebi
idealuris cnebis ganmartebaSi?
yofierebiTi aspeqti idealuris (sulieris) cnebis
ganmartebaSi gulisxmobs idealuris gansazRvrebas
TavisTavadi kuTxiT, obieqturi ganaseriT, mis daxasiaTebas
Semmecneblisagan damoukideblad, xolo SemecnebiTi
aspeqti – idealuris gansazRvrebas swored Semmecneblis
poziciidan, subieqturi ganaseriT.
yovelive amis Semdeg naTeli da gasagebia is
garemoeba, rom idealuri Tavisi yofierebis wesiT univTo,
aranivTieri, e.i. aranivTTagan Semdgari anu zenivTieri,
e.i. nivTebze aRmatebuli sferoa sinamdvilisa gansxva-
vebiT realurisagan, romelic swored nivTieri (sxeu-
lebrivi), e.i. nivTTagan (sxeulTagan) Semdgari sinamdvilea.
xolo rac Seexeba idealurs misadmi SemecnebiTi damo-
kidebulebis wesiT, maSin igi grZnobadad (SegrZnebis
organoebiT) miuwvdomeli, masze aRmatebuli sinamdvilea
gansxvavebiT realurisagan, romelic grZnobadad
(SegrZnebis organoebiT) misawvdomi sinamdvilea, anu gno-
seologiurad idealuri (sulieri) uxilavi sinamdvilea
realurisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic xiluli sinamd-
vilea.
11
 2. idealuris Tvisebebi
`univToba~ da `zegrZnobadoba~ idealuris (su-
lieris) zogadi niSnebia, romlebic ganasxvaveben mas
araidealurisagan anu realurisagan, romelic, sawinaaRm-
degod amisa, `nivTierebiTa~ da `grZnobadobiT~ xasiaTdeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, idealuri, mokled, univTo –zegrZnobadi
sinamdvilea.
esaa idealuris specifika, misi Tavisebureba. es ori
niSan-Tviseba idealuris (sulieris) cnebis aucilebeli
da sakmarisi niSnebia.
magram ismis sakiTxi, Tu ras gulisxmobs Tavad idea-
luris zenivTiereba – zegrZnobadoba, ufro sworad, ra
ganapirobebs idealuris am zogad niSan-Tvisebebs sxvana-
irad rom vTqvaT, konkretulad ra Tvisebebi ganapirobebs
idealuris am zogad specifikas. am sakiTxs ki idealuris
kerZo Tvisebebis sakiTxamde mivyavarT.
rogorc vxedavT, idealuris Tvisebebi orgvaria:
zogadi da kerZo, abstraqtuli da konkretuli.
mainc ra aris idealuris, konkretuli niSan-Tvi-
sebani?
idealuris (sulieris) kerZo, konkretuli niSan-
Tvisebania zedrouloba da zevrceuloba.
idealuris (sulieris) zedroul-zevrceuloba
gulisxmobs imas, rom igi drosa da sivrceSi ki araa, ro-
gorc es damaxasiaTebelia realurisTvis (materialu-
12
risaTvis), aramed, piriqiT, droisa da sivrcis gareSe imyo-
feba. igi drosa da sivrceSi mocemul sinamdvileze aRma-
tebuli sferoa yofierebisa. ase rom, idealuris univToba
– zegrZnobadobas swored es misi Tvisebani – zedroul-
zevrceuloba ganapirobebs. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, idea-
luris (sulieris) univToba-zegrZnobadobis mizezi swo-
red misi zedroul-zevrceulobaa: idealuri (sulieri)
univTo da zegrZnobadi sinamdvilea swored imitom, rom
igi drosa da sivrceSi ar imyofeba.
magram idealuris (sulieris) kerZo, konkretuli
niSan-Tvisebani amiT rodi amoiwureba. misi sxva kerZo,
konkretuli niSan-Tvisebania agreTve ukvdaveba da waru-
valoba. da marTlac, swored imitom, rom idealuri ukvda-
via da waruvali, swored amitomacaa igi idealuri da
ara realuri (materialuri), vinaidan realuri (materia-
luri) swored amisi sapirispiro niSnebiT xasiaTdeba –
mokvdaobiTa da waruvaloba.
ukvdaveba da waruvaloba rogorc idealuris kerZo,
konkretuli niSan-Tvisebani pirdapir kavSirSia missave
sxva kerZo, konkretul niSan-TvisebebTan, rogorebicaa
zevrceuloba-zedrouloba. kerZod, idealuris iseTi
kerZo niSani, rogoricaa ukvdaveba pirdapir kavSirSia
mis sxva iseT kerZo niSanTan, rogoricaa zevrceuloba,
xolo waruvaloba, Sesabamisad, - zedroulobasTan. da
marTlac, sxvas kidev raRas unda moaswavebdes idealuris
ukvdaveba, Tu ara mis zevrceulobas, vinaidan is, rac
13
sivrceSi araa, is arc kvdeba, e.i. ar iSleba. anda, sxvas ras
unda moaswavebdes kidev idealuris waruvaloba, Tu ara
mis zedroulobas, vinaidan is, rac droSi araa, is arc
warvals, arc gardava. xolo sruliad sawinaaRmdego
Tvisebebi axlavs Tan realurs, rogorc mokvdavsa da
warmavals, vinaidan mokvdavia, gaqrobadia swored is, rac
sivrceSia da warmavali, gardamavali – swored is, rac
droSia. mokvdavi xom swored sivrceSi mokvdaobas
gulisxmobs, xolo warmavali – droSi warmavals.
is, rom idealuri (sulieri) zedroul-zevrceulia,
filosofiaSi Cveulebriv sakamaTo rodia, magram ase
rodia es misi ukvdaveba – warmavlobis sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT. xandaxan idealuris ukvdaveba-waruvalobas eWv-
qveS ayeneben, iseve rogorc, piriqiT, realuris (xorcielis)
– mokvdaoba-warmavlobasac. amas filosofiaSi materia-
listebi akeTebdnen. es gamomdinareobs im materialisturi
Tvalsazrisidan, romlis Tanaxmadac yofierebis sawyisi
(substancia) swored materialuria da Tu es asea, maSin
substanciurobis TvisebaTagan gamomdinare am TvisebebiT
swored materialuri da ara idealuri unda xasiaT-
debodes.
magram igive materialistebi imas amtkiceben, rom
materialuri drosa da sivrceSi arsebobs, e.i. drosa da
sivrces eqvemdebareba da Tu es asea, maSin rogor SeiZleba,
rom aseTi ram substanciuri, e.i. ukvdavi da waruvali
(maradiuli) iyos? piriqiT, substanciuri xom sruliad
14
ar unda eqvemdebarebodes droisa da sivrcis kanonebs,
vinaidan vrceulsa da drouls xom drosa da sivrceSi
dasawyisi da dasasruli unda hqondes. da Tu es asea, ma-
Sin materialuri rogor SeiZleba iyos substancia. marT-
lac, rogor SeiZleba is, rac sivrcesa da droSia, sivrcisa
da drois ganzomilebaSia, is substancia iyos imisi, rac
sivrcisa da drois gareSea, rac sivrcisa da drois ganzo-
milebis gareSea? is, rac sivrceSia, ukvdavi iyos da is,
rac droSi – maradiuli? piriqiT, ufro logikuri ar
iqneboda gvefiqra, rom is, rac sivrceSia, swored isaa
mokvdavi da is, rac droSia, swored is – warmavali? gana
drosa da sivrceSi sasruli SeiZleba ganmsazRvreli
iyos misi sapirispirosi – usasrulosi? is, rac sivrceSia,
is xom sadRac unda iyos da is, rac droSia, odesRac xom
unda iyos, xolo is, rac sadRacaa, is yvelgan ar aris da
is, rac odesRacaa, yovelTvis ar aris. substancia ki
yvelgan unda iyos da yovelTvis.
maSasadame, swored imis gamo, rom idealuri (sulieri)
zevrceul-zedroulia, igi aucileblad ukvdavi da waruva-
lia (maradiulia), radganac zevrceul-zedrouli usasru-
loa, maSin rodesac realuri (materialuri), piriqiT, -
sasrulia.
rogorc vxedavT, gamoikveTa idealuris kidev erTi
kerZo, konkretuli niSan-Tviseba. esaa misi usasruloba,
sapirispirod realurisa (materialurisa), romlis sawi-
naaRmdego niSan-Tvisebac sasruloba iqneboda. marTlac,
15
is rac droisa da sivrcis `artaxebSia~ momwyvdeuli, is
rogor SeiZleba iyos usasrulo? da piriqiT, rac am
`artaxebisagan~ Tavisufalia, - is, sasruli?
amas imitomac aRvniSnavT, rom es sakiTxic filo-
sofiaSi xandaxan eWvqveSaa dayenebuli imave materia-
listebis mier, magram materialuris usasruloba, rasac
materialistebi amtkiceben, SeuZlebelia, vinaidan, rogorc
TviT isini amtkiceben, yoveli calkeuli materialuri
sasrulia drosa da sivrceSi da sasrulTa jamma ki ro-
gor SeiZleba saerTod materiis usasruloba mogvces?
marTlac, Tu sasrulia yoveli calkeuli materialuri,
maSin SeuZlebelia aseTive sasruli ar iyos saerTod,
zogadad materialuric. maSasadame, usasrulo, Tundac
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba mxolod realuris (materia-
luris) sapirispiro sfero – idealuri iyos.
garda aRniSnulisa, SeiZleba gamovyoT idealuris
(sulieris) kidev sxva kerZo, konkretuli niSan-Tvisebani.
ase, magaliTad, misi arsebiToba (realuris araarsebiTo-
bisagan gansxvavebiT).
idealuris arsebiToba gulisxmobs mis Sinagno-
basa da ganmsazRvrelobas realurTan (materialurTan)
SedarebiT, romelic, sawinaaRmdegod amisa, damokidebelia,
garegani da gansazRvruli, rac movlenis niSnebia, e.i.
idealuri yofierebis arsebiTi mxarea, maSin, rodesac
realuri – misi gamovlena. da marTlac, gana idealuri
16
realuris `arseba~, xolo realuri – misi `xorcSesxma~
anu gamovlena araa?
idealuris arsebiTobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs filosofiis ZiriTadi sakiTxis (idealurisa da
realuris urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxis) idealis-
tur gadawyvetaSi, imdenad didia idealuris am kerZo,
konkretuli niSan-Tvisebis mniSvneloba, vinaidan swored
am niSan-Tvisebis safuZvelze xdeba realuris (materialu-
ris) winaSe idealuris upiratesobis aRiareba. marTlac,
Tu idealursa da realurs Soris arsebiTi niSan-Tvise-
bisaa mxolod idealuri da ararealuri, maSin swored
igi yofila upiratesi mniSvnelobis, vinaidan arseba gan-
sazRvravs movlenas da ara piriqiT. xolo is, rom idea-
lursa da realurs Soris swored idealuria namdvilad
arsebiTi da ara realuri, es isedac naTelia da udavo,
vinaidan arsebiTobis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi (TavisTava-
doba, Sinagnoba, Zireuloba, ganmsazRvreloba) swored rom
idealuris damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia realurTan Sedare-
biT. da garda amisa, Tavad sityva `arsebiToba~, sxva rom
araferi vTqvaT, ukve TavisTavad gulisxmobs mis `upirate-
sobas~, vinaidan maSin sxva ra unda iyos upiratesobis
mqone, `arsebiTi~ Tu `araarsebiTi~. arsebiTi xom swored
imitomac aris arsebiTi, rom swored igia mTavari da ara,
ra Tqma unda, araarsebiTi.
17
 3. idealuris saxeebi
idealuris (sulieris) gasagebad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs misi ara mxolod zogadi, aramed kerZo saxeebis ana-
lizsac, vinaidan idealuri ( realuri), rogorc aseTi,
urTulesi sferoa yofierebisa, romelic danawilebulia
konkretul saxeebad da amitomac maTi analizi aucilebe-
lia am movlenis sruli SemecnebisaTvis.
idealuris dayofa sxvadasxva kuTxiT sxvadasxvanai-
rad SeiZleba. magram upirveles yovlisa Tavisi mniSvne-
lobiT unda gamoiyos misi iseTi saxeebi, rogorebicaa
RvTaebrivi da araRvTaebrivi suli. am SemTxvevaSi dayo-
fis principad aRebulia sulis absoluturoba (upirobo-
ba) Tu relatiuroba (fardobiToba). absoluturi suli
es RmerTia, ra Tqma unda yovelgvari sxva sulieri – met-
naklebad relatiuri. amasTan, RvTaebrivi suli substan-
ciaa, maSin rodesac sxva yovelgvari suli – arasubstan-
ciuri. sxvagvarad SeuZlebelicaa, radgan rogor SeiZleba
swored absoluturi suli ar gansazRvravdes yovelgvar
relatiur suls, umartivesi ar gansazRvravdes umciress
da ara piriqiT?
TviT araRvTaebrivi suli iyofa imsofliur da
amsofliur anu imqveyniur da amqveyniur sulad. orive
maTgani, gansxvavebiT RvTaebrivi sulisagan qmnilebrivi
(Seqmnili) sulia, maSin rodesac RvTaebrivi suli –
18
uqmneli suli. swored amitomacaa RvTaebrivi suli
absoluturi, xolo araRvTaebrivi – relatiuri.
rac Seexeba gansxvavebas imsofliursa da amsof-
liursa Tu imqveyniursa da amqveyniur sulTa Soris, am
gansxvavebis safuZvelia is, realurTan (xorcielTan, mate-
rialurTan) uSualod dakavSirebulia Tu ara esa Tu is
aRniSnuli suli. xolo amasTan dakavSirebiT unda
aRiniSnos is, rom amsofliuri, amqveyniuri suli uSualod
dakavSirebulia realur (materialur) anu xorciel
sferosTan, `Serwymulia~ ra masTan, maSin rodesac
imsofliuri, imqveyniuri suli gancalkevebulia misgan.
imsofliuri anu imqveyniuri suli gansazRvravs
amsofliurs, anu amqveuniurs, iseve rogorc imsofliuri,
imqveyniuri sfero saerTod - amsofliur, amqveyniur sfe-
ros, magram amsofliur, amqveyniur sulsac SeuZlia gark-
veuli ukuzegavlena moaxdinos imsofliur, imqveyniur
sulze.
idealuris dayofa SeiZleba moxdes agreTve imisda
mixedviT, Tu vin aris ama Tu im sulis subieqti (matareb-
eli). am SemTxvevaSi gamoyofen sulis iseT saxeebs, rogo-
rebicaa: 1) mcenareuli suli, 2) cxoveluri suli,
g) adamianuri suli, 4) angelozuri suli, 5) RvTaebrivi
suli.
dalagebis principi (safuZveli) aq, rogorc vxedavT,
dablidan maRlisaken svlis principia. yoveli momdevno
saxe sulisa ufro maRalia, vidre winamavali, yoveli
19
winamavali suli – ufro dabali momdevnosTan SedarebiT.
sulis aRniSnul xuT saxesTan dakavSirebiT SeiZ-
leba SevniSnoT is, rom suli SeiZleba gavigoT samgvari
gagebiT: ufarToesi, farTo da viwro gagebiT, ra SemTxve-
vebidanac suli ufarToesi mniSvnelobiT gagebulia
rogorc idealuri, aramaterialuri, ararealuri saerTod
da masSi Seva yvela xuTive saxis suli, magram suli
farTo mniSvnelobiT moicavs mxolod cxovelur, ada-
mianur, angelosur da RvTaebriv suls, xolo suli viwro
mniSvnelobiT – mxolod adamianur, angelosur da
RvTaebriv suls.
rogorc vxedavT, sulis amgvari dayofa moculo-
bis princips (safuZvels) emyareba.
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben xolme samSvinvelsa da
suls. am SemTxvevaSi samSvinvelSi esmiT cxovelisa da
adamianis suli (e.w. `fsixe~, `anima~) da sakuTriv suli
(e.w. `pnevma~, `spiritusi~), romelic gaaCnia adamians, ange-
lozsa da RmerTs. mSvinvieri da sulieri saerTod idea-
luris mniSvnelovani mxareebia, gansakuTrebiT ki adamianis
mSvinvieri da sulieri, e.i. fsiqikuri da pnevmaturi, igive
animaluri da spiritualuri mxareebi.
adamianis idealur (sulier) cxovrebaSi xandaxan
gamoyofen xolme e.w. cnobier fsiqikursa da aracnobier
anu qvecnobier fsiqikurs, romelTa rolic adamianis
cxovrebaSi sxvadasxvanairadaa gagebuli: zogi pirvels
aniWebs upirates rols, zogic – meores. ganmsazRvreli
20
am orgvar fsiqikurs Soris adamianSi sinamdvileSi, ra
Tqma unda, cnobiers unda mieniWos, radgan cnobiereba
(gonebrioba) gamoarCevs adamians swored cxovelisagan.
adamiani xom `homo sapiensia~ (`gonieri kacia~).
adamianis idealur mxareSi zogjer gamoyofen or
kidev sxva mxares: sulsa da guls. amgvar dayofaSi daWe-
rilia adamianis idealuri cxovrebis kidev erTi mniSvne-
lovani aspeqti (ganaseri). `suliTa da guliTo~, vityviT
xolme xandaxan da amiT kacis idealuri (sulieri) cxov-
rebis `ufaqizes~ simebs vexebiT. gansakuTrebiT es exeba
`guls~ `sulTan~ SedarebiT, vinaidan guli (aq fizikur,
anatomiur gulze ki ara, sulier, uxilav gulzea saubari)
uintimesi (usaTuToesi) mxarea adamianis zogadsulieri
cxovrebisa.
adamianis idealur (sulier) cxovrebaSi gamoyofen
xolme cnobierebisa da TviTcnobierebis momentebs, ris
gamoc unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: orive maTgani adamianis
cnobierebis mxareebia, ra SemTxvevaSiac cnobiereba farTo
da viwro mniSvnelobiTaa gagebuli. cnobiereba farTo
gagebiT am dros moicavs rogorc cnobierebas viwro
gagebiT plus TviTcnobierebas. da, marTlac, rogorc
cnobiereba viwro mniSvnelobiT, ise TviTcnobierebac
orive cnobierebaa farTo gagebiT, vinaidan orive maTgani
arsebiTad gulisxmobs Segnebis moments, oRond gansxvaveba
maT Soris isaa mxolod, rom cnobiereba viwro azriT
rogorc TviTcnobierebis sapirispiro ram gareT, sxva
21
sagnebze mimarTul cnobierebas, xolo TviTcnobiereba
– SigniT, sakuTar Tavze mimarTul cnobierebas gulisx-
mobs. da Tu daismis sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria
Tanafardoba adamianis cnobierebis am or moments Soris,
maSin upiratesi mniSvneloba TviTcnobierebas unda mie-
niWos misi sapirispiros – cnobierebis winaSe, vinaidan
mizanic adamianis cnobierebis am or moments Soris aris
ara sxvaTa Semecneba, aramed, piriqiT, swored TviTSemecneba
da, maSasadame, TviTcnobiereba da ara sxvaTcnobiereba.
sxva, garegan saganTa cnobiereba anu Segneba saSualebaa
oden sakuTari Tavis, Sinagani cnobierebisTvis. Tumca
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom orive momenti aucilebelia
da arcerTi maTganis, maT Soris, sakuTriv cnobierebis
momentis ugulebelyofac ar egebis. amitom saWiroa orive
maTganis harmonizacia (SeTanxmeba, SeTanawyoba) adamianis
cxovrebaSi.
dabolos, rac Seexeba adamianis cnobierebas, masSi
gamoyofen sam ZiriTad jgufsac movlenebisas, kerZod ki:
1)SemecnebiT, 2) grZnobiT-emociursa da 3) nebelobiT
sulier movlenebs. TiToeuli maTgani kidev, Tavis mxriv,
sxvadasxva saxed iyoda, magram yoveli maTganisTvis mainc
saerToa am movlenaTa gaazrebuloba – Segnebuloba.
SemecnebiTi sulieri movlenebi: 1) SegrZnebani,
2) aRqmani, 3) warmodgenani, 4) cnebani, 5) msjelobani,
6) daskvnani gvaZleven codnas sagnebis Sesaxeb, maSin, ro-
desac grZnobiT-emociuri sulieri movlenebi damokide-
22
bulebas gviqmnian sagnebis mimarT, xolo nebelobiTi
sulieri movlenebi sakuTari nebiT moqmedebis (aqtivobis)
unars gvaniWeben. samive jgufi sulieri movlenebisa, ra
Tqma unda, gacnobierebulia, e.i. gaazrebulia, vinaidan,
samiveSive cnobierebaa CarTuli. samive SemTxvevaSi
adamianma icis, rasac imecnebs, rasac grZnobs da rasac
iqms. igi ara marto imecnebs, an grZnobs, an kidev iqms, ara-
med ufro metic: isic icis, rom imecnebs, an rom grZnobs,
anda kidev rom iqms.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ufro naTeli unda gaxdes
isic, Tu ra aris adamianis cnobiereba – rom es aris mi-
si goniereba, Segneba, azrovneba. es aris codnis codnisa
anu ormagi codnis unari. es aris Tavad codnis unari,
Tancodnis unari, anu unari, rasac Tan codnac axlavs
da arc axlavs. maSasadame, adamianis cnobiereba es aris
TviTcodnis (Tavad codnis codnis) unari.
idealuris yvela saxe qmnis erT mTlian sistemas
(SekavSirebul, mowesrigebul mTels), romlis struq-
turuli (SemadgenlobiTi) erTeulebis analizic gvaZ-
levs suraTs idealuris fenomenisas da amiT gviqmnis
SesaZleblobas, ukeT SevicnoT idealuris buneba. amaSi
mdgomareobs idealuris saxeTa analizis mniSvnelobac.
23
 4. idealurisa da realuris urTierTdamo-
kidebulebis problema
idealurisa da realuris, sulierisa da xorci-
elis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxi idealuris
(sulieris) problemis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mxarea.
ufro metic, idealurisa da realuris urTierTdamoki-
debulebis sakiTxi saerTod filosofiis ZiriTadi
sakiTxic kia, vinaidan es sakiTxi gansazRvravs nebismieri
sxva sakiTxis gadawyvetas masSi.
idealurisa da realuris urTierTdamokidebulebis
sakiTxi Cven amjerad gvainteresebs ara saerTod rogorc
filosofiis ZiriTadi sakiTxi, aramed mxolod idealuris
(sulieris) problemis nawili, e.i. mxolod idealuri,
oRond realurTan mis damokidebulebaSi.
idealuri realurTan damokidebulebaSi SeiZleba
samgvarad warmovidginoT: 1) rogorc realuris ganmsazRv-
reli, 2) rogorc realuriT gansazRvruli da 3) realu-
ris paraleluri. pirveli idealuris (realuris) idea-
listuri gagebaa, meore - realisturi, mesame -`parale-
listuri~ gageba.
pirveli ori gageba idealurisa imiT gansxvavdeba
mesamisagan, rom orive isini idealuris realurTan urTi-
erTzemoqmedebas aRiarebs, maSin, rodesac mesame maTgani
am zemoqmedebas uaryofs. am ukanasknelis klasikur maga-
liTs warmoadgens e.w. `fsiqofizikuri paralelizmis~
24
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac fsiqikuri da fizikuri ubra-
lod eTanxmebian erTmaneTs, magram mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirSi ar imyofebian, saerTod ar exebian, ar gadakveTaven
erTmaneTs.
idealuris (realuris) am idealisturi, realisturi
da paralelisturi Teoriebidan erTaderTi swori Teo-
riaa misi idealisturi gageba, romlis Tanaxmadac idea-
lurs upiratesoba eniWeba realurTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca
es rodi gamoricxavs realuris fardobiT (realatiur)
ukuzemoqmedebasac masze. aseTia idealuris realurTan
mimarTebis zomieri idealisturi gageba.
rac Seexeba idealuris realistur da paralelis-
tur Teoriebs, Tu maT zomierad da ara ara ukiduresad
gavigebT, maSin garkveul momentebSi orive maTganic
misaRebia, Tumca ZiriTadad – mainc araswori.
rom SevajamoT Tqmuli, idealuri realurTan damoki-
debulebaSi ZiriTadad ganmsazRvrel zemoqmedebas axdens
realurze, araZiriTadad ki realurisganac ganicdis
zemoqmedebas da, bolos, garkveul momentebSi erTmaneTi-
sagan urTierTzemoqmedebis gareSec anu paraleluradac
moqmedeben.
imis gamo, rom idealuris (sulieris) realurTan
(xorcielTan) damokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT mniSv-
nelovania adamianis idealuri mxaris realurTan damoki-
debulebis aspeqtiT, amitom aucilebelia am sakiTxs ufro
dawvrilebiT SevexoT.
25
 adamianis idealuri (sulieri) da realuri (xor-
cieli) mxareebis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxi yve-
laze ufro problemurad (rTulad) adamianis `fsiqikisa~
da `fizikis~ urTierTdamokidebulebis saxiT dgas. ufro
zustad, problema (amocana, sirTule) isaa, gairkves, Tu ra
damokidebulebaa adamianSi mimdinare `fsiqikur~ (`mSvin-
vier~) da `fizikur~ (sxeulebriv) procesebs Soris. swored
amasTanaa dakavSirebuli e.w. fsiqofizikuris problemac,
e.i. fsiqofizikuris problema imaSia, Tu ra damokidebu-
lebaa fsiqikursa da fizikurs Soris.
adamianSi fsiqofizikuris problemas samgvari ga-
dawyveta SeiZleba hqondes: idealisturi, roca adamianis
fsiqikuri mxare miCneuli xdeba fizikurisagan arsebiTad
damoukideblad, realisturi, roca aseTad miCneuli xdeba
adamianis fizikuri mxare fsiqikurTan SedarebiT da
paralelisturi, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianis arcerTi
mxare ar aris miCneuli damokidebulad erTimeoreze,
aramed damoukideblad erTimeorisagan.
adamianis `fsiqikuri~ da `fizikuri~ mxareebis urTi-
erTdamokidebulebis kuTxiT sasargeblo iqneboda am
problemis marqsistuli gagebis analizi. saqme isaa, rom
adamianis fsiqofizikuris problemis marqsistuli Teoria
am problemis mogvarebis klasikuri realisturi (materia-
listuri) Teoriaa, ris gamoc misi kritikuli ganxilva
dagvexmareba sakiTxis dadebiT (pozitiur), e.i. idealistur
gadawyvetaSi.
26
fsiqofizikuris problema adamianSi marqsistuli
TvalsazrisiT adamianis cnobierebisa da misi Tavis tvi-
nis urTierTdamokidebulebis saxiT dgas.
aq zogi ram unda davazustoT: jer erTi, is, rom
marqsistebi cnobierebas mxolod adamianis sakuTrebad
miiCneven da, meorec, isini cnobierebis `adgilsamyofelad~
mxolod adamianis Tavis tvins miiCneven.
cnobierebis marqsistuli gansazRvreba aseTia: `cno-
biereba umaRlesad organizebuli materiis – adamianis
Tavis tvinis produqti, Tviseba da funqciaa~.
cnobierebis marqsistul gansazRvrebaSi upirveles
yovlisa aRsaniSnavia is, rom cnobiereba dakavSirebulia
adamianis Tavis tvinTan, romelic marqsistebis mier aRia-
rebulia `umaRlesad organizebul materiad~, rac sworia.
magram arasworia is, rom marqsistebi am materias cnobiere-
basTan SedarebiT pirveladobas aniWeben, maSin rodesac
adamianis Tavis tvinis `umaRlesad organizebuloba~ swo-
red am cnobierebis Sedegia da ara piriqiT. da marTlac,
adamianis Tavis tvins swored is garemoeba xdis umaRle-
sad organizebul materiad, rom cnobiereba swored masTa-
naa dakavSirebuli. uamisod adamianis Tavis tvini umaRle-
sad organizebuli materia marqsistulive logikiT arc
unda yofiliyo. da Tu es ase araa, maSin ratomaa, rom
adamianis Tavis tvini garkveuli xani jer kidev ganagr-
Zobs arsebobas maSinac ki, roca igi ukve mkvdaria, e.i. mok-
lebulia cnobierebas (gonierebas)? rogor SeiZleba
27
mizezi iyos (adamianis Tavis tvini) da amas Sedegi (cnobie-
reba) Tan ar sdevdes.
ase rom, adamianis Tavis tvini ver iqneba cnobierebis,
rogorc Sedegis mizezi.
garda amisa, adamianis Tavis tvini, Tundac miuxe-
davad misi `umaRlesad organizebuli materiobisac~, mainc
xom materiaa da sxva araferi da rogor SeiZleba am ma-
teriis rogorc mizezis Sedegi cnobiereba iyos? cnobie-
reba xom idealuri movlenaa, tvini ki – materialuri.
materialuri ki SeuZlebelia iyos idealuris mizezi,
vinaidan msgavsi msgavssa Sobs. msgavsi mizezic msgavs
Sedegs warmoSobs, Tanac dabali mizezi maRal Sedegs
ver mogvcems.
aRniSnuli ori garemoebisa gamo SeuZlebelia cno-
biereba adamianis Tavis tvinis Sedegi iyos. ase rom, cno-
bierebis, rogorc adamianis Tavis tvinis `produqtad, Tvi-
sebad da funqciad~ yofna, ra Tqma unda, `vulgaruli
materializmi~ iqneboda, radgan am SemTxvevaSi umaRlesi,
sulieri (cnobiereba) uxeSad dayvanili iqneboda udab-
lesze, xorcielze (tvinze).
aqedan gamomdinare, araswori iqneboda cnobierebis
warmodgena adamianis Tavis tvinis kerZod `produqtad,
Tvisebad da funqciad~.
marqsistTa TvalsazrisiT, cnobiereba rom adami-
anis Tavis tvinis viTarca umaRlesad organizebuli
materiis `produqtia~, es ise unda gavigoT, rom cnobiereba
28
TiTqosda materiis ganviTarebis Sedegia misi ganviTa-
rebis umaRlesad organizebul safexurze. magram es swori
araa, radganac materialuri Tavisi ganviTarebis Sedega-
dac ver mogvcemda principulad (Tvisobrivad) gansxvave-
bul idealurs. msgavsidan xom isev mxolod msgavsi
SeiZleba ganviTardes.
arc is aris swori, TiTqosda marqsistuli gagebiT
cnobiereba adamianis Tavis tvinis rogorc umaRlesad
organizebuli materiis `Tviseba~ iyos, e.i. misi Sinagani
mdgomareoba iyos, radganac sruliad gansxvavebuli
sruliad gansxvavebulis Tviseba ver iqneba.
dabolos, arc isaa swori, TiTqosda marqsistTa Sexe-
dulebiT cnobiereba adamianis Tavis tvinis viTarca
umaRlesad organizebuli materiis `funqciaa~, anu masze
damokidebuli ram iyos, ufro zustad, adamianis cno-
bierebaSi mimdinare procesebi misi Tavis tvinSi mimdinare
fiziologiuri procesebis Sedegi iyos, vinaidan ufro
dabali donis procesebi rogorRa mogvcemda ufro maRa-
li donis procesebs?
rogorc vxedavT, cnobiereba ver iqneba adamianis
Tavis tvinis verc produqti. verc Tviseba da verc funqcia.
piriqiT, swored igia adamianis pirveladi, damoukidebeli
mxare, romelic `acocxlebs~, `asuldgmulebs~ da amdenad
`umaRlesad organizebuli materiad~ xdis adamianis Ta-
vis tvins. adamianis Tavis tvini es aris misi sulis mate-
rialuri organo, iaraRi, romelic mas sWirdeba realur
29
(xorciel) sinamdvilesTan saurTierTobod. misi meSveo-
biT suli ukavSirdeba empiriul (cdiseul) sinamdviles.
adamianis cnobierebasa da Tavis tvins Soris damoki-
debulebis marqsistul gagebasTan dakavSirebiT unda
SevniSnoT is, rom cnobiereba adamianis Tavis tvinis
Tviseba ki araa rogorc materiisa, aramed misi sulis
Tviseba, romelic adamianis amqveyniuri cxovrebis Jams
dakavSirebulia mis Tavis tvinTan. SeigrZnobs da azrov-
nebs ara adamianis Tavis tvini, aramed misi suli, ra Tqma
unda, amqveyniur cxovrebaSi, swored tvinis meSveobiT,
amitom mkvdari anu usulo Tavis tvini verafersac ver
Seimecnebs.
cnobiereba, garda amisa, ar aris adamianis Tavis tvinis
funqciac (masze damokidebuli ram), vinaidan masSi mimdi-
nare fiziologiuri procesebi ki ar gansazRvraven mis
sulSi mimdinare fsiqikur procesebs, aramed swored, piri-
qiT, es fsiqikuri procesebi aRZraven masSi mimdinare
fiziologiur procesebs, raTa cnobierebis karnaxaT tvin-
ma Seasrulos garkveuli muSaoba realur (xorciel)
sinamdvilesTan kavSiris dasamyareblad. garda amisa,
adamianis cnobierebas SeuZlia iarsebos tvinTan misi
urTierTobis gareSec, ra Tqma unda, sikvdilis Semdeg.
dabolos, cnobiereba ar aris adamianis Tavis tvinis
produqtic, rogorc umaRlesad organizebuli materiis
ganviTarebis Sedegi, vinaidan Tavad adamianis Tavis tvini
aris materiis sulieri, misi sulismieri ganviTarebis
30
Sedegi (produqti). materia TavisiT ar viTardeba, vinaidan
materiis upirvelesi kanonia inercia (pasiuroba, umoqme-
doba). materiis ganviTarebis mizezia sulieri (idealu-
ri) substancia (sawyisi) – RmerTi. adamiani xom RmerTma
Seqmna Tavisi xorciTac da suliTac. swored RmerTma
STabera suli adamianis xorcs. man Seqmna igi Tavisi
cnobierebiTac da tviniTac.
ase rom, cnobiereba materialuris ganviTarebis Se-
degi ki araa, aramed RmerTis Semoqmedebisa. sanam RmerTi
xorciel, miwier adamians Seqmnida, mas ukve hyavda, Seqmnili
sulieri adamiani Tavisi cnobierebiT. maSasadame, aravi-
Tari pirdapiri kavSiri materiis ganviTarebasa da cnobie-
rebis Camoyalibebas Soris ar arsebobs. materiasac da
cnobierebasac RmerTi hqmnis da RmerTive aviTarebs. mate-
ria TavisTavad, spontanurad ver ganviTardeba da igi, bu-
nebrivia, Sedegad adamianis cnobierebas ver Camogvi-
yalibebs RmerTis gareSe.
amrigad, idealuris (sulieris) realisturi (materia-
listuri) Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac idealuri realu-
riT gansazRvruli fenomenia (movlenaa), arasworia, Tumca
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am TeoriaSic aris WeSmaritebis
marcvlebi. es is aris, rom realursac (materialursac)
aqvs fardobiTi damoukidebloba idealuris mimarT da
garkveul ukuzemoqmedebasac axdens idealurze.
marTalia idealuris (sulieris) arc is realistu-
ri (materialisturi) Teoriaa swori, romlis Tanaxmadac
31
idealuri realuriTa gansazRvruli, magram arc is para-
lelisturi Teoria varga, romlis Tanaxmadac idealuri
da realuri paraleluri (araurTierTgadamkveTi) feno-
menebia (movlenebia) da, maSasadame, araviTari zemoqmedeba
ara aqvT erTimeoreze, vinaidan igi ver iZleva idealuris
axsnas realurTan kavSirSi. Tu arada rogor SeiZleba
raime kavSiri ar iyos adamianSi maT Soris. sxva sakiTxia
isic, rom es Teoria idealurs adamianSi realurisagan
damoukidebel mxared miiCnevs, rac, ra Tqma unda, sruliad
misaRebia. Tumca miuRebelia is, rom maT Soris kavSirs
adamianSi ar aRiarebs.
yovelive amis gamo erTaderTi swori gadawyveta
idealuris problemis adamianSi misi realurTan damoki-
debulebis aspeqtiT, ra Tqma unda, idealuris swored
idealisturi gagebaa. kerZod, es aris idealuris
(sulieris) zomier-idealisturi gageba materializmis
(realizmis) elementebiT (nawilebiT) anu idealuris
realurTan damokidebulebis iseTi gageba, roca es idea-
luri adamianSi miCneulia realuris ganmsazRvrelad,
magram realurs ki masSi idealuris mimarT garkveuli
ukuzemoqmedebac SeuZlia.
5. idealuris adgili yofierebaSi
idealuris (sulieris) adgilis gansazRvra yo-
fierebaSi gulisxmobs, jer erTi, imas, Tu ra saerTo aqvs
32
mas yofierebis sxva mxaresTan da, meorec, imas, Tu ra
gansxvaveba aqvs mas am mxaresTan, mokled rom vTqvaT,
yofierebis saerTo fonze misi Taviseburebis gansazRvras.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, upirveles yovlisa, unda
aRiniSnos, rom idealuri (sulieri) saerTod yofieris,
universaluris erT-erTi saxea, e.i. mas is saerTo aqvs
sinamdvilis danarCen sferosTan, rom igic iseve yofieria,
rogoric sinamdvilis sxva danarCeni sfero.
magram idealuri (sulieri), ra Tqma unda, yofieris,
universaluris gansakuTrebuli sferoa, romelic
gansxvavdeba sxva sferosagan.
is `danarCeni~ Tu sxva sfero, romelTanac raRac
saerToc aqvs da gansxvavebulic idealurs (suliers),
sxva araferia, Tu ara realuri (xorcieli).
idealuri (sulieri) saerTod yofieris, univer-
saluris ubralo saxe rodia, aramed gansakuTrebuli, ra
Tqma unda, realurTan (xorcielTan) SedarebiT, amitom
mas gansakuTrebuli adgili unda ekavos da ukavia kidec
yofierebaSi. xolo es gansakuTrebuloba gamoixateba
imaSi, rom idealuri yofierebis mTavari, ZiriTadi,
ganmsazRvreli mxarea. Tavis mxriv, idealuris (sulieris)
simTavre, ZiriTadoba, ganmsazRvreloba mis e.w. substan-
ciurobaSi (sawyisurobaSi) mdgomareobas.
yovelive amis gamo saWiroa odnav mainc substan-
ciurobis (sawyisurobis) sakiTxsac SevexoT.
33
 `substancia~ laTinuri terminia (sityvaa) da qar-
Tulad `arsebas~ niSnavs. yofierebis anu arsis substancia,
maSasadame, mis sawyiss anu safuZvels warmoadgens.
arsis substanciis cneba unda akmayofilebdes abso-
luturobis (upirobobis) pirobas. substancia raimeze
ar unda iyos damokidebuli, piriqiT, yvelaferi masze
unda iyos damokidebuli. aseTi ram ki idealuri SeiZleba
iyos da ara realuri, vinaidan erTaderTi absoluturi
arseba RmerTia, xolo RmerTi aris wminda idealuri
arseba, ufro zustad, - absoluturad idealuri arseba.
aqedan gamomdinare, marTalia, yovelgvari idealuri
substanciuri rodia, aramed mxolod – absoluturad
idealuri, magram es xels rodi uSlis idealuris substan-
ciurobas saerTod, maSin, rodesac realuri saerTod SeuZ-
lebelia iyos substanciuri Tavisi sruli relatiu-
robisa gamo.
imis gamo, rom substancia erTaderTi SeiZleba iyos
Tavisi swored absoluturobisa gamo, xolo aseTi sub-
stancia swored idealuria da ara realuri erTaderTi
swori Tvalsazrisic swored monisturi unda iyos, xolo
es monisturi Tvalsazrisi – swored idealizmi da ara
realizmi (materializmi).
saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom arsis sawyisis Taobaze
sxvadasxva Teoria arsebobs, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra oden-
obis sawyisia maTSi aRiarebuli – erTi, ori Tu mravali.
amis mixedviT gvaqvs Sesabamisad sami Teoria: monizmi
34
(Teoria, romelic mxolod erT sawyiss, substancias
aRiarebs), dualizmi (Teoria, romelic or sawyiss, subs-
tancias aRiareba) da pluralizmi (Teoria, romelic mra-
val sawyiss, substancias aRiarebs). amaTgan erTaderTi
swori Teoria, ra Tqma unda, monizmia, vinaidan substanciac
erTaderTi SeiZleba iyos da aris kidec – is, rac yove-
lives sawyisia, RmerTi. substancia xom uqmneli unda
iyos, yovelive danarCeni ki – misi qmnileba. is, rac yove-
lives sawyisia, Tavis Tavis sawyisicaa, vinaidan substancia
TavisTavadia, Tavis Tavis mizezi, TviTmizezi da ara
mxolod sxvaTa mizezi.
ra Tqma unda, monizmi samyaros saboloo sawyisis
Taobaze erTaderTi swori Tvalsazrisia, magram es imas
rodi niSnavs, dualizmisa da pluralizmis Teoriebic
ar iyon sworni nawilobriv, Tu maT Cven gaigebdiT ara
rogorc absoluturi sawyisis, aramed relatiuri sawyi-
sebis Teoriebs. am azriT dualizmi da pluralizmi ro-
di upirispirdeba monizmsac da erTi meoresac, vinaidan
aq monizmis saboloo, absoluturi sawyisis tolmniSvne-
lovan sawyisebze ki araa saubari, aramed masTan met-nak-
lebad SedarebiT (relatiur) sawyisebze. sxvagvarad SeuZ-
lebelicaa, vinaidan tolmniSvnelovani sawyisi logi-
kurad SeuZlebelia saboloo, absoluturi azriT erTze
meti iyos.
monizmi orgvari SeiZleba iyos – idealisturi da
realisturi (materialisturi), imisda mixedviT, Tu ra
35
gvaqvs aRiarebuli substanciad – idealuri Tu realuri
(materialuri). amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos is,
rom erTaderTi swori Tvalsazrisi idealisturi moniz-
mia anu Teoria idealuris erTsawyisianobisa. rac Seexeba
realistur (materialistur) monizms, es Teoria arasworia,
radgan igi realur (materialur) erTs aRiarebs sawyisad,
xolo realuri (materialuri) sawyisi, igi erTic rom
iyos, saboloo, absolutur sawyisad anu substanciuad
ar gamodgeba, radganac warmoebulia idealurisagan da
mas sawyisi idealurSi da ara Tavis TavSi aqvs. igi – es
sawyisi, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi mxolod relatiuri sawyisi
SeiZleba iyos da aris kidec, vinaidan yovelgvari mate-
rialuri (realuri) marTlac erTi materialurisagan –
saerTod materiisganaa warmoSobili.
ase rom, substancia (sawyisi), saboloo azriT, mxolod
idealuri SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan realuri (materialuri)
damokidebelia idealurze, idealuri ki TavisTavadia.
idealuris uaryofa SeuZlebelia, realurisa - ki, vinaidan
idealuris uaryofa isev idealuria, xolo materialuris
uaryofac – idealuri; idealuris warmodgena materialu-
ris gareSe SesaZlebelia, magram realurisa (materialu-
risa) idealuris gareSe – SeuZlebeli, vinaidan yovel-
gvar realurs win uswrebs misi idea (saxe), maSin rodesac
es idea SeiZleba idead darCes da arc realizebul
iqnas (ar ganxorcieldes).
36
6. idea luris filoso fiuri m oZRvr ebis
mniSvneloba adamianis cxovrebaSi
idealuris filosofiur moZRvrebas didi mniSvne-
loba aqvs adamianis cxovrebaSi. es mniSvneloba Teo-
riulic aris da praqtikulic.
idealuris filosofiuri moZRvrebis Teoriuli
mniSvneloba adamianis cxovrebaSi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom, jer erTi, igi Cven gvexmareba idealuris problemis
zogad gadaWraSi da, meorec, igi saSualebas gvaZlevs
idealuris sferosTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli sakiTxe-
bis zogad saduZvelTa kvlevaSi, xolo idealuris zogad-
filosofiuri problemebis amgvari Tu imgvari gadawyveta
safuZvels hqmnis am sakiTxTa swored amgvari Tu imgvari
gadawyvetisaTvis: Tu sworad iqna gagebuli idealuri
zogadi aspeqtiT (ganaseriT), maSin bunebrivia, sworad
iqneba mis safuZvelze gagebuli idealuris kerZo
sakiTxebic. asevev iqneboda es TviT zogadfilosofiuri
kvlevis farglebSic. ase, magaliTad, idealuris imgvari
gageba, ra drosac igi gagebulia rogorc yofierebis
pirve-ladi mxare, realurTan SedarebiT, Cven gvaiZulebs
yofierebis Teoriuli kvlevisas swored aRniSnul mxares
mivaniWoT mTavari yuradReba.
rac Seexeba idealuris filosofiuri moZRvrebis
praqtikul mniSvnelobas, adamianis cxovrebaSi, igi imdenad
mniSvnelovania, rom Cven idealuri cxovrebis da ara
37
marto idealuris saerTo warmarTvaSi gvexmareba. ase 7. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis
rom, aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba imas aqvs, Tu ramdenad `idealuri (sulieri)~
sworada gvaqvs gadawyvetili es Teoriuli problema,
vinaidan idealuris araswori gageba, ra Tqma unda, praq- i d eal ur i s cnebis ganmarteba
tikul cxovrebaSi gzas agvacdenda. ase magaliTad, Tu variantebi
Cven idealurs (suliers) mTavar orientiurad (gzis
maCveneblad) ar davsaxavdiT Cvens cxovrebaSi realurTan 1. idealuri (sulieri) aris zerealuri (zexorcieli)
(xorcielTan) materialurTan (nivTierTan) SedarebiT, da zegrZnobadi (zeempiriuli) yofiereba.
maSin araswori gziT warvmarTavdiT saqmis WeSmarit 2. idealuri subieqturi (subieqtiseuli) sinamdvilea.
viTarebas: idealuri xom yofierebis ufro maRali sfe-
roa, vidre realuri (materialuri). maSasadame, dabali idealuris Tvisebebi
unda daeqvemdebaros maRals da ara, piriqiT.
da bolos, imis gamo, rom, idealuri(sulieri) yofi- 1. subieqturoba, 2. zegrZnobadoba, 3. zedrouloba,
erebis ufro maRali safexuria, vidre realuri (xorci- 4. zevrceuloba, 5. ukvdavoba, 6. waruvaloba,
eli), materialuri (nivTieri), idealuris filosofiuri 7. usasruloba, 8. arsebiToba.
moZRvrebis mniSvnelobac meti unda iyos realuris
(materialuris) filosofiurive moZRvrebis winaSe idealuris saxeebi
rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli mniSvnelobiTac.
ase rom, rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli aspeq- 1. RvTaebrivi suli 2. araRvTaebrivi suli
tiTac idealurs gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs yofi-
erebaSi. 1. zesTasofluri suli 2. zeciuri suli
3. qveyniuri suli

1. mcenareuli suli, 2. cxoveluri suli,

3. adamianuri suli, 4. angelozuri suli,
5. RvTaebrivi suli.

38 39
 fsiqikuris (mSvinvieris) saxeebi
1. aracnobieri (qvecnobieri) fsiqikuri
2. cnobieri fsiqikuri
termin `cnobierebis~ sinonimebi
1. `goniereba~, 2. `Segneba~, 3. `azrovneba~,
4. `mizandasaxuloba~
cnobierebis cnebis ganmarteba
variantebi
cnobiereba aris TviTcodna, anu codnis codna.
cnobiereba aris Tancodna, romelsac Tan isev
codna axlavs.
cnobiereba ormagi codnaa, anu codnis codna.
cnobiereba `meore rigis~ codnaa.
cnobiereba Segnebuli codnaa.
cnobiereba Segnebaa.
adamianis cnobierebis saxeebi
1. adamianis cnobiereba
2. adamianis TviTcnobiereba
40
1. adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebi (SegrZnebani, aRqmani,
warmodgenani, cnebani, msjelobani, daskvnani)
2. adamianis SefasebiTi unarebi (grZnobebi, emociebi)
3. adamianis nebelobiTi unarebi
substanciis cneba
variantebi
substancia aris is, saidanac yovelive iRebs saTaves,
anu is, rac yvelafris mizezia.
substancia yovelives arsebaa.
substancia yovelives sawyisia.
substancia yovelives Ziria.
substanciis (sawyisis) Teoriebi
1. monizmi - erTi substanciis Teoria
2. dualizmi - ori substanciis Teoria
3. pluralizmi - mravali substanciis Teoria
idealuris (sulieris) saxeebi
1. faqtiur-idealuri anu iseTi, rogoric igi aris
an ar aris
2. aqsiur-idealuri anu iseTi, rogoric igi unda
iyos, an ar unda iyos
41
 1. idealuri rogorc ararealuri (arasagnobrivi)
2. idealuri rogorc normatiuli (jerovani)
3. idealuri rogorc sakuTriv idealuri
1. socialur-idealuri anu idealuri sazogadoebis
masStabiT
2. koleqtiur-idealuri anu idealuri koleqtivis
(jgufis) masStabiT
3. individualur-idealuri anu idealuri adamia-
nuri individis masStabiT
idealurisa da realuris
urTierTdamokidebulebis Teoriebi
1. idealizmi, romlis Tanaxmadac idealuri
gansazRvravs realurs
2. fsiqo-fizikuri paralelizmi, romlis Tanaxmadac
idealuri (`fsiqikuri~) da realuri (`fizikuri~)
erTmaneTze ar zemoqmedeben
3. realizmi, romlis Tanaxmadac realuri gan-
sazRvravs idealurs
42
Tavi 2 (6). realuri (xorcieli)
gegma
1 . realuris cneba
2. realuris niSan-Tvisebani (dro-sivrce;
moZraoba)
3. realuris struqtura (Semadgenloba)
4. zogadad realobis ZiriTad saxeTa
Sesaxeb
5. materia rogorc realoba
6. veli rogorc realoba
7. praqtika rogorc realoba
8. realuris adgili yofierebaSi
1. realuris cneba
realuris cneba mravali mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba
vixmaroT.
erTi mniSvnelobiT realuri saerTod yofiers,
arsebuls niSnavs. es aris realuris yvelaze farTo
mniSvneloba.
meore mniSvnelobiT realuri araidealurs, ara-
suliers, xorciels niSnavs. es realuris ufro viwro
mniSvnelobaa.
43
 realuris viwro mniSvneloba gveqneboda maSinac,
Tu mas namdvilis, aramoCvenebiTis mniSvnelobiT
gavigebdiT.
realuri pirveli mniSvnelobiT moicavs rogorc
realurs meore mniSvnelobiT, ise realurs mesame mniSvne-
lobiTac.
realurs Cven am SemTxvevaSi misi meore mniSvne-
lobiT, e.i. araidealuris, arasulieris mniSvnelobiT
vxmarobT.
realuri (xorcieli) saerTod universaluris (yofi-
eris) erT-erTi saxea.
termini (sityva) realuri laTinuri warmoSobisaa
da igi qarTulad `nivTiers~ niSnavs (laT. realis – nivTi-
eri). masve niSnavs terminic `materialuri~ (laT. materialis
– nivTieri). magram imis gamo, rom Cveulebriv, `idealurs~
`realurs~ Seupirispirebdnen xolme da ara ‘materialurs~,
amitom `araidealuris~ (arasulieris) aRsaniSnavad umjo-
besia swored `realuri~ vixmaroT, vidre `materialuri~.
miTumetes, rom materialuri araidealuris erT-erTi
mxarea da ara mTlianad araidealuri. filosofosebi,
kerZod, materiasTan erTad kidev araidealuris sxva
formebad (saxeebad) velsac da praqtikasac asaxeleben.
ase rom, materia (nivTiereba), veli da praqtika gaerTia-
nebuli xdeba swored realobis cnebaSi.
realuri (xorcieli) obieqturi (subieqtis gare-
Se) sinamdvilea. es aris sulis gareSe sinamdvile yovelive,
44
rac sulis gareTaa, mokled, arasulieri yofiereba,
sulismiRma yofiereba saerTod, e.i. yovelive, rac mxolod
sulieri ar aris.
magram realuri (xorcieli) sxva mxriv kidev aris
grZnobadi (empiriuli) sinamdvile, e.i. grZnobis organo-
ebiT wvdomadi sinamdvile.
rogorc vxedavT, Cven aq gvaqvs realuris (xor-
cielis) cnebis ganmarteba ori sxvadasxva kuTxiT –
ontologiuri da gnoseologiuri kuTxiT, pirveli yofie-
rebis, obieqturi kuTxiT warmoadgens realuris cnebis
ganmartebas, meore ki – Semecnebis, subieqturi kuTxiT.
ase rom, realuri (xorcieli) obieqturi (subieq-
tis gareSe) da empiriuli (grZnobadi) sinamdvilea.
aseTia realuris (xorcielis) cnebis ganmarteba.
2. realuris niSan-Tvisebani (dro-sivrce;
moZraoba)
realuris (xorcielis) Tvisebebi zogadad da kerZod
SeiZleba davyoT.
realuris (xorcielis) zogadi niSan-Tvisebebia misi
obieqturoba (sagnobrioba) da empiriuloba (grZnobadoba).
xolo rac Seexeba realuris (xorcielis) kerZo
niSan-Tvisebebs, upirveles yovlisa, unda gamoiyos misi
iseTi niSan-Tviseba, rogoricaa droiToba, droSi arseboba.
45
 realuris (xorcielis) kerZo niSan-Tvisebaa agreTve
misi vrceuloba, sivrceSi arseboba.
es ori niSan-Tviseba ganapirobebs realuris (xor-
cielis) sxva iseT kerZo Tvisebebsac, rogorebicaa warmav-
loba da mokvdaoba. realuri, marTlac, swored xom imiT
unda gansxvavdebodes idealurisagan, rom igi sasrulia
drosa da sivrceSi. drosa da sivrceSi sasruloba ki
sxva araferia, Tu ara swored warmavloba da mokvdaoba.
maSasadame, realuri sasrulic yofila. esec erT-
erTi kerZo niSan-Tvisebaa realurisa.
unda aRvniSnoT kidev erTi kerZo niSan-Tviseba
realurisa, saxeldobr, misi movlenobrioba, araarsebiToba,
ra Tqma unda, idealurTan (sulierTan) SedarebiT, vinaidan
realuri swored rom gamovlenaa misi arsebisa - idealu-
risa. realuri xom idealuris xorcSesxmaa da meti arafe-
ri. idealuri xom `suli da gulia~ realurisa. gamomdina-
re aqedan, realurs rogorc idealuris gamovlenas, ro-
gorc movlenas axasiaTebs yvela is Tviseba, rac damaxasia-
Tebelia movlenisaTvis sawinaaRmdegod idealurisa,
kerZod, araTavisTavadoba (gansazRvruloba), araZireuloba,
garegnuloba.
realuris (xorcielis) am niSan-Tvisebas (ara-arsebi-
Tobas) didi mniSvneloba aqvs realuris gasagebad, kerZod,
misi adgilis gasarkvevad yofierebis saerTo struqturaSi,
vinaidan swored mis safuZvelze dgindeba realuris
meoradoba idealurTan SedarebiT. marTlac, Tu idea-
46
lursa da realurs Soris idealuri aris arseba, xolo
realuri – movlena, maSin, bunebrivia, pirveladi iqneba
idealuri da ara realuri, vinaidan arseba gansazRvravs
movlenas, xolo movlena damokidebulia arsebaze, gan-
sazRvrulia misiT.
dabolos, unda SevexoT realuris (xorcielis) kidev
erT kerZo niSan-Tvisebasac, rogoricaa moZraoba.
moZraoba igive cvalebadobaa, cvalebadoba ki yovel-
gvari qmnilebis niSan-Tvisebaa da ara marto realurisa.
ase rom, absoluturad ucvleli mxolod erTi RmerTia.
magram rodesac moZraobaze vlaparakobT, saubaria
relatiur moZraobaze. marTlac, relatiur samyaroSi
yvelaferi xom relatiuri unda iyos, ris gamoc moZraobac
rogorc realuris kerZo niSan-Tviseba idealuris mimarT
moZraobas gulisxmobs, kerZod, imqveyniur-idealurTan
SedarebiT. am SemTxvevaSi idealuri qmnilebis sfero
realuri qmnilebis sferosTan SedarebiT ucvleli iqneba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom igive cvalebadi iqneba RmerTTan
SedarebiT, romelic absoluturad uZrav mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba.
rogorc vxedavT, arsebobs rogorc uZraoba, ucvle-
loba, ise moZraoba, cvalebadoba. amasTan uZraoba SeiZleba
iyos, rogorc absoluturi, ise relatiuri, xolo moZraoba
– mxolod relatiuri, absoluturi moZraoba SeuZlebelia,
vinaidan winaaRmdegobrivi ramaa imitom, rom moZraoba,
cvalebadoba naklovani samyaros Tvisebaa da ara unak-
47
losi. unaklo arsebas moZraoba-cvalebadoba ar sWirdeba,
radganac unakloa. aseTi ki mxolod RmerTia da amitomac
igi absoluturi arsebaa, igi xom Tavisi unaklobis gamo
cvlilebas ar saWiroebs. aseTi ram ewinaaRmdegeba RvTis
cnebas.
uZraobis absoluturoba gulisxmobs ucvlelobas
yovelmxriv, uZraobis relatiurobaa (fardobiToba) ki –
ucvlelobas raime mxriv, raimesTan SedarebiT. rac See-
xeba moZraobis relatiurobas (fardobiTobas), igi gulisx-
mobs cvalebadobas raimes mxriv, raRac mimarTebiT,
raimesTan SedarebiT.
naTqvamidan gamomdinare, naTeli unda iyos, Tu ras
gulisxmobs moZraoba-cvalebadoba, rogorc realuris
kerZo-specifikuri niSan-Tviseba, saxeldobr, idealurTan
SedarebiT moZraobas, Torem Tavad realuris SigniT
uZraobasac SeiZleba hqondes adgili. aqedan isic naTeli
unda iyos, Tu ras niSnavs idealuris uZraobac, ucvle-
lobac, saxeldobr, realurTan SedarebiT uZraobas (Torem
masSiac SeiZleba adgili hqondes moZraobasac, oRond
sxva mimarTebiT).
moZraobis, aseve, Sesabamisad uZraobis, uamravi saxe
arsebobs, imisda mixedviT, Tu arsebulis ra sferozea
msjeloba. ase, magaliTad, arsebobs idealuri moZraoba
da realuri moZraoba (aseve uZraobac). pirveli idealuris
sferoSi mimdinare cvalebadobaa, meore - realurisaSi
(uZraobac – Sesabamisad).
48
arsebobs agreTve bunebrivi (naturaluri) da sazoga-
doebrivi (socialuri) moZraoba (aseve uZraobac), Sesaba-
misad, bunebisa Tu sazogadoebis sferoSi.
gamoyofen kidev meqanikur, fizikur, qimiur, biotur
da socialuri moZraobis formebs (saxeebs), dawyebuls
ubralo adgilgadanacvlebidan da damTavrebuls TviT
azrovnebiT (igive iTqmis oRond, sawinaaRmdegod, uZraobis
formebzec (saxeebzec) Sesabamisad).
moZraoba saerTod imdeni saxisaa, ramdeni saxisacaa
Tavad realuric (xorcielic). ase rom saqme Tavad am
realuris saxeebad dayofaa da moZraobis saxeebad dayo-
fac amiT gadawydeba. moZraobis saxeebi zustad emTxveva
saerTod realuris saxeebs. igive iTqmis uZraobis saxe-
ebzec realobis saxeebTan dakavSirebiT.
3. realuris struqtura (Semadgenloba)
realoba saerTod rogorc idealuris (sulieris)
miRmuri sinamdvile, uamrav saxed SeiZleba daiyos, magram
Cven gamovyofT am saxeTa mxolod ramdenime aspeqts
(ganasers).
upirveles yovlisa, SeiZleba gamovyoT bunebrivi
da sazogadoebrivi relobani, anu, sxvagvarad, bunebasa da
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli realobani, ufro zustad, bune-
bisa da sazogadoebis realuri (araidealuri) mxareebi.
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos is, rom arc bunebaa
49
mTlad realuri da arc sazogadoeba mTlad idealuri.
erTSiac da meoreSiac aris rogorc erTi, ise meore
mxarec.
bunebrivsa da sazogadoebriv realobas Soris, ra
Tqma unda, msgavsebacaa da gansxvavebac. msgavseba imaSia,
rom orive realobaa, e.i. drosa da sivrceSi arsebulia,
xolo gansxvaveba – imaSi, rom pirveli aracnobieri, cnobie-
rebis gareSe, Seugnebeli, Segnebis gareSe realobaa, maSin
rodesac meore - piriqiT, cnobieri, Segnebuli realoba;
pirveli cnobierebis gareSe ZalTa moqmedebis Sedegia,
xolo meore – cnobier ZalTan moqmedebis Sedegi.
rogorc vxedavT, buneba rodi daiyvaneba mxolod
sazogadoebis gareSe realobaze, aramed moicavs agreTve
sazogadoebis gareSe idealobasac, kerZod, mcenareulsa
da cxovelur suls, e.i. buneba unda ganvixiloT mTeli
Tavisi realobiTac da idealobiTac.
aseve sazogadoebac ar daiyvaneba mxolod adamianur-
idealur, sulier mxareze, aramed igi moicavs agreTve
masTan erTad adamianur-realur, xorciel mxaresac.
realuri SeiZleba davyoT bunebrivi da sazoga-
doebrivi realobis garda, agreTve 1) mineralur, 2) mce-
nareul, 3) cxovelur da 4) adamianur sferoebad. amgvari
dayofisas, mineraluri, mcenareuli da cxoveluri rea-
lobani bunebrivi realobis qvesaxeebi iqneba, xolo adamia-
nuri realoba, - ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebrivi realobis
qvesaxe.
50
dabolos, Cven unda SevexoT realobis dayofas iseT
saxeebad, rogorebicaa: 1) materialuri (nivTobrivi), 2) ve-
liseuli da 3) praqtikuli (moqmedebiTi) realobani. rea-
luris am sami saxidan pirveli – materialur-realuri
da veliseul-realuri bunebriv-realuris qvesaxeebi iqneba,
mesame ki - sazogadoebriv-realuris qvesaxe.
imis gamo, rom realuris es sami saxe – materia (niv-
Tiereba), veli da praqtika, misi mniSvnelovani, ZiriTadi
saxeebia, Cvenc dawvrilebiT SevexebiT maT.
4. zogadad realobis ZiriTad saxeTa Sesaxeb
realoba rogorc araidealuri yofiereba sam Ziri-
Tad saxed iyofa. esenia: materia, veli, praqtika. aqedan
materia da veli bunebrivi, naturaluri realobania. praq-
tika ki – sazogadoebrivi, socialuri realoba. sxva sity-
vebiT, materia da veli fizikuri realobania, praqtika ki,
aqedan gamomdinare, - arafizikuri realoba.
materiasa, velsa da praqtikas Soris is saerToa, rom
samive maTgani, saxeldobr, realobis ZiriTidi saxea. es
imas niSnavs, rom isini ganekuTvnebian grZnobad-sagnobriv
yofierebas: grZnobads (empiriuls) imdenad, ramdenadac
samiveni grZnobis organoebiT, SegrZnebis meSveobiT miiwv-
domebian, xolo sagnobrivs (obieqturs) imdenad, ramdenadac
sulisgareSe yofierebas, xorciel movlenebs warmoad-
genen. sxva sityvebiT, gnoseologiurad (Semecnebis
51
Teoriulad) samive grZnobadi (empiriuli) sinamdvilea,
ontologiurad (yofierebis Teoriulad) ki – obieqturi
anu sagnobrivi, e.i. subieqtis gareSe, arasulieri, xorcieli
sinamdvile.
magram materiasa, velsa da praqtikas Soris, ra Tqma
unda, gansxvavebacaa: materia korpuskulur (nawilakur)
warmonaqmnTa erTobliobaa, veli - talRur warmonaqmnTa
erToblioba, xolo praqtika – sazogadoebriv (socialur)
grZnobad-qmediT warmonaqmnTa erToblioba. mokled,
materia sxeulia (sxeulebia), veli – talRa (talRebi),
praqtika – sazogadoebriv-grZnobadi moqmedeba (moqme-
debani).
realobis yvela ZiriTado forma (saxe), rogoradac
ar unda davyoT isini, erTianobas qmnian. kerZod, erTianobas
qmnian bunebrivi, naturaluri da sazogadoebrivi, socia-
luri realobani TavianTi konkretuli gamovlinebebiT
– materiiTa da veliT, erTis mxriv, da praqtikiT, meores
mxriv. isini kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. ase rom, realobis
erTianoba misi formebis (saxeebis) kavSirSi gamoixateba,
xolo am kavSiris safuZvels maTi msgavseba warmoadgens,
iseve rogorc maTi gankerZoebulobisas – maTive gansx-
vaveba. sxva sityvebiT, realoba gansxvavebulTa msgavsebaa,
gankerZoebulTa kavSiria, simravlis erTianobaa, kerZod,
bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi realobebis, materiis, velis,
praqtikis rogorc gansxvavebulTa msgavsebaa, maTi ro-
52
gorc gankerZoebulTa kavSiria, maTi rogorc simravlis
erTianobaa.
bunebrivi realobac da sazogadoebrivi realobac
Tav-Tavis mxriv, saerTod realobis erTianobidan gamom-
dinare, erTiania TavianT am qvedanayofebSiac mTeli maTi
konkretuli gamovlinebebiT. kerZod, es gamoxatulebas
hpovebs am realobaTa mTeli konkretuli gamovlinebebis
urTierTkavSirSi. es urTierTkavSiri urTierTgardaqmnis
saxesac ki Rebulobs. magaliTad, bunebrivi realobis
SemTxvevaSi cnobilia velis materiad da materiis velad
gardaqmnis faqti. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sazogadoebrivi
realobis SemTxvevaSiac praqtikis formebzec.
realobis sam aRniSnul ZiriTad formas `urTi-
erTgadasvla~ da `urTierTSeRweva~ axasiaTebs. es imas
niSnavs, rom arcerTi maTgani ar imyofeba Tavis mkacr
sazRvrebSi. isini urTierTqmedebis Sedegad `iWrebian~
erTmaneTis sazRvrebSi. iseve rogorc es iTqmis bunebisa
da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebaze zogadad
(sxvaa buneba sazogadoebis gareSe da sazogadoebasTan
kavSirSi da sazogadoebac bunebis gareSe da bunebasTan
kavSirSi), aseve sul sxvaa materia da veli adamianis
praqtikuli (grZnobad-saqmianobiTi) zemoqmedebis Sedegad
da mis gareSe, agreTve praqtikis sferoc materiisa da
velis zemoqmedebisa Tu am zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi.
gansakuTrebiT ufro aqtiuria es zemoqmedeba bunebriv
da sazogadoebriv realobaTa Soris, sazogadoebrivi
53
realobis mxriv. kerZod, sazogadoeba Tavis praqtikaSi
ara mxolod mzamzareulad moixmars bunebriv materiasa
da vels, aramed Tavadac qmnis xelovnur materiasac da
velsac, magaliTad, teqnikis moRwevaTa saxiT. ase rom,
sazogadoebrivi praqtika Tavisi `wminda~ formiT ki ar
arsebobs, aramed misi nawili xdeba bunebrivi realobis
rogorc mzamzareuli, ise xelovnurad Seqmnili formebi.
realobis sam aRniSnul formas – materias, velsa
da praqtikas Soris yvelaze dabali formaa materia, ufro
maRali – veli, xolo yvelaze maRali – praqtika.
is, rom praqtika realobis umaRlesi safexuria mate-
riasa da velTan SedarebiT, es iqidanac gamomdinareobs,
rom praqtika sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) realobaa, mate-
ria da veli ki – bunebrivi (naturaluri) realoba, xolo
sazogadoebrivi movlena, ra Tqma unda, ufro maRalia,
vidre bunebrivi movlena. sazogadoeba xom bunebaze maRla
dgas.
rac Seexeba bunebrivi realobis SigniT velis upi-
ratesobas materiasTan SedarebiT, yofierebis safexuris
mxriv, es upiratesoba imaSiac Cans, rom rac ufro Rrmad
SevdivarT mikrobunebaSi – e.w. elementarul anu suba-
tomur bunebaSi, miT ufro `xelSi gvadneba~ materia da
igi `qreba~, adgils uTmobs ra vels. materia xom makros-
kopul doneze Cans mxolod, maSin rodesac veli – mikros-
kopuli Semecnebisa da makroskopuli Semecnebis donezec.
54
realobis sam aRniSnul ZiriTad saxes Soris materi-
aca da praqtikac filosofiaSi imTaviTve cnobili iyo,
xolo veli XIX saukuneSi aRmoaCines. es materiasa da
praqtikasTan SedarebiT misi Semecnebis ufro meti
siZneliT iyo gamowveuli.
realobis Sesaxeb filosofiuri moZRvreba unda
ganvasxvaoT misave Sesaxeb kerZo-mecnieruli Sexedu-
lebisagan, vinaidan filosofia realuris zogad suraTs
gvaZlevs, maSin rodesac kerZo mecnierebani realuris
swored kerZo suraTs gviqmnian, ris gamoc realuris
filosofiuri moZRvreba realuris kerZo-mecnieruli
moZRvrebisagan gansxvavebiT ucvlelia, xolo realuris
kerZo-mecnieruli moZRvreba filosofiur moZRvrebasTan
SedarebiT – cvalebadi. am cvalebadobis gamoxatuleba
iyo swored velis rogorc realobis aRmoCenac, e.i. rea-
lobis saxeTa Sesaxeb kerZo-mecnieruli codna ganviTa-
rebisda kvalad Seicvala. amitom gamoricxuli araa
realobis kidev sxva formebis aRmoCenac. magram realobis
kerZo mxareTa Sesaxeb suraTis cvlileba ver Secvlis
realobis zogad suraTs, ra Tqma unda, Tu realobis am
or – kerZo da zogad suraTs Soris Sesabamisobaa WeS-
maritebis mxriv.
55
 5. materia rogorc realoba
materia msgavsad realobis sxva formebis – velisa
da praqtikisa, ra Tqma unda, obieqturi (sagnobrivi) sinamd-
vilea. obieqturoba – subieqtis gareSeoba, subieqtis ga-
reT arseboba misi upirvelesi gvareobiTi niSan-Tvisebaa,
rac mas saerTo aqvs velTan da praqtikasTan.
magram materia, msgavsebasTan erTad, gansxvavebulicaa
realobis sxva formaTagan, e.i. mas axasiaTebs kerZo Tavise-
burebac, specifikac.
`materia~ laTinuri sityvaa (`Materia~) da qarTulad
`nivTierebas~ niSnavs, xolo `materialuri~ (`ma-terialis~)
– `nivTiers~. Tavad saxeli (termini) am cnebisa bevrs
rames gveubneba `materiis~ cnebis Sesaxeb, kerZod ki, imas,
rom saqme gvaqvs sxeulebriv, korporalur (laT. “corporalis”
- `sxeulebrivi~) realobasTan. mokled, materia (nivTiere-
ba) nivTebis (sxeulebis) erTobliobaa, xolo materialuri
(nivTieri) – sxeulebrivi realoba, ufro mokled, materia
(nivTiereba) sxeulebriobaa.
aseTia materiis cnebis gansazRvreba.
am gansazRvrebidan Cans, rom materia yovelgvari
realobisagan swored misi sxeulebriobiT gansxvavdeba.
es aris misi specifika (Tavisebureba), gansxvavebiT velisa-
gan Tu praqtikisagan, vinaidan arc vels da arc praqtikas
sxeulebrivi buneba ar gaaCnia.
56
magram raSi gamoixateba konkretulad materiis
sxeulebrioba?
amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoyofen xolme materiis or
iseT arsebiT niSans, rogorebicaa wyvetiloba (diskretu-
loba) da Seuvaloba (SeuRwevadoba). da marTlac, nebismie-
ri nivTi, jer-erTi, gamoyofilia sxva nivTTagan da, meorec,
erTi nivTis adgilas sxva nivTi ver moTavsdeba.
da kidev gamoyofen materiis or iseT arsebiT niSan-
sac, rogorebicaa misi korpuskuluroba da uZraobis ma-
sa. kerZod, materia korpuskulebisagan, e.i. nawilakebisagan
Sedgeba da uZraobis masa gaaCnia.
aRniSnuli oTxi niSan-Tviseba ganasxvavebs nivTi-
erebas (materias) velisgan. magram es gansxvaveba pirobiTia
(relatiuria) da mas Zala aqvs mxolod makroskopul
doneze, maSin rodesac mikroskopul doneze igi Zalas
hkargavs.
es garemoeba erTxel kidev miuTiTebs materiis ara-
substanciurobaze (arasawyisurobaze), vinaidan materia
garkveul pirobebSi gadaiqceva velad da, piriqiT, veli
– materiad, e.i. SeiZleba `gahqres~ da `warmoiSvas~ kidec,
rac ewinaaRmdegeba substanciis (sawyisis) upirobobas
(absoluturobas), e.i. Tu SesaZlebelia materia erT
pirobebSi iyos, xolo meoreSi - ara, maSin igi, bunebrivia,
verc iqneba yovelives sawyisi. amas ki imitom aRvniSnavT,
rom materialistebi swored materias miiCneven yovelives
sawyisad, rac arasworia.
57
 materia imitomac ver iqneba substancia (sawyisi),
rom igi inertulobiT xasiaTdeba. materia TavisTavad
mkvdaria. mas sicocxle mxolod garedan SeiZleba mieni-
Wos. mas Sinagani aqtivoba (moqmedebis unari) ar gaaCnia,
amitomac igi, bunebrivia, substancia (sawyisi) ver iqneba,
vinaidan substanciis absoluturobas ewinaaRmdegeba.
absoluturi (upirobo) rogor SeiZleba iyos inertuli
ram, es xom uazroba iqneboda? inertuli materia xom
mTlianad damokidebulia aqtiur (TviTmoqmed) idealur
sawyisze. xorcielis Semoqmedi sulieria, xorcieli
sulieris warmoebulia.
is, rom materia ver iqneba substancia (sawyisi) im
mxrivac Cans, rom materia relatiuria (fardobiTia) Sem-
mecnebeli subieqtis (piris) mimarT. es imas niSnavs, rom
materiis suraTi damokidebulia Semmecneblis poziciaze
(midgomaze), imaze, Tu ra pirobebSi akvirdeba igi mas. ase
rom, erTi da igive materia sxvadasxva pirobebSi sxvadasxva
Semmecneblis mier sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqmeba. da saerTodac,
materia (nivTiereba) damkvirveblisTvis mxolod makros-
kopuli TvalTaxedviT arsebobs, vinaidan mikroskopul
doneze massa da vels Soris sxvaoba hqreba, iSleba, gamodis,
rom materia am mxrivac absoluturi (upirobo) ar yofila.
maSasadame, igi substanciad (sawyisad) verc gamodgeba.
materia uamravi saxiT arsebobs. igi sxvadasxva prin-
cipiT sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba davyoT. ase, magaliTad,
SeiZleba gamovyoT araorganuli da organuli materia,
58
imisda mixedviT, `mkvdaria~ Tu `cocxali~ igi. anda SeiZ-
leba gamovyoT kidev bunebrivi (naturaluri) da sazoga-
doebrivi (socialuri) materia, imisda mixedviT, bunebis
(naturis) produqtia (Sedegia) es materia Tu sazogadoebis
( sociumisa). SeiZleba agreTve gamovyoT mikro-, makro-
da mega-materia, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria materiis
`zoma~. da bolos, SeiZleba gamovyoT, magaliTad, minera-
luri, mcenareuli, cxoveluri da adamianuri materia,
imisda mixedviT, Tu rasTan da visTanaa dakavSirebuli
es materia – mineralTan, mcenaresTan, cxovelTan Tu
adamianTan.
am ukanasknel dayofasTan dakavSirebiT unda SevniS-
noT is, rom aq Cven gvaqvs materiis dalageba aRmaval
safexurebad imisda mixedviT, usuloa Tu sulieri da
Tu sulieria, maSin ramdenad maRalia es materia Tavisi
mdgomareobiT. am mxriv, usuloa mineraluri materia, xolo
sulieri – sxva danarCeni. oRond gansxvavebuli da Tan
aRmavali xaziT. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, rom
materia TavisTavad SeuZlebelia iyos sulieri, Tan mTeli
gradaciiT (xarisxiT) da rom yovelive es im azriTaa
naTqvami, rom aRniSnuli materiebi sulis ama Tu im
saxesTanaa dakavSirebuli.
aq unda SevniSnoT isic, rom, rodesac laparakia
`adamianur materiaze~, masSi igulisxmeba adamianis ara
mxolod bunebriv-materialuri mxare, aramed sazogado-
ebriv-materialuri mxarec, radgan yovelive, rac mate-
59
rialurad dakavSirebulia adamianTan, gulisxmobs ara
mxolod imas, rac adamianma bunebisgan miiRo sxeulis
saxiT, aramed isic, rac man Tavis mxriv SesZina mas sazo-
gadoebrivi procesis Sedegad, mokled rom vTqvaT, isic,
rac Seqmnilia Tavad adamianis mier materiis saxiT.
materiaze msjelobisas araviTar SemTxvevaSi gverdi
ar SeiZleba avuaroT iseT sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa `materia
da dro da sivrce~ da `materia da moZraoba~.
materia rogorc realoba, ra Tqma unda, drosa da
sivrceSi arsebobs. es imdenad didmniSvnelovani maxasia-
Teblebia materiisa, rom zogjer mas aseT formulirebasac
ki aZleven: dro da sivrce materiis arsebobis formebiao,
e.i. dro da sivrce materiis arsebobis `saxeebiao~, anu
sxvagvarad, materia mxolod droisa da sivrcis formiT,
droisa da sivrcis saxiT arsebobso. da es, ra Tqma unda,
sworia, oRond im damatebiT, rom dro da sivrce ara
mxolod materiis, aramed velisa da praqtikis arsebobis
formebicaa.
MmaSasadame, dro da sivrce materiis arsebobis auci-
lebeli formebia, vinaidan igi maT gareSe SeuZlebelia
arsebobdes. da marTlac, materia (nivTiereba) droSic
arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac materialuri sagnebi anu
nivTebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT, erTimeoris Semdgom
arian ganlagebulni da sivrceSic – imdenad, ramdenadac
es nivTebi garkveulad Tanaarseboben erTmaneTTan, anu
garkveulad erTimeoris gverdiT arseboben. dro xom
60
saganTa Tanamimdevrobis, erTimeoris Semdgom arsebobis
wesia, iseve rogorc sivrce – saganTa Tanaarsebobis, erTi-
meoris gverdiT arsebobis wesi. ase rom, materiac am
droisa da sivrcis wess emorCileba.
materiis arseboba drosa da sivrceSi metad mniSvne-
lovan rames gveubneba ukiduresi materialistebis wina-
aRmdeg, romlebic materias substanciad (yovelives sawyi-
sad) miiCneven, vinaidan materiis drosa da sivrceSi arse-
boba mis drosa da sivrceSi sasrulobas moaswavebs, rac
ewinaaRmdegeba mis substanciurobas (yovlis sawyisu-
robas). substancia rogorc absoluturi (upirobo) ram
xom usasrulo unda iyos. da marTlac, materiis drosa
da sivrceSi arseboba materiis swored droisa da sivrcis
`marwuxebSi~ moqcevas gulisxmobs; Tu nebismieri materia
kerZod drosa da sivrceSi sasrulia, e.i. aqvs Tavisi da-
sawyisi da Tavisi dasasruli rogorc droSi, ise sivrceSi,
maSin ratom ar unda iyos materiac saerTod, zogadad
aseve drosa da sivrceSi sasruli, anu dasawyisisa da
dasasrulis mqone? sxvagvarad SeuZlebelicaa, vinaidan
rogoricaa erTeuli materia, iseTive unda iyos zogadi
materiac. zogadi xom erTeulTa msgavsi mxarea.
rac Seexeba moZraobas materiasTan mimarTebiT, moZ-
raoba, rogorc amas Cveulebriv aRniSnaven xolme, materiis
arsebobis wesia, misi atributia, rac imas niSnavs, rom ar
arsebobs materia moZraobis gareSe, rom moZraoba, maSa-
sadame, materiis aucilebeli niSan-Tvisebaa. da marT-lac,
61
moZraoba anu cvalebadoba materiis rogorc realobis
aranakleb mniSvnelovani niSan-Tvisebaa, vidre droul-
vrceuloba. Tumca aqve unda SevniSnoT isic, rom moZraoba
(cvalebadoba) ara marto materiis arsebobis wesia anu
atributi, aramed saerTod yovelgvari qmnilebisa, gansakuT-
rebiT ki realuri qmnilebisa.
materiis moZraobis mravali saxe arsebobs, magram
SeiZleba gamovyoT misi iseTi ZiriTadi formebi (saxeebi),
rogorebicaa: meqanikuri, fizikuri, qimiuri, bioturi, socia-
luri (sazogadoebrivi).
es saxeebi dalagebulia aRmavali principiT martivi-
dan rTulisaken, dablidan maRlisaken. yoveli Semdgomi
forma (saxe) materiis moZraobisa ufro rTuli da maRalia,
e.i. gulisxmobs wina formas, arcerTi Semdgomi forma
ar daiyvaneba winaze, vinaidan metia masze.
materiis moZraobis meqanikuri forma gulisxmobs
mis gadaadgilebas sivrceSi, adgilgadanacvlebas masSi.
rac Seexeba materiis moZraobis fizikur da qimiur for-
mebs, maT Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi
cvlileba ar iwvevs nivTierebis e.w. agregatuli mdgoma-
reobis Secvlas, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – iwvevs mas. Semdgom,
materiis bioturi moZraobis forma gulisxmobs cocxali
materiis cvalebadobas. dabolos, materiis socialuri
(sazogadoebrivi) moZraobis forma gulisxmobs materiis
cvalebadobas adamianTa cxovrebis sferoSi.
62
6. veli rogorc realoba
veli, iseve rogorc materia da praqtika, realobis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxea.
realuroba is saerTo, msgavsi niSan-Tvisebaa, rac
vels akavSirebs rogorc materiasTan, ise praqtikasTan.
velis es realuroba mis obieqturobas, e.i. sagnobriobas
anu misi subieqtisgareSeobas niSnavs.
magram vels am saerTo, gvareobiTi niSan-Tvisebis
garda gaaCnia is kerZo saxeobiTi niSan-Tvisebanic, rom-
lebic gamokveTen mis Tviseburebas gansxvavebiT materi-
isagan da praqtikisagan. es gansxvaveba velisa praqtikisagan
materiis msgavsad isaa, rom veli materiasTan erTad fizi-
kuri realobaa, xolo praqtika maTgan gansxvavebiT – so-
cialuri (sazogadoebrivi) realoba.
rac Seexeba velis gansxvavebas materiisagan, igi Sem-
degSi mdgomareobs: veli es arasxeulebrivi fizikuri
realobaa, romelsac uwyvetoba, SeRwevadoba, talRobrioba
da masis arqona axasiaTebs.
veli upirveles yovlisa imiT gansxvavdeba materi-
isgan, rom igi kontinualuri, e.i. uwyveti fizikuri rea-
lobaa, anu erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli warmonaqmnebis erTi
gabmuli erTobliobaa. veli imiTac gansxvavdeba materi-
isagan, rom igi SeRwevadia, e.i. SesaZlebelia erTi da igi-
ve adgili erTsa da imave dros sxvadasxva velma daiWiros.
63
 veli materiisagan gansxvavdeba agreTve imiTac, rom
igi talRuri bunebisaa, e.i. talRebisgan sdgeba.
dabolos, veli imiTac gansxvavdeba materiisgan, rom
mas uZraobis, anu sakuTari masa ar gaaCnia, sxvanairad, mas
uZraobis nulovani masa ar gaaCnia.
veli nivTierebisgan kidev sxva niSnebiTac gansxvav-
deba, magram Cven yvelaze mniSvnelovanze SevCerdiT.
velis materiisgan ganmasxvavebel yvela niSans Zala
aqvs makroskopul doneze, magram igi Zalas hkargavs mikros-
kopul doneze. es imas niSnavs, rom mikroskopul anu sub-
atomur, e.i. elementarul nawilakTa doneze velsa da
materias Soris Zireuli gansxvaveba qreba da veli kargavs
makroskopul doneze misTvis damaxasiaTebel wminda
kontinualur (uwyvet) da a.S. xasiaTs. SemTxveviT rodi
laparakoben amis gamo kvantur meqanikaSi velis (kerZod,
sinaTlis) kvantebze anu fotonebze, iseve rogorc materiis
talRebze. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, velis korpuskulebze
(nawilakebze) iseve, rogorc materiis talRebze, e.i. aq
laparakoben velis ara marto talRurobaze, aramed
korpuskulurobazedac, iseve rogorc materiis ara marto
korpuskulurobaze, aramed talRobriobazedac.
imis gamo, rom veli iseve, rogorc materia, garkveuli
mimarTebiT, kerZod ki makroskopuli TvalTaxedviT iCens
Tavs rogorc gansxvavebuli ram movlena, igi relatiuria
(fardobiTia), xolo imis gamo, rom igi relatiuria, ra
Tqma unda, ver iqneba substancia. amas ki imitom aRvniSnavT,
64
rom arsebobs ara mxolod materiis, aramed velis substan-
ciurobis Teoriac, romelic energetizmis saxeliTaa
cnobili. energetizmis Tanaxmad, substancia (sawyisi
yovelgvari) energiaa, magram ukiduresi materializmis
msgavsad arc ukiduresi energetizmia swori Tvalsazrisi,
vinaidan energiac SeiZleba gardaiqmnas materiad, rogorc
materia – energiad. maSasadame, velic iseve SeiZleba
`gaqres~, rogorc materia. es ki ewinaaRmdegeba substanciis
absoluturobas (upirobobas). ase rom, veli erT-erTi
Cveulebrivi bunebrivi (naturaluri) realobaa materiis
gverdiT.
fizikuri veli mravali saxiT arsebobs. kerZod, gamo-
yofen eleqtromagnitur vels, gravitaciul (mizidulo-
bis) vels, birTvul vels, mezonur velsa da eleqtronul-
pozitronul vels. magram gansakuTrebiT gamoyofen velis
iseT or ZiriTad saxes, rogorebicaa eleqtro-magnituri
da gravitaciuli veli.
veli, iseve rogorc materia, drosa da sivrceSi arse-
bobs, ase rom, dro da sivrce ara marto materiis arsebobis
formebia, rogorc es miRebulia Cveulebriv, aramed fizi-
kuri velis arsebobis formebic. es imas niSnavs, rom
veli sxvagvarad ar arsebobs, Tu ara swored droisa da
sivrcis formiT (saxiT). magram sxva sakiTxia, rom veli
drosa da sivrceSi materiisagan gansxvavebuli saxiT
arsebobs. es gansxvaveba anu Tavisebureba imiT gamoixateba,
rom veli drosa da sivrceSi kontinualuri (uwyveti)
65
formiT arsebobs gansxvavebiT materiisagan, romelic
diskretuli (wyvetili) formiT arsebobs. saerTod unda
aRiniSnos, rom velis arseboba droSi niSnavs velis
Semadgeneli warmonaqmnebis erTimeoris Semdgom arse-
bobas anu Tanmimdevrobas, xolo sivrceSi arseboba – am
warmonaqmnebis erTimeoris gverdiT arsebobas, anu Tana-
arsebobas.
velis dro da sivrce relatiuria (fardobiTia)
imdenad, ramdenadac isini damokidebulia Tavad velze:
veli rom ara, arc misi droc da arc misi sivrcec, ra
Tqma unda, arc gveqneboda.
veli arsebiT kavSirSi imyofeba moZraobasTanac, e.i.
icvleba, sxvagvarad, qmnadobas ganicdis. ase rom moZraoba
ara marto materiis arsebobis wesia (atributia), rogor
es miRebulia Cveulebriv, aramed - velis arsebobis wesic
(atributic). ufro metic, moZraoba xom saerTod qmnilebis
atributia (wesia), misi moucilebeli niSani.
velis moZraobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da, maSasadame,
naTeli dadasturebaa is, rom igi imdenad SeiZleba Seic-
valos, materiadac ki gardaiqmnas da amdenad rogorc ve-
li `gaqres~ kidec. igive SeiZleba iTqvas velze sapi-
rispiro mniSvnelobiTac. e.i. misi ara mxolod mospobisa
da sxvad, kerZod, materiad qcevis kuTxiT, aramed sxvisgan,
kerZod, materiisgan misi warmoSobis kuTxiTac. saerTod
ki, velis moZraobis uamravi forma arsebobs imisda mixedviT,
Tu ra principiT (safuZvelze) davyofT mas. am mxriv ki,
66
bunebrivia, velis moZraobis formebi (saxeebi) imden saxed
daiyofa, ramden saxedac daiyofa Tavad velic. maSasadame,
SeiZleba gamoiyos velis moZraobis iseTi formebi, rogo-
rebicaa velis eleqtromagnituri, gravitaciuli, birT-
vuli, mezonuri da eleqtronul-pozitronuli moZraobis
formebi (saxeebi). TiToeuli maTgani Seesabameba velis
aRniSnul saxeebSi mimdinare cvlilebebs.
7. praqtika rogorc realoba
praqtika realobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxea, materi-
asa da velTan erTad. realobis saxea igi imdenad, ramde-
nadac obieqtur, e.i. sagnobriv yofierebas ganekuTvneba
msgavsad materiisa da velisa. es aris saerTo, zogadi ni-
San-Tviseba praqtikisa, rac mas amsgavsebs materiasa da
velTan.
magram praqtikas, materiisa da velisagan gansxvavebiT,
gansxvavebac, Taviseburebac gaaCnia. da es Tavisebureba
zogadad imaSi mdgomareobs, rom praqtika sazogadoebrivi,
socialuri realobaa, maSin rodesac materia da veli –
fizikuri realobani; pirveli cnobieri, Segnebuli rea-
lobaa, maSin rodesac materia da veli aseTi ram, bunebrivia,
ar aris. kerZod ki, praqtika adamianTa Segnebuli (gacno-
bierebuli) grZnobad-sagnobrivi moqmedebaa.
aseTia praqtikis cnebis gansazRvrebac.
67
 amave gansazRvrebaSi upirveles yovlisa yuradReba
unda mieqces imas, rom praqtika es moqmedebaa, kerZod ki –
adamianTa moqmedeba. da marTlac, Tavad termini (sityva)
`praqtikac~ momdinareobs berZnuli sityva-terminidan
`praqsis~, rac qarTulad swored `moqmedebas~ niSnavs.
`moqmedeba~ am SemTxvevaSi `xedvas~ anu Teorias upiris-
pirdeba, rac grZnobad-sagnobrivi ki ara, zegrZnobad-
sagnobrivi xasiaTis movlenaa. gamodis, maSasadame, rom
adamianis praqtikuli, `moqmedebiTi~ mxare rogorc misi
realuri mxare upirispirdeba missave Teoriul, `xedviT~
mxares rogorc idealur mxares adamianisas. adamianis
realuri mxare aq, praqtikis SemTxvevaSi, warmoCndeba
`moqmedebis~ aspeqtiT (kuTxiT), iseve rogorc misi idea-
luri mxare - `xedvis~ aspeqtiT (kuTxiT). Torem sxva
mxriv adamianis realuri mxare rodi daiyvaneba mis praq-
tikul mxareze. adamianis realuri mxare praqtikulis
(moqmedebis) garda moicavs arapraqtikulsac, magram mainc
realurs, kerZod, umoqmedobis momentsac. Tumca arsebiTi
adamianis realur cxovrebaSi mainc misi moqmedebiTi
(praqtikuli) mxarea da ara misi umoqmedo (arapraqtikuli)
mxare, ris gamoc adamianis realur mxaresac arsebiTad
misi praqtikuli mxare warmoadgens.
praqtikis cnebaSi yuradReba, garda imisa, rom igi
moqmedebaa, imasac unda moeqces, rom igi adamianis, saxel-
dobr, grZnobad-sagnobrivi moqmedebaa. da, marTlac, praqtika
gulisxmobs swored imgvar moqmedebas, rac xorcielia
68
(realuria) da rac grZnobadad, e.i. grZnobis organoebiT
wvdomadia, empiriulia.
praqtikis grZnobad-sagnobriobas ganapirobebs is
garemoeba, rom praqtika, iseve rogorc materia da veli,
drosa da sivrceSi gaSlili movlenaa. Tu raime moqmedeba
adamianisa drosa da sivrceSi ar mimdinareobs, igi namdvi-
lad verc iqneba praqtikuli xasiaTisa. swored esaa praq-
tikis Taviseburebac (specifikac) adamianis sxva mxareebi-
sagan gansxvavebiT. marTlac, nebismieri praqtikuli
saqmianoba droSi iwyeba da droSi mTavrdeba, aseve sivr-
ceSi iwyeba da sivrceSive mTavrdeba.
praqtika moZraobasTan (cvalebadobasTan) rom kav-
SirSia, arc ki moiTxovs mtkicebas, vinaidan igi Tavad
moZraobaa. adamianis grZnobad-sagnobrivi moqmedeba xom
imTaviTve gulisxmobs moZrav, dinamikur process adamianis
saqmianobisas, mimarTuls movlenaTa gardaqmnisaken. es
gardaqmna xom maTs cvalebadobas gulisxmobs.
praqtika rogorc moZraoba uamravi formiT (saxiT)
arsebobs. da TiToeuli am formaTagani damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ra da ra saxis praqtika arsebobs Tavad. am
mxriv SeiZleba gamovyoT praqtikis iseTi saxeebi (formebi),
rogorebicaa: individualuri da sazogadoebrivi praqtika,
imisda mixedviT, erTi adamianis praqtikazea saubari Tu
adamianTa erTobliobis praqtikaze; anda sawarmoo da
ara sawarmoo praqtika, warmoebis sferoSi mimdinare praq-
tikazea saubari, Tu warmoebis gareSe sferos praqtikaze;
69
an kidev, SromiTi da araSromiTi praqtika da kidev uamravi
sxva saxis praqtika. ase rom, praqtikis saxeobaTa speqtri
mravalgvarovania, imdenad farToa farglebi misi. es imitom,
rom friad farToa Tavad adamianis, praqtikuli moR-
vaweobis gasaqani.
praqtikaze msjelobisas mniSvnelovania SevexoT mis
rols adamianis cxovrebaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT ki
unda gamovyoT orgvari – zomieri da ukiduresi praq-
ticizmi.
zomieri praqticizmi gulisxmobs adamianis cxovre-
baSi praqtikis rolis jerovan gagebas. kerZod, praqtikas
adamianis cxovrebaSi unda ganekuTvnos araganmsazRvreli,
damokidebuli roli Teoriis mimarT, vinaidan praqtika
adamianis cxovrebis realur mxares ganekuTvneba, xolo
Teoria – idealurs, realuri ki, rogorc es cnobilia,
idealuriTaa gansazRvruli, maszea damokidebuli.
praqtikas azrs Teoria aniWebs. praqtika Teoriis gareSe
waemoudgenelia. bolos da bolos yvelaze kargi praqtika,
ro-gorc es naTqvamia, Tavad isev Teoriaa. praqtika Teo-
riasTan kavSirSi unda iyos. Teoriasa da praqtikis kavSi-
ris idea filosofiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ideaa.
marTalia, praqtika TeoriiTaa suldgmuli, misiTaa gan-
sazRvruli, magram es rodi niSnavs imas, TiTqosda Tavad
praqtikas, Tavis mxriv, Teoriis mimarT raRac fardobiTi
damoukideblobac ar hqondes.
70
rac Seexeba ukidures praqticizms, igi gulisxmobs
praqtikis rolis gazviadebul gagebas Teoriis mimarT.
es aris e.w. `viwro praqticizmi~, adamianis cxovrebis
SezRudva viwro, praqtikuli, Teoriulisagan daclili,
saqmianobiT, cxovrebis praqtikuli mxarisTvis gadaWarbe-
buli mniSvnelobis miniWeba, rac, ra Tqma unda, gaumarT-
lebelia.
ase rom, praqtikis WeSmariti rolis adamianis cxov-
rebaSi gansazRvrisas unda gamovideT TviT misi adgili-
dan adamianis idealur da realur mxareTa Soris kerZod
ki iqedan, rom mas, e.i. praqtikas adamianis cxovrebis saxel-
dobr realur sferoSi aqvs adgili. igi xom swored
realobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxea, amitom praqtikis
rolic adamianis cxovrebaSi zogadad realuris roliT
iqneba gansazRvruli.
8. realuris adgili yofierebaSi
yofierebaSi realuris adgilis gasarkvevad auci-
lebelia gamovideT iqidan, rom realuri, xorcieli
idealuriT, sulieriTaa warmoebuli da amdenad meoradi
mniSvneloba eniWeba idealurTan, sulierTan SedarebiT,
xolo realuris, xorcielis meoradoba idealurTan, suli-
erTan SedarebiT sami sxvadasxva kuTxiT – ontiuri (yofi-
erebiTi), gnosiuri (SemecnebiTi) da aqsiuri (Rirebule-
biTi) kuTxiT unda ganvixiloT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
71
realuri, xorcieli meoradia idealurTan, sulierTan
SedarebiT ontiuradac, e.i. yofierebiTac (arsebobiTac),
gnosiuradac (SefasebiTac) da aqsiuradac (Rirebule-
biTac).
gamomdinare iqidan, rom realuri (xorcieli) meora-
dia idealurTanN(sulierTan) SedarebiT (realuri xom
idealuris ganxorcielebaa, misi xorcSesxmaa) Tavisi
arsebobiT, Tavisi yofierebiT, igi meoradi da amdenad
aramTavari iqneba Semecnebisa da Sefasebis kuTxiTac.
marTlac, vinaidan realuri damokidebulia idealurze,
mas naklebi mniSvneloba eqneba yofierebis TvalsazrisiT
(pirveladi, amosavali yofiereba xom idealuria, xolo
misgan gamosuli, warmoebuli yofiereba – realuri), xolo,
aqedan gamomdinare, idealuri codnac, idealuri Semec-
nebac ufro mniSvnelovani iqneba, vidre realuri codna,
realuri Semecneba. igive iTqmis realurze Rirebulebis,
Sefasebis kuTxiTac, idealuri, ra Tqma unda, ufro Rire-
buli yofierebaa, vidre realuri.
ase rom, realurs damokidebuli, gansazRvruli, ara-
mTavari adgili uWiravs yofierebaSi, ris gamoc mas vera-
viTar SemTxvevaSi ver mivaniWebT upirates mniSvnelobas
cxovrebaSi, ra kuTxiTac ar unda aviRoT igi.
magram sxva sakiTxia is, rom realuris mniSvnelobac,
Tavis mxriv, didia. sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan
realuri xom mainc idealuris anareklia, mainc xom mi-
si gamovlenaa.
72
mokled, realurs araganmsazRvreli, magram mainc
didi adgili uWiravs yofierebaSi.
realuri (xorcieli) idealurTan (sulierTan) Seda-
rebiT meoradi, warmoebuli romaa, es iqidanac Cans, rom
misi logikuri uaryofa SesaZlebelia. da marTlac, rea-
luris uaryofa isev idealurs gvaZlevs, iseve rogorc
idealuris uaryofa – idealurs. realuris uaryofa idea-
luriT ki logikurad sruliad arawinaaRmdegobrivia,
maSin rodesac idealuris idealuriTve uaryofa – logi-
kurad winaaRmdegobrivi, rac uazroba gamovidoda.
mokled, realuris meoradoba idealurTan SedarebiT
logikuradac sabuTdeba.
da bolos, yofierebaSi realuris namdvili adgili-
saTvis unda SevniSnoT, is umniSvnelovanesi garemoeba,
rom `Cveulebrivi~ adamianisaTvis namdvili arsi (yofie-
reba) saxeldobr es realuri yofierebaa da ara idealuri
yofiereba, romelic mas aranamdvili (moCvenebiTi) yofie-
reba hgonia, maSin rodesac sinamdvileSi es realoba
idealurTan SedarebiT cru, iluziuri yofierebaa. ase
rom, `Cveulebrivi~ adamiani cdeba imiT, rom arsi ararsi,
xolo ararsi arsi hgonia, mas aRreuli aqvs namdvili da
moCvenebiTi, WeSmariti da mcdari. filosofiis uzenaesi
amocana am mxriv swored isaa, Tu adamiani swori Semecne-
biTi da SefasebiTi ganviTarebiT rogor warmarTos im
mimarTulebiT, raTa manac moiZagos `gaucxoebuli~
73
realoba da Seiyvaros `gaigivebuli~, TviTidenturi, realobis kerZo Tvisebebi
idealuri yofiereba.
realuris yofierebaSi saerTo adgilis gamo ada- 1. droiToba, 2. vrceuloba, 3. mokvdaoba,
mianis cxovrebis mizania ise warmarTos Tavisi realuri 4. warmavloba, 5. sasruloba, 6. movlenobrioba
cxovreba, rom igi daemorCilos idealurs, realuri yofa (araarsebiToba), 7. moZraoba.
SeuTanxmos idealur cxovrebas.
realobis saxeebi

9. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis I. 1) bunebrivi (naturaluri) realoba

`realuri (xorcieli)~ 2) sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) realoba

realuris cnebis ganmarteba II. 1) mineraluri realoba

variantebi
realoba obieqturi (arasubieqturi,
gareSe) sinamdvilea.
realoba grZnobadi (empiriuli) sinamdvilea.
realoba grZnobad-sagnobrivi sinamdvilea.
realobis zogadi Tvisebebi
1. obieqturoba (sagnobrioba)
2. empiriuloba (grZnobadoba)
2) mcenareuli realoba
3) cxoveluri realoba
subieqtis 4) adamianuri realoba
III. 1) materialuri realoba anu materia
2) veliseuli realoba anu veli
3) praqtikuli realoba anu praqtika
materiis cnebis gansazRvreba
variantebi
1. materia fizikur-sxeulebrovi realobaa.
2. materia fizikuri sxeulebriobaa.
3. materia sxeulTa erTobliobaa.

74 75
4. materia nivTieri realobaa.
5. materia nivTierebaa.
6. materia nivTTa erTobliobaa.
7. materia diskretuli (wyvetili) da Seuvali
(SeuRwevadi) realobaa.
velis cnebis gansazRvreba
variantebi
1. veli fizikur-talRuri realobaa.
2. veli fizikur talRaTa erTobliobaa.
3. veli arasxeulebrivi fizikuri realobaa.
4. veli fizikuri arasxeulebriobaa.
5. veli aranivTieri fizikuri realobaa.
6. veli fizikuri aranivTierebaa.
7. veli kontinuri (uwyveti) da Sevaladi
SeRwevadi realobaa.
praqtikis cnebis gansazRvreba
variantebi
1. praqtika sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) realobaa.
2. praqtika cnobieri (Segnebuli) realobaa.
3. praqtika adamianTa grZnobad-sagnobrivi realobaa.
4. praqtika adamianTa grZnobad-sagnobrivi moqmedebaa.
76
materiisa da velis ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi
materiisa
1. diskretuloba (wyvetiloba), 2. SeuRwevadoba
(Seuvaloba), 3. korpuskuluroba, 4. masis qona,
5. uZraobis Tviseba
....................................................
velisa
1. kontinuuroba (uwyvetoba), 2. SeRwevadoba
(Sevaladoba), 3. talRuroba, 4. masis arqona,
5. uZraobis arqona
........................................................
droisa da sivrcis cnebebi
droisa
variantebi
•dro realobaTa Tanmimdevrobis wesia.
•dro realobaTa erTimeoris Semdgom arsebobis wesia.
• dro realobaTa: 1)xangrZlivoba da
2) Tanmimdevrobis wesia.
• dro garkveuli xangrZlivobis mqone movlenaTa
Tanmimdevrobis wesia
77
• dro movlenaTa Tanmimdevruli xangrZlivobaa. moZraobis saxeebi

sivrcisa 1. bunebrivi 2. sazogadoebrivi

variantebi
1. realuri 2. idealuri
• sivrce realobaTa Tanaarsebobis wesia.
•sivrce realobaTa erTimeoris gverdiT 1. meqanikuri, 2. fizikuri, 3. qimiuri,
arsebobis wesia. 4. bioturi, 5. socialuri
•sivrce realobaTa:
materiis saxeebi
1) ganfeniloba da 2) Tanaarsebobis wesia.
• sivrce garkveuli ganfenilobis mqone 1. araorganuli 2. organuli
movlenaTa Tanarsebobis wesia.
• sivrce movlenaTa Tanaarsebuli ganfenilobaa. 1. bunebrivi 2. sazogadoebrivi
(naturaluri) (socialuri)

droisa da sivrcis ganzomilebani

1. usulo 2. sulieri

droisa sivrcisa 1. mikromateria 2. makromateria 3. megamateria

1. warsuli 1. sigrZe velis saxeebi

2. awmyo 2. sigane
3. momavali 3. simaRle 1. eleqtromagnituri

moZraobis cneba 2. gravitaciuli (mizidulobis)

moZraoba cvlilebaa saerTod. 3. birTvuli

78 79
 4. mezonuri Tavi 3 (7). Semecneba da Sefaseba

5. eleqtronul-pozitronuli gegma

praqtikis saxeebi 1 . sinamdvilisadmi SemecnebiT-SefasebiTi

1. individualuri
1. sawarmoo
1. SromiTi
1. mecnieruli
.............................................
realobis adgili yofierebaSi
variantebi
realuri (xorcieli) meoradia idealurTan
(sulierTan) SedarebiT.
realuri idealuriT aris gansazRvruli, vinaidan
misi gasagnebaa, gaobieqturebaa mxolod.
realuri gaucxoebuli yofierebaa.
realuri gaucxoebuli idealuria.
realuri idealuris sxvadyofnaa.
damokidebuleba. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis
2. sazogadoebrivi Teoriebi
2. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis cnebebi, maTi
2. arasawarmoo msgavseba-gansxvaveba
3. Semecnebis mxareebi, Sefasebis mxareebi
2. araSromiTi 4. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis sagnebi, miznebi
da Sedegebi
2. aramecnieruli 5. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis saxeebi
.................................................. 6. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis problemebi
7. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis safexurebi
8. codna da faseuloba
9. WeSmaritebis problema
10. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis roli adami-
anis cxovrebaSi
1. sinamdvilisadmi SemecnebiT-SefasebiTi
damokidebuleba. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis
Teoriebi
sinamdvilisadmi adamians uamravi damokidebuleba
gaaCnia. ase, magaliTad, adamians sinamdvilisadmi gaaCnia

80 81
`Teoriuli~ da `praqtikuli~ damokidebuleba, rac arse-
biTad misadmi sulier da xorciel anu idealur da rea-
lur damokidebulebas gulisxmobs. msgavsad amisa, arse-
bobs sinamdvilisadmi adamianis SemecnebiTi da SefasebiTi
damokidebulebac. adamiani, marTlac, yofierebasTan mimar-
Tebisas an imecnebs anda afasebs sagnebs. amis gareSe mas
sinamdvilesTan urTierToba arc SeuZlia.
ase rom, Semecnebaca da Sefasebac adamianis cxov-
rebis ori sxvadasxva, aucilebeli momentia.
sinamdvilisadmi SemecnebiTi damokidebulebis SemT-
xvevaSi adamiani moipovebs risame codnas, xolo Sefase-
biTi damokidebulebisas adgens mis Rirebulebas; pirvel
SemTxvevaSi adgens ama Tu im sagnis Sesaxeb WeSmariteba-
mcdarobas, meore SemTxvevaSi ki mis mniSvneloba-umniSv-
nelobas, sargeblianoba-usargeblobas; Semecnebisas adami-
ans sinamdvile ainteresebs ise, rogoricaa igi misgan
damoukideblad, TavisTavad, maSin rodesac Sefasebisas
mas igi ainteresebs ise, rogoricaa igi swored misTvis,
masTan mimarTebiT.
sinamdvilisadmi aRniSnuli, orgvari – SemecnebiTi
da SefasebiTi damokidebuleba avsebs erTmaneTs da qmnis
erT mTlian damokidebulebas yofierebasTan. es ki ufro
nayofiers xdis adamianis cxovrebas, vinaidan srulyo-
fils xdis mas. marTlac, adamiani marto rom imecnebdes
Sefasebis gareSe, anda piriqiT, marto rom afasebdes Semec-
nebis gareSe (aseTi ram sruliadac SesaZlebeli rom
82
yofiliyo), igi, es Semecneba Tu Sefaseba, ra Tqma unda, uf-
ro naklovani iqneboda, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi
sinamdvilisadmi Tavis damokidebulebaSi am or process
erTmaneTs Seurwyamda. Semecneba da Sefaseba kidec moiT-
xovs erTmaneTs adamianis damokidebulebaSi sinamdvi-
lisadmi, sinamdvilis aTvisebaSi mis mier. marTlac, Tu
ar Segimecnia raime, maSin rogorRa Seafaseb, an Tu ar
Seafase, rogorRa Seimecneb?
amgvarad, Semecnebisa da Sefasebis gareSe adamiani
sinamdvilesTan urTierTobas, damokidebulebas ver
moagvarebs, xolo am urTierTobis, am damokidebulebis
gareSe, Tavis mxriv, mas arsebobac ar SeuZlia – imdenad
didia am ori – SemecnebiTi da SefasebiTi unaris roli
adamianis cxovrebaSi, ris gamoc rogorc Semecnebis, ise
Sefasebis Teoriebi filosofiis ori, sxvadasxva umniSvne-
lovanesi dargTagania. SemecnebasTan dakavSirebul mTel
rig sakiTxebs, ra Tqma unda, Semecnebis Teoria Seiswavlis,
xolo SefasebasTan dakavSirebul mTel rig sakiTxebs,
msgavsad amisa, Sefasebis Teoria. Semecnebis Teorias anu
Semecnebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas (SemecnebaTmcodneobas)
sxvagvarad gnoseologia anda epistemologia ewodeba,
xolo Sefasebis Teorias anu Sefasebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas
(SefasebaTmcodneobas), – eqtimologia (sityva `gno-
seologia~ warmomdgaria berZnuli sityvebisagan: `gnosis~
- `codna~ da `logosi~ - `moZRvreba~ da `codnis Sesaxeb
moZRvrebas~ niSnavs, xolo sityva `epistemologia~ - aseve
83
berZnuli sityvebisgan `episteme - `codna~ da `logosi~
- `moZRvreba~ da isic imave `codnis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas~
niSnavs. ase rom, `gnoseologiaca~ da `epistemologiac~
- orive sityvobrivadac erTsa da imaves niSnavs. rac
Seexeba sityvas `eqtimologias~, igi warmosdgeba berZnuli
sityvebisgan: `eqtimis~ – `Sefaseba~ da `logosi~ - `moZRv-
reba~ da `Sefasebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas~, `SefasebaTmcod-
neobas~ niSnavs). Tavad filosofiac ara marto Semecnebaa,
aramed Sefasebac, ufro sworad – filosofiuri Semecneba
da filosofiuri Sefaseba.
ase rom, filosofia moicavs ara marto gnoseolo-
giur, anda ara marto eqtimologiur moments Tu elements
(nawils), iseve rogorc ontologiur anda aqsiologiur
moments, aramed gnoseologiursac da eqtimologiursac,
iseve rogorc ontologiursac da aqsiologiursac.
2. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis cnebebi, maTi msgavseba-
gansxvaveba
Semecnebis Teoriis anu gnoseologia-epistemolo-
giis mTavari cnebaa Semecneba, iseve rogorc Sefasebis
Teoriisa anu eqtimologiisa – Sefaseba. amitomac upirve-
les yovlisa aucilebelia am cnebaTa analizi.
Semecnebisas codnis SeZena, codnis mopoveba xdeba.
Semecneba sinamdvilis arekvlaa, rogorc is aris an ar
aris. es aris arsobrivi sinamdvilis Segnebuli arekvla;
84
es aris faqtiuri viTarebis Segnebuli, gacnobierebuli
arekvla.
rac Seexeba Sefasebas, Sefaseba aris Rirebulebis
dadgena, faseulobis dadgena. Sefaseba sinamdvilis arekv-
laa ise, rogorc is unda iyos an ar unda iyos. es aris
jerarsobrivi sinamdvilis Segnebuli arekvla; es aris
normatiuli viTarebis Segnebuli, gacnobierebuli
arekvla.
rogorc Semecneba, ise Sefasebac – orive aucileb-
lad cnobieri, ASegnebuli procesia. isini mxolod cno-
bier arsebebs Tu SeuZliaT. amitomac cnobiereba – Segne-
buloba rogorc Semecnebis, ise Sefasebis saerTo, zogadi,
msgavsi niSan-Tvisebaa.
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis amgvarive Tvisebaa isic,
rom orive maTgani sinamdvilis arekvlaa, misi arekvlaa
Semmecneblisa Tu Semfaseblis mier, misi sulieri
aTvisebaa maT mier.
rac Seexeba gansxvavebas Semecnebasa da Sefasebas
Soris, upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos maT Soris is
gansxvaveba, rom Semecneba codnas gvaZlevs, maSin rodesac
Sefaseba fass gvidgens. ese igi erT SemTxvevaSi codnasTan
gvaqvs saqme, meore SemTxvevaSi – fasTan. codna ki imiT
gansxvavdeba fasisagan, rom igi, jer erTi, faqtiur viTarebas
areklavs, anu imas, rac aris an ar aris, xolo fasi codnisa-
gan – imiT, rom igi normatiul viTarebas, pozicias arek-
lavs, anu imas, rac unda iyos an ar unda iyos. da meorec,
85
codna obieqtur (sagnobriv) viTarebas asaxavs, anu imas,
rac damokidebulia obieqtze (Sesamecnebelze) da damoki-
debuli araa subieqtze (Semmecnebelze), xolo fasi –
subieqtis(subieqtur) (Semfaseblis) pozicias (damokide-
bulebas) anu imas, rac subieqtzea (Semfasebelzea) damoki-
debuli da damokidebuli araa obieqtze (Sesafasebelze).
ase rom, Semecneba da Sefaseba Semdegnairad SeiZleba
ganvsazRvroT: Semecneba es aris obieqturi da faqtiuri
viTarebis cnobieri arekvla, xolo Sefaseba – subieqturi
da normatiuli poziciis cnobieri arekvla.
3. Semecnebis mxareebi, Sefasebis mxareebi
Semecnebasac da Sefasebasac – orives sam-sami mxare
gaaCnia.
kerZod, Semecnebis mxareebia: 1) Semmecnebeli, e.i.
Semecnebis subieqti, 2) Sesamecnebeli, e.i. Semecnebis sagani
(obieqti), 3) Tavad Semecneba anu Semmecneblis mimarTeba
SesamecnebelTan.
am sami mxaris (momentis) gareSe Semecneba rogorc
procesi ver ganxorcieldeboda, vinaidan samive maTgani
Semecnebis aucilebeli da sakmarisi pirobebia.
igive iTqmis Sefasebis mxareebzec, rac iTqva Semec-
nebis mxareebze. xolo Sefasebis mxareebia: 1) Semfasebuli
anu Sefasebis subieqti, 2) Sesafasebeli anu Sefasebis
86
sagani (obieqti), 3) sakuTriv Sefaseba, anu Semfaseblis
mimarTeba, damokidebuleba SesafasebelTan.
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis mxareebi erTmaneTTan mWid-
rod dakavSirebulia. kerZod, Semmecnebeli da Semfasebeli,
Sesamecnebeli da Sesafasebeli, sakuTriv Semecneba da
Sefaseba, marTalia, ori gansxvavebuli, magram mainc erTiani
procesis gansxvavebuli momentebia, kerZod, cnobieri
arekvlis momentia.
marTlac, Semmecnebeli erTdroulad Semfasebelicaa,
da, piriqiT, Semfasebeli-Semmecnebelic, oRond, ra Tqma
unda, sxvadasxva mxriv. igive iTqmis Semecnebisa da Sefa-
sebis urTierTmimarTebazec aRniSnuli kuTxiT. es gamow-
veulia Tavad Semecnebisa da Sefasebis saganTa aseve er-
TianobiT. namdvilad, Sesamecnebelica da Sesafasebelic
mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan: erTi da igive sagani
SeiZleba Sesamecnebelic iyos da Sesafasebelic, oRond
sxvadasxva mxriv. sxva sityvebiT, erTi da igive sagani
SeiZleba Semecnebis saganic iyos da Sefasebis saganic.
ufro metic, SeuZlebelicaa, rom ar iyos, vinaidan erTia
misi Semecneba, xolo – meore misi Sefaseba da am mxriv
erTi xels ar uSlis meores. ufro metic, erTi xels
uwyobs meores, avsebs mas.
87
 4. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis sagnebi, miznebi da
Sedegebi
Semecnebasac da Sefasebasac orives Tav-Tavisi sagani
gaaCnia. kerZod, Semecnebis sagania arsi an ararsi, Sefa-
sebisa – jerarsi an arajerarsi. sxva sityvebiT, erTis sa-
gani faqtiuri sinamdvilea, meorisa – normatiuli si-
namdvile: erTs ainteresebs sinamdvilis faqtiuri mxare,
meores – sinamdvilis normatiuli mxare, sxvagvarad, erTs
– sinamdvile faqtiuri TvalTaxedviT, meores – normati-
uli TvalTaxedviT.
sinamdvilis faqtiuri mxare es, sxvagvarad, misi `onti-
uri~, xolo normatiuli - `aqsiuri~ sferoa, rac qarTulad
Sesabamisad swored `arsebulisa~ da `Rirebulis~ sferos
niSnavs.
ase rom, `arsebulis~ sfero Semecnebis sagania, `Rire-
bulebis~ sfero – Sefasebis sagani. ase imijneba erTma-
neTisgan Semecnebisa da Sefasebis sagnebi.
aseve gansxvavebulia Semecnebisa da Sefasebis mizne-
bic. da es gamowveulia swored maTi sagnebis gansxvavebiT.
marTlac, gamomdinare am gansxvavebebidan, Semecnebis
mizania WeSmariti codna, xolo Sefasebis mizani – WeSma-
riti fasi. saqme isaa, rom SesaZloa ara mxolod WeSmariti
codna da WeSmariti fasi, aramed yalbi codnaca da yalbi
fasic. marTlac, xom SeiZleba SemecnebaSiac da Sefa-
sebaSiac moxdes Secdoma an sicrue; arsebobs rogorc
88
swori, ise araswori Semecnebaca da Sefasebac, iseTi Semec-
neba da Sefaseba, romlebSiac Semecnebisa da Sefasebis
obieqtur mxaresa (saganTa) da subieqtur mxareTa (Semmec-
nebelsa da Semfasebels) Soris an aris Sesabamisoba an
ar aris Sesabamisoba.
namdvili codna swored WeSmariti codnaa, iseve
rogorc namdvili fasi – WeSmariti fasi; yalbi (mcdari)
codna Tu fasi arc aris codna da fasi. am pirobiT imis
Tqmac SeiZleba, rom Semecnebis mizania codna, Sefasebisa
– fasi.
imis gamo, rom gansxvavebulia Semecnebisa da Sefasebis
sagnebi, gansxvavebulia ara marto maTi miznebi, aramed
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis Sedegebic. da marTlac, sul
sxvaa Semecnebis Sedegi da sul sxva – Sefasebis Sedegi.
sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba, vinaidan sul sxva bunebisaa
Semecneba da sul sxva bunebisa – Sefaseba. isini xom
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli rameebia: Semecnebisas codnis
mopoveba xdeba, Sefasebisas ki – fasis dadeba ( dadgena).
ase rom, Semecnebis Sedegia codna, Sefasebisa – fasi.
codna aris sagnis cnobieri arekvla `obieqtur~ planSi,
fasi ki – sagnis cnobieri arekvla `subieqtur~ planSi,
erTi - `TavisTavad~ planSi, meore - `sxvisTavad~ planSi,
subieqtis poziciidan, subieqtis xedvis WrilSi.
codna da fasi uamravi saxisa SeiZleba iyos, imisda
mixedviT, Tu ra da ra saxisa SeiZleba iyos Tavad Semecneba.
rogoricaa Semecnebisa Tu Sefasebis saxe, iseTivea Sesaba-
89
misad codnisa da fasis saxec. codna SeiZleba iyos
swori da araswori, aseve Sefasebac – swori da araswori.
5. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis saxeebi
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis uamravi saxe arsebobs, Tanac
uamravi aspeqtiT (kuTxiT). es mravalaspeqtovneba, xolo
mis SigniT Semecnebisa da Sefasebis mravalsaxeoba damo-
kidebulia imaze, Tu ra principiT (safuZvelze) xdeba
maTi dayofa.
ase magaliTad, upirveles yovlisa unda gamoiyos
idealuri da realuri Semecneba da Sefaseba saerTod
yofierebis ori didi sferos – idealuri (sulieri) da
realuri (xorcieli) sferos safuZvelze.
arsebobs Teoriuli da praqtikuli Semecnebaca da
Sefasebac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis or didi sferos
– Teoriuli da praqtikuli sferos mixedviT.
SeiZleba gamovyoT agreTve Semecnebisa da Sefasebis
Semdegi saxeebi: 1) politikuri (saxelmwifoebrivi), 2)ekono-
mikuri (sameurneo) 3)moraluri (zneobrivi), 4)iuridiuli
(samarTlebrivi), 5)religiuri (sarwmunoebrivi), 6)esTetiku-
ri (mxatvruli), 7)mecnieruli da misTana Semecnebani da
Sefasebani sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZiriTadi sferoebis
mixedviT.
SeiZleba kidev sxva mxareebis gamoyofa sxva aspeqte-
biTac (kuTxeebiTac). magram yvela es da sxva saxe SeiZleba
90
daiyos swor da araswor, anu WeSmarit da araWeSmarit
(yalb, mcdar) Semecnebad da Sefasebad, an namdvil da ara-
namdvil (moCvenebiT) Semecnebad da Sefasebad, anda kidev
dadebiT (pozitiur) da uaryofiT (negatiur) Semecnebad
da Sefasebad. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Semecnebisa da
Sefasebis mxriv unda aRiniSnos Semecnebis iseTi mxareebi,
rogorebicaa verifikacia da falsifikacia, xolo Sefa-
sebaTa iseTi mxareebi, rogorebicaa mowoneba da dawuneba.
gansakuTrebiT unda SevexoT Semecnebisa da Sefa-
sebis klasifikacias iseT saxeebad, rogorebicaa 1) grZno-
badi (empiriuli, sensualuri), 2) gansjiTi (inteleqtualu-
ri), 3) gonebrivi (racionaluri), 4) WvretiTi (intuiciuri),
5) saidumlo (mistikuri) Semecneba-Sefasebani. TiToeuli
am saxeTagani Semecneba-Sefasebis martividan rTulisaken,
dablidan maRlisaken aRmavali procesis safexurebia
da Sesabamisad 1) SegrZnebis, 2) gansjis, 3) gonebis, 4) Wvretis,
5) zebunebriv unarTa meSveobiT Semecneba-Sefasebas gu-
lisxmobs.
dabolos, unda gamovyoT Semecneba-Sefasebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani saxeebi, rogorebicaa 1) RvTaebrivi da
2) araRvTaebrivi Semecneba –Sefasebani. amasTan araRvTa-
ebrivi Semecneba-Sefasebac or mxares moicavs: erTia ange-
losuri, meore - adamianuri Semecneba-Sefaseba. saerTod
unda vicodeT, rom arsebobs samad-sami Semmecnebel-Semfase-
beli arseba: RmerTi, angelosi da adamiani. amasTan RmerTi
erTaderTi absoluturi (upirobo) Semmecnebeli da Semfa-
91
sebelia, ris gamoc igi aris sazomi (metri, kriteriumi)
yovelgvari sxva Semecneba-Sefasebisa. Semecneba-Sefasebis
maqsimaluri (yvelaze maRali) idealic (mizanic) amitom
RvTaebrivi (umaRlesi) Semecneba-Sefasebaa.
da sul bolos, Semecnebisa da Sefasebis saxeebTan
dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTSi iseTi
saxeebis gamoyofa, rogorebicaa, erTis mxriv, 1) sxvaTSemec-
neba da 2) TviTSemecneba da, meores mxriv, 1) sxvaTSefaseba
da 2) TviTSefaseba.
am dayofis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba imiT gamo-
ixateba, rom adamians aZlevs saSualebas Semecnebisa da
Sefasebis am formaTagan (saxeTagan) Tu romeli romels
daemorCilos, romel maTgans mianiWos maT Soris upira-
tesoba. xolo is, rom TiToeul am or saxes Soris erT-
erTs unda mieniWos upiratesoba, es savsebiT logikuria
(aucilebelia), vinaidan sxvagvarad SeuZlebelicaa.
magram imisaTvis, rom gairkves Semecneba-Sefasebis
aRniSnul saxeTa Soris Tanafardoba, jer aucilebelia
gairkves maT Soris gansxvavebac da amiT dadgindes maTi
Tavisebureba (specifika).
sxvaTSemecneba aris Semecneba, romelic mimarTu-
lia Semmecneblis gareT arsebul sagnebze, TviT Semecneba
ki – Semecneba, romelic mimarTulia Tavad Semmecnebelze.
msgavsad amisa, sxvaTSefasebas imgvar Sefasebas vuwo-
debT, Semfaseblis gareT aresebul sagnebze romaa mimar-
92
Tuli, maSin rodesac TviTSefasebas – imgvars, Tavad Semfa-
sebelze romaa mimarTuli.
rogorc vxedavT, `sxvaT~ Semecneba-Sefasebad da
`TviT~ Semecneba-Sefasebad Semecneba-Sefasebis dayofas
safuZvlad udevs Semecneba-Sefasebis warmarTuloba
`gareTken~ Tu `SigniTken~, `sxvaTaken~, Tu `sakuTari
Tavisken~.
adamianuri TviTSemecneba-Sefaseba sakuTar Tavze
mimarTuli (orientirebuli), sxvagvarad, refleqsiuri
(ukan mibrunebuli) Semecneba-Sefasebaa.
adamianuri Semecneba-Sefasebis am refleqsiur da
ararefleqsiur saxeTa (formaTa) Soris mTavari Rirebu-
lebiTi (jerarsobrivi (aqsiuri) aspeqtiT (kuTxiT) ref-
leqsiuri Semecneba anu TviTSemecneba, aseve refleqsiuri
Sefaseba anu TviTSefasebaa, vinaidan adamianuri Sefasebis
mTavari mizani Tavad adamiania. ararefleqsiuri Semecneba-
Sefaseba mxolod saSualebaa adamianisaTvis sakuTari
Tavis Semecneba-Sefasebis gzaze. mTeli garesinamdvilis
Semecneba-Sefaseba adamians sWirdeba swored misi adgilis
gasarkvevad masSi.
aq gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adamianis RmerTTan
SemecnebiT-SefasebiTi damokidebulebis garkveva. da marT-
lac, am saqmeSi adamianuri TviTSemecneba-TviTSefasebac
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre adamianuri sxvaTSemecneba-
sxvaTSefaseba; sxvaTSemecneba Tu sxvaTSefaseba da TviT
uzenaesi arsebis – RvTis Semecnebac da Sefasebac adamians
93
sWirdeba imisTvis, raTa Seimecnos da Seafasos sakuTari
Tavi gare sinamdvilesTan da upirveles yovlisa RmerTTan
misi urTierTobis mosagvareblad, mosawesrigeblad.
is garemoeba, rom upiratesoba gare sinamdvilis Semec-
nebasTan SedarebiT mis TviTSemecnebas unda mieniWos,
klasikurad Zveli berZeni filosofosis sokrates mieraa
gamoTqmuli mowodebaSi ~Seimecne Tavi Seni~, romelic
mas auRia delfos taZris warweridan. msgavsive mowodeba
SeiZleboda gamogveTqva adamianuri Sefasebis kuTxiTac:
`Seifase Tavi Seni~.
amgvarad, mowodebani `Seimecne Tavi Seni~, Tu `Seifase
Tavi Seni~ sruliadac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom SevimecnoT
Tu SevifasoT mxolod sakuTari Tavi, aramed imas, rom
TviTSemecnebasa da TviTSefasebasTan erTad SevimecnoT
da SevafasoT gare sinamdvilec, oRond refleqsiuri
anu TviTSemecneba-Sefasebis upiratesobiT. Torem arc-
erTi am Semecneba-SefasebaTagani ar arsebobs `uerTmane-
Tod”; erTi meores avsebs da adamians srul-Semecneba-
Sefasebas aZlevs; rac ufro sworad SevimecnebT da Seva-
fasebT gare sagnebs, miT ufro sworad SevZlebT sakuTari
Tavis Secnoba-Sefasebasac da, piriqiT, rac ufro sworad
gvecodineba da Sefasebuli gveyoleba sakuTari Tavi,
miT ufro sworad SevZlebT gare sinamdvilis movlenaTa
Semecneba-Sefasebasac, raTa SemdgomSi kidev ufro ukeTe-
sad SevZloT sakuTari adgilis povna yofierebaSi.
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6. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis problemebi
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis problema gulisxmobs ro-
gorc Semecnebis, ise Sefasebis SesaZleblobis sakiTxs.
es SesaZlebloba, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxvaa RmerTSi, ange-
losSi da adamianSi.
RvTaebrivi Semecneba-Sefaseba Tavisi SesaZleb-
lobiT absoluturi (upiroboa) da ara mxolod SesaZleb-
lobiT, aramed sinamdviliTac. amitom Semecneba-Sefasebis
problema mxolod araRvTaebriv-cnobier arsebaTaTvis
SeiZleba arsebobdes kidec (angelozisa da adamianisaTvis),
gansakuTrebiT es Cven, adamianebs gvexeba.
adamianuri Semecneba-Sefasebis problema SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: jer erTi, SeuZlia Tu ara adamians saerTod
sinamdvilis Semecneba-Sefaseba da, meorec, Tu SeuZlia,
ramdenad SeuZlia igi. es sakiTxi, marTlac problemuri
(Zneli) sakiTxia, vinaidan adamiani relatiuri (fardobiTi)
arsebaa da amdenad naklovani, ris gamoc igi SeiZleba
verc swvdes Semecneba-Sefasebis obieqtebs (sagnebs) da
Tu swvda, SeiZleba jerovnad verc swvdes maT.
magram saqme isaa, rom adamianur Semecneba-Sefasebas
Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs da igi, marTalia, absoluturi
(upirobo) araa, magram relatiuri (fardobiTi) mainc aris,
xolo relatiuri absoluturis raRac `marcvlebs~ Sei-
cavs, ris gamoc adamians garkveul (relatiur) sazRv-
rebSi SeuZlia Semecnebac da Sefasebac. es ki imas niSnavs,
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rom am sazRvrebs miRma rCeba iseTi ram, risi Semecnebac
da Sefasebac aRemateba adamianis Zalebs, mis SesaZlebobebs.
mokled rom vTqvaT, adamians SeuZlia Semecnebaca
da Sefasebac garkveul sazRvrebSi, raRac farglebSi,
magram ar SeuZlia am sazRvrebsa da farglebs gareT. es
farglebi ki misi rogorc adamianis SesaZleblobis farg-
lebia.
ase rom, adamians ZaluZs garkveuli farglebSi sinamd-
vilis Semecnebac da Sefasebac.
adamianuri Semecnebis SesaZleblobis Taobaze arse-
bobs ori urTierTsapirispiro Tvalsazrisi: erTia Semec-
nebiTi optimizmi da meore - SemecnebiTi pesimizmi. pirve-
li aRiarebs adamianuri Semecnebis SesaZleblobas, imas,
rom adamians ZaluZs obieqturi sinamdvilis wvdoma, maSin
rodesac meore uaryofs mas.
SemecnebiTi pesimizmi ori saxisaa: agnosticizmi
da skepticizmi. agnosticizmi (berZnuli `a~ -`ara~, `gnosis~
- `codna~) Semecnebis SeuZleblobis Teoriaa (TvalTa-
xedvaa), skepticizmi ki (berZn. `skeptikos~ - `ganmxilveli~,
`mkvlevari~, `makritikebeli~) – Semecnebis saeWvo SesaZ-
leblobis Teoria. erTi saerTod uaryofs adamianis mier
Semecnebis SesaZleblobas, meore ki – eWvis qveS ayenebs
am SesaZleblobas.
magram arcerTi am SemecnebiT-pesimistur Teoria-
Tagani ar aris swori. jer erTi, rom adamianuri Semecnebis
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SesaZleblobas praqtika adasturebs, da, meorec, Semecnebis
SesaZleblobis uaryofa logikuradac gaumarTlebelia.
SemecnebiTi pesimizmi misi orive – ukiduresi da
zomieri saxiT, ese igi agnostizmiTac da skepticizmiTac
logikurad gaumarTlebelia, kerZod ki, winaaRmdegobrivia,
vinaidan Tu pesimisturad (uimedod) SevxedavdiT Semec-
nebis SesaZleblobas, maSin pesimisturadve (uimedodve)
unda Segvexeda Tavad am uaryofisTvis, rac logikuri
winaaRmdegoba iqneboda. amasTan Tu kategoriulad (gadaW-
riT) uarvyofdiT Semecnebas, maSin aseve unda uargveyo
es uaryofac, xolo Tu mxolod eWvs SevitandiT Semec-
nebaSi, maSin eWvive unda Segvetana Tavad am eWvSiac, rac
SeuZlebelia. maSasadame, adamianuri Semecneba ara Tu
SesaZlebelia, aramed SeuZlebelic kia amgvari ar iyos,
e.i. gamarTlebulia e.w. SemecnebiTi optimizmi. magram
sxva sakiTxia is, rom adamianuri SemecnebaSi Cven SeiZleba
gvqondes ara marto warmatebebi, ara-med warumateblobebic.
kerZod, adamianma SeiZleba ara marto sworad Seimecnos,
aramed – arasworadac. igi SeiZleba scdebodes an cruob-
des, magram masve SeuZlia gamoasworos kidec es naklo-
vanebani.
ase rom, Semecnebis procesSi gvaqvs rogorc dadebiTi
(pozitiuri), ise uaryofiTi (negatiuri) mxareebic, rogor
optimisturi (imedismomcemi), ise pesimisturi (imedis
armomcemi) momentebi, magram am procesSi optimisturi
(imedismomcemi) mxare Warbobs, ris gamoc adamianur Semec-
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nebas ZiriTadad, mTlianad optimisturad (imedismomcemad)
unda SevxedoT.
igive, rac iTqva adamianuri Semecnebis SesaZleblo-
baze, SeiZleba iTqvas agreTve adamianuri Sefasebis Tao-
bazec. kerZod, aresebobs SefasebiTi optimizmica da Sefase-
biTi pesimizmic. sxva sityvebiT, aqsiologiuri optimiz-
mica da aqsiologiuri pesimizmic. pirveli adamianuri
Sefasebis SesaZleblobas aRiarebs, meore uaryofs, marTa-
lia, adamianur SefasebaSi gvxvdeba garkveuli siZneleebic:
adamianma SeiZleba ara marto sworad Seafasos, aramed
arasworadac. an ver Seafasos, an ar Seafasos sworad. da
miuxedavad am SefasebiT-pesimisturi momentebisa, adamia-
nur Sefasebasac ZiriTadad mainc optimisturad (imedis
TvaliT) unda SevxedoT. jer erTi, am Sefasebis SesaZleb-
lobas praqtika (grZnobad-sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba)
adasturebs da, meorec, Sefasebis uaryofa logikuradac
SeuZlebelia, vinaidan Sefasebis uaryofac mainc isev
Sefaseba iqneboda.
saerTod unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom rogorc
adamianuri Semecneba, ise Sefasebac – orive refleqsiuri
(ukan mibrunebuli) filosofiuri procesia da amitom
maTi uaryofa, ra formiTac (saxiTac) ar unda xdebodes
igi, Sinagnad winaaRmdegobrivi da, maSasadame, SeuZlebeli
iqneboda logikurad. rogorc SemecnebiTi (gnoseolo-
giuri), ise SefasebiTi (aqsiologiuri) nihilizmis (uar-
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myofelobis) Teoriebic, amitom Sinagnad winaaRmde-
gobrivi da, maSasadame, miuRebeli Teoriebia.
amrigad, adamians ZaluZs Semecnebac da Sefasebac,
mas ZaluZs sul ufro da ufro farTo da Rrma Semecnebaca
da Sefasebac. mas SeuZlia swori Semecnebisa da swori
Sefasebis meSveobiT sworad Seimecnos da Seafasos rela-
tiuri (fardobiTi) sinamdvile, raTa eziaros absolutur
(upirobo) sinamdviles. da es ase rom ar yofiliyo, adamia-
nis cxovrebasac azri daekargeboda, vinaidan igi verafers
amaT gareSe ver moimoqmedebda, xolo es ki SeuZlebelia,
vinaidan ewinaaRmdegeba yovelgvar saR azrs.
7. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis safexurebi
Semecneba da Sefaseba es is procesebia, roca xdeba
naklebad srulyofili Semecnebidan da Sefasebidan ufro
srulyofili Semecnebisa da Sefasebisaken aRmasvla, es
aris procesi Semecnebisa da Sefasebis ufro dabali
donidan ufro maRal doneze asvlisa, amitom am process
(msvlelobas) Tavisi safexurebi, e.i. aRmavali doneebi
gaaCnia.
Semecneba-Sefasebis safexurebic (iseve rogorc maTi
sxva formebi) maTi igive saxeebia, magram gansakuTrebuli
saxeebi, vinaidan sxva saxeebi, Tu ase SeiZleba iTqvas, Se-
mecneba-Sefasebis `horizontaluri~ saxeebia, maSin rode-
sac Semecneba-Sefasebis safexurebi – maTi `vertikaluri~
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saxeebi. Tavad sityva `safexurebi~ ukve mianiSnebs imas,
rom aq Semecneba-Sefasebis swored `aRmaval~ (`vertika-
lur~) saxeebze gvaqvs saubari maTi sxva aspeqtis saxee-
bisgan gansxvavebiT.
imisaTvis, rom Semecneba da Sefaseba sruli iyos,
aucilebelia misi yvela SesaZlebeli safexuri. amasTan
arcerTi maTganis rolis arc daknineba da arc gazviadeba
ar SeiZleba. yvela maTgans Tav-Tavisi adgili uWiravs,
arc meti da arc naklebi, Semecnebisa da Sefasebis
`kibeebze~.
Semecneba-Sefasebis saxeTa dayofas `safexurebad~
didi mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan igi iZleva Semecneba-
Sefasebis `gaiolebis~ saSualebas, igi `aiolebs~ adamianis
`asvlas~ Semecneba-Sefasebis `kibeze~, vinaidan `usafexure-
ebod~ Zalian gaWirdeboda masze asvla, Tu meti ara. gar-
da amisa, Semecnebisa da Sefasebis `kibis~ yoveli safexuri
swvdeba sinamdvilis ama Tu im sferos (wres). es ki gvaZ-
levs TiToeuli maTganis Semecneba-Sefasebis saSualebas,
rom ar gamogvrCes arcerTi maTgani.
Semecnebis safexurebi SeiZleba davyoT sxvadasxva
aspeqtiT (kuTxiT), imisda mixedviT, Tu ras aviRebT dayofis
principad (safuZvlad).
magram Cven aq Semecnebis safexurebs yvelaze ufro
gavrcelebuli, yvelaze ufro miRebuli aspeqtiT (kuTxiT)
warmovadgenT. kerZod, Cven aq gamovyofT Semecnebis iseT
safexurebs, rogorebicaa: 1) grZnobadi (empiriuli, sensua-
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luri), 2) gansjiTi (inteleqtualuri), 3) gonebiTi (racio-
naluri), 4) WvretiTi (intuitiuri) da 5) saidumlo (misti-
kuri) Semecnebani.
grZnobadi Semecneba gulisxmobs grZnobis orga-
noebiT (iaraRebiT) Semecnebas, gansjiTi – gansjis, gone-
biTi – gonebis, WvretiTi – Wvretis, xolo saidumlo Se-
mecneba – RvTaebrivi zeSTagonebiT Semecnebas.
sensualuri (laT. `sensus~ - `grZnoba~, `SegrZneba~)
Semecneba, sxvanairad, empiriul (berZn. `empeiria~ - `cda~)
Semecnebad iwodeba.
grZnobadi, igive sensualuri anu empiriuli Semecneba
yvela danarCeni Semecnebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
misi saSualebiT vwvdebiT realur, xorciel sinamdviles,
maSin, rodesac Semecnebis danarCeni saxeebiT – idealur,
sulier sinamdviles. mokled, grZnobadi Semecneba xorcie-
lis Semecnebaa, aragrZnobadi ki – sulieris Semecneba.
aragrZnobad Semecnebas anu zegrZnobad Semecnebas
azrovnebas uwodeben. ase rom, Semecnebis safexurebi or
jgufad SeiZleba davyoT da maT `SegrZneba~ da `azrov-
neba~ vuwodoT.
grZnobadi Semecneba (farTo gagebiT igive `SegrZ-
neba~), e.i. sensualuri, anu empiriuli Semecneba sam formas
(saxes) moicavs: 1) SegrZnebas, 2) aRqmas, 3) warmodgenas.
SegrZneba sagnis erTi romelime martivi Tvisebis
TvalsaCino (xatovani) asaxvaa, aRqma – sagnis rogorc
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mTelis TvalsaCino (xatovani) asaxva, xolo warmodgena
– aRqmulis cnobierebaSi kvlavaRdgena (reproduqcia).
grZnobadi (sensualuri, empiriuli) Semecneba swvdeba
sagnis 1) calkeul, 2) garegan, 3) araarsebiT, 4) SemTxveviT
mxares, maSin rodesac aragrZnobadi (arasensualuri, ara-
empiriuli) Semecneba anu azrovneba - sagnis 1) zogad,
2) Sinagan, 3) arsebiT, 4) aucilebel mxares.
aragrZnobadi (zegrZnobadi, araempiriuli, arasen-
sualuri) Semecneba anu azrovneba emyareba grZnobad
(empiriul, sensualur) Semecnebas, grZnobadi (empiriuli,
sensualuri) Semecneba anu SegrZneba farTo azriT ivseba
aragrZnobadi (zegrZnobadi, araempiriuli, arasensualuri)
SemecnebiT anu azrovnebiT. erTi ar arsebobs meoris ga-
reSe, meore – pirvelis gareSe. orive aucieleblia sagnis
sruli SemecnebisTvis.
aragrZnobadi Semecnebis pirveli safexuria gansji-
Ti (inteleqtualuri – laT. `inteleqtus~ - `gansja~)
Semecneba, romelsac sxvanairad ganazreba ewodeba.
gansjiTi (inteleqtualuri) Semecnebis anu ganaz-
rebis saxeebia (formebia): 1) cneba, 2) msjeloba, 3) daskvna.
cneba aris azri saganze, romelSiac gadmocemulia
misi arsebiTi niSani Tu niSnebi, msjeloba – debuleba
(winadadeba), romelic raimes adgens (hoyofs an uaryofs)
saganze, xolo daskvna – wina msjelobaTagan (winadade-
baTagan) miRebuli, maTgan gamoyvanili axali msjeloba.
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gansjiTi (inteleqtualuri) Semecneba anu ganaz-
reba sxvanairad kidev iwodeba logikur Semecnebad, vina-
idan cneba, msjeloba da daskvna swored rom azrovnebis
logikuri formebia. amitomac azrovnebis am formebs
(saxeebs) swored logika Seiswavlis.
gansjiTi Semecneba, anu mokled gansja imiT ganir-
Ceva Semecnebis sxva safexurTagan, rom igi aris gaSuale-
buli Semecneba anu imgvari Semecneba, romelic miiRweva
TanmimdevrobiT, garkveuli logikuri operaciebis Sede-
gad, `nabij-nabij~. amitom amgvar Semecnebas kidev diskursi-
ul Semecnebasac uwodeben (laT. `diskursus~ - `msjeloba~),
vinaidan dasabuTebiT, mtkicebiT miiReba.
aragrZnobadi Semecnebis meore safexuria gonebrivi
Semecneba, romelsac sxvanairad racionalur (laT. `ra-
cio~ - `goneba~, `racionalis~ - `gonebrivi~) Semecnebas
uwodeben.
aq upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba,
rom filosofiaSi xSirad aRreulia `inteleqtualuri~
da `racionaluri~ Semecneba, vinaidan mkafiod ar aris
gamijnuli Tavad terminebic (sityvebic) `inteleqti~
da `racio~. kerZod, `inteleqti~ da `racio~ xan gaigivebu-
lia erTmaneTTan, xan – Seyvanili erTimeoreSi, xan kidev
– aRreulia erTimeoreSi. sinamdvileSi ki es ori ram
adamianis sruliad gansxvavebuli SemecnebiTi unarebia.
da garda amisa, gonebrivi (racionaliuri) Semecneba
sagnis uSualo da sakuTriv cnobieri wvdomaa gansxvave-
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biT Semecnebis sxva safexurTagan. es aris Semecneba, rome-
lic Tavidan bolomde Segnebulia adamianis mier, Semecne-
ba, ra SemTxvevaSiac adamianis mier gacnobierebulia misi
Semecneba. SemTxveviTi rodia is garemoeba, rom `goneba~
sxvagvarad `cnobas~ niSnavs. `gonieri~ ki - `cnobiers~,
ris gamoc `gonebrivi~ Semecnebac sxvas arafers niSnavs,
Tu ara `cnobier~ Semecnebas. gonebrivi (racionaluri)
Semecnebis swored es `cnobiereba~ (gacnobierebuloba,
Segnebuloba) aniWebs mas sagnis uSualo wvdomis
saSualebas.
aragrZnobieri Semecnebis mesame safexuria WvretiTi
Semecneba. mas sxvanairad intuitiur (laT. `intueri~ -
`daJinebiT mzera~) Semecnebas uwodeben. mokled am Semec-
nebas intuiciac (Wvretac) SeiZleba vuwodoT.
WvretiTi (intuiciuri) Semecneba anu Wvreta (intui-
cia) aris sagnis uecari, uSualo, aracnobieri Semecneba,
rac mtkicebas ar moiTxovs. es aris gumaniT mixvedra,
alRos aReba.
intuiciis mraval formas gamoyofen: grZnobads,
inteleqtualurs, emociurs, mistikurs.
grZnobadi intuicia, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs Wvretas
sinamdvilis grZnobad sferoSi, inteleqtualuri –
Sesabamisad inteleqtualurSi, emociuri – emociurSi,
mistikuri – mistikurSi da ara imas, rom intuicia SesaZloa
iyos sakuTriv `grZnobadi~, `inteleqtualuri~ (am SemTx-
vevaSi `gonebrivi~), `emociuri~ (`mxatvruli~) Tu `mistiku-
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ri~ (`saidumlo~), vinaidan intuicia swored rom gansxvav-
deba yvela amgvari Semecnebisagan. sxva SemTxvevaSi mas
verc gamovyofdiT calke Semecnebis safexurad.
dabolos, aragrZnobadi Semecnebis meoTxe safexuria
mistikuri anu saidumlo Semecneba, romelic gulisxmobs
`zebunebriv~ Semecnebas, rac Cveulebrivi adamianis Zalebs
aRemateba. amgvari Semecneba zebunebrivi Zalebis mier
xorcieldeba uxilavad (e.i. `saidumlod~).
adamianuri Semecnebis yvela es oTxive aragrZno-
badi safexuri erTmaneTis msgavsicaa da erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebulic. msgavseba imaSia, rom yvela maTgani ze-
grZnobadi (grZnobadze aRmatebuli) Semecnebaa, e.i. azrov-
nebaa, maSasadame, azriT sagnis wvdomaa, xolo gansxvaveba
– imaSi, rom 1) gansja gaSualebuli azrovnebaa, 2) `Segneba~
(gonebrivi Semecneba) – uSualo azrovneba, 3) Wvreta –
uecari Semecneba, 4) saidumlo Semecneba – uxilavi azrov-
neba (igulisxmeba Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis uxilavi).
adamianuri Semecnebis yvela xuT safexurs Tavisi
damoukidebeli adgili uWiravs adamianuri Semecnebis
`kibeze~, magram maT Soris mWidro kavSiricaa, TiToeuli
cal-calke aucilebeli, xolo yvela erTad – sakmarisi
safexurebia adamianuri Semecnebis `kibisa~. adamianuri
Semecnebis yvela es safexuri avsebs erTmaneTs da sruls
xdis am Semecnebas.
marTalia, adamianuri Semecnebis yvela aRniSnuli
safexuri aucilebelia, magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom
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yvela maTgans erTi da igive mniSvneloba hqondes, aramed
swored, piriqiT, zogs meti mniSvneloba aqvs da zogs –
naklebi. ra Tqma unda, es mniSvneloba damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ra adgili uWiravs ama Tu im safexurs Semecnebis
kibeze. kerZod, ufro dabal safexurs, bunebrivia, ufro
naklebi mniSvneloba eqneba, maSin rodesac ufro maRals
- ufro meti mniSvneloba, Tumca arcerTi maTganis rolis
arc daknineba da arc gazviadeba ar SeiZleba.
adamianuri Semecnebis safexurebis rolTan dakavSi-
rebiT filosofiaSi SesaZlebelia Sesabamisad xuTi Teo-
riac, rogorc Tav-Tavisi `zomieri~, ise `ukiduresi~ saxiT
(formiT). kerZod, SesaZloa rogorc zomieri, ise ukiduresi
sensualizmic, inteleqtualizmic, racionalizmic, intivi-
tivizmica da misticizmic. yvela es `gnoseologizmi~
(Semecnebis Teoriuli `izmi~) TavTavisi zomieri formiTY
(saxiT) gvaqvs maSin, rodesac yovel maTganSi, marTlac,
TavTavisi namdvili roli eniWeba Semecnebis Sesabamis
safexurs, xolo Semecnebis yovel safexurs namdvilad
is roli ganekuTvneba da unda ganekuTvnos, rac maT
Taviseburebas (specifikas) gamoxatavs, arc meti da arc
naklebi. kerZod, grZnobadi Semecnebis roli mxolod
sensibeluri (grZnobiTwvdomadi sinamdvilis) asaxvaSi
mdgomareobs, gansjiTisa – inteligibelurisaSi (gansjiT-
wvdomadisaSi), goniTisa – raciobelurisaSi (gonebiT-
wvdomadisaSi), WvretiTisa – intuobelurisaSi (WvretiT-
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wvdomadisaSi), mistikuri (saidumlo) Semecnebisa – zebuneb-
rivi sinamdvilis SemecnebaSi.
amrigad, adamianuri Semecnebis yovel safexurs Tavad
Sesamecnebeli sinamdvilis safexurebi Seesabameba, ris
gamoc SeuZlebelia romelime erTi maTganis xarjze
sxva safexuris rolis gazviadeba. da miuxedavad yovelive
amisa, filosofiaSi mainc arsebobs sensualizmis (empiriz-
mis), inteleqtualizmis, racionalizmis, intuitivizmis,
misticizmis ukiduresi saxeebi.
sensualizmi (empirizmi) Tavisi ukiduresi gagebiT
imgvari SemecnebisTeoriuli (gnoseologiuri) mimarTu-
lebaa, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianis codna arsebiTad
daiyvaneba grZnobebiT mopovebul codnaze, anu romlis
Tanaxmadac Semecnebis ZiriTadi wyaroa grZnobebi.
ukiduresi sensualizmis (empirizmis) klasikuri (sau-
keTeso) formulaa (debulebaa) jon lokis gamonaTqvami:
`araferia inteleqtSi iseTi, rac uwin ar yofila grZno-
bebSi~. aq, rogorc vxedavT, grZnobebis (SegrZnebebisa da
aRqmebis) rolia gazviadebuli inteleqtis (am SemTxvevaSi
gansjisa da gonebis) rolis dakninebis xarjze, rac, ra
Tqma unda, gaumarTlebelia, vinaidan sinamdvileSi inte-
leqtis roli SemecnebaSi ar daiyvaneba sensusis (grZno-
bebis) rolze, ris gamoc vilhelm laibnicma jon lokis
sapirispiro aseTi formula wamoayena: `araferia grZnobeb-
Si iseTi, rac ar yofila uwin inteleqtSi, garda TviT
inteleqtisa~.
107
 igive, rac iTqva sensualizmze (empirizmze) Tavisi
ukiduresi gagebiT, iTqmis agreTve inteleqtualizmzec,
racionalizmzec, intuitivizmzec, misticizmzec, Tav-
TavianTi ukiduresi saxeebiT. kerZod, arc inteleqtua-
lizmi iqneboda swori SemecnebaSi inteleqtis (gansjis)
rolis, arc racionalizmi – racios, arc intuitivizmi
– intuiciisa da arc misticizmi – mistikuris (idumalis)
rolis gazviadebaSi.
da marTlac, arc calmxrivi sensualizmi varga, arc
calmxrivi inteleqtualizmi, arc calmxrivi raciona-
lizmi, arc calmxrivi intuitivizmi da arc calmxrivi
misticizmic. sruli codna mxolod maSin gveqneboda,
Tu masSi gamTlianebuli iqneboda Semecnebis xuTive
aRniSnuli elementi.
Semecnebis aRniSnul elementTa (mxareTa) masSi
Tanafardoba ama Tu im saxis Semecnebisas, ra Tqma unda,
sxvadasxvaa. kerZod, grZnobad SemecnebaSi, bunebrivia,
grZnobadoba sWarbobs, iseve rogorc gansjiTSi – gansji-
Toba, gonebiTSi – gonebiToba, gumaniTSi – gumaniTi, saidum-
loSi – idumaleba. sxvagvarad SeuZlebelicaa, magram es
rodi niSnavs imas, rom TiToeul am SemecnebaSi sxva Se-
mecnebis elementic ar iyos da rac ufro metad `gamsWva-
luli~ iqneba erTi saxis Semecneba meore saxis Semecnebis
elementebiT, miT ufro `mdidari~ da `savse~ iqneba igi.
da mainc, ra `gamsWvalulic~ ar unda iyos Semecnebis
esa Tu is saxe-safexuri misi sxva saxe-safexuriT (e.i. ra
108
kavSiric ar unda iyos maT Soris), arcerTi misi elementi
(mxare) ise ar `gamsWvalavs~ adamianur Semecnebas, da,
maSasadame, arcerTi misi mxare-safexuri ar `amTlianebs~
mas, ise, rogorc saxeldobr `gonebrivi~ Semecneba, yovelive
aqedan gamomdinare ki, ar gamokveTs mis specifikas
(Taviseburebas) rogorc swored misi gonebiToba~.
da marTlac, aba sxva kidev ra unda iyos adamianuri
Semecnebis mTavari specifikuri (Taviseburi) mxare, Tu
ara misi swored `goniereba~? adamiani xom erTaderTi
gonieri arsebaa amqveynad, amitomac vambobT adamianze -
`gonieri kacio~ (`Homo sapiens~). amiT Cven mis specifikas
(Taviseburebas) gamovTqvamT. amqveynad aseve, ra Tqma unda,
specifikuri iqneba adamianur SemecnebaSi swored `gonie-
reba~. `goniereba~ xom `cnobierebas~ niSnavs sxvanairad
da rom adamianuri Semecnebis specifikac misi `cnobiere-
baa~, es Tavad adamianuri Semecnebis, jer erTi, saxelSiac
(terminSiac) Cans da meorec, - mis cnebaSiac. marTlac,
cnebaSi imdenad, ramdenadac adamianis `Semecnebis~ cneba
am Semecnebis swored `gonierebas~, e.i. `cnobierebas~
gulisxmobs (adamianuri Semecneba xom sinamdvilis
cnobieri (gonieri), e.i. `gacnobierebuli~, `gaazrebuli~,
`Segnebuli~ asaxvaa da meti araferi), xolo saxelSi
(terminSi) – imdenad, ramdenadac `Semecneba~ terminobriva-
dac (sityvobrivadac) masve gulisxmobs (SemecnebaSic~
anu `SecnobaSiac~ Zireuli bgerebia `cn~, iseve rogorc
`cnobierebaSi~).
109
 marTalia, adamianis Semecnebis specifikurobas (Tavi-
seburebas) misi `goniereba~ anu `cnobiereba~ gansazRvravs,
magram es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqosda `goniTi~
Semecneba iyos adamianuri Semecnebis umaRlesi safexuri,
vinaidan arsebobs masze aRmatebuli, `zeSTagoniTi~ Semec-
nebis safexurebic. amitom gonebis (racios) rogorc Semec-
nebiTi unaris rolis arc daknineba da arc gazviadeba,
rogorc es xdeba e.w. `iracionalizmisa~ da `racionaliz-
mis~ SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, maTi ukiduresi formebis (saxe-
ebis) SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba.
`racionalizmi~ aris Semecnebis iseTi Teoria, rome-
lic aRiarebs gonebis (upirates) rols adamianis Semecne-
baSi, xolo `iracionalizmi~ – Semecnebis iseTi Teoria,
romelic, piriqiT, uaryofs mis (upirates) rols adamianis
SemecnebaSi.
logikurad SesaZlebelia rogorc racionalizmis,
ise iracionalizmis rogorc zomieri, ise ukiduresi for-
mebic (saxeebic).
zomieri racionalizmis SemTxvevaSi aRiarebulia
gonebis (racios) SemecnebiTi roli sxva SemecnebiT, ara-
gonebrivi (iracionaluri) unaris dakninebis gareSe, xolo
ukiduresi racionalizmis SemTxvevaSi – piriqiT, sxva,
aragonebrivi (iracionaluri) SemecnebiTi unarebis
dakninebis xarjze.
igive iTqmis iracionalizmzec (laT. `iracionalis~
- `aragonieri~), rac iTqva racionalizmze misi sapiris-
110
piro mniSvnelobiT. kerZod, zomieri iracionalizmi
gveqneboda maSin, Tu aRiarebuli iqneboida aracnobieri
(iracionaluri) SemecnebiTi unarebic cnobieri (raciona-
luri) SemecnebiTi unaris gverdiT, xolo ukiduresi
racionalizmi – maSin, Tu aRiarebuli iqneboda gonebis
(racios) roli sxva goniT (cnobier) SemecnebiT unarTa
rolis dakninebis xarjze.
`racionalizmi~ da `iracionalizmi rogorc Semecne-
bis sapirispiro Teoriebi filosofiis istoriaSi Tavian-
Ti ukiduresi formiT (saxiT) iyo gagebuli. kerZod, ra-
cionalizmi am gagebiT gonebis (racios) SemecnebiT rols
azviadebda, xolo aragonebis (iracios) SemecnebiT rols
akninebda, iracionalizmi ki, piriqiT, aragonebis (iraciios)
SemecnebiT rols azviadebda, xolo gonebis (racios)
SemecnebiT rols akninebda.
magram amgvari urTierTdapirispireba (kontrastu-
loba) am Teoriebisa adamianis SemecnebaSi gonebrivisa
da aragonebrivis, cnobierisa da aracnobieris, raciona-
lurisa da iracionaluris Tanafardobis sakiTxSi gau-
marTlebelia, vinaidan TiToeuli cal-calke aucilebeli,
xolo yvela erTad aRebuli sakmarisi pirobaa adamianuri
Semecnebisa. amitom racionalizmi da iracionalizmi
normalur (wesier) SemTxvevaSi arc unda upirispirde-
bodes erTmaneTs. amgvar SemTxvevaSi maT Soris mxolod
kontradiqtoruli (urTierTgansxvavebuli) damokidebu-
leba gveqneboda.
111
 iseve rogorc Semecnebas, Sefasebasac Tavisi safe-
xurebi aqvs. da es safexurebi analogiuria (msgavsia)
Semecnebis safexurebisa. kerZod, gvaqvs ara marto sensu-
aluri (grZnobadi) Semecneba, aramed sensualuri (grZno-
badi) Sefasebac, aseve msgavsad inteleqtualuri (gansjiTi)
Semecnebisa – inteleqtualuri (gansjiTi) Sefasebac, msgav-
sad racionaluri (goniTi) Semecnebisa – racionaluri
(goniTi) Sefasebac, msgavsad intuiciuri (WvretiTi)
Semecnebisa - intuiciuri (WvretiTi) Sefasebac, da, bolos,
msgavsad mistikuri (saidumlo) Semecnebisa – mistikuri
(saidumlo) Sefasebac.
sensualuri (grZnobadi) Sefaseba grZnobebiT (SegrZ-
nebebiT, aRqmebiT, warmodgenebiT) miRweuli Sefasebaa,
inteleqtualuri – gansjiTY miRweuli, racionaluri –
gonebiT miRweuli, intuiciuri – WvretiT miRweuli, da,
bolos, mistikuri - `saidumlo~, zebunebrivi unarebiT
miRweuli Sefaseba.
ase rom, grZnobebi (SegrZnebebi, aRqmebi), warmodgenebi),
gansja, goneba, gumani Tu mistikuri unarebi marto Semec-
nebiTi ki ara, SefasebiTi unarebicaa. es organoebi (iara-
Rebi) ara marto Semecnebis, aramed Sefasebis organoebicaa
(iaraRebicaa).
Sefasebac, iseve rogorc Semecneba, Tavisi safexure-
biT qmnis Sefasebis erTgvar `kibes~, romelsac iseve ro-
gorc Semecnebis kibes, avyavarT umaRles Semecnebamde,
avyavarT umaRles Sefasebamde, Semecneba – Sefasebis miza-
112
nic sabolood xom sxva araferia, Tu ara agviyvanos swo-
red ukanasknel simaRlemde, e.i. gvaziaros RmerTs. es ki
SeuZlebeli iqneboda adamianisaTvis, rom ara Semecneba-
Sefasebis safexurebrivoba, vinaidan adamians Tavisi rela-
tiurobisa (SefardebiTobisa) da, maSasadame, naklovanebisa
gamo erTbaSad ki ar SeeZleboda am simaRleze asvla,
aramed, `safexur-safexur~ mxolod. sinamdvilis ufro
dabal sferos Semecnebisa da Sefasebis Sesabamisad ufro
dabali safexuriT vwvdebiT, ufro maRals, - ra Tqma un-
da, Sesabamisadve ufro maRali safexuriT. Semecneba-Sefa-
sebis kibis yvela safexuris meSveobiT ki vwvdebiT sinamd-
vilis yvela safexurs.
8. codna da faseuloba
adamianuri Semecnebis nayofi, Sedegi codnaa, xolo
adamianuri Sefasebisa – faseuloba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
adamiani faqts (xdomilebas) adgens, meoreSi – Rire-
bulebas.
adamianuri codna SesaZloa iyos rogorc `dade-
biTi~, ise `uaryofiTi~, iseve rogorc adamianuri fase-
ulobac, magram adamianuri codnisa da faseulobis
`dadebiToba-uaryofiToba~ erTi da igive rodia. mar-
Talia, codnisa da faseulobis dadebiToba saerTocaa
da maT `WeSmaritebas~ gulisxmobs, iseve rogorc maTi
uaryofiTobac, Tavis mxriv - `siyalbes~, magram es maTi
113
`WeSmariteba-siyalbec~ swored rom gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan. marTlac, sxvaa adamianuri codnis WeSmari-
teba-siyalbe da sxva kidev – adamianuri faseulobis
WeSmariteba-siyalbe. marTalia aseve isic, es codnac da
faseulobac – orive, sulieri, e.i. subieqturi arekvla
obieqturi, sagnobrivi viTarebisa da amdenad orive maTgani
SesaZloa iyos WeSmaritic da yalbic, magram am WeSma-
ritebaTa da siyalbeTa Soris mainc gansxvavebaa. xolo
gansxvaveba arsebiTad ufro metia, vidre msgavseba.
adamianuri codnis WeSmariteba – siyalbe niSnavs
faqtiuri viTarebis swor Tu araswor cnobier arekvlas,
maSin rodesac adamianuri faseulobis WeSmariteba-
siyalbe – RirebulebiTi (aqsiuri) viTarebis swor Tu
araswor cnobier arekvlas. xolo sagnis faqtiuri da
aqsiuri viTareba erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavdeba.
kerZod, adamianuri codnis WeSmariteba gulisxmobs mis
Sesabamisobas imasTan, rac aris an ar aris, xolo siyalbe
– am codnis Seusabamobas imasTan, rac aris an ar aris.
rac Seexeba adamianuri faseulobas, igi gulisxmobs mis
Sesabamisobas imasTan, rac unda iyos an ar unda iyos,
maSin rodesac am faseulobis siyalbe – mis Seusabamobas
imasTan, rac unda iyos an ar unda iyos. sxva sityvebiT,
WeSmariti codna arsis an ararsis (e.i. faqtis) arekvlaa
adamianis sulSi ise, rogoradac igi sinamdvileSia, yalbi
codna ki – misi arekvla ara ise, rogoradac sinamdvileSia.
WeSmariti codna faqtiuri sinamdvilis swori, daumaxinje-
114
beli cnobieri arekvlaa, maSin rodesac yalbi codna –
misi araswori, damaxinjebuli cnobieri arekvla. msgavsad
amisa, WeSmariti faseulobac normatiuli (aqsiuri) sinamd-
vilis swori, daumaxinjebeli cnobieri asaxvaa, maSin ro-
desac yalbi faseuloba - am sinamdvilis araswori,
damaxinjebuli cnobieri asaxva.
imis gamo, rom yalbi codna sinamdvileSi arc aris
codna, xolo yalbi faseulobac – faseuloba, amitom
codnaca da faseulobac sinamdvileSi mxolod WeSmariti,
e.i. swori codna da faseuloba iqneba. da marTlac, ra
codnaa is codna, Tu igi WeSmariti araa, iseve rogorc –
is faseuloba, Tu igic WeSmariti araa?
ase rom, adamianuri codnisa Tu faseulobis prob-
lema maTi WeSmaritebis problemaa; es codna da faseuloba
imdenad iqneba namdvili codna Tu faseuloba, ramdenadac
SesaZlebelia da namdvili maTi WeSmaritebac. WeSmariteba
adamianuri codnisa da faseulobis namdvilobis krite-
riumia (sazomia): Tu Cven viciT, rom raRaca iseTia (an
araa iseTi), rogoric igi marTlac aris (an ar aris), anda
Tu Cven viciT, rom raRaca iseTi unda iyos (an ar unda
iyos), rogoric igi, marTlac, unda iyos (an ar unda iyos),
maSin aseTi arekvla swored WeSmariti codna da faseu-
loba da, maSasadame, namdvili codnac da faseulobac
unda iyos da aris kidec.
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 9. WeSmaritebis problema
namdvili adamianuri codnaca da faseulobac
SesaZlebelia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia
WeSmariti codnac da faseulobac, rasac Tavad WeSmariti
codnisa da faseulobis sinamdvile asabuTebs.
WeSmariteba aris yovelgvari adamianuri Semecnebisa
Tu Sefasebis mizani.
WeSmariteba Sesabamisobaa, Sesatyvisobaa, Tanxmobaa
Semecnebisa Tu Sefasebis sagansa da Semmecneblisa Tu
Semfaseblis mier maT sulier arekvlas Soris. ufro
mokled, WeSmariteba sinamdvilis swori adekvaturi)
sulieri arekvlaa.
WeSmaritebas siyalbe upirispirdeba.
siyalbe Seusabamoba, Seusatyvisoba, uTanxmoebaa
Semecnebisa Tu Sefasebis sagansa da Semmecneblisa Tu
Semfaseblis mier maT sulier arekvlas Soris. ufro
mokled, siyalbe aris sinamdvilis araswori (araadekva-
turi), damaxinjebuli (falsificirebuli) sulieri
arekvla.
siyalbe orgvaria: sicrue (tyuili) da Secdoma
(cTomileba).
sicrue (tyuili) ganzraxi siyalbea, Secdoma (cdo-
mileba) ki – uneblie. pirveli Segnebuli, meore – Seugne-
beli siyalbea, anu Sesabamisad, - gacnobierebuli da gauc-
116
nobierebeli siyalbe. vinc cruobs, iman icis, rom siyalbes
ambobs, vinc Secdomas sCadis, iman – ara.
WeSmaritebac orgvaria: gacnobierebuli da gauc-
nobierebeli. gacnobierebul WeSmaritebas simarTle hqvia.
vinc simarTles ambobs, iman icis, rom WeSmaritebas ambobs.
WeSmaritebac da siyalbec orive sakuTriv Semmec-
nebeli Tu Semfasebeli sulis Tvisebaa da ara Tavad
Sesamecnebeli Tu Sesafasebeli sagnisa (obieqtisa), ris
gamoc isini subieqturi Tvisebani arian da ara obieqtu-
risani (Tumca gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT WeSmaritebaca
da siyalbec Tavad obieqtur sagnebsac SeiZleba mivawe-
roT). am azriT WeSmaritebaca da siyalbec subieqturia
(subieqtis, cnobieri arsebis kuTvnilebaa).
magram WeSmariteba da siyalbe sxva mxriv obieqturi-
caa. WeSmariteba-siyalbis obieqturiba mxolod imas
SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom Cveneuli Semecnebisa Tu Sefasebis
WeSmariteba-siyalbe damokidebulia ara Semecneba-Sefa-
sebis subieqtze (e.i. Semmecnebelze an Semfasebelze), ara-
med Tavad Semecneba-Sefasebis obieqtze (e.i. Semecneba-
Sefasebis saganze). sxvanairad, sinamdvilis sulieri asax-
vis siswore Tu arasiswore damokidebulia Tavad sagnob-
riv, obieqturi viTarebaze. ase rom, WeSmariteba subieqturia,
erTis mxriv, im azriT, rom igi subieqtis kuTvnilebaa,
magram obieqturicaa, meores mxriv, im azriT, rom igi
obieqtis Sesabamisia.
117
 WeSmariteba orgvari SeiZleba iyos – absoluturi
da relatiuri.
absoluturi WeSmariteba upirobo WeSmaritebaa, anu
iseTi WeSmariteba, romelic ar aris damokidebuli raime
pirobaze, garemoebaze. es aris yovlad sruli WeSmariteba,
romelic mxolod RmerTs gaaCnia. rac Seexeba im WeS-
maritebas, romelic (angelozis Semdeg) adamianis gaaCnia,
igi mxolod relatiuri, anu fardobiTi SeiZleba iyos.
adamianuri WeSmaritebac, imis gamo, rom Tavad adamianic
relatiuri arsebaa, mxolod SefardebiTi WeSmaritebis
Semcveli SeiZleba iyos.
SefardebiTi (relatiuri) WeSmariteba aris absolu-
turi WeSmaritebis, ase vTqvaT, `marcvali~. es `miaxloebiTi~,
arasruli WeSmaritebaa, magram mainc absoluturi,
yovladsruli, `zusti~ WeSmaritebis, `anarekli~. adamiani
swored am fardobiTi WeSmaritebiT `eziareba~ absolu-
tur, yovlisgadamwvdom WeSmaritebas.
WeSmariteba SeiZleba iyos abstraqtulic da konkre-
tulic.
abstraqtuli anu ganyenebuli WeSmariteba iseTi
WeSmaritebaa, romelic yvela pirobisTvis erTnairia,
konkretuli WeSmariteba ki – iseTi WeSmariteba, rome-
lic konkretuli, ama Tu im pirobebzea damokidebuli.
absoluturi da relatiuri, aseve abstraqtuli da
konkretuli WeSmaritebis garda arsebobs WeSmaritebis
118
kidev uamravi sxva saxec imisda mixedviT, Tu ra safuZvels
(princips) davudebT mis dayofas saxeebad.
magram Cven aRvniSnavT kidev mxolod erT saxes
WeSmaritebisas, kerZod, `maradiul~ WeSmaritebas anu
WeSmaritebas, romelic ucvlelia.
da bolos, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom WeSmariteba es
marto gnoseologiuri (Semecnebis Teoriuli) ki ara,
ara-med amave dros aqsiologiuri (Sefasebis Teoriuli)
kate-goriacaa (uzogadesi cnebaa), vinaidan WeSmariti ara
marto Semecneba SeiZleba iyos, aramed Sefasebac. oRond
Semec-nebiT WeSmaritebasa da SefasebiT WeSmaritebas
Soris gansxvavebacaa, rasac Tavad WeSmaritebasa da
Sefasebas Soris gansxvaveba ganapirobebs. igive iTqmis
siyalbezec.
da sul bolos, unda SevexoT WeSmaritebis e.w. `kri-
teriumis~ sakiTxs. es aris sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
aris Semecnebisa Tu Sefasebis sisworis mowmoba, dasturi.
WeSmaritebis kriteriums gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs WeSmaritebis garkvevisaTvis, vinaidan uamisod
SeuZlebelia dadgindes igi. marTlac, Tu ar gveqneboda
es kriteriumi, maSin rogorRa SevZlebdiT dagvedgina
azris saganTan Sesabamisoba?
ase rom, WeSmaritebis kriteriumi WeSmaritebis
gamarTlebis saSualebaa.
WeSmaritebis kriteriumis sakiTxi problemas war-
moadgens. misi erTmniSvnelovani gadawyveta amitom filo-
119
sofiis istoriaSi arc gagvaCnia, zogi ras Tvlis WeSmari-
tebis kriteriumad da zogi kidev – ras, magram yvela es
sazomi e.w. `Teoriul~ da `praqtikul~ sazomebze daiyva-
neba. marTlac, WeSmaritebis Teoriul da praqtikul sa-
zomsac Tav-Tavisi mniSvneloba gaaCnia, magram adamianuri
WeSmaritebis saboloo kriteriumi mainc praqtikaa. praq-
tika, `cxovreba~ gamoaCens WeSmaritebas; praqtika amarT-
lebs WeSmaritebas.
praqtika adasturebs rogorc Semecnebis, ise Sefa-
sebis siswores, rogorc SemecnebiTi azris, ise SefasebiTi
azris Sesabamisobas, Sesatyvisobas, Tanxmianobas, igiveobas
Sesamecnebel Tu Sesafasebel sagnebTan (obieqtebTan).
praqtika rogorc adamianTa sagnobrivi saqmianoba aris
Teoriis rogorc misi sulieri arekvlis sisworis krite-
riumi.
WeSmaritebis kriteriumi `nawilobrivic~ SeiZleba
iyos da `mTlianic~, `uSualoc~ da `sabolooc~, `calmxri-
vic~ da `yovelmxrivic~ da misTanani. erTi ram cxadia,
WeSmaritebis jerovani kriteriumi, ra Tqma unda, `kompleq-
suri~, erTiani unda iyos da igi unda amTlianebdes WeSmari-
tebis kriteriumis mTels mravalsaxeobas. WeSmaritebis
yovelgvari kerZo kriteriumi aucilebelia, magram arasak-
marisi. WeSmaritebis kriteriumis sakmarisobisaTvis auci-
lebelia yvela misi kerZo kriteriumis gaTvaliswineba.
WeSmaritebis yovelgvari adamianuri kriteriumi
relatiuria (fardobiTia), iseve rogorc relatiuria
120
(fardobiTia) Tavad adamianuri WeSmaritebac. magram
masSiac aris WeSmaritebis absoluturi (RvTaebrivi)
kriteriumis `marcvlebi~. es ase rom ar iyos, WeSmari-
tebas saerTod adamiani verc eziareboda. da marTlac,
adamianuri WeSmaritebis kriteriumis relatiurobac
(fardobiTobac) relatiuri (fardobiTi) rom iyos, e.i.
raRacnairad rom ar eziarebodes WeSmaritebis absolu-
tur kriteriums, maSin uazroba gamovidoda, rac logi-
kurad SeuZleblia. maSasadame, WeSmaritebis kriteriumi,
marTalia, arc mTlad absoluturia, magram arc mTlad
araabsoluturic. es araabsoluturobac xom swored
fardobiTia (relatiuria).
10. Semecnebisa da Sefasebis roli adamianis
cxovrebaSi
Semecnebasa da Sefasebas udidesi roli ekisreba
adamianis cxovrebaSi imiT, rom maT `ahyavT~ igi cxov-
rebis umaRles safexuramde. es safexuri ki cxovrebis
RvTaebrivi safexuria. da marTlac, Semecneba da Sefaseba
es erTgvari ram `kibea~, romelmac unda `agviyvanos~ uzena-
es simaRleze, amiT ki SegvaerTos sayovelTao harmonias.
es aris adamianuri Semecnebisa Tu Sefasebis uzenaesi
mizani. sxva sakiTxia is, rom adamianuri Semecneba Tu
Sefaseba am mizans rom yovelTvis ar emsaxureba, magram
es sruliadac rodi uaryofs maT uzenaes daniSnulebas.
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da Tu adamiani am mizans ar emsaxureba, igi yovel SemTxve- faseba, vinaidan maTi meSveobiT adamiani axdens sakuTari
vaSi am mizans – RvTaebriv harmoniasTan SerTvis saqmes adgilis garkvevas yofierebis mTels struqturaSi (aq:
(praqtikas) unda emsaxuros. SenobaSi) gansxvavebiT maTi sxva iseTi momentebisagan
xolo es ase rom aris, gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom (e.w. `sxvaTSemecnebisa~ da `sxvaTSefasebisagan~), romelTa
RmerTma Seqmna kaci `xatad da msgavsad Tvisad~, rasac meSveobiTac adamiani arkvevs gare sinamdvilis struq-
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis daniSnulebaSi. es turas (aq: Senobas), im gare sinamdvilisas, romelTanac
garemoeba udides misias akisrebs adamians, iyos `xati da swored man unda gaarkvios Tavisi urTierTobac.
msgavsi~ RvTisa. da Tu igi axla ase daSorebulia am
RvTis xatebasa da msgavsebas codviT dacemis Sedegad,
miTumetes aseT dros ufro saWiroa, raTa adamiani isev 11. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis
`emsgavsos~ RmerTs. amaSi ki upirvelesi roli swored `Semecneba da Sefaseba~
adamianur Semecnebasa da Sefasebas ekisreba. msgavsma, am
SemTxvevaSi kacma, msgavsi, RmerTi unda Seimecnos da Sea- sinamdvilisadmi orgvari
damokidebuleba
fasos. da am RvTiuri Semecneba-Sefasebis gzaze swored
filosofiam unda iTamaSos didi roli imiT, rom man un-
1. gnosiuri 2. eqtimuri
da SeimuSaos sayovelTao harmoniisadmi, RmerTisadmi ka-
(SemecnebiTi) (SefasebiTi)
cis SerTvis uzogadesi mecnieruli kanonebi. es ki am ka-
am damokidebulebisas am damokidebulebisas
nonTa filosofiuri Semecnebisa da Sefasebis gareSe dgindeba codna. dgindeba faseuloba.
SeuZlebelia. filosofiam amiT namdvilad Teologiis
msaxuris roli unda Seasrulos, didi italieli Teolo-
gisa da filosofosis Toma akvinelis (1225-1274) sityvebiT Semecnebisa da Sefasebis cnebebi, maTi
`filosofia Teologiis msaxuria~ (`filosofia est msgavseba-gansxvaveba
ancila Teologie~- laT).
gansakuTrebiT didi roli adamianis cxovrebaSi Semecneba codnis Sefaseba fasis
ganekuTvneba miseul Semecnebisa da Sefasebis iseT momen- SeZenaa. dadgenaa.
tebs, rogorebicaa adamianuri TviTSemecneba da TviTSe-

122 123
 Semecnebaca da Sefasebac orive sinamdvilisadmi Semecnebisa da Sefasebis miznebi
sulieri aTvisebiTi damokidebulebis formebia (es
ms gavs ebaa maT So r i s ). Semecnebis mizania Sefasebis mizania
Semec neba s i namd vi l i s f aqt i u r i ar ekvl aa; Sef as eba WeSmariti codna. WeSmariti fasi.
s i namd vi l i s no r mat i u l i ar ekvl aa (es ki gans x vaveba
maT So r i s ). Semecnebisa da Sefasebis Sedegebi

Semecnebisa da Sefasebis mxareebi Semecnebis Sedegia Sefasebis Sedegia

codna. Ffasi.
Semecnebis mxareebia Sefasebis mxareebia
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis saerTo
1. Semmecnebeli 2. Semfasebeli saxeebi

2. Sesamecnebeli 2. Sesafasebeli 1. idealuri 2. realuri

3. Tavad Semecneba 3. Tavad Sefaseba 1. Teoriuli 2. praqtikuli

Semecnebisa da Sefasebis sagnebi 1. politikuri, 2. ekonomikuri, 3. eTikuri,

4. iuridiuli, 5. religiuri, 6. esTetikuri,
Semecnebis sagania arsi an ararsi anu faqtiuri 7. mecnieruli.
sinamdvile
1. empiriuli, 2. inteleqtualuri,
Sefasebis sagania jerarsi an arajerarsi anu 3. racionaluri, 4. intuiciuri, 5. mistikuri.
normatiuli sinamdvile
1. RvTaebrivi, 2. angelosuri, 3. adamianuri

124 125
 1. sxvaTSemecneba 2. TviTSemecneba bisa Tu Sefasebis Semecnebisa Tu Sefa-
sxvaTSefaseba TviTSefaseba SesaZleblobas. sebis SesaZleblobas.

Sefasebis sakuTrivi saxeebi Semecnebisa da Sefasebis safexurebi

1. mowoneba 2. dawuneba 1. grZnobadi (empiriuli, sensualuri),

dadebiTi Sefaseba uaryofiTi Sefaseba 2. gansjiTi (inteleqtualuri), 3. gonebiTi
(racionaluri), 4. WvretiTi (intuiciuri),
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis 5. saidumlo (mistikuri).
SesaZleblobis Teoriebi
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis Teoriebi
gnoseologiuri gnoseologiuri Semecnebisa da Sefasebis wyaros gagebis
optimizmi pesimizmi sakiTxSi maTi xuTi safexuris
eqtimologiuri eqtimologiuri Sesabamisad
optimizmi pesimizmi
I. sensualizmi (empirizmi) (grZnobadi Semecneba-Sefasebis
optimisturia Teoriebi, romlebic sarwmunod miiCneven Teoria): 1) ukiduresi sensualizmi (azviadebs grZnobebis
Semecnebisa Tu Sefasebis SesaZleblobas, xolo rols Semecneba-SefasebaSi; grZnobadze dahyavs Semecneba-
pesimisturi - Teoriebi, romlebic arasarwmunod miiCneven Sefaseba; gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas grZnobebs aniWebs
Semecnebisa Tu Sefasebis SesaZleblobas. Semecneba-SefasebaSi; Semecneba-Sefasebis wyarod grZno-
bebs miiCnevs.) da 2) zomieri sensualizmi (aRiarebs grZno-
gnoseologiuri da eqtimologiuri bebis garkveul rols Semecneba-SefasebaSi.)
pesimizmis Teoriebi
II. inteleqtualizmi (gansjiTi Semecneba-Sefasebis
skepticizmi agnosticizmi Teoria): 1) ukiduresi inteleqtualizmi (azviadebs gans-
eWviT uyurebs Semecne- gadaWriT uaryofs jis rols Semecneba-SefasebaSi; gansjiTze dayavs Semec-

126 127
neba-Sefaseba; gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas gansjas aniWebs
Semecneba-SefasebaSi; Semecneba-Sefasebis wyarod gansjas
miiCnevs.) da 2) zomieri inteleqtualizmi (aRiarebs
gansjis garkveul rols Semecneba-SefasebaSi.)
III. racionalizmi (goniTi Semecneba-Sefasebis Teoria):
1) ukiduresi racionalizmi (azviadebs gonebis rols
Semecneba-SefasebaSi; goniTze dayavs Semecneba-Sefaseba;
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas gonebas aniWebs Semecneba-Sefa-
sebaSi; Semecneba-Sefasebis wyarod gonebas miiCnevs.) da
2) zomieri racionalizmi (aRiarebis gonebis garkveul
rols Semecneba-SefasebaSi.)
IV. intuitivizmi (gumaniTi Semecneba-Sefasebis Teoria):
1) ukiduresi intuitivizmi (azviadebs gumanis rols
Semecneba-SefasebaSi; gumaniTze dayavs Semecneba-Sefaseba;
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas gumans aniWebs Semecneba-
SefasebaSi; Semecneba Sefasebis wyarod gumans miiCnevs.)
da 2) zomieri intuitivizmi (aRiarebs gumanis garkveul
rols Semecneba-SefasebaSi.)
V. misticizmi (saidumlo Semecneba-Sefasebis Teoria):
1) ukiduresi misticizmi (azviadebs mistikuris rols
Semecneba-SefasebaSi; mistikurze dayavs Semecneba-Sefaseba;
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas Semecneba-SefasebaSi mistikurs
aniWebs; Semecneba-Sefasebis wyarod mistikurs miiCnevs.)
128
da 2) zomieri misticizmi (mistikurs garkveul rols
aniWebs SemecnebaSi.)
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis Teoriebi Tav-
Tavisi ukiduresi formiT Semecneba-
Sefasebis wyaros sakiTxSi
1. sensualizmi (empirizmi), romlis Tanaxmadac
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis wyaroa grZnobebi (cda).
2. inteleqtualizmi, romlis Tanaxmadac Semecnebisa
da Sefasebis wyaroa gansja.
3. racionalizmi, romlis Tanaxmadac Semecnebisa da
Sefasebis wyaroa goneba.
4. intuitivizmi, romlis Tanaxmadac Semecnebisa da
Sefasebis wyaroa gumani (alRo).
5. misticizmi, romlis Tanaxmadac Semecnebisa da
Sefasebis wyaroa mistikuri (zeSTagoneba).
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis Teoriebi
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis ori saxis
(gonierisa da aragonieris) Sesabamisad
I. racionalizmi (goniTi Semecneba-Sefasebis Teoria):
1) ukiduresi racionalizmi (Sefaseba-Semecnebis Teoria,
romelsac Semecneba-Sefaseba dayavs racionalurze
(goniTze) da 2) zomieri racionalizmi (Semecneba-
129
Sefasebis Teoria, romelic aRiarebs racionaluris
(goniTis) garkveul, aragadamwyvet rols Semecneba-
SefasebaSi).
II. iracionalizmi (aragoniTi Semecneba-Sefasebis Teoria):
1. ukiduresi iracionalizmi (azviadebs iracionaluris
(aragoniTis) rols Semecneba-SefasebaSi) da 2) zomieri
iracionalizmi (aRiarebs aragoniTis (iracionaluris)
garkveul rols Semecneba-SefasebaSi).
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis saxe-
safexurebi da maTi cnebebi
I varianti
1. sensualuri Semecneba-Sefaseba aris grZnobadi
Semecneba-Sefaseba.
2. inteleqtualuri Semecneba-Sefaseba aris gansjiTi
Semecneba.
3. racionaluri Semecneba-Sefaseba aris goniTi Semecneba-
Sefaseba.
4. intuiciuri Semecneba-Sefaseba aris gumaniTi Semecneba-
Sefaseba.
5. mistikuri Semecneba-Sefaseba aris saidumlo (RvTaeb-
rivi) Semecneba-Sefaseba.
130
Semecnebisa da Sefasebis saxe-
safexurTa cnebani
II varianti
1. sensualuri (empiriuli) (grZnobiTi) - Semecneba-
Sefaseba aris sagnis TvalsaCino (xatovani) Semecneba-
Sefaseba.
2. inteleqtualuri (gansjiTi) Semecneba-Sefaseba aris
sagnis SualobiTi aracnobieri Semecneba-Sefaseba.
3. racionaluri (goniTi) Semecneba-Sefaseba aris sagnis
uSualo cnobieri Semecneba-Sefaseba.
4. intuiciuri (gumaniTi) Semecneba-Sefaseba aris sagnis
uSualo aracnobieri Semecneba-Sefaseba.
5. mistikuri (saidumlo) Semecneba-Sefaseba aris sagnis
uxilavi - RvTaebrivi Semecneba-Sefaseba.
sensualuri (empiriuli) (grZnobiTi)
Semecnebis saxeebi da cnebebi
1. SegrZneba sagnis erTi romelime martivi Tvisebis
xatovani (TvalsaCino) asaxvaa.
2. aRqma sagnis mTliani, xatovani (TvalsaCino) asaxvaa.
131
3. warmodgena erTxel aRqmulis kvlav aRdgenaa saerTo
(reproduqciaa).
codnac da faseulobac orive sinamdvilis sulieri
inteleqtualuri (gansjiTi) logikuri arekvlis Sedegia, orive SeiZleba iyos WeSmaritic da
yalbic.
Semecnebis saxeebi da cnebebi

WeSmaritebis cneba
1. cneba azria saganze, romelSiac gadmocemulia misi
arsebiTi niSnebi.
WeSmariteba sinamdvilis swori (adekvaturi)
cnobieri arekvlaa.
2. msjeloba azria saganze, romelic adasturebs an WeSmariteba Sesabamisobaa sagansa da mis sulier
uaryofs raimes masze, mokled, adgens raimes masze. anarekls Soris.

3. daskvna ori an meti msjelobidan gamoyvanili axali siyalbis cneba

msjelobaa.
siyalbe aris sinamdvilis araswori, damaxinjebu-
codna da faseuloba - li arekvla anu Seusabamoba sagansa da mis anarekls
Soris.
maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvaveba

WeSmaritebis saxeebi
gansxvaveba

1. absoluturi (upirobo) 2. relatiuri (pirobiTi)

codna Semecnebis Sedegia.
codna arsis an ararsis cnobieri asaxvis Sedegia 1. abstraqtuli 2. konkretuli
(ganyenebuli) (gansazRvruli)
faseuloba Sefasebis Sedegia.
faseuloba jerarsis an araajerarsis cnobieri 1. maradiuli 2. warmavali
arekvlis Sedegia.

132 133
 siyalbis saxeebi
1. ganzraxi siyalbe anu tyuili
2. uneblie siyalbe, anu Secdoma (cTomileba)
WeSmaritebis kriteriumis cneba
zogadad
WeSmaritebis kriteriumi (sazomi) aris misi damadas-
turebeli, damamowmebeli movlena, mokled, - misi dasturi,
mowmoba.
WeSmaritebis kriteriumi
konkretulad
WeSmaritebis kriteriumia praqtika.
`cda WeSmaritebis sazomia~ (jerard uinstenli)
Semecneba-Sefasebis roli adamianis
cxovrebaSi
Semecneba-Sefasebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi isaa,
rom sayovelTao harmonias da amiT RmerTs SerTos igi;
SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimaluri srulyofa adamianuri
Semecneba-Sefasebis jerovani daniSnulebaa.
134
Tavi 4 (8). ganviTareba da misi
kanonebi
gegma
1. moZraoba da ganviTareba
2. ganviTarebis cneba
3. ganviTarebis saxeebi, safexurebi (etapebi);
sasruloba
4. ganviTarebis Teoriebi (ganviTarebis e.w. ori
koncefcia)
5. ganviTarebis kanonebi (zogadi daxasiaTeba)
6. dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis
kanoni
7. raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis
urTierTgadasvlis kanoni
8. uaryofis uaryofis kanoni
1. moZraoba da ganviTareba
moZraoba anu cvalebadoba yovelgvari qmnilebis
arsebobis wesia. es imas niSnavs, rom moZraobis gareSe ar
arsebobs arcerTi qmnileba. ucvleli mxolod RmerTia,
sxva yvelaferi – cvalebadi.
marTalia, qmnilebac aris da qmnilebac – arsebobs
rogorc idealuri, sulieri, ise realuri, xorcieli
135
qmnileba, romelTa moZraoba – cvalebadobac, ra Tqma
unda, gansxvavebulia, magram yvela es moZraoba-cvalebadoba
xom mainc moZraobaa Semoqmedis (RmerTis) uZraobasTan
anu ucvlelobasTan SedarebiT. sxva sakiTxia isic, rom
Tavad qmnilebaSiac gamoiyofa ori sxvadasxva sfero –
imqveyniuri da amqveyniuri qmnileba, romelTa Sorisac
imqveyniuri qmnileba ucvlelia amqveyniur qmnilebasTan
SedarebiT. es mxolod relatiuri (fardobiTi) ucvlelo-
baa da ara absoluturi. absoluturad ucvleli mxolod
uqmneli arseba – RmerTia.
ase rom, arsebobs uZraobis, e.i. ucvlelobis ori
saxe: erTia absoluturi uZraoba RmerTisa (Semoqmedisa)
da meore relatiuri uZraoba imsofliur qmnilebaTa
(angelozTa, adamianTa), maSin rodesac arsebobs moZraobis
mxolod erTi forma (saxe). esaa relatiuri moZraoba –
moZraoba amsofliur qmnilebaTa (adamianTa, cxovelTa,
mcenareTa, mineralTa). es aris moZraoba mxolod ara-
amsofliur sferoebTan SedarebiT. amitom absoluturi
moZraoba arc arsebobs. ar arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac
Tavad es moZravi sofeli ar aris absoluturi, relati-
uri sferos moZraobac xom logikurad relatiuri unda
iyos. is, rom es sofeli anu e.w. xorcieli da grZnobadi
sinamdvile gansakuTrebulad moZravi da cvalebadi
sinamdvilea, es mis uamrav sxvadasxva saxelwodebaSiac
kia asaxuli. amsofliuri cxovrebis warmavlobis aRsaniS-
navad SeiZleba vixmaroT, davuSvaT, iseTi terminebi, rogo-
136
rebicaa, magaliTad, `wuTisofeli~ anda `medini cxovreba~,
anda kidev `sawuTro~ (`sawuTo~)~.
moZraoba qmnilebisa da gansakuTrebiT ki amqvey-
niuri cxovrebis kanonia da rom es asea, filosofiis
istoriaSic imTaviTve SeniSnulia. ase magaliTad, Zveli
berZeni filosofosi heraklite am cxovrebaze ambobda,
`yvelaferi mimdinareobso~ (berZn. `panta rei~) anda `erT
mdinareSi orjer ver Sexvalo~ (sanam meored Caxvidode,
is mdinare ukve aRar ariso), rac Zvelmave berZenma filo-
sofosma kratilem kidev ufro `daazusta~ - `erT mdina-
reSi erTxelac ver Sexvalo~ (sanam erTxelac Caxvidode,
is mdinare ukve aRar ariso). da marTlac, SemTxveviTi
rodia is garemoeba, rom yvela didi moazrovne am soflis
warmavlobas, mis moZraoba-cvalebadobas aRniSnavs, ufro
swored ki, uCivis. poeziaSi es mTeli Temaa – `soflis
samduravisa~.
moZraoba uamravi saxisaa da ganviTarebac misi erT-
erTi saxea: yovelgvari ganviTareba moZraobaa, cvalebado-
baa, magram yovelgvari moZraoba, cvlileba ganviTareba
rodia. ganviTareba specifikuri, Taviseburi moZraobaa,
cvlilebaa.
ase rom, moZraoba ganviTarebis gvaria, xolo
ganviTareba – moZraobis saxe.
magram imisTvis, rom naTlad gamoikveTos ganviTare-
bis saxe moZraobis gvarSi, amisTvis saWiroa gadmovceT
misi aucilebeli da sakmarisi niSnebi.
137
 2 ganviTarebis cneba
ganviTarebis pirveli arsebiTi niSania is, rom ganvi-
Tareba Sinagnad winaaRmdegobrivi cvlilebaa, ufro zus-
tad, Sinagani mizeziT mimdinare cvlilebaa. saqme isaa,
rom SesaZloa gvqondes garegnad winaaRmdegobrivi cvli-
lebac, garegani winaaRmdegobis mizeziT gansazRvruli
cvlilebac.
ganviTarebis meore arsebiTi niSania is, rom igi
Tvisobrivi, qvalitatiuri ki ara, aramed raodenobrivi,
qvantitatiuri cvlilebaa.
dabolos, ganviTarebis mesame arsebiTi niSania is,
rom igi aRmavali, progresuli cvlilebaa. saqme isaa,
rom aRmavali, progresuli cvlilebebis garda arsebobs
agreTve araaRmavali (daRmavali, regresuli) cvlileba
anda kidev saerTod ucvleloba.
ganviTarebis es samive arsebiTi niSan-Tviseba (cvli-
lebis 1) Sinagnad winaaRmdegobrioba, 2) Tvisobrioba da
3) aRmavloba. TiToeuli cal-calke warmoadgens ganviTa-
rebis aucilebel, xolo erTad aRebuli – sakmaris
pirobas.
amrigad, ganviTareba, Sinagnad winaaRmdegobrivi,
Tvisobrivi, aRmavali cvlilebaa.
aseTia, ganviTarebis cnebis gansazRvreba.
138
3. ganviTarebis saxeebi, safexurebi (etapebi);
sasruloba
ganviTarebis uamravi saxe arsebobs. maTgan SeiZ-
leba ganviTarebis iseTi saxeebi gamovyoT, rogorebicaa
1) idealuri ganviTareba da 2) realuri ganviTareba, anu
sulieri da xorcieli ganviTareba imisda mixedviT, idea-
lur, sulier sferoSi xdeba es ganviTareba Tu realur,
xorciel sferoSi, anda 1) imqveyniuri da 2) amqveyniuri
ganviTareba imisda mixedviT, zecaSi mimdinare cvlile-
bazea saubari Tu qveyanaze mimdinare cvlilebaze, anda
kidev 1) progresuli (aRmavali) ganviTareba da 2) regre-
suli (daRmavali) ganviTareba imisda mixedviT, zrdadi
cvlilebaa mxedvelobaSi miRebuli Tu klebadi.
SeiZleba gamovyoT agreTve 1) evoluciuri anu Tanda-
TobiTi ganviTareba da 2) revoluciuri, naxtomiseburi
ganviTareba, anda 1) bunebrivi (naturaluri) da sazoga-
doebrivi (socialuri) ganviTareba imisda mixedviT bune-
baSi xdeba es procesi Tu sazogadoebaSi da a.S. da a.S.
ganviTarebas gaaCnia Tavisi safexurebi anu etapebi.
da marTlac, igi xom aRmavali, progresirebadi procesia.
es safexurebia: 1) Casaxva, 2) dabadeba (warmoSoba, Camoya-
libeba, formireba), 4) sakuTriv ganviTareba, 5) kvdoma da
6) mospoba (ganadgureba) (likvidireba).
ganviTarebadi movlenis Casaxva gulisxmobs mis
dasawyiss, misi safuZvlis Cayras, xolo am movlenis mos-
139
poba (ganadgureba, likvidireba) – mis dasasruls, misTvis
bolos moRebas. rac Seexeba dabadebas (Sobasa, warmoSobasa,
Camoyalibebasa, formirebasa) da kvdomas, esec ori urTierT-
sapirispiro safexuria ganviTarebadi movlenis arseboba-
Si, romelTagan pirveli am movlenis ZiriTadi saxis
Seqmnas gulisxmobs, meore – misi am ZiriTadi saxis gauqmebas,
xolo Sualeduri safexuri ganviTarebisa – sakuTriv
ganviTareba ganviTarebaSi movlenis `mwvervals~ (piks),
kerZod ganviTarebadi movlenis sruli saxis Seqmnas
gulisxmobs.
da Tu, rogorc amas vxedavT, sakuTriv ganviTarebis
safexuri erTgvari pikia saerTod ganviTarebis procesisa,
pirveli ori safexuri misi ori aRmavali safexuria, ma-
Sin rodesac bolo ori safexuri – misi ori daRmavali
safexuri. pirveli ori, Tu ase SeiZleba iTqvas, ori `dade-
biTi~ safexuria ganviTarebis saerTo procesisa, maSin
rodesac bolo ori safexuri – ori `uaryofiTi~ safexuri
am procesisa.
ase rom, ganviTarebis yvela es safexuri hqmnis
erTgvar `wres~, romlis erTi naxevaric `winganviTarebad~
SeiZleba iwodos, meore ki – ukuganviTarebad~. da es ori
ZiriTadi safexuric urTierTsimetriuli safexurebi
iqneba. wre aris ganviTarebis simbolo, vinaidan yovelive
rac viTardeba, Tavis Tavsave ubrundeba, ese igi
SemosazRvrulia, sasrulia. ganviTarebac xom sasruli
samyaros, gansakuTrebiT ki realuri samyaros kanonia,
140
ganviTarebas, maSasadame, Tavi da bolo aqvs. usasrulo
ganviTareba SeuZlebelia, ganviTareba mxolod sasruli
SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan dausrulebeli ganviTareba raRa
ganviTareba iqneboda. Tavad ganviTarebis cneba ewina-
aRmdegeba mis usasrulobas, mis daumTavreblobas. saerTod
unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom yovelgvari realuri
(xorcieli), romelic ki viTardeba, sasrulia, amitom ro-
gor SeiZleba zogadi realuric (xorcielic) usasrulo
iyos, rogorc amas arasworad amtkiceben zogjer. Tu r-
aime sasrulia kerZod, maSin igi sasruli unda iyos zo-
gadadac. da, garda amisa, ganviTareba usasrulo rom iyos,
maSin mas safexurebic ar eqneboda da Tu safexurebi ar
eqneboda, maSin ganviTarebasac azri daekargeboda, vinaidan
ganviTarebac imas niSnavs swored, rom raRac etapebis
gavlas aqvs adgili.
4. ganviTarebis Teoriebi (ganviTarebis e.w. `ori
koncefcia~)
ganviTarebis ori urTierTsapirispiro Teoria anu
e.w. `ori koncefcia (Sexeduleba, Tvalsazrisi) arsebobs.
erTia, ganviTarebis e.w. `dialeqtikuri~, meore `meta-
fizikuri~ Teoria.
ganviTarebis e.w. `dialeqtikuri Teoriis anu koncef-
ciis Tanaxmad, ganviTarebis wyaroa (mizezia) Sinagani
winaaRmdegoba, maSin rodesac ganviTarebis e.w. `meta-
141
fizikuri~ Teoriis anu koncefciis Tanaxmad – garegani
winaaRmdegoba.
es aris pirveli ZiriTadi gansxvaveba ganviTarebis
dialeqtikursa da metafizikur koncefciebs Soris.
meore ZiriTadi gansxvaveba ganviTarebis dialeq-
tikursa da metafizikur koncefciebs Soris isaa, rom
pirvelis Tanaxmad, ganviTareba Tavisi raobiT Tvisobrivi
anu qvalitatiuri (laT. `qvalitas~, `qvalitatis~ - `Tvi-
seba~) cvalebadobaa, meoris Tanaxmad ki – raodenobrivi
anu qvantitatiuri (laT. `qvantitas~, `qvantitatis~ -
`raodenoba~) cvalebadoba.
rac Seexeba ganviTarebis dialeqtikursa da meta-
fizikur koncefciebs Soris mesame ZiriTad gansxvavebas,
pirvelis Tanaxmad, ganviTareba Tavisi xasiaTiT aRmavali
(progresuli) cvalebadobaa, meoris Tanaxmad ki -
araaRmavali (araprogresuli), e.i. an wriuli (cikluri),
anda daRmavali (regresuli) cvalebadoba.
rogorc vxedavT, ganviTarebis dialeqtikuri da meta-
fizikuri koncefciebi erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvav-
deba ganviTarebis 1) wyaros (mizezis), 2) raobisa da
3)xasiaTis gagebaSi, sxva sityvebiT, imis gagebaSi, Tu ratom
xdeba ganviTareba, ra aris ganviTareba da rogor xdeba
ganviTareba.
ganviTarebis dialeqtikur da metafizikur koncef-
ciaTa Soris, ra Tqma unda, dialeqtikuri koncefciaa
swori, vinaidan swored igi akmayofilebs ganviTarebis
142
cnebis arsebiT niSnebs. da marTlac, ganviTarebis erTad-
erTi namdvili Teoria misi swored dialeqtikuri koncef-
ciaa, vinaidan ganviTarebis metafizikuri koncefcia sinam-
dvileSi sulac ar aris ganviTarebis Teoria; ganviTare-
bis amgvari gageba sinamdvileSi verc akmayofilebs ganvi-
Tarebis cnebis moTxovnebs. namdvilad, raRa ganviTareba
iqneboda imgvari cvalebadoba, Tu misi mizezi Sinagani
winaaRmdegoba araa, anda axlis Seqmna, anda kidev – aRmav-
loba. amitom ganviTarebis problemis erTaderTi swori
gadaWra mis e.w. `dialeqtikur~ gagebaSi mdgomareobs;
erTaderTi igi iZleva ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis
sakiTxis gadawyvetas, vinaidan erTaderTi igi iZleva
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis pirobebis garkvevis saSua-
lebas, xolo ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod imdenad,
ramdenadac igi namdvilad akmayofilebs ganviTarebis
aRniSnul dialeqtikur niSnebs.
5. ganviTarebis kanonebi (zogadi
daxasiaTeba)
gamomdinare ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi niSnidan
gvaqvs ganviTarebis sami kanonic. am kanonebs sxvanairad
dialeqtikis ZiriTad kanonebs uwodeben. dialeqtikis
ZiriTadi kanonebi es is kanonebia, romlebic gvixsnian
ganviTarebis bunebas, e.i. mis mizezs, raobasa da xasiaTs,
143
anu imas, Tu ratom xdeba ganviTareba, ra aris ganviTareba
da rogor xdeba ganviTareba.
dialeqtikis ZiriTadi kanonebia: 1) dapirispirebul-
Ta erTianobisa da brZolis kanoni, 2) raodenobrivi da
Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis urTierTgadasvlis kanoni da
3) uaryofis uaryofis kanoni.
dialeqtikis es samive ZiriTadi kanoni aRmoaCina
didma germanelma filosofosma georg fridrix vilhelm
hegelma (1770-1831).
dialeqtikis pirveli ZiriTadi kanoni (dapirispire-
bulTa erTianobisa da brZolis kanoni) gvixsnis ganviTa-
rebis mizezs (wyaros) anu imas, Tu ratom xdeba ganviTareba,
dialeqtikis meore ZiriTadi kanoni (raodenobrivi da
Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis urTierTgadasvlis kanoni) –
ganviTarebis raobas anu imas, Tu ra aris ganviTareba,
xolo dialeqtikis mesame ZiriTadi kanoni (uaryofis
uaryofis kanoni) – ganviTarebis xasiaTs anu imas, Tu
rogor xdeba ganviTareba.
pasuxad sam ZiriTad dialeqtikur kiTxvaze, Tu ro-
goria ganviTarebis mizezi (ratom xdeba ganviTareba),
ganviTarebis raoba (ra aris ganviTareba) da ganviTarebis
xasiaTi (rogor xdeba ganviTareba), Sesabamisad, gvaqvs
Semdegi pasuxebi: ganviTarebis mizezia Sinagani winaaRmde-
goba (adgens dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis
kanoni); ganviTareba Tvisobrivi cvlilebaa anu axlis
Seqmna, anu Semoqmedeba (amas - raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi
144
cvlilebebis urTierTgadasvlis kanoni); ganviTareba
aRmavali (progresuli) cvlilebaa (amas ki – uaryofis
uaryofis kanoni).
samive es debuleba ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi
kanonis gamomTqmelia.
samive es kanoni ganviTarebis aucilebeli da
sakmarisi pirobebia, vinaidan TiToeuli cal-calke
ganviTarebis aucilebeli, xolo samive erTad – misi
sakmarisi pirobaa. samive maTgani ganviTarebis arsebas,
mis Sinagan bunebas gamoxatavs.
6. dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis
kanoni
yoveli sagani Sedgeba dapirispirebuli mxareebisgan,
es mxareebi kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan. am mxareTa kavSiri
aris orgvari: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi. orive aucilebe-
lia. arc erTi ar arsebobs meoris gareSe.
sagnis dapirispirebul mxareTa aucilebeli uaryo-
fiTi kavSiri gulisxmobs imas, rom es mxareebi gamoricxa-
ven erTmaneTs, aucilebeli dadebiTi – imas, rom es mxareebi
gulisxmoben erTmaneTs. sagnis dapirispirebul mxareTa
uaryofiTi, e.i. urTierTgamomricxveli kavSiri warmoad-
gens am mxareTa brZolas, dadebiTi, e.i. urTierTgulis-
mxveli kavSiri ki – am mxareTa erTianobas. maSasadame,
145
erTis mxriv, gvaqvs dapirispirebulTa erTianoba, meores
mxriv ki – dapirispirebulTa brZola.
dapirispirebulTa erTianobac da brZolac rela-
tiuria, fardobiTia, vinaidan es kanoni, agreTve relatiuri,
sinamdvilis kanonia, RmerTSi rogorc absolutSi dapi-
rispirebulobani erTmaneTs emTxvevian. sagnis dapiris-
pirebul mxareTa erTianoba da brZola warmoadgens swo-
red winaaRmdegobas.
winaaRmdegobis ganviTareba ori ZiriTadi safexu-
risgan Sedgeba. 1) winaaRmdegobis gaSla, 2) winaaRmdegobis
gadaWra.
am ori safexuris SigniT SeiZleba gamovyoT wina-
aRmdegobis ganviTarebis Semdegi momentebi: 1) igiveoba,
2) gansxvaveba, 3) dapirispirebuloba (arsebiTi gansxvaveba),
4) konfliqti, 5) konfliqtis gadaWra.
winaaRmdegobis saxeebia: 1) mTavari (ZiriTadi) da
aramTavari (araZiriTad); 2) Sinagani da garegani; 3) anta-
gonisturi da araantagonisturi da a.S.
radgan yvelaferi amqveynad winaaRmdegobrivia, amitom
xdeba ganviTareba, magram winaaRmdegobebi SeiZleba iyos
Sinagani da garegani, ganviTarebis wyaro aris ara garegani,
aramed Sinagani winaaRmdegobani.
dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis kanoni
kiTxvaze, ratom xdeba ganviTareba, pasuxobs. imitom, rom
qveyana Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivia. es winaaRmdegobrioba
ki aviTarebs, amoZravebs mas.
146
7. raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis
urTierTgadasvlis kanoni
yoveli sagani Sedgeba ori mxarisgan: Tvisobrioba
da raodenobrioba.
Tvisobrioba aris sagnis Zireuli, xolo raodenob-
rioba – araZireuli mxare.
Tvisobrioba, sxvagvarad, TvisebaTa erTobliobaa,
ufro zustad – TvisebaTa erTianoba.
Tvisobrioba aris sagnis is mxare, romelic mas xdis
imad, rac is aris. misi Secvla iwveva sagnis Secvlas.
raodenobrioba aris sagnis ricxobrivi maxasia-
Tebeli, misi Secvla garkveul farglebSi ar iwvevs sagnis
Secvlas.
yoveli sagani warmoadgens Tvisobriobisa da
raodenobriobis garkveul erTianobas, amas zoma hqvia.
arsebobs cvlilebis ori saxe: raodenobrivi da
Tvisobrivi.
raodenobrivi cvlileba uwyvetia, aranaxtomiseburi,
Tvisobrivi – wyvetili, naxtomiseburi.
Tvisobriv cvalebadobas naxtomi ewodeba. naxtomi
orgvaria: afeTqebadi da araafeTqebadi.
raodenobrivi cvlilebebi gadadis TvisobrivSi,
Tvisobrivi – raodenobrivSi.
radgan yvelaferi raodenobriv da Tvisobriv mxares
moicavs, amitom ganviTarebac warmoadgens raodenobriv
147
da Tvisobriv cvalebadobas.
raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvlilebis urTierTga-
dasvlis kanoni kiTxvaze, ra aris ganviTareba, pasuxobs:
ganviTareba aris raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvale-
badoba. sxvagvarad, ganviTareba aris axlis Seqmna.
8. uaryofis uaryofis kanoni
yoveli sagani warmoadgens sxva sagnis uaryofas.
uaryofa orgvaria: metafizikuri, anu meqanikuri da
dialeqtikuri.
meqanikuri uaryofa aris sagnis mospoba. sxvagvarad,
es aris iseTi uaryofa, romlis Sedegadac mocemuli
sagnis Semdgomi uaryofa ukve SeuZlebelia.
dialeqtikuri uaryofa es aris sagnis ara meqanikuri
mospoba, aramed misi iseTi uaryofa, romelic iZleva
ukanasknelis Semdgomi uaryofis SesaZleblobas. sxvag-
varad, dialeqtikuri uaryofa ar gulisxmobs sagnis ganad-
gurebas, mospobas; igi gulisxmobs sagnis iseT cvaleba-
dobas, rodesac masSi moixsneba raRac mxare, xolo
Seinaxeba romelime sxva mxare. da ufro metic, iseTi
cvlileba, romlis drosac sruliad axalic iqmneba.
yoveli ganviTareba uaryofaTa rigia. erTi uar-
yofa jer kidev ar gviCvenebs ganviTarebis aRmaval, Tu
araaRmaavl xasiaTs, xolo meore uaryofa gviCvenebs imas,
ganviTareba aRmavalia, Tu araaRmavali.
148
uaryofis uaryofiT mTavrdeba ganviTarebis cik-
li. yoveli meore uaryofa niSnavs dabrunebas pirveli
uaryofisken. meore uaryofa imeorebs pirvel uaryofas,
magram ufro maRal safexurze. amitom ganviTareba aris
spiraluri. rogorc spiralis yoveli wre gulisxmobs
wina wreebis gameorebas, ise ganviTarebac uaryofaTa gziT
gulisxmobs wina wreebis gameorebas. magram radgan spira-
lis yoveli wre aRmavalia wina wreebTan mimarTebaSi,
ise ganviTarebac rogorc uaryofis uaryofa aRmavalia
pirvel uaryofasTan mimarTebaSi.
maSasadame, ganviTareba cikluri xasiaTisaa, e.i. ganvi-
Tarebis garkveul wreebs gulisxmobs, romelTagan yoveli
momdevno wre ufro maRal doneze imeorebs yovel wina
wres.
radgan yvelaferi sxva danarCenis uaryofaa, amitom
ganviTarebac warmoadgens uaryofaTa aRmaval cvaleba-
dobas.
uaryofis uaryofis kanoni kiTxvaze, rogor xdeba
ganviTareba, pasuxobs: ganviTareba xdeba aRmavali (progre-
suli) cvalebadobis gziT. sxvagvarad, ganviTareba aris
aRmavali (progresuli) cvalebadoba.
149
 9. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis ganviTarebis arsebiTi niSnebi
`ganviTareba da misi kanonebi~
1. winaaRmdegobrioba 2 siaxle 3. aRmavloba
moZraobisa da uZraobis cneba
ganviTarebis saxeebi
moZraoba nebismieri cvalebadobaa,
xolo uZraoba - ucvleloba. 1. idealuri (sulieri), 2. realuri (xorcieli)

uZraobis saxeebi 1. progresuli (aRmavali), 2.regresuli (daRmavali)

1.absoluturi (upirobo) 2.relatiuri (fardobiTi) 1. evoluciuri 2. revoluciuri

uZraoba yoveli uZraoba raRac (TandaTanobiTi) (naxtomiseburi)
mimarTebiT mimarTebiT
1. bunebrivi 2. sazogadoebrivi
moZraobis da ganviTarebis Tanafardoba (naturaluri) (socialuri)

yovelgvari ganviTareba moZraobaa, magram yovelgvari ganviTarebis safexurebi anu etapebi

moZraoba ganviTareba rodia; ganviTareba ufro viwro
cnebaa, vidre moZraoba, xolo moZraoba - ufro farTo
cneba, vidre ganviTareba.
ganviTarebis cneba
ganviTareba Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi,
Tvisobrivi, aRmavali cvlilebaa; ganviTareba
progresuli axlis Seqmnaa.
1. Casaxva, 2. dabadeba (warmoSoba, Camoyalibeba,
formireba), 3. sakuTriv ganviTareba, 4. kvdoma,
5. mospoba (ganadgureba, likvidacia)
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Teoriebi
(koncefciebi)
1. e.w. dialeqtikuri Teoria aRiarebs ganviTarebis
Sinagnad winaaRmdegobriobas,siaxles,aRmavlobas.

150 151
2. e.w. metafizikuri Teoria uaryofs ganviTarebis 1. igiveoba, 2. gansxvaveba, 3. dapirispirebuloba
Sinagnad winaaRmdegobriobas, siaxles, aRmavlobas. (arsebiTi gansxvaveba), 4. konfliqti,
5. konfliqtis gadaWra
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi kanonebi
winaaRmdegobis saxeebi
1. dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis kanoni
1. mTavari (ZiriTadi) 2. aramTavari (araZiriTadi)
2. raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis
urTierTgadasvlis kanoni 1. Sinagani 2. garegani

3. uaryofis uaryofis kanoni 1. antagonisturi 2. araantagonisturi

dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da
brZolis cnebebi
dapirispirebulTa erTianoba gulisxmobs maT dade-
biT Sinagan kavSirs, dapirispirebulTa brZola ki - maT
uaryofiT Sinagan kavSirs, erTi gulisxmobs maT Soris
urTierTgulismxvlel, meore - urTierTgamomricxvel
kavSirs.
winaaRmdegobis safexurebi
..................................................... ......................................................
dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da
brZolis kanonis arsi
dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis kanonis
Tanaxmad, ganviTarebis wyaroa Sinagani winaaRmdegobani.
raodenobriobisa da Tvisobriobis
cnebebi

I. winaaRmdegobis gaSla II. winaaRmdegobis gadaWra raodenobrioba sagnis araZireuli, ricxobrivi

mxarea, Tvisobroba - Zireuli, araricxobrivi mxare.

152 153
 zomis cneba uaryofis saxeebi

zoma raodenobriobasa da Tvisobriobis 1. meqanikuri (metafizikuri), rodesac sagani ispoba

erTianobaa.
2. dialeqtikuri, rodesac sagani mTlianad ki ar ispoba,
aramed nawilobriv, xolo nawilobriv SenarCundeba da,
raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi
garda amisa, mas axalic emateba, gardaiqmneba
cvlilebebis xasiaTi

raodenobrivi cvlileba uwyvetia, TandaTanobiTi, uaryofis uaryofis kanonis arsi

Tvisobrivi cvlileba ki - wyvetili, naxtomiseburi.
uaryofis uaryofis kanonis Tanaxmad, ganviTareba
raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi aRmavali cvlilebaa.
cvlilebebis urTierTgadasvlis
kanonis arsi

raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis urTi-

erTgadasvlis kanonis Tanaxmad, sagnis raodenobrivi
cvlileba iwvevs mis Tvisobriv cvlilebas da piriqiT,
Tvisobrivi - raodenobriv cvlilebas; ganviTareba aris
Tvisobrivi cvlileba.

uaryofis cneba

uaryofa risime Secvlas gulisxmobs.

154 155
 Tavi 5 (9). kavSiri da misi formebi.
wyviladi kategoriebi
gegma
1. kavSiri da ganviTareba. kavSiris Tvisebebi.
kavSiris mniSvneloba
2. kavSiris cneba. samyaros sayovelTao kavSiri
3. kavSiris saxeebi (formebi)
4. kanoni rogorc kavSiris forma, misi saxeebi
5. kavSiris Teoriebi
6. wyvi l ad i kat ego r i ebi ( b1 zogadi da erTeuli;
b2 mTeli da nawili; b3 arseba da movlena;
b4 forma da Sinaarsi; b5 mizezi da Sedegi;
b6 aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba;
b7 SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile)
1. kavSiri da ganviTareba. kavSiris Tvisebebi.
kavSiris mniSvneloba
ganviTareba kavSiris erT-erTi saxea da Tanac metad
mniSvnelovani. saqme isaa, rom swored ganviTareba aniWebs
qmnilebaTa kavSirs `sicocxles~ da mis gareSe igi mTeli
Tavisi mravalsaxeobiT verc iarsebebda. swored ganvi-
TarebaSi hpovebs es kavSiri `azrs~. swored ganviTarebas
eniWeba arsebiTi, gadamwyveti roli qmnilebebis kavSir-
156
urTierTobaTa mTeli sistemis (erTobliobis), jer-erTi,
CamoyalibebaSic, meorec, aRmavlobaSiac, mesamec, daRmavlo-
baSiac da, meoTxec, aRsasrulSiac, vinaidan uganviTarebod
arcerTi maTgani ar SeiZleba ganamdvildes.
mokled, ganviTareba kavSirurTierTobaTa mTeli
erTobliobis (sistemis) centraluri (saSuagulo) rgo-
lia, romelic erTianad hkravs yvela mis saxeobas.
kavSirsa da ganviTarebas Soris logikurad (logi-
kis mecnierebis kuTxiT) gvarsaxeobiTi damokidebulebaa,
e.i. imgvari damokidebuleba, rogoric gvarsa da saxes
Soris. kerZod, kavSiri ganviTarebis gvaria, maSin rodesac
ganviTareba saxea misi. aqedan gamomdinare ki, kavSiri
ufro farTo cnebaa, ganviTareba – ufro viwro cneba.
yovelgvari ganviTareba, ra Tqma unda, kavSiria, magram
yovelgvari kavSiri ki ganviTareba rodia. kavSiri ganvi-
Tarebis garda kavSirebis kidev uamrav sxva saxes moicavs.
mainc ra mizeziTa da ramdenadaa ganviTareba kavSiri?
im mizeziTa da imdenad, ra mizeziTac da ramdenadac gan-
viTareba aucileblobiT gulisxmobs misi momentebis
(moZravi mxareebis) urTierTobas, ganviTareba rogorc
kavSiri xom, marTlac, sxva araferia, Tu ara misi am momen-
tebis damokidebuleba maTi aRmavali Tvisobrivi Tanacva-
lebadobis kuTxiT. kavSiric xom sxva araferia, Tu ara
swored kavSiris momentTa urTierTdamokidebuleba.
157
 2. kavSiris cneba. samyaros sayovelTao kavSiri
kavSiri urTierTobaa, mimarTebaa, damokidebulebaa.
urTierToba, mimarTeba, damokidebuleba, ra Tqma unda,
nebismier movlenas Soris. SeiZleba ufro metic iTqvas:
kavSiri es aris movlenaTa urTierTzemoqmedeba, maTi
urTierTzegavlena.
kavSiris sawinaaRmdegoa, ra Tqma unda, kavSiris
ararseboba. igi gamoricxavs kavSiris arsebiT niSans –
mimarTebas anu damokidebulebas.
sxvagvarad kavSiris ararsebobas izolacia SeiZ-
leba vuwodoT. izolacia gulisxmobs gankerZoebas,
gancalkevebas.
kavSirs uamravi Tviseba aqvs. maTgan aRsaniSnavia
misi iseTi ori Tviseba, rogorebicaa absoluturoba da
universaluroba.
kavSiris absoluturoba anu upiroboba imas niS-
navs, rom kavSiri substanciuri (sawyisuri) Tvisebaa
yofierebisa, radganac igi yovelgvari mimarTebisagan
damoukideblad arsebobs. marTlac, ar arsebobs araferi,
rac raime mimarTebaSi mainc ar iyos kavSirSi CarTuli.
rac Seexeba kavSiris sayovelTaobas, anu yovlad-
zogadobas, igi gulisxmobs kavSiris arsebobas yovelgvari
gamonaklisis gareSe.
xolo rac Seexeba kavSiris ararsebobas anu izo-
lacias, sawinaaRmdegod kavSirisa, bunebrivia, sawinaaRmde-
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gove Tvisebebi unda gaaCndes da gaaCnia kidevac. esenia:
relatiuroba da arauniversaluroba, da marTlac, izo-
lacia, kavSiris ararseboba relatiuria anu fardobiTi
imdenad, ramdenadac mas mxolod raRac mimarTebaSi eniWeba
azri, e.i. garkveul pirobazea damokidebuli, xolo ara-
universaluria, anu arasayovelTao – imdenad, ramdenadac
zogan aqvs adgili da zogan ki – ara.
kavSiris absoluturoba-universalurobas udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs saerTod yofierebis struqturaSi
(Semadgenlobasa da aRnagobaSi), radgan swored am niSan-
TvisebaTa meoxebiT `hkravs~ igi mTels yofierebas. es
kavSiri rom ara, yofierebac ki warmoudgeneli iqneboda.
da marTlac, yvelaferi yvelaferTan kavSirSia, araferi
ar arsebobs kavSiris gareSe. yvelaferi imdenad arsebobs,
ramdenadac igi kavSirSia sxvasTan. ase rom, kavSiri TviT
arsebobis faqtoric kia, imdenad didia misi mniSvneloba.
Tumca garkveul mniSvnelobas izolaciac rodia mokle-
buli, vinaidan gancalkevebuloba, gankerZoebuloba garkve-
uli pirobac kia kavSirisa. sawinaaRmdego xom sawinaaRmde-
gos aZlevs azrs. da marTlac, Tu sagnebi erTmaneTisagan
gancalkevebulni, gankerZoebulni, izolirebulni ar arian,
isini sagnebi arc arian. yvela sagani xom raRac individua-
lobiT unda gamoirCeodes, da Tu es gamorCeuli sagnebi
ar gveqna, maSin raRa azri eqneboda maT Soris kavSirsac?
ase rom, kavSiri gulisxmobs kidec mis ararsebobasac.
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 3. kavSiris saxeebi (formebi)
kavSirs uamravi saxe (forma) aqvs. misi klasifika-
cia (dajgufeba) amitomac rTulia. da namdvilad, arsebobs
kavSiris uamravi sxvadasxva saxe uamravi sxvadasxva
aspeqtiT (kuTxiT).
ase, magaliTad, SeiZleba gamovyoT kavSiris iseTi
saxeebi, rogorebicaa: pirdapiri da arapirdapiri, romel-
Tac sxvanairad Sesabamisad uSualo da SualobiTi anu
iribi kavSiri ewodeba.
arsebobs agreTve dadebiTi da uaryofiTi kavSiri,
anu sxvagvarad, pozitiuri da negatiuri kavSirebi. pirve-
li urTierTgulismxvlel kavSirs warmoadgens, meore –
urTierTgamomricxavs.
gamoyofen kidev iseT kavSirebs, rogorebicaa: cal-
mxrivi, mravalmxrivi, yovelmxrivi kavSirebi. calmxrivi
kavSiri gulisxmobs erTi romelime kuTxiT kavSirs,
mravalmxrivi da yovelmxrivi ki – Sesabamisad mravali
da yvela kuTxiT kavSirs.
kavSiris iseTi saxeebi, rogorebicaa mTliani da
nawilobrivi kavSirebi, Sesabamisad moicaven erTiani
movlenis yvela Tu erT romelime mxares.
harmoniuli da disharmoniuli kavSirebi erTma-
neTisagan ganirCeva rogorc Sesabamisad SeTanxmebuli
da SeuTanxmebeli kavSirebi, anu, sxvanairad, kavSirebi,
romelTagan erTi Tanxmobas hqmnis, meore ki – uTanxmoebas.
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rac Seexeba obieqtursa da subieqtur kavSirebs, maT
Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom pirveli obieqturi (sagnobrivi)
sinamdvilis kavSirebia, meore ki – subieqturi (arasag-
nobrivi) sinamdvilisa.
kavSirTa Soris gamoiyofa iseTi kavSirebic, rogore-
bicaa idealuri da realuri kavSirebi. idealuri kavSiri
igive sulieri kavSiria, realuri ki – igive xorcieli
kavSiri.
kavSirTa calkeul jgufebs qmnis iseTi kavSirebi,
rogorebicaa axlo (mWidro) da Soreuli kavSirebi; xSiri
(mravaljeradi) da iSviaTi (aramravaljeradi) kavSirebi;
Rrma (Zireuli) da zedapiruli (araZireuli) kavSirebi;
uwyveti (permanentuli) da wyvetili kavSirebi; Zlieri
da susti kavSirebi.
calke aRvniSnoT unda iseTi kavSirebi, rogorebicaa
kavSiri da ukukavSiri, romlebic kavSiris urTierTsawi-
naaRmdego mimarTulebas gamoxatavs.
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia kavSiris iseTi
saxeebi, rogorebicaa ganviTareba da kanoni, TiToeuli
maTgani Tav-TavianT sapirispirosac gulisxmobs. ase rom,
am mxriv SeiZleba gvqondes rogorc ganviTarebadi, ise
ganuviTarebadi kavSiri, agreTve rogorc kanonzomieri,
ise arakanonzomieri kavSirebic.
didad mniSvnelovania kavSiris iseTi saxeebi, rogo-
rebicaa meqanikuri da dialeqtikuri kavSiri. meqanikuri
kavSiri iseTi kavSiria, romelic misi elementebis (Semad-
161
geneli nawilebia) jamze (sumaze) daiyvaneba, xolo dialeq-
tikuri kavSiri es iseTi - `organuli~ kavSiria, romelic
am elementTa jamze ar daiyvaneba. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, meqanikuri kavSiri elementTa garkveuli jamia,
maSin rodesac dialeqtikuri kavSiri – maTi erTianoba.
ase, magaliTad, meqanikuri kavSiria [risame] grova, xolo
dialeqtikuri kavSiri – sinTezi (nazavi).
dabolos, metad mniSvnelovania kavSiris sxva wyvile-
bi, rogorebicaa: zogadi da kerZo, mTliani da nawilobrivi,
arsebiTi da araarsebiTi (movleniTi), formaluri da
Sinaarsoblivi, aucilebeli da SemTxveviTi, mizezobriv-
Sedegobrivi, SesaZlebeli da namdvili.
rogorc vxedavT, es kavSirebi imiT ganirCevian sxva
kavSirTagan, rom isini kavSirTa Tavisebur wyvilebs qmnian,
ris gamoc maT SeiZleba wyviladi kavSirebi vuwodoT.
kavSirTa es wyvilebi dapirispirebulTa erTianobas
qmnian, amasTan TiToeuli kavSiris wyviliscali kidec
gamoricxavs da kidec gulisxmobs erTmaneTs. mokled,
maT Soris dadebiTi damokidebulebacaa da uaryofiTic.
da ai, es qmnis maT Soris erTianobasac.
4. kanoni rogorc kavSiris forma, misi saxeebi
kavSiris saxeTa (formaTa) Soris gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs kanons. da, marTlac, arsebobs kanonzomie-
162
ri (kanonSesabamisi) da arakanonzomieri (kanonSeusabamo)
kavSirebic.
kanoni upirveles yovlisa kavSiris saxea. es ki imas
niSnavs, rom kavSiri kanonis gvaria, xolo kanoni –
kavSiris erT-erTi saxe.
mokled, kavSirsa da kanons Soris logikurad e.w.
`gvarsaxeobiTi~ damokidebulebaa. kerZod, kavSiri ufro
farTo cnebaa, vidre kanoni, kanoni ki - ufro viwro
cneba, vidre kavSiri.
mainc ra aris kanoni?
kanoni [movlenaTa Soris] obieqturi, zogadi, arsebiTi,
aucilebeli, myari, ganmeorebadi kavSiria.
am gansazRvrebaSi gadmocemulia kanonis specifikuri
(gamorCeuli) Tvisebebi), kerZod,. 1) obieqturoba, 2) zogadoba,
3) arsebiToba, 4) aucilebloba, 5) simyare, 6) ganmeorebadoba.
da, marTlac, kanoni ara nebismieri kavSiria, aramed swored
aRniSnuli Tvisebebis mqone kavSiri.
kanoni obieqturi kavSiria imdenad, ramdenadac igi
damoukidebelia adamianis nebisagan, e.i. sagnobrivi,
TavisTavadi kavSiria.
kanoni zogadi kavSiria anu sayovelTao kavSiria.
sxvanairad, es kavSiri saerToa mocemuli sferos yvela
movlenisaTvis.
kanoni arsebiTia imitom, rom igi kavSiris ganmsazRv-
reli, siRrmiseuli niSan-Tvisebaa.
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 kanoni aucilebeli kavSiria, radganac igi movlenaTa
Sinagani bunebidan gamomdinareobs.
kanoni myari ram kavSiria, vinaidan movlenaTa Soris
ucvlel kavSirs gulisxmobs.
da bolos, kanoni ganmeorebadia, anu mravaljeradia,
e.i. mravaljer meordeba.
mokled Tu vityviT, kanonis obieqturoba mis sagnob-
riobas gulisxmobs, zogadoba – sayovelTaobas, arsebiToba
– ganmsazRvrelobas, aucilebloba – Sinagnobas, simyare
- ucvlelobas, xolo ganmeorebadoba – mravaljeradobas.
kanonis arsis gasagebad TviT terminic ki sainte-
resoa. xolo termini `kanoni~ momdinareobs berZnulidan,
rac qarTulad swored `wess~ niSnavs. ase rom, kanonis
sinonimad (tolmniSvnelovan sityvad) qarTuli sityva
`wesic~ SeiZleba vigulisxmoT. maSasadame, termini `kanoni~
sworad (adekvaturad) aRniSnavs kanonis cnebas.
kanoni uamrav saxed iyofa, magram Cven gamovyofdiT
mxolod oTx jgufs kanonebisas. esenia: universaluri
da specialuri, bunebisa da sazogadoebis, faqtiuri da
normatiuli, obieqturi da subieqturi (mecnieruli) kano-
nebi.
universaluri kanonebi es is sayovelTao kanonebia,
romlebic saerToa yvela movlenisaTvis. misgan gansxva-
vebiT, specialuri kanonebi ama Tu im kerZo sferos kanone-
bia. sxva sityvebiT, pirveli – zogadi kanonebi – sayovel-
Tao kanonebia, meore – kerZo kanonebi – gansakuTrebuli
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kanonebi. pirveli rigis kanonebs swored filosofia
Seiswavlis, maSin rodesac meore rigis kanonebs – arafi-
losofiuri mecnierebani.
rac Seexeba bunebisa da sazogadoebis kanonebs, sxva-
gvarad, naturalursa da socialur kanonebs, maT Soris
is sami gansxvavebaa, rom bunebis kanonebi, jer erTi, Seug-
nebel (stiqiur) ZalTa moqmedebis Sedegia, maSin rodesac
sazogadoebisa, piriqiT – Segnebul ZalTa moqmedebis
Sedegi, meorec, bunebis kanonebi ufro xangrZlivi kanonebia,
xolo sazogadoebisa – naklebad xangrZlivi, dabolos,
pirveli ufro `wminda~ saxis kanonebia, maSin rodesac
meoreni – naklebad wminda xasiaTisani.
xolo rac Seexeba e.w. faqtiursa da normatiul
kanonebs, maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom pirvelTa darRveva
SeuZlebelia, meoreTa SeiZleba. meore kanonebi es sazo-
gadoebis an saxelmwifos mier dadgenili kanonebia, ro-
melTa Sesrulebac savaldebuloa, magram romelTa darR-
vevac SesaZlebelia, xolo faqtiuri kanonebi aseTi araa.
sxvanairad, aranormatiuli kanonebis aRsruleba adamianTa
nebaze rodia damokidebuli, maSin rodesac normatiuli
kanonebis aRsruleba adamianis nebazea damokidebuli.
Tumca es gansxvaveba rodi arRvevs mainc maT Soris
msgavsebas, kerZod ki imas, rom orive rigis kanoni mainc
kanonia, wesia.
dabolos, erTmaneTisagan unda gavarCioT e.w.
obieqturi, e.i. sagnobrivi anu adamianis cnobierebis gareT
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arsebuli kanonebi da araobieqturi (subieqturi), kerZod
mecnieruli kanonebi, rac swored am obieqturi kanonebis
cnobieri arekvlaa adamianis TavSi; mecnieruli kanonebi
es mis gareT arsebuli, obieqturi kanonebis arekvlaa
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi da amdenad maT (obieqtur
da subieqtur kanonebs) Soris mxolod is gansxvavebaa,
rac `dedansa~ da `asls~ Soris. sxva mxriv ki maT Soris,
ra Tqma unda, araviTari gansxvaveba araa.
da saerTodac, miuxedavad kanonTa mTeli saxe-sxva-
obisa, maT Soris mainc erTianobaa, rac mas saxeldobr
wesier kavSirad gamoarCevs kavSirTa mravalgvarovani
wyvilebidan.
5. kavSiris Teoriebi
kavSiris Teoria kavSiris Sesaxeb moZRvrebaa, mokled,
kavSirTmcodneobaa.
arsebobs kavSiris zogadi Teoriac saerTod, rome-
lic aerTianebs kavSiris yovelgvar kerZo, calkeul Teo-
rias da kavSiris kerZo, gansxvavebuli Teoriebic, romle-
bisganac Sedgeba kavSiris zogadi Teoriac.
Cven aq SevexebiT kavSiris mxolod or gansxvave-
bul kerZo Teorias. es Teoriebia kavSiris, e.w. `dialeqti-
kuri~ da `metafizikuri~ Teoriebi.
kavSiris e.w. `dialeqtikuri~ Teoria es kavSiris
iseTi dilosofiuri Teoriaa, romlis Tanaxmadac kavSiri
166
arsebobs, xolo `metafizikuri~ ki – iseTi, romlis Tanax-
madac kavSiri ar arsebobs, sxvagvarad, erTi aRiarebs
kavSirs, meore – uaryofs mas.
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, Semdegi: marTalia,
kavSiris es ori aRniSnuli moZRvreba upirispirdeba
erTi meores, magram ara absoluturad (upirobod), aramed
relatiurad (fardobiTad). saqme, marTlac, ise ki ar unda
warmovidginoT, TiTqosda `dialeqtikosebi~ mxolod da
mxolod kavSirs aRiarebdnen, xolo `metafizikosebi~,
piriqiT, uaryofdnen mas. sinamdvileSi `dialeqtikosebic~
aRiareben kavSiris ararsebobas, iseve rogorc `metafizi-
kosebic~ - mis arsebobas.
ase rom, kavSiris dialeqtikuri Teoriac nawilobriv
uaryofs kavSirs, iseve. rogorc kavSiris metafizikuri
Teoria, piriqiT, aRiarebs mas. maSasadame, kavSiris dialeq-
tikuri Teoria ganmsazRvrelwilad aRiarebs kavSirs,
xolo garkveulwilad uaryofs kidec, iseve rogorc
kavSiris metafizikuri Teoriac, uaryofs ra ganmsazRv-
relwilad kavSirs, nawilobriv aRiarebs kidec mas.
imisaTvis, rom ufro gasagebi iyos kavSiris dia-
leqtikuri da metafizikuri Teoriebi da saerTod kavSi-
ris bunebac, amasTan dakavSirebiT saWiroa aRvniSnoT is,
rom yovelive, rac ki arsebobs, raRac mxriv kavSirSia
sxva raimesTan, magram sxva mxriv ki – kavSirSi rodia
masTan. ar arsebobs iseTi ram, raRac kavSirSi mainc rom
ar iyos sxva raimesTan. miTumetes, rom kavSiri absoluturi
167
(upirobo) mimarTebaa, maSin rodesac kavSiris uqonloba
- relatiuri (fardobiTi) (ar moiZebneba raime, raRac
mimarTeba rom ar hqondes sxva raimesTan, magram moiZebneba
iseTi raime, rac kavSirSi SeiZleba ar iyos sxva raimesTan).
magram arsebobs movlenaTa rogorc erTianoba (gaerTia-
nebuloba), ise gancalkevebuloba (gankerZoebuloba, gaTi-
Suloba, izolirebuloba). namdvilad, yoveli movlena
cal-calkec arsebobs da erTadac. erTi mxolod rodi
gamoricxavs meores, aramed, piriqiT, gulisxmobs kidec
mas. da marTlac, erTi meoris gareSe SeuZlebelicaa. Tu
movlenebi erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveblni ar arian, maSin
maT Soris erTianoba rogorRa iqneboda? kavSirs xom
imaT Soris aqvs azri, romlebic erTi meorisagan gancal-
kevebiT arseboben? da, piriqiT, gancalkevebul arsebobasac
xom marto imaT Soris aqvs azri, romelTa Sorisac raRac
kavSiria?
mokled, kavSiris arseboba da ararseboba erTmaneTs
aZlevs azrs.
yovelive aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT naTlad
SeiZleba warmovidginoT kavSiris e.w. `dialeqtikursa~
da `metafizikur~ Teoriebs Soris TanamimarTebis sakiT-
xic. kerZod, es Teoriebi, Tu maT ukiduresad gavigebT,
erTmaneTs gamoricxaven, maSin rodesac maTi zomieri
gagebis SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT, erTmaneTs `avseben~. da marT-
lac, kavSiris dialeqtikuri gageba aucileblad momentis
168
saxiT unda gulisxmobdes misi metafizikuri gagebis
elements.
ase rom, saWiroa kavSiris dialeqtikur Teorias `Se-
vurwyaT~ misi metafizikuri Teoriis dadebiTi elementebi,
raTa amiT vpovoT sayovelTao kavSiris yovlismomcveli
(sruli) gageba. arc `SiSveli~, `carieli~ dialeqtika
kavSirebisa da arc `SiSveli~. `carieli~ metafizika miT-
umetes, aramed maTi dadebiTi yovelmxrivi sinTezi (Serwyma,
nazavi). mxolod amgvari sinTezi mogvcems kavSiris erTian
swor Teoriasac. dialeqtikisa da metafizikis swored
amgvari. `sinTezuri~ gagebac iqneba Tavad WeSmaritad
dialeqtikuri gageba misi.
6. wyviladi kategoriebi (61 zogadi da erTeuli;
62 mTeli da nawili; 63 arseba da movlena;
64 forma da Sinaarsi; 65 mizezi da Sedegi;
66 aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba;
67 SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile).
wyviladi kavSirebi filosofiaSi Sesabamisad wyvi-
ladi kategoriebiT aisaxeba. amiT gansxvavdeba es kategori-
ebi arawyviladi – erTeuli, calkeuli filosofiuri
kategoriebisagan, romlebic Sesabamisad arawyvilad,
erTeul, calkeul kavSirebs asaxavs.
da saerTod, filosofiuri kategoriebi SeiZleba
rogorc erTeuli, ise wyviladi iyos.
169
 magram ra aris Tavad kategoria?
kategoria (berZn. `kategoria~ - `gamoTqma~, `mtkiceba~)
uzogadesi cnebaa, anu yvelaze zogadi cnebaa, e.i. iseTi
cneba, romelzec ufro zogadi cnebac ar arsebobs.
ase rom, filosofiuri kategoria filosofiis uzo-
gadesi cnebaa, xolo erTeuli (calkeuli) da wyviladi
filosofiuri kategoriebi Sesabamisad filosofiis
erTeuli (calkeuli) Tu wyviladi kategoriebi, amasTan
es kategoriebi SeiZleba davyoT kavSiris amsaxvel Tu
kavSiris araamsaxvel calkeul da wyvilad kategoriebad.
filosofiur kategoriaTa Tavisebureba isaa, rom
isini uzogadesi kategoriebia. saqme isaa, rom filosofi-
uri kategoriebis garda, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs arafilo-
sofiuri kategoriebic, romelTa asaxvis saganic yofiere-
bis esa Tu is kerZo sferoa, maSin rodesac filosofiur
kategoriaTa Taviseburebaa maTi yovlisgadamwvdomoba.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT: zogadi
da erTeuli; mTeli da nawili; arseba da movlena; forma
da Sinaarsi; mizezi da Sedegi; aucilebloba da SemTxvevi-
Toba; SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile – yvela es kategoria,
jer erTi, kavSiris amsaxveli, meorec, wyviladi da, mesamec,
filosofiuri kategoriebia. esaa maTi Taviseburebac.
Zalze mokled, es kategoriebi kavSiris amsaxveli wyvi-
ladi filosofiuri kategoriebia.
61 zogadi da erTeuli. zogadi da erTeuli sagnis
or, sxvadasxva, dapirispirebul mxares warmoadgens.
170
erTeuli saganTa erTmaneTisagan ganmasxvavebeli
mxarea, zogadi ki – erTmaneTis mamsgavsebeli mxare.
zogadsa da erTeuls Soris Sualeduri adgili
gansakuTrebuls uWiravs, romelic erTeulis mimarT
zogadia, magram zogadis mimarT – erTeuli.
is, rom erTeuli arsebobs, problemuri sakiTxi rodia,
magram problemuria zogadis arseboba.
zogads sxvanairad universalia (laT. `universa-
lis~ - `zogadi~) ewodeba. amitomac zogadis problema
igive universaliebis problemaa.
zogadis anu universaliebis problema zogadis anu
universaliebis (zogadi sagnebis), jer erTi, arsebobasa
da, meorec, maTi arsebobis wesSi mdgomareobs, sxva sityve-
biT, imaSi, arsebobs Tu ara da Tu arsebobs, maSin rogorRa
arseboben isini.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ori Tvalsazrisi arsebobs:
erTia nominalizmi da meore realizmi.
nominalizmis Tanaxmad, zogadi ar arsebobs (uki-
duresi nominalizmi), anda Tu arsebobs, mxolod gone-
baSi, `sagnebis Semdeg~ (post rem) (zomieri nominalizmi
anu konceptualizmi (laT. `koncefcius~ - `cneba~).
termini `nominalizmi~ zustad aRniSnavs am Tval-
sazriss, romelic zogadis (universaliebis) realurad
arsebobas uaryofs da mxolod nominalurad (saxelebad)
aRiarebs mas. da marTlac, sityva `nominalizmic~ momdina-
reobs laTinuri `nomenidan~, rac swored `saxels~ niSnavs.
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 rac Seexeba realizms, igi, marTlac, realurad
aRiarebs zogadis arsebobas (aqedan Tavad terminic `rea-
lizmi~, rac momdinareobs laTinuri `realisidan~ -
`sagnobrividan~, `nivTieridan~, `namdvilidan~). kerZod,
ukiduresi realizmi aRiarebs zogadis realurad arse-
bobas, oRond `sagnebamde~ (ante rem), maSin rodesac zomieri
realizmi – agreTve zogadis arsebobas realurad, oRond
`sagnebSi~ (in re).
nominalizmisa da realizmis TeoriebTan dakavSire-
biT unda aRiniSnos maTi rogorc met-naklebi Rirebule-
bani, ise naklovanebanic. kerZod, arc nominalizmisa da
arc realizmis arcerTi forma (saxe) ar aris mTlianad
swori, magram yovel maTganSi aris WeSmaritebis met-
naklebi marcvlebic.
mTliani WeSmariteba universaliaTa (zogadTa) arse-
bobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad gamoTqmulia italieli filo-
sofosis Toma akvinelis (1225-1274) mier: `zogadi arsebobs
samgvarad: ante rem (sagnebamde), in re (sagnebSi) da post rem
(sagnebis Semdeg)~.
ase rom, gamoTqma `universalia ante rem, in re, post
rem~ aerTianebs Sesabamisad ukiduresi realizmis, zomieri
realizmisa da zomieri nominalizmis (konceptualizmis)
Tvalsazrisebs. da Tu gavaerTianebT maTTan agreTve
ukiduresi nominalizmis Tvalsazrissac, rac gamoTqmulia
sityvebiT: `universalia sunt nomina~ (`zogadebi saxele-
172
bia~), maSin miviRebT srul, mTlian WeSmaritebas, vinaidan
zogadi, marTlac SeiZleba arsebobdes saxelis saxiTac.
ase rom, arcerTi am TvalsazarisTagani calmxr-
ivad, urTierTmowyvetiT ver amowuravs zogadis arse-
bobis saxeTa Sesaxeb WeSmaritebis mTels sisavses, maSin
rodesac aseTi ram SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi
gaerTianebiT.
zogadis Sesaxeb msjelobisas aucileblad unda
gvaxsovdes erTi uryevi WeSmariteba, rom zogadi amqveynad
ar arsebobs erTeulis gareSe da misgan damoukideblad,
aramed swored erTeulSi da misi meSveobiT.
miuxedavad zogadis arsebobis wesis problemurobisa,
saerTod zogadis arsaeboba ueWvelia, vinaidan zogadis
uaryofa logikurad SeuZlebelia: zogadis logikuri
uaryofa isev zogads gvaZlevs.
zogadsa da erTeuls Soris dialeqtikuri kavSiria:
erTi ar arsebobs meoris gareSe; isini erTmaneTs gulisx-
moben.
erTeuls grZnobadad (empiriulad) vwvdebiT, xolo
zogads – azrovnebiT.
62 mTeli da nawili. mTeli da nawili sagnis or
sxvadasxva, dapirispirebul mxares Seadgens.
mTelisa da nawilis orgvari – e.w. `meqanikuri~ da
`dialeqtikuri~ gageba gvaqvs. pirveli imiT gansxvavdeba
meorisagan, rom mTelisa da nawilis `meqanisturi~ gagebi-
sas mTeli warmodgenilia, rogorc nawilebis jami. es
173
aris mTelis e.w. `adiciuri (krebiTi, SekrebiT miRebuli)
warmodgena, sxvagvarad, mTelis `sumuri~ warmodgena. aseT
SemTxvevaSi nawilic xom ‘meqanikuri gamodis..
meqanikur mTelsa da nawils, garda imisa, rom maT
`sumuroba~ (jamuroba) axasiaTebs, isic axasiaTebs, rom
erTgvarovani, homogenuri mTeli da nawilia: aq yvela
nawili erTnairia, ris gamoc mTelic rogorc maTi jami
erTgvarovani iqneba. mTeli am SemTxvevaSi Tvisobrivad
gansxvavebuli ver iqneba nawilebisagan. gansxvaveba mxo-
lod raodenobrivi iqneba, mTeli aq mxolod raodenobri-
vad meti iqneba nawilebze. amgvari nawilebis moklebiT
mTelis bunebas ara daakldeba ra, iseve rogorc mTelis
daSliT yofili nawilebis bunebasac. aq mTelis bunebac
imgvaria, rogoric nawilebisa, ubralod nawilebi aq – am
mTelSi erTad aris mocemuli.
yovelive amis gamo meqanikur mTelsa da nawils
Sesabamisad `araorganul~ mTelsac da nawilsac uwodeben,
vinaidan es nawilebi erT `organul~ mTlianobas ki ar
hqmnian, rogorc es cocxal warmonaqmnSi (organizmSi)
gvaqvs, aramed swored araorganuls, rogorc es namdvilad
araorganul warmonaqmnebSi gvaqvs. `organuli~ mTeli
aq urRvev, ganuyofel, mtkice kavSirs gulisxmobs. Tu
organul mTelSi nawilTa Soris kavSiri ramenairad
dazianda, maSin rogorc mTeli, ise nawilebic msgavsadve
daziandeba. es kavSiri aq Rrma aris, gansxvavebiT araorga-
nulisagan, romelic ufro zedapirulia.
174
dialeqtikuri mTeli da nawili rogorc organuli
mTeli da nawili, imiT gansxvavdeba kerZod meqanikuri
anu araorganuli mTelisa da nawilisagan, rom es mTeli
ar daiyvaneba mis nawilebze, arc raodenobrivad da arc
Tvisobrivad. igi ar aris sumuri (jamuri) mTeli da
nawili, e.i. adiciuri (krebiTi, Sekrebis gziT miRebuli),
aramed swored subadiciuria (arakrebiTia, nawilTa Sekre-
biT ki araa miRebuli). garda amisa, es aris araerTgvaro-
vani, sxvadasxvagvarovani, mravalgvarovani, e.i. heterogenuri
mTeli da nawili.
dialeqtikuri mTeli da nawili, mokled, aris
1) arasumuri da 2) heterogenuli mTeli da nawili.
WeSmariti mTeli da nawili sinamdvileSi swored
dialeqtikuri, organuli mTeli da nawilia da ara meqa-
nikuri, araorganuli, ris gamoc mTelisa da nawilis
wyviladi kategoriebis SemTxvevaSi upiratesad swored
dialeqtikur, organul mTelsa da nawils vgulisxmobT
xolme.
mTeli es aris sagnis yvela mxaris erTianoba, xolo
nawili – erTiani sagnis romelime mxare.
aseTia mTelisa da nawilis cnebis gansazRvreba.
aq, rogorc vxedavT, ori niSani unda gamovyoT. erTia
nawilTa yovloba (sisrule) da meore - maTi erTianoba
(kavSiri).
yovel mTels raRac struqtura gaaCnia.
175
 struqtura mTelis mxareTa garkveuli kavSiri, mTe-
lis garkveuli Semadgenloba da kavSiria anu is, Tu ra
da ra elementisagan (nawilisagan) Sedgeba igi da rogori
kavSiria maT Soris.
mTelis elementTa (nawilTa) Soris SeiZleba gvqon-
des mowesrigebuli (harmoniuli) da mouwesrigebeli (dis-
harmoniuli) kavSiri. mowesrigebul struqturas sistema
(berZn. `sistema~ - `Sedgenili nawilebisagan~, `gaerTianebu-
li~) ewodeba. ase rom, arsebobs rogorc sistemuri (mowes-
rigebuli), ise usistemo (mouwesrigebeli) mTelic.
mTelsa da nawils Soris dialeqtikuri kavSiria:
erTi ar arsebobs meoris gareSe; erTi meores gulisxmobs.
amasTan mTelsa da nawils Soris, ra Tqma unda, ganmsaz-
Rvrelia mTeli, xolo nawilebs fardobiTi (relatiuri)
damoukidebloba gaaCnia.
63 arseba da movlena. arseba da movlena sagnis
ori sxvadasxva, dapirispirebuli mxarea.
arseba sagnis Zireuli, ganmsazRvreli, Sinagani, zogadi,
myari mxarea.
rac Seexeba movlenas, sapirispirod amisa, igi sagnis
araZireuli, araganmsazRvreli, garegani, kerZo, cvalebadi
mxarea. zogadad ki movlena arsebis gamovlenaa.
`movlena~ farTo da viwro mniSvnelobiT ixmareba.
farTo mniSvnelobiT saerTod sagans udris, viwro
gagebiT ki – sakuTriv movlenas, anu saxeldobr arsebis
gamovlenas.
176
arseba sagnis mTavari mxarea imitom, rom igi gansazRv-
ravs sagnis Tvisobriobas, movlena ki am Tvisobriobis
farglebSi Tu sZens mxolod sagans saxes.
movlenaSi Semecnebis kuTxiT SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT
misi ori - `obieqturi~ da `subieqturi~ saxe. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi movlena danaxulia sworad, ise rogoradac
igi avlens arsebas TavisTavad, Semmecneblisagan damouki-
deblad, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – arasworad, damaxinjebulad,
ara ise, rogoradac igi obieqturad avlens arsebas, aramed
subieqturad, rogorc es miaCnia Semmecnebels. arsebis
amgvar araswor gamovlenas Semmecneblis TvalSi moC-
veneba hqvia.
arseba da movlena dialeqtikur kavSirSia erTmaneT-
Tan: arseba aris movlenis arseba, movlena – arsebis
gamovlena. arseba rom ara, movlena arc iqneboda iseve,
rogorc, piriqiT, movlenis gareSe – arsebac, vinaidan
arseba unda gamovlindes.
64 Sinaarsi da forma. Sinaarsi da forma sagnis
or sxvadasxva, urTierTdapirispirebul mxares Seadgens.
Sinaarsi aris sagnis elementebis (Semadgeneli
mxareebis) kavSiri, xolo forma sagnis elementebis kav-
Siris wesi, kanoni.
Sinaarsi aris sagnis Semadgeneli mxareebis (elemen-
tebis) saxeldobr kavSiri da ara jami. ase rom, Sinaarsi
sagnis elementTa mTlianobas, erTianobas gulisxmobs
da ara ubralod nakrebs. Sinaarsis sakiTxi exeba imas,
177
Tu ra da ra elementebisagan Sedgeba sagani da aris Tu
ara maT Soris kavSiri, maSin rodesac formis sakiTxi –
imas, Tu rogoria es kavSiri. sxvagvarad, formis sakiTxi
sagnis mxareTa kavSiris, e.i. Sinaarsis ragvarobas exeba.
sagans mxolod erTi Sinaarsi SeiZleba hqondes,
vinaidan misi mxareebis kavSiric mudam erTia, magram forma
ki – mravali, vinaidan es kavSiric mravali SeiZleba
iyos.
Sinaarsi gansazRvravs formas, Tumca formac Tavis
mxriv garkveul zemoqmedebas axdens mis Sinaarsze. rogo-
ricaa Sinaarsi, iseTive iqneba formac. Sesabamis Sinaarss
Sesabamisi forma unda hqondes da, piriqiTac, oRond
pirvelis ganmsazRvrelobis pirobiT.
sagnis Sinaarsobrivi mxaris cvlileba ufro `revo-
luciuria~, formalurisa ki – ufro konservatiuli.
Sinaarsi da forma erTmaneTs gulisxmoben: erTi
ar arsebobs meoris gareSe da, piriqiT. isini erTmaneTze
zemoqmedeben kidec. progresuli Sinaarsi xels uwyobs
progresuli formis saqmes da, piriqiT. ase rom, maT Soris
dialeqtikuri kavSiria.
65 mizezi da Sedegi. mizezi da Sedegi sagnis ori
sxvadasxva, urTierTdapirispirebuli mxareebia. erTi da
igive sagani, ra saxisac ar unda iyos igi, erTis mxriv,
mizezia, meores mxriv, – Sedegi.
mizezi movlenis gamomwvevia, anu is, rac iwvevs raimes,
Sedegi – mizeziT gamowveuli movlena.
178
im movlenaTa wres, romlebic Tan axlavs Sedegis
warmoSobas, garemo ewodeba.
garemo orad iyofa: Sedegis warmoSobasTan dakavSi-
rebul da masTan daukavSirebel movlenebad. movlenebs,
romlebic Sedegis warmoSobasTan arian dakavSirebulni,
pirobebi ewodeba. es pirobebic, Tavis mxriv, orad iyofa.
erTia Sedegis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli, Tumca ara-
sakmarisi pirobebi da meore – Sedegis arsebobisTvis
aucilebeli da sakmarisi pirobebi. pirvels garemo
pirobebi ewodeba, meores ki – mizezi.
maSasadame, mizezi Sedegis aucilebeli da sakmarisi
piroba yofila.
rogorc vxedavT, garemo yvelaze farTo cnebaa, piro-
bebi – ufro naklebad farTo, xolo mizezi – kidev uf-
ro naklebad farTo cneba.
aseTia damokidebuleba garemosa, garemo pirobebsa
da mizezebs Soris.
arsebobs mizezis uamravi saxe.
upirveles yovlisa SeiZleba gamovyoT pirvelmizezi,
Suamizezi da bolo mizezi, mizezTa rigis mixedviT.
arsebobs mTavari, e.i. ZiriTadi (ganmsazRvreli) da
aramTavari, e.i. araZiriTadi (araganmsazRvreli) mizezi.
gamoyofen Sinagan da garegan mizezebs, anu, Sesa-
bamisad, TviT- da araTviTmizezebs, e.i. sakuTari Tavis da
sxva raimes mizezs.
179
 uSualo da Soreuli mizezi igive pirdapiri da
arapirdapiri mizezebia.
arsebobs kidev uanmravi sxva saxis mizezi imisda-
mixedviT, Tu ra principiTY gamovyofT maT.
mizezisagan unda ganvasxvaoT sababi. sababi es cru-
mizezia, viTomc mizezia, riTic iniRbeba namdvili mizezi
da Cqardeba Sedegi. sababi uSualod win uZRvis Sedegs,
maSin rodesac mizezi SeiZleba uSualod win arc uZRo-
des mas. sababi es mizezis erTgvari `katalizatoria~
(damaCqarebelia). mxolod igi sinamdvileSi araviTar
mizezTa rigSi ar gadis, igi ubralod Sedegis warmoSo-
basTan dakavSirebul SemTxveviT movlenaTa rigs miekuTv-
neba. mokled, Sedegis SemTxveviTi pirobaa. SemTxveviTia
igi imdenad, ramdenadac erTi da igive Sedegi SesaZloa
sruliad sxvadasxva sababs mohyves, maSin rodesac igives
ver vityviT mizezze: erTi da igive Sedegi SeiZleba
mxolod da mxolod erTma da igive mizezma an mizezebma
gamoiwvios.
mizezis udides mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is, rom
uamisod ar arsebobs araferi. Zveli berZeni filosofosi
levkipe mizezis am kanons Semdegnairad gamoTqvams: `arc
erTi nivTi ar aRmocendeba umizezod~. umizezod, marTlac,
xom araferi xdeba.
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris maRiarebel Teorias
determinizmi (laT. `determinare~ - `gansazRvra~), xolo
uarmyofel Teorias indeterminizmi (laT. `in~ - `ara~,
180
`determinare~ - `gansazRvra~) ewodeba. isini sxvadasxva
formiTYarsebobs, magram ra saxiTac ar unda arsebobdes,
mainc ZiriTadad or aRniSnul Tvalsazrisze dauyvaneba.
arc determinizmisa da arc indeterminizmis absolu-
tizacia (gazviadeba) anda ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba.
vinaidan ar SeiZleba Tavad mizezobrobis rogorc ukidu-
resi gazviadeba, ise ukiduresi ugulebelyofac.
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirisTvis droSi Tanmimdevro-
bis kuTxiT damaxasiaTebelia is, rom Sedegi arasdros
win ar uswrebs mizezs, magram mizezi ki SesaZloa droSi
an win uswrebdes an Tan emTxveodes mas.
mizezsa da Sedegs Soris Tanafardobis kuTxiT
SesaZloa tolma mizezma toli Sedegi gamoiwvios, mcire
mizezma – didi Sedegi, anda, piriqiT, didma mizezma – mci-
re Sedegi.
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri SeiZleba erTi -erTniSna,
erTi - mravalniSna anda mraval- erTniSna iyos, imisda
mixedviT, erTi mizezi erT Sedegs iwvevs, erTi – mravals,
Tu mravali – erTs.
mizezi da Sedegi dialeqtikur kavSirSia erTma-
neTTan. erTi meores gulisxmobs. erTi meoris gareSe ar
arsebobs. mizezs Sedegi unda mohyves, Sedegs mizezi unda
hqondes. garda amisa, mizezi Sedegis ganmsazRvrelia,
vinaidan swored igi iwvevs aucileblobiT Sedegs, magram
Sedegic garkveulwil ukuzemoqmedebas axdens mizezze.
181
mizezis zemoqmedeba Sedegze Sedegis Tvisebebzecaa
damokidebuli da ara mxolod mizezisaze.
66 aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba. aucilebloba
da SemTxveviToba sagnis ori, urTierTdapirispirebuli
mxarea.
aucilebloba sagnis is Tvisebaa, rac misi Sinagani
kanonzomierebidan, misi Sinagani bunebidan gamomdinareobs,
SemTxveviToba ki – aucileblobis gamovlenis forma
(saxe).
aucilebloba, sxvagvarad, garduvalobaa. Tavad ter-
mini `aucilebloba~ zustad migviTiTebs aq iseT rameze,
risi acilebac Cven ar SegviZlia. aucilebloba anu
garduvaloba, maSasadame, sxvagvarad SeuZleblobaa risame.
aucilebloba, iqidan gamomdinare, rom igi swored
sxvagvarad SeuZleblobaa, erTaderTia, maSin rodesac
SemTxveviToba, rogorc aucileblobis gamovlenis forma
(saxe), - mravali. da marTlac, SemTxveviToba amgvaradac
SesaZlebelia da sxvagvaradac.
aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis samgvari – meta-
fizikuri, meqanisturi da dialeqtikuri Teoria arsebobs.
metafizikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, aucileblobac
arsebobs da SemTxveviTobac, oRond erTmaneTisagan
mowyvetiT.
meqanisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, arsebobs mxolod
aucilebloba, SemTxveviToba ki – ara. amgvar Teorias
determinizmi ewodeba. am TeoriiT aucilebloba day-
182
vanilia mizezobriobaze da, aqedan gamomdinare, radga-
nac umizezo movlena ar arsebobs, uaryofilia SemTx-
veviTobac.
dabolos, dialeqtikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, arsebobs
aucileblobac da SemTxveviTobac, magram isini
erTianobas qmnian.
determinizmi (laT. `determinare~ - `gansazRvra~),
iseve rogorc mizezobrivi gansazRvrulobis (ganpi-
robebulobis) Teoria, aucileblobiTi gansazRvrulobis
(ganpirobebulobis) Teoriaa (xedvaa), romlis Tanaxmadac
yvelaferi uklebliv aucileblobiTaa gansazRvruli
(ganpirobebuli). es Teoria swori araa imdenad, ramdenadac
aucileblobis farglebs azviadebs.
arc metafizikuri Teoriaa swori imdenad, ramdenadac
igi erTmaneTs wyvets aucileblobasa da SemTxveviTobas.
erTaderTi, sruliad WerSmariti Teoria dialeqti-
kuri Teoriaa. romlis Tanaxmadac aucilebloba da
SemTxveviToba orive arsebobs, Tumca urTierTkavSirSi.
aucilebloba SemTxveviTobaTa formiT gamovlindeba,
SemTxveviToba ki – aucileblobis safuZvelze. ase rom,
wminda aucilebloba an wminda SemTxveviToba arc
arsebobs.
marTalia, metafizikuri da meqanistur-determi-
nistuli Tvalsazrisebi erTis mxriv arasworia, magram
sxva mxriv isinic mTlad uarsayofni rodia, kerZod, deter-
minizmi, Tundac imaSi, rom igi aRiarebs aucileblobas,
183
xolo metafizika – Tundac imaSi, rom, miTumetes, aRiarebs
erTsac da meoresac.
amitom saWiroa dialeqtikuri Teoriis safuZvelze
da metafizikur da meqanistur-deterministuli Teoriebis
dadebiTi elementebis (mxareebis) gaTvaliswinebiT auci-
leblobisa da SemTxveviTobis sruli WeSmariti Teoriis
Seqmna.
aucileblobis mravali saxe arsebobs, magram gansa-
kuTrebiT unda gamovyoT bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi
aucilebloba, sazogadoebriv aucileblobas sxvagvarad
istoriul aucileblobas uwodeben, bunebrivi aucileb-
loba stiqiur (Seugnebel) ZalTa moqmedebis Sedegia,
xolo istoriuli aucilebloba –arastiqiur (Segnebul,
gonier) ZalTa moqmedebis Sedegi.
aucilebloba ar gamoricxavs Tavisuflebas, xolo
Tavisufleba – aucileblobas. aucilebloba erTia da
Tavisufleba – meore.
Tavisufleba mWidro kavSirSia aucileblobasTan,
rogorc bunebrivTan, ise istoriulTan, oRond ufro
ukanasknelTan.
aucilebloba SeiZleba iyos `brmaca~ da `Segnebu-
lic~. Tavisufleba aucileblobis Segnebaa da mis
safuZvelze sakuTari nebiT moqmedeba.
ase rom, Tavisufleba aucileblobis sawinaaRmdego
ram ki ar aris, aramed aucileblobis mxolod sakuTari
nebisadmi damorCileba misi Segnebis (Semecnebis) safuZ-
184
velze, mokled, aucileblobaze batonoba da ara misi
gauqmeba, vinaidan es SeuZlebelicaa. adamians SeuZlia
mxolod sakuTar nebas daumorCilos aucileblobis kano-
nebi, ufro metic, adamiani moralurad (zneobrivad) valde-
bulic kia sul ufro da ufro afarToebdes Tavisufle-
bis sazRvrebs aucileblobis sferoSi. aucileblobas
brmad ki ar unda emonebodes adamiani, aramed, piriqiT, mas-
ze SegnebiT unda batonobdes igi.
ase rom, aucilebloba rodi gamoricxavs adamianis
aqtiurobas (moqmedebas), aucilebloba rodi auqmebs Tavi-
suflebas, aramed moiTxovs misgan damorCilebas.
aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad mcdaria, e.w. TviTdinebis
(pasiurobis, umoqmedobis) Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac araa
saWiro adamianis aqtiuroba: Tu yvelaferi aucilebelia,
maSin yovelive TavisiT wava.
es Tvalsazrisi emyareba fatalizmis Teorias.
fatalizmi (laT. `fatum~ - `bediswera~) es aris ada-
mianTa cxovrebis winaswargansazRvrulobis Teoria, rom-
lis Tanaxmadac adamianis cxovrebas bediswera gansazRv-
ravs. da Tu es asea, maSin adamiani Tavisufali verc iq-
neba.
fatalizmis Teoria, ra Tqma unda, sruliad mcdari
Teoriaa imdenad, ramdenadac igi uaryofs Tavisuflebas
da istoriaSi Tavidan bolomde brma bedisweras aniWebs
mniSvnelobas, Tumca im mxriv ki sworia, rom aRiarebs be-
dis mniSvnelobas. da marTlac, bedsac Tavisi mniSvneloba
185
aqvs adamianis cxovrebaSi, magram gadamwyveti mniSvneloba,
ra Tqma unda, mis cdas (Tavisufal qmedebas, Zalisxmevas)
aqvs RvTis nebasTan erTad. da saerTod, adamianis war-
matebis faqtorebia: cda (Tavisufali qmedeba) plius bedi
da kidev plius RvTis neba.
ase rom, istoriuli aucilebloba verc ganxorciel-
deba, Tu adamiani ar imoqmedebs Segnebulad, istoriuli
aucilebloba marTlac xom sxva araferia, Tu ara swored
adamianTa – rogorc Segnebul, Tavisufal arsebaTa -
moqmedebis Sedegi.
67 SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile. SesaZlebloba
da sinamdvile sagnis ori, urTierTdapirispirebuli
mxarea. yoveli sagani erTdroulad SesaZlebelic aris
da namdvilic.
SesaZlebloba aris mosalodneli, savaraudo viTareba,
tendencia (mimarTuleba), sinamdvile ki – SesaZleblobis
ganxorcieleba (realizacia). amasTan sinamdvilis cnebas
ori – farTo da viwro azriT xmaroben.
farTo azriT sinamdvileSi yoveli arsi da maT
Soris SesaZleblobac SeaqvT xolme, viwro azriT ki -
mxolod SesaZleblobis sapirispiro ram, is, rac
SeuZleblobis miRma rCeba.
SesaZleblobis zogadi pirobaa saerTod arsis kano-
nisadmi Sesabamisoba, SeuZleblobisa – misadmi Seusabamoba.
marTlac, yovelive SesaZlebelia, rac ki ar ewinaaRm-
186
degeba arsis kanonebs, yovelive ki, rac maT ewinaaRmdegeba
– SeuZlebeli.
SesaZlebloba ganxorcielebadi ram aris, anu isaa,
risi ganxorcielebac gamoricxuli ar aris, maSin rode-
sac SeuZlebloba – ganuxorcielebadi ramaa, risi ganxor-
cielebac gamoricxulia yvela variantSi.
SesaZlebloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes an ar gan-
xorcieldes, pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi sinamdviled iqceva,
meoreSi – ara.
SesaZlebloba sinamdviled rom iqces, saWiroa gark-
veuli pirobebi. SesaZleblobis sinamdviled qcevis
aucilebeli da sakmarisi pirobebia: SesaZleblobis
sinamdviled qcevis 1) sagani, 2) pirobebi, 3) moqmedeba.
marTlac, Tu gvaqvs 1) garkveuli sagani, romlis SesaZ-
leblobis sinamdviled qcevazecaa saubari, 2) am SesaZleb-
lobis sinamdviled qcevisaTvis saWiro garkveuli piro-
bebi da, bolos, 3) garkveuli moqmedeba, romlis ZaliTac
es SesaZlebloba sinamdviled iqceva, SeuZlebelia
SesaZleblobac sinamdviled ar iqces.
im faqtorTa erTobliobas, romlis safuZvelzedac
SesaZlebloba sinamdviled iqceva, SesaZleblobis piro-
bebi ewodeba, xolo im Zalas, romlis meoxebiTac SesaZleb-
loba sinamdviled iqceva, Sesabamisi moqmedeba. amasTan
SesaZleblobis pirobebi SeiZleba obieqturi an subieqtu-
ri iyos. pirveli adamianis nebisagan damoukidebeli ram
aris, meore masze damokidebuli. rac Seexeba moqmedebas,
187
moqmedeba ki SesaZloa an Segnebuli iyos, an Seugnebeli, 7. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis
sxva sityvebiT, gacnobierebuli an gaucnobierebeli. `kavSiri da misi formebi.
SesaZleblobis uamravi saxe arsebobs, romelTagan wyviladi kategoriebi~
aRsaniSnavia: formaluri da realuri, abstraqtuli da
konkretuli, potencialuri da aqtualuri SesaZlebloba. kavSirisa da ganviTarebis Tanafardoba
formaluria SesaZlebloba, Tu is SemTxveviTo-
basTanaa dakavSirebuli, realuri ki – Tu igi auci- ganviTareba kavSiris saxea, kavSiri ki - ganviTarebis
leblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. gvari; kavSiri ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre ganviTareba,
abstraqtulia SesaZlebloba, Tu misi ganxorcie- ganviTareba - ufri viwro cnebaa, vidre kavSiri.
lebis pirobebi mocemul situaciaSi (viTarebaSi) ar
aris, xolo konkretuli – Tu misi ganxorcielebis kavSiris cneba
pirobebi mocemul situaciaSi aris.
potencialuria SesaZlebloba, romelic jer ar kavSiri urTierTobaa, mimarTebaa, damokidebulebaa.
arsebobs, xolo aqtualuri – romelic ukve arsebobs.
SesaZleblobasTan dakavSirebulia albaToba. kavSiris saxeebi
albaToba aris SesaZleblobis zoma, anu, sxvanairad
1. absoluturi 2. relatiuri
rom vTqvaT, SesaZleblobis ganxorcielebis xarisxi.
(upirobo) (fardobiTi)
SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile dialeqtikur urTierT-
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan: erTi gulisxmobs meores. arc
1. universaluri 2. arauniversaluri
wminda Sesalebloba arsebobs da arc wminda sinamdvile.
(sayovelTao) (arasayovelTao)
SesaZlebloba marto SesaZlebloba rodia, aramed swored
sinamdvilis SesaZlebloba, iseve rogorc sinamdvile,
1. idealuri 2. realuri
romelic aseve marto sinamdvile rodia, aramed swored
sinamdvilis SesaZlebloba. 1. pirdapiri 2. iribi
(uSualo) (gaSualebuli)

188 189
 1. dadebiTi 2. uaryofiTi 1. naturaluri 2. socialuri
(pozitiuri) (negatiuri) (bunebis) (sazogadoebis)

1. calmxrivi 2. mravalmxrivi 3. yovelmxrivi ....................................... ................................................

1. mTliani 2. nawilobrivi kavSiris Teoriebi anu koncefciebi

1. harmoniuli 2. disharmoniuli 1. e.w. `dialeqtikuri~

ganmsazRvrelwilad aRiarebs kavSirs.
1. meqanikuri 2. dialeqtikuri
............................................. ................................................ 2. e.w. `metafizikuri~
ganmsazRvrelwilad uaryofs kavSirs.
kanonis cneba

kanoni movlenaTa Soris obieqturi, zogadi,

kategoriis cneba
arsebiTi, aucilebeli, myari, ganmeorebadi kavSiria.

kanonis saxeebi kategoria uzogadesi anu yvelaze zogadi cnebaa.

1. universaluri 2. specialuri
(sayovelTao) (gansakuTrebuli) kategoriaTa saxeebi

1. faqtiuri 2. normatiuli 1. wyviladi 2. arawyviladi

(arsis) (jerarsis) (erTeuli)

1. obieqturi 2. subieqturi
(sagnobrivi) (mecnieruli)

190 191
 wyviladi kategoriebi II. realizmi - aRiarebs zogadis arsebobas obieqturad.

1. zogadi da erTeuli; 1. ukiduresi realizmi 2. zomieri realizmi

2. mTeli da nawili; zogads aRiarebs zogads aRiarebs
3. arseba da movlena; sagnebamde (ante rem). sagnebSi (in re).
4. forma da Sinaarsi;
5. mizezi da Sedegi; mTelisa da nawilis cnebebi
6. aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba;
7. SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile mTeli sagnis yvela mxaris erTianobaa, nawili ki -
erTiani sagnis esa Tu is mxare.
zogadisa da erTeulis cnebebi
mTelis saxeebi
zogadi saganTa msgavsi mxarea, erTeuli ki - maTi
ganmasxvavebeli mxare; pirveli isaa, rac saerToa maT 1. meqanikuri 2. dialeqtikuri
Soris, meore - is, rac gansxvavebulia maT Soris. (araorganuli) daiyva- (organuli) ar daiyvaneba
neba nawilTa jamze. nawilTa jamze.
zogadis Teoriebi
struqturisa da sistemis cnebebi
I. nominalizmi - uaryofs zogadis
arsebobas obieqturad. struqtura mTelis agebulebaa, xolo sistema -
mowesrigebuli struqtura.
1. ukiduresi nominalizmi 2. zomieri nominalizmi
arsebisa da movlenis cnebebi
zogads aRiarebs (konceptualizmi) -
mxolod nominalurad. zogads aRiarebs sagne-
arseba sagnis Zireuli, ganmsazRvreli, Sinagani, zogadi,
nebis Semdgom (post rem). myari mxarea, movlena - misi araZireuli, araganmsazRvreli,
garegani, kerZo, cvalebadi mxare.

192 193
 Sinaarsisa da formis cnebebi mizezis Teoriebi

Sinaarsi sagnis elementebis kavSiria, xolo forma 1. determinizmi 2. indeterminizmi

- am kavSiris wesi. mizezs aRiarebs. mizezs uaryofs.

mizezisa da Sedegis cnebebi

mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris saxeebi

mizezi gamomwvevi movlenaa, Sedegi ki - misiT
gamowveuli movlena.
1. roca toli mizezi tol Sedegs iwvevs.
garemo - piroba - mizezi 2. roca mcire mizezi did Sedegs iwvevs.
3. roca didi mizezi mcire Sedegs iwvevs.
Sedegis warmoSobis Tanmxleb movlenaTa wres garemo
ewodeba, Sedegis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebul movlenas 1. roca erTi mizezi erT Sedegs iwvevs.
- piroba, xolo Sedegis warmoSobis aucilebel da 2. roca erTi mizezi mraval Sedegs iwvevs.
sakmaris pirobas - mizezi. 3. roca mravali mizezi erT Sedegs iwvevs.

mizezis saxeebi
aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis
1. mTavari 2. aramTavari
cnebebi
(ZiriTadi) (araZiriTadi)

1. Sinagani 2. garegani aucilebloba risame sxvagvarad SeuZleblobaa,

SemTxveviToba ki - misi gamovlenis forma.
1. uSualo 2. Soreuli
(pirdapiri) (arapirdapiri)

..................................... ...........................................

194 195
 aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis SesaZlebloba da SeuZlebloba
Teoriebi
SesaZlebloba ganxorcielebadi ramaa, SeuZlebloba
1. metafizikuri 2. meqanisturi ki - ganuxorcielebadi.
aRiarebs aucilebloba- aRiarebs mxolod da
sac da SemTxveviTobasac, mxolod aucileblobas. SesaZleblobis sinamdvilid gadaqcevis
oRond erTmaneTisagan pirobebi
mowyvetiT.
3. dialeqtikuri 1. sagani 2. pirobebi 3. moqmedeba
aRiarebs aucileblobasac da SemTxveviTobasac,
oRond erTianobaSi.

aucileblobis saxeebi SesaZleblobis saxeebi

1. bunebrivi 2. sazogadoebrivi 1. formaluri 2. realuri

(naturaluri) (istoriuli) SemTxveviTobasTanaa aucileblobasTanaa
Seugnebel ZalTa Segnebul ZalTa dakavSirebuli. dakavSirebuli.
moqmedebis Sedegi moqmedebis Sedegi
1. abstraqtuli 2. konkretuli
Tavisufleba da aucilebloba romlis ganxorcielebis romlis ganxorcielebis
pirobebic mocemul pirobebic mocemul
Tavisufleba aucileblobis Segnebaa da mis situaciaSi ar arsebobs. situaciaSi arsebobs.
safuZvelze moqmedeba.
1. potencialuri 2. aqtualuri
SesaZleblobisa da sinamdvilis romelic jer ar romelic ukve
cnebebi arsebobs. arsebobs.

SesaZlebloba mosalodneli viTarebaa, sinamdvile ............................................. ........................................

- misi ganxorcieleba.

196 197
 Tavi 6 (10). filosofia rogorc
meTodologia
gegma
1. sakiTxis dayeneba. Teoria da meTodi zoga-
dad
2. meTodisa da meTodologiis cnebebi
3. meTodisa da meTodologiis saxeebi
4. filosofia rogorc Teoria da rogorc
meTodi
5. filosofiis meTodologiuri roli adamianis
Teoriasa da praqtikaSi
6. filosofiis meTodologiuri roli adamianis
cxovrebaSi
1. sakiTxis dayeneba. Teoria da meTodi
zogadad
filosofia marto Teoria rodia, aramed meTodic.
filosofia Teoriaa imdenad, ramdenadac codnaa imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris ra (Teoria marTlac adgens imas, rac
aris), xolo meTodi – imdenad, ramdenadac codnaa imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda mivudgeT raimes (meTodic sxva
araferia, Tu ara raimesadmi midgomis wesi). amasTan Teo-
riuli da meToduri nawilebi filosofiaSi erTmaneTi-
198
sagan gancalkevebuli da mowyvetili ki araa, aramed
erTmaneTSi gaerTianebuli da Serwymuli, rac imas niSnavs,
rom nebismieri filosofiuri debuleba masSi erTdrou-
lad Teoriulicaa da meToduric, oRond gaaCnia, ra kuT-
xiT ganvixilavT am debulebas da, maSasadame, ra kuTxiT
CamovayalibebT am debulebas.
ase rom, yoveli filosofiuri debuleba SeiZleba
CamovayaliboT an Teoriuli debulebis, anda meToduri
debulebis saxiT. ar arsebobs iseTi Teoriuli debuleba,
romlis gardaqmnac ar SeiZlebodes meTodur debulebad
da, piriqiT, meToduri debuleba, romlis agreTve gardaqm-
nac ar SeiZlebodes Teoriul debulebad.
Teoriuli da meToduri filosofiaSi ise Rrmadaa
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, rom filosofiis am nawilTa
warmodgenac ki SeuZlebelia uerTmaneTod.
gamomdinare aqedan, filosofiiis meToduri nawili
gulisxmobs mis Teoriul nawils, iseve rogorc Teoriu-
li nawili – meTodurs. marTlac imisTvis, rom vicodeT,
Tu rogor mivudgeT raimes, jer unda vicodeT is, Tu ra
aris Tavad es raime, jer unda vicodeT, Tu ra aris ra da
mere ki gvecodineba, Tu rogor mivudgeT raimes. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, jer unda vicodeT saqmis arsi, ris Semdegac
mxolod SegveZleba vicodeT am saqmisadmi midgomac wesic.
igive, rac iTqva filosofiis Teoriuli mxaris auci-
leblobaze misive meToduri mxarisaTvis, igive unda
iTqvas, piriqiT, filosofiis meToduri mxaris aucileb-
199
lobazec misive Teoriuli mxarisaTvis, vinaidan imisaTvis,
rom vicodeT, Tu ra aris raime, jer unda vicodeT is, Tu
rogor unda mivudgeT am raimes, jer unda vicodeT is, Tu
rogor mivudgeT raimes, raTa gavigoT is, Tu ra aris es
raime. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, jer unda vicodeT saqmisadmi
midgomis wesi, raTa gavigoT saqmis arsi.
saqmis arsi da wesi – es ori iseTi urTierTdakavSire-
buli ramaa, rac aucilebelia vicodeT nebismieri filo-
sofiuri sakiTxis sruli SemecnebisaTvis.
amrigad, filosofiuri Teoria da filosofiuri
meTodi filosofiuri moZRvrebis ganuyofel nawilebs
warmoadgenen. es ori mxare aucileblobiT moiTxovs
erTmaneTs. isini erTmaneTs avseben da amdenad qmnian
filosofiis srul, erTian suraTs.
ufro naTeli rom iyos, umjobesi iqneboda saer-
Todac Teoriisa da meTodis Sesaxeb gveTqva raime, vinaidan
Teoriisa da meTodis urTierTdamokidebulebis zogadi
plani (Wrili) bevrs SesZens mis kerZo filosofiur
aspeqts (ganasers).
`Teoria~ berZnuli sityvaa da qarTulad `dakvirvebas,
ganxilvas, gamokvlevas~ niSnavs.
Teoriis cneba mravali mniSvnelobiT moixmareba,
es mniSvnelobania: 1) Teoria, rogorc praqtikis sapiris-
piro ram; 2) Teoria, rogorc hipoTezis (varaudis) sapiris-
piro ram; 3) Teoria, rogorc meTodologiis sapirispiro
ram; 4) Teoria rogorc mecnieruli xedva, romelTagan
200
Cven amjerad gvainteresebs mxolod Teoria rogorc me-
Todologiis, e.i. meTodis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis sapirispiro
ram.
rac Seexeba `meTods~, igi momdinareobs berZnuli
sityvisagan `meTodis~ da qarTulad niSnavs `gzas rai-
mesken~.
meTodis cneba erTaderTi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba:
meTodi aris raime miznis miRwevis saSualeba da sxvag-
varad igi swored xerxs, midgomis wess gulisxmobs.
meTodis sakiTxze msjelobisas aucilebelia aRi-
niSnos, rom meTodi aucileblobiT gulisxmobs winaswar-
gamiznulobis, winaswarganzraxulobis moments. sxvanai-
rad rom vTqvaT, meTodi aucileblobiT gulisxmobs gegma-
zomierebis moments, ris gareSe igi warmoudgenelicaa.
amrigad roca vambobT, rom meTodi raime miznis
miRwevis saSualebaa, ra Tqma unda, ukve igulisxmeba misi
winaswarganzraxuloba. da marTlac, gana `miznis miRwevis
saSualebac~ ukve ar gulisxmobs am saSualebis swored
gamiznulobas. sxvagvarad, Tu ara SegnebiT, mizans marTlac
ver mivaRwevT; sxvagvarad saSualebas mizans ver Sevufar-
debT. swored rom mizani aniWebs saSualebas azrs, amdenad
meTodsac gamiznuloba aniWebs azrs.
Teoriisa da meTodis cnebaTa am urTierTSepirispi-
rebiT naTlad unda gamoikveTos is ambavi, rom Teoria
raimes ganixilavs ise, rogorc igi aris (an ar aris), xo-
lo meTodi – ise, rogorc igi unda iyos (an ar unda
201
iyos). Teoriuli debulebac amitom faqtiuri msjelobis
saxiT Camoyalibdeba, xolo meToduri debuleba – norma-
tiuli msjelobis saxiT. Teoria saerTod aris pasuxi
kiTxvaze `ra~, maSin rodesac meTodi pasuxia kiTxvaze
`rogor~.
Teoria da meTodi saerTod da filosofiuri Teo-
riac da meTodic kerZod dapirispirebulTa erTianobaa,
maTi erTmaneTisagan mowyveta yovlad SeuZlebelia.
2. meTodisa da meTodologiis cnebebi
meTodi SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc calkeuli, erTeu-
li meTodi da calkeul, erTeul meTodTa erTobliobac.
roca erTmaneTs SevupirispirebT xolme Teoriasa da me-
Tods, maSin meTodi, bunebrivia, gagebulia rogorc calke-
ul, erTeul meTodTa mTeli erToblioba, rogorc meTodi
mTlianad. magram roca meTodi gagebulia rogorc cal-
keuli, erTeuli meTodi, maSin calkeul, erTeul meTodTa
mTeli erToblioba ukve iwodeba meTodologiad.
ase rom, `Teoriis~ sapirispirod erT SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba gvqondes rogorc `meTodi~, ise ‘meTodologiac~.
am SemTxvevaSi `meTodi~ da `meTodologia~ erTi mniSvne-
lobiTaa gagebuli. magram meore SemTxvevaSi `meTodolo-
gia gagebulia rogorc moZRvreba Tavad meTodis Sesaxeb.
am SemTxvevaSi ki meTodi da meTodologia, bunebrivia,
gansxvavebuli iqneba erTmaneTisagan.
202
mokled, meTodologia ori mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba
gavigoT: 1) meTodologia rogorc meTodTa erToblioba
da 2) meTodologia, rogorc meTodis Sesaxeb moZRvreba.
da rodesac Cven vlaparakobT filosofiaze rogorc
meTodologiaze, ra Tqma unda, vgulisxmobT rogorc erT,
ise meore mniSvnelobasac erTad. da marTlac, meTodolo-
giis es ori mniSvneloba swored rom kavSirSia erTmaneT-
Tan. es aris erTi mTliani Tema, oRond, ra Tqma unda, ori
sxvadasxva doniT.
msgavseba meTodologiis am or dones Soris isaa,
rom orive maTgani isev meTods exeba, magram gansxvaveba
ki isaa, rom erTi Tavad meTods exeba, meore ki - am meTo-
dis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas. da Tu erT SemTxvevaSi saqme me-
Tods exeba, meoreSi ki – am meTodze moZRvrebas, maSin
gamodis, rom meTodologiis es ori mxare mis swored
`doneebs~ qmnis, vinaidan erTia Tavad meToduri codna
da, meorec, meToduri codnis codna. es ukanaskneli xom
ormagi codnaa. bunebrivia, amitom meTodologia rogorc
meTodTa erTianobis codna, ufro dabali safexuria meTo-
dologiisa saerTod, vidre meTodologia rogorc am
meTodTa codnis codna – es ukanaskneli ufro maRali
safexuria meTodologiisa saerTod.
yovelive, rac iTqva saerTod meTodisa da meTodolo-
giis Sesaxeb, unda iTqvas, ra Tqma unda, filosofiuri
meTodisa da meTodologiis Sesaxebac da, miTumetes, ufro
meti ZaliTac, vinaidan filosofia es xom uzogadesi
203
moZRvrebaa, amitom miseuli meTodologiac, bunebrivia,
amis msgavsad universaluri iqneboda. uzogadesSi ki
ufro `akumulirebulia~, Tavmoyrilia yovelgvari kerZo
Tvisebani.
3. meTodisa da meTodologiis saxeebi
meTodi uamravi saxisaa. aseve meTodologiac, magram
meTodologia rogorc ufro zogadi ram naklebad
mravalsaxovania.
upirveles yovlisa unda ganvasxvaoT filosofiuri
da arafilosofiuri meTodologia.
filosofiuri meTodologia aris universaluri
(zogadi) meTodologia, maSin rodesac arafilosofiuri
meTodologia - kerZo meTodologia. gansxvaveba maT
Soris im punqtSia (wertilSia), raSic gansxvavebaa Tavad
zogadsa da kerZos Soris.
ufro zustad Tu vityviT, arsebobs samgvari meTo-
dologia: zogadi, gansakuTrebuli da kerZo meTodolo-
gia. pirveli aris zogadi meTodebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba,
meore - gansakuTrebuli meTodebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba,
xolo mesame – kerZo meTodebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba.
gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom pirveli yvela meTodis
Sesaxeb moZRvrebaa, meore – zogierTi meTodis Sesaxeb,
xolo mesame – erTi romelime meTodis Sesaxeb moZRvreba.
204
yvela kerZomecnierul meTodologias zogad-mecnie-
ruli, kerZod, filosofiuri meTodologia afuZnebs. verc-
erTi arafilosofiuri meTodologia ver daifuZnebs
sakuTar wiaRSi, vinaidan yovelgvari kerZo saerTod zoga-
dis wiaRSi fuZndeba. ufro metic, filosofiur meTodo-
logiasac isev filosofia afuZnebs.
ase rom, filosofia sabazo, safuZvelmdebeli meTo-
dologiaa. igi sakuTar meTodebsac afuZnebs da ucxosac.
garda zogadi, gansakuTrebuli da kerZo meTodolo-
giisa, meTodologiis sxva saxeebic arsebobs, romelTagan
davasaxelebT Teoriul da praqtikul, igive xedviTsa
da saqmiT meTodologias. erTia Teoriuli meTodebis
Sesaxeb moZRvreba da meore – praqtikuli meTodebisa,
mokled, Teoriuli meTodTmcodneoba da praqtikuli
meTodTmcodneoba.
rac Seexeba Tavad meTodebs, es meTodebic SeiZleba
upirveles yovlisa davyoT universalur, anu zogad, gansa-
kuTrebul da kerZo, anu erTeul, calkeul meTodebad.
universaluri (zogadi) is meTodebia, yvela SemTxvevaSi
rom gamodgeba, gansakuTrebuli – isini, zogierT SemTxve-
vaSi, xolo kerZo (erTeuli, calkeuli) meTodebi – isini,
romlebic calkeul, erTeul SemTxvevebSi rom gamodgeba.
pirveli rigis meTodebs filosofia swavlobs, danarCens
– arafilosofiuri mecnierebani.
filosofiuri meTodebi imiT gansxvavdeba sxva
mecnierebaTa meTodebisagan, rom es meTodebi univer-
205
saluria (zogadia). filosofia xom universaluri (zoga-
di) mecnierebaa. aqedan gamomdinare ki, misi meTodebic
xom msgavsive unda iyos, xolo arafilosofiur mecniere-
baTa meTodebi an gansakuTrebulia, anda kerZo. esec am
mecnierebaTa specialuri (kerZoobiTi) xasiaTisa (bune-
bisa) gamo.
maSasadame, arsebobs meTodis iseTi saxeebic, rogore-
bicaa: zogadmecnieruli (filosofiuri) da kerZomecnie-
ruli (arafilosofiuri) meTodi, oRond mecnieruli
kuTxiT, maSin rodesac universaluri (zogadi) da ara
universaluri (kerZo, specialuri) meTodebi saxeebia Tavad
im meTodisa, romlis arekvlasac warmoadgens mecnieruli
meTodi.
meTodis kerZo saxeebia agreTve Teoriuli (xedviTi)
da praqtikuli (saqmiTi) meTodebi. pirveli TeoriaSi
gamosayenebeli meTodebia, meore ki – praqtikaSi.
praqtikuli (saqmiTi) meTodi es grZnobad-moqmedebiTi
meTodia, anu is meTodia, rac gamoiyeneba adamianTa grZno-
bad saqmianobaSi, maSin rodesac Teoriuli (xedviTi) meTo-
di azrovnebiT saqmianobaSi gamosayenebeli meTodia, cne-
biTi azrovnebis meTodia.
meTodis saxeTa Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
e.w. `dialeqtikuri~ da `metafizikuri~ meTodebi.
dialeqtikuri meTodi iseTi meTodia, romelic yove-
lives ganixilavs kavSirsa da ganviTarebaSi, maSin rode-
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sac metafizikuri meTodi - kavSirisa da ganviTarebis
gareSe.
dialeqtikur da metafizikur meTods Soris upirate-
soba, marTalia, dialeqtikur meTods eniWeba, vinaidan sabo-
loo jamSi yovelive, marTlac, kavSirsa da ganviTarebaSia,
magram metafizikur meTodsac garkveuli Rirebuleba
gaaCnia, vinaidan garkveuli raRaceebic raRac mxriv kavSi-
risa da ganviTarebis gareSec dgas.
meTodi kidev uamravi saxisaa, magram gansakuTrebiT
xSirad gamoyeneba misi iseTi saxeebi, rogorebicaa: eqsperi-
menti, dakvirveba, abstraqcia, analogia, modelireba, hipoTe-
za, Sedareba, analizi da sinTezi, induqcia da deduqcia,
istoriuli da logikuri da misT.
es meTodebi met-naklebad zogadia, ris gamoc maTi
gamoyenebis arealic Sesabamisad met-naklebad zogadia.
zogi maTgani yvela mecnierebaSi gamosadegia, filoso-
fiuri iqneba igi Tu ara filosofiuri mecniereba, kerZod,
abstraqcia, analogia, modelireba, hipoTeza, Sedareba,
analizi da sinTezi, induqcia da deduqcia, istoriuli
da dialeqtikuri. rac Seexeba eqsperimentsa da dakvirvebas,
isini mxolod mecnierebaTa, kerZod ki arafilosofiur
mecnierebaTa garkveul wreSia gamosadegi.
eqsperimentis anu eqsperimentaluri meTodi qarTu-
lad Sesabamisad niSnavs cdis anu cdiseul meTods (laT.
`eqsperimentatum~ swored `gamocdas, cdas~ niSnavs)
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 eqsperimentis meTodi gulisxmobs movlenisadmi
eqsperimentis wesiT midgomas, xolo Tavad eqsperimenti
– movlenis gamokvlevas misi xelmeore gamowveviT. ase
rom, cdis (eqsperimentis) dayeneba, Catareba am movlenis
swored ganmeorebis gziT gamokvlevas niSnavs. aq xazi
esmeba gamokvlevas xelovnurad, specialurad Seqmnil
pirobebSi.
rac Seexeba dakvirvebas, msgavsad cdisa (eqsperimen-
tisa) igic praqtikul, e.i. grZnobad-moqmedebiT Semecnebas
gulisxmobs da Tanac specialurs (sagangebo mizniT),
oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom dakvirveba SeiZleba rogorc
eqsperimentis (cdis), ise mis gareSec, e.i. rogorc xelovnu-
ri, ise bunebrivi cdis SemTxvevaSiac. dakvirveba sagangebo
mizniT grZnobadi, cdiseuli Semecnebaa. sxvagvarad, dakvir-
veba sagnis sagangebo cdiseuli Tvalierebaa. amdenad,
dakvirvebis meTodic amgvari Semecnebis safuZvelze sagni-
sadmi midgomas gulisxmobs.
eqsperimentisa (cdisa) da dakvirvebis meTodebis meSve-
obiT sinamdvilis mxolod im sferoebis (wreebis) Semec-
neba Tu gardaqmna SeiZleba, romelTa mxolod grZnobadi
wvdoma Tua SesaZlebeli. am meTodTa gamoyenebis arealic
(sivrcec) amitom SezRudulia Tavad grZnobadi, empiriuli
sinamdviliT, ris gamoc maT universalur (sayovelTao)
mniSvnelobas verc mianiWebT. saqme is aris, rom zogjer
maTi rolis gazviadebac xdeba, rac gaumarTlebelia,
radgan yovelive, rac arsebobs, bunebrivia, dakvirvebasa
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da cdaSi rodi gveZleva. universaluri (sayovelTao)
mniSvneloba xom Tavad universalur (sayovelTao) meTods
unda mieniWos. sxva sakiTxia, roca saqme exeba universalur
(zogad) meTodebs, romelTa moqmedebis arealic (sivrcec),
ra Tqma unda, Sesabamisad sayovelTaoa.
abstraqcia (laT. terminidan `abstraqcio~ - `ganyene-
ba~) es azrobrivi gamocalkevebaa sagnis ama Tu im mxarisa
misgan. aqedan gamomdinare, abstraqciis meTodic sagnisadmi
abstraqciiT (ganyenebiT) midgomas gulisxmobs. abstraq-
cias imdenad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba meTodis Tvalsaz-
risiT, rom mis gareSe ar SeiZleba araviTari Semecneba
Tu gardaqmna. am mxriv es meTodi yvelaze aucilebelia,
maSin rodesac sxva meTodebi aseTi rodia. marTlac, arc
erTi sxva meTodi sayovelTao-savaldebulo araa.
nebismieri ramis Semecneba Tu gardaqmna ukve gulisxmobs
mis ganyenebas, sxvagvarad SeuZlebelicaa.
analogia (berZnuli sityvidan `analogia~ - `Sesa-
bamisoba~) msgavsebas gulisxmobs. amitom analogiis meTo-
dic msgavsebis gziT sagnisadmi midgomas warmoadgens.
am SemTxvevaSi erT sagans sxva saganTan misi msgavsebis
safuZvelze vudgebiT. da marlac, Tu erTi sagani meoris
msgavsia, maSin pirvelisadmi midgomac meorisadmi midgomis
msgavsad gaamarTlebs.
modelireba (franguli sityvidan `modeli~ - `nimu-
Si~. `pirvelsaxe~) risame modelis (nimuSis) Seqmnas niSnavs,
209
xolo Tavad modeli – risame xelovnur, sagangebod Seqm-
nil nimuSs. modelirebis meTodi amdenad modelirebis
gziT sagnisadmi midgomas niSnavs.
modelirebis meTodi kavSirSia analogiis meTodTan,
vinaidan pirveli SeuZlebelia meoris gareSe. modelire-
ba xom ukve aucileblobiT gulisxmobs analogias, msgavse-
bas obieqtsa (sagansa) da models (nimuSs) Soris da swored
am msgavsebis safuZvelze xdeba modelis Seqmnac.
hipoTeza (berZnuli sityvidan `hipoTezis~ - `safuZ-
veli~, `varaudi~) winaswar daSvebaa risame SesaZleblobisa,
amitom hipoTezis (varaudis) meTodic hipoTeziT (varau-
diT) sagnisadmi midgomas niSnavs, sxvanairad - hipoTezis
(varaudis) safuZvelze sagnisadmi midgomas.
hipoTezis (varaudis) Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi dasaS-
vebi, e.i. SesaZlebeli kia, magram mTlad sarwmuno, e.i. namd-
vili rodia. miuxedavad amisa, hipoTezis meTodi mainc
mniSvnelovania, vinaidan igi ase Tu ise mainc gvexmareba
sagnis aTvisebaSi. ase rom, hipoTezam (varaudma) SeiZleba
gaamarTlos anda verc gaamarTlos, magram igi orive
SemTxvevaSi mainc sasargebloa, radganac mainc WeSma-
ritebisaken mivyavarT. msgavsad amisave hipoTezis (varadis)
meTodic orive SemTxvevaSi gamosadegia..
dabolos, Sedarebis meTodi es aris Sepirispirebis
meTodi, rodesac saganTa Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebis
gamovlenis safuZvelze xdeba ama Tu im sagnisadmi midgoma.
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Sedarebis meTodsa da analogiis (msgavsebis) meTods
Soris kavSiria imdenad, ramdenadac Tavad analogia (msgav-
seba) Sedarebis erT-erTi mxarea, Sedareba xom msgavsebasac
gulisxmobs, gansxvavebasTan erTad.
eqsperimentis (cdis), dakvirvebis, agreTve abstraq-
ciis (ganyenebis), modelirebis (nimuSis Seqmnis), hipo-
Tezis (varaudis), Sedarebis meTodebi (xerxebi) calsaxa
kerZo Tu zogadi meTodebia. magram arsebobs wyviladi
zogadi meTodebic, rogorebicaa: analizi da sinTezi,
induqcia da deduqcia, istoriuli da logikuri. wyvila-
di meTodebi dapirispirebul meTodTa erTianobas qmnian.
esaa maTi Taviseburebac. calsaxa meTodebi ki gancalkeve-
buli meTodebia.
analizi da sinTezi (berZnuli sityvebidan `anali-
zis~ - `daSla~ da `sinTezis~ - `SeerTeba~) Sesabamisad
mTelis daSlaa nawilebad da nawilebis SeerTeba mTe-
lad. aqedan gamomdinare, analizisa da sinTezis meTodebi
Sesabamisad gulisxmoben analizisa (daSlisa) da sin-
Tezis (SeerTebis) wesiT sagnisadmi midgomas. analizis
meTodi, kerZod gulisxmobs sagnisadmi mTelis nawilebad
daSlis safuZvelze midgomas, xolo sinTezis meTodi ki
piriqiT, sagnisadmi nawilebis mTelad SeerTebis safuZ-
velze midgomas. mokled, pirveli sagnisadmi mTelis
danawilebiT midgomas gulisxmobs, xolo meore – misadmi
nawilTa gamTlianebiT midgomas.
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 analizis meTodi sagnisadmi misi danawevrebis gziT
mimarTebas gulisxmobs, rac metad nayofieri (efeqturi)
meTodTa (xerxia, saSualebaa), vinaidan igi sagnis mTel
struqturasTan (agebulebasTan) gvakavSirebs.
magram ufro mniSvnelovania sinTezis meTodi,
romelsac, analizis sapirispirod, sagnis gamTlianebis
gziT, sagans, marTlac, srulad gvaziarebs. sad meTodi
(xerxi), romelic sagnis nawilebs gvaziarebs da sad
meTodi, romelic sagans mTlianobaSi gvaziarebs.
analizisa (danawevrebisa) da sinTezis (gamTlia-
nebis) meTodi (xerxi) `dialeqtikur~ (yovelmxriv) kav-
SirSia erTmaneTTan, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom erTi ar
arsebobs meoris gareSe da meorec – pirvelis gareSe, er-
Ti gulisxmobs meores da, piriqiT, meore – pirvels. amitom
saganTan misasvlelad umjobesia gaviTvaliswinoT maTi
urTierTkavSiris mniSvnelobac.
induqcia da deduqcia (laTinuri sityvebidan: `in-
duqcio~ - `miniSneba~ da `deduqcio~ - `gamoyvana~) Sesaba-
misad kerZodan zogadisaken da zogadidan kerZosken az-
robrivi svlebia. induqciaca (kerZodan zogadisken msje-
lobac) da deduqciac (zogadidan kerZosaken msjelobac)
orive daskvnis logikuri (azrovnebaTmcodneobrivi)
formebia (saxeebia). kerZod, induqciuri daskvna kerZo
msjelobaTagan zogadi msjelobis gamoyvanaa, xolo
deduqciuri daskvna, - piriqiT, zogad msjelobaTagan kerZo
msjelobis gamoyvana.
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aqedan gamodinare, induqciis meTodi sagnisadmi
imgvar damokidebulebas gulisxmobs, rac iTvaliswinebs
swored kerZodan zogadisken svlas, deduqciuri meTodi
ki – imgvars, rac iTvaliswinebs zogadidan kerZosken
svlas.
induqciuri da deduqciuri meTodebi urTierT-
dakavSirebuli meTodebia: isini uerTmaneTod ki ar arse-
boben, aramed gulisxmoben erTmaneTs. erTi avsebs meores
da piriqiT, amitom efeqturi (nayofieri) meToduri
saqmianobisTvis saWiroa maTi urTierTkavSirSi gamoyeneba.
istoriuli da logikuri meTodebi sagnisadmi Sesa-
bamisad istoriul da logikur midgomas gulisxmoben,
xolo sagnisadmi istoriuli da logikuri midgoma –
sagnisadmi Sesabamisad ganviTarebis procesisa (msvlelo-
bisa) da Sedegis (nayofis) kuTxiT midgomas. istoriuli
da logikuri, marTlac, xom erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
imiT, rom erTi ganviTarebis process (msvlelobas) asaxavs,
meore ki - mis Sedegs (nayofs). xolo orive ganviTarebas
asaxavs. es maTi ukve saerTo Taviseburebaa. da swored es
aris istoriuli da logikuri meTodebis (xerxebis)
dawyvilebis safuZvelic.
saerTodac, yoveli meTodis wyviladobis safuZveli
meTodTa wyviliscalebis saerTo Taviseburebaa, ris gamoc
yoveli wyviladi meTodi ukve ganixileba ara rogorc
or-ori meTodi, aramed TiTi-TiTo meTodi. kerZod, ana-
lizuri da sinTezuri, an induqciuri da deduqciuri, an-
213
da kidev istoriuli da logikuri meTodebi maTi wyvila-
dobis gamo eqvsi sxvadasxva meTodi (xerxi) ki araa, aramed
sami wyviladi meTodi. umjobesia amitomac analizur da
sinTezur meTodTa wyvils analizur-sinTezuri meTodi,
induqciur da deduqciur meTodTa wyvils – induqciur-
deduqciuri meTodi, xolo istoriul da logikur me-
Tods – istoriul-logikuri meTodi vuwodoT.
istoriuli da logikuri Rrma kavSirSia erTmaneT-
Tan: istoriuli da logikuri erTmaneTs gulisxmoben.
logikuri igive istoriulia, oRond sxva aspeqtiT (ganase-
riT), iseve rogorc istoriulic igive logikuria, oRond
sxva aspeqtiT (ganaseriT). istoriuli logikuris gaSlaa
ganviTarebis procesSi (msvlelobaSi), xolo logikuri
istoriulis `SekumSvaa~ ganviTarebis Sedegis, misi bo-
los saxiT.
meTodebi garkveul sistemas (mowesrigebel mTliano-
bas) qmnian. am sistemaSi yovel meTods Tav-Tavisi adgili
uWiravs. zogs meti mniSvneloba eniWeba da zogs – naklebi,
magram yoveli maTgani Tav-Tavis rols asrulebs, amitom
yvela maTgani sasargebloa, Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini sworia.
saqme is aris, rom meTodi (xerxi) sworic SeiZleba
iyos da arasworic, WeSmaritica da yalbic.
WeSmariti, swori meTodi iseTi meTodia, romelic
amarTlebs Tavis daniSnulebas, xolo yalbi, araswori
meTodi iseTi meTodi, romelic ar amarTlebs Tavis
daniSnulebas. meTodis daniSnuleba ki Tavad meTodis
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TaviseburebaSia (specifiurobaSia), imaSi, amarTlebs Tu
ara igi Tavis saxelwodebas. meTodis msgavsad meTodolo-
giac SeiZleba swori iyos an araswori, WeSmariti an
yalbi, es ki damokidebulia Tavad meTodTa da maT Sesaxeb
moZRvrebis sisworeze Tu arasisworeze.
4. filosofia rogorc Teoria da rogorc
meTodi
meTodisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, meTodologiis mniSv-
nelobac imdenad didia, rom maT gareSe yovlad SeuZle-
belia adamianis raime saqmianobaa. da, marTlac, gana adami-
anis nebismieri saqmianoba ukve aucileblobiT ar gulisx-
mobs saqmisadmi garkveul midgomas? sagnisadmi raRacnairi
damokidebulebis gareSe rogor SeiZleba mivideT masTan,
SevimecnoT igi, anda vimoqmedoT masze?
ase rom, meTodis aucilebloba ueWvelia. ufro metic,
meTodis uaryofa SeuZlebelicaa, vinaidan es logikuri
winaaRmdegoba iqneboda. saqme is aris, rom meTodis uaryo-
fac raRac meTodiT unda moxdes, rac yovlad SeuZlebe-
lia. piriqiT, meTodis uaryofac meTods gulisxmobs isev.
meTodis aucilebloba saerTod logikurad ganapi-
robebs meTodologiis aucileblobasac, vinaidan Tu
meTodi aucilebelia adamianis cxovrebaSi, maSin, aqedan
gamomdinare, aucilebeli iqneba meTodologiac, anu meTod-
ze moZRvrebac masSi. meTodis am aucilebeli mniSvnelo-
215
bidan gamomdinare, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba swored WeS-
mariti meTodis sakiTxs, vinaidan swored mas SeuZlia
swori gziT gvataros. amitom meTodis sakiTxi es prob-
lemuri (Zneli) sakiTxia. problemuria (saZneloa) igi
imdenad, ramdenadac moiTxovs swored swori meTodis
SerCevas. es ki yovelTvis advili rodia.
meTodis SerCevis problema imdenad mniSvnelovania,
rom masze didwilad damokidebulia saqmis warmateba.
swori meTodi xom, marTlac, warmatebis sawindaria. Tu
raimes sworad vakeTebT, swored imis wyalobiT, rom mas
swori meTodiT (xerxiT) vakeTebT, xolo Tu raimes sworad
vakeTebT, maSin mas, bunebrivia, kargadac vakeTebT.
igive rac iTqmis meTodze, ufro metadac ki iTqmis
meTodologiazec. meTodologia es xom mTeli sistemaa
(mowesrigebuli mTlianobaa) meTodebisa (xerxebisa);
meTodologia xom mTeli moZRvrebaa meTodebze (xerxebze).
swori meTodologia Teoriis sisworis sawindaria.
amrigad, swori meTodologia adamianis warmate-bis
safuZvelia.
5. filosofiis meTodologiuri roli adamianis
Teoriasa da praqtikaSi
filosofia specifikuri (Taviseburi), yvela sxva
mecnierebisagan gansxvavebuli, gamorCeuli mecnierebaa.
amitom, bunebrivia, igi aseve specifikuri (Taviseburi), e.i.
216
gamorCeuli anu yvela sxva Teoriisa da meTodisagan
gansxvavebuli Teoria da meTodi iqneba.
filosofiuri Teoria da meTodi, upirveles yov-
lisa, imiT gansxvavdeba arafilosofiur-mecnierul Teo-
riaTa da meTodTagan, rom igi zogadi Teoria da meTodia,
maSin rodesac arafilosofiur-mecnieruli Teoriebi
da meTodebi – kerZo Teoriebi da meTodebi.
filosofiuri Teoria da meTodi imiTac gansxvav-
deba arafilosofiur-mecnierul TeoriaTa da meTodTagan,
rom igi msoflmxedvelobrivi Teoria da meTodia, maSin
rodesac kerZomecnieruli Teoriebi da meTodebi aseTi
ram ar aris. sxvagvarad, filosofia rogorc Teoriac da
rogorc meTodic orive SemTxvevaSi msoflmxedvelobaa.
e.i. filosofia msoflmxedvelobaa ara marto rogorc
Teoria, aramed rogorc meTodic. saqme isaa, rom Cveulebriv
filosofias rogorc msoflmxedvelobas ganixilaven
xolme mxolod Teoriis (xedvis) kuTxiT, maSin rodesac
igi aseTi ram meTodis (midgomis) kuTxiTac unda iyos.
da gana, marTlac, filosofiaSi rogorc meTodSic igive
msoflmxedveloba ar unda gvqondes, rogoradac es masSi
rogorc TeoriaSia? oRond ra Tqma unda gansxvavebuli
kuTxiT.
mokled, arsebobs ara marto filosofiur-Teoriuli
msoflmxedveloba, aramed filosofiur-meToduri msofl-
mxedvelobac. xolo imis gamo, rom filosofiuri msofl-
mxedveloba es aris adamianis mier garkveuli poziciiT
217
(damokidebulebiT) mTliani mecnieruli xedva, aman ar
SeiZleba aucilebliv asaxva ar hpovos agreTve mis meTo-
dur mxareSiac.
rac Seexeba Tavad filosofiis farglebSi misi
Teoriuli da meToduri mxareebis gansxvavebas, es gansx-
vaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom filosofiuri Teoria sa-
ganze adgens imas, rac filosofiuri masStabiT (zomiT)
aris (an ar aris), maSin rodesac filosofiuri meTodi
adgens imas, rac amave masStabiT (zomiT) unda iyos (an ar
unda iyos) sagnis mimarT. aq, rogorc vxedavT, filosofiis
or gansxvavebul – faqtiur da normatiul anu Sesabamisad
arsobriv da jerarsobriv mxarezea saubari.
6. filosofiis meTodologiuri roli adamianis
cxovrebaSi
filosofias ara marto Teoriuli (xedviTi) roli
eniWeba adamianis cxovrebaSi, aramed – meTodologiuri
(midgomiTi) rolic. da es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan filoso-
fia TeoriasTan (xedvasTan) erTad xom meTodicaa (midgo-
macaa).
filosofiis meTodologiuri roli adamianis cxov-
rebaSi saerTod gamoixateba imaSi, rom igi warmoadgens
misi cxovrebis zogadmeTodologiur mecnierul orien-
tirs (misamarTs), misi mimarTulebis maCvenebels, gezis
mimcems.
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filosofiis meTodologiuri rolisagan, bunebrivia,
unda ganvasxvaoT filosofiis Teoriuli roli, rac
adamianis cxovrebaSi misi zogadTeoriuli mecnieruli
orientiris roliT gamoixateba.
filosofiis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri roli
(daniSnuleba), rogorc vxedavT, filosofiis rolis ori
sxvadasxva aspeqtia (mxarea).
filosofia saboloo jamSi adamianis cxovrebis
meTodologiaa. es imas niSnavs, rom igi aris misi cxovre-
bisaTvis saWiro meTodebis (xerxebis) Sesaxeb moZRvreba.
filosofiuri meTodologia aiaraRebs kacs im saSuale-
baTa codniT, rac aucilebelia misi cxovrebisaTvis, im
miznisaTvis, rasac igi isaxavs cxovrebaSi. xolo imis
gamo, rom adamianis cxovrebis umaRlesi mizania RmerTTan
SeerTeba, gamomdinare aqedan, filosofiis mizanic meTodo-
logiur planSi (WrilSi) sxva araferia, vidre im saSua-
lebaTa uzrunvelyofa, romlebsac unda mohyves am miznis
aRsruleba. oRond filosofiuri meTodologiis Tavise-
bureba (specifika) am gzaze isaa, rom man unda mogvces
zogadmecnieruli moZRvreba am meTodTa Sesaxeb.
ase rom, filosofiuri meTodologiis jerovnebis,
e.i. misi vargisianobis, gamosadegobis, sargeblianobis krite-
riumi (sazomi) es aris is, Tu ramdenad gavyavarT mas
sabolood RvTis gzaze.
magram filosofiuri meTodologiis uSualo miza-
nia Tavad filosofiuri Teoriisa da saerTod mecnieru-
219
li Teoriis meTodologiuri (meTodismxrivi) uzrunvel-
yofa.
filosofia, rogorc zogadi mecniereba kerZo mecnie-
rebaTa meTodologiaa, ufro zustad, igi meTodologiuri
baza anu safuZvelia maTi. yoveli kerZo mecniereba met-
naklebad sargeblobs am filosofiuri meTodologiiT,
ra Tqma unda, ukuzegavlenac gvaqvs. kerZo mecnierebaTa
meTodebic masalas qmnian filosofiuri meTodologi-
isaTvis maTi ganzogadebis kuTxiT.
filosofiis meTodebi gamosadegia ara mxolod
filosofiaSi, aramed sxva mecnierebebSiac. verc erTi
kerZo mecniereba filosofiuri, e.i. zogadi meTodo-
logiis gareSe ver gaarTmevs Tavs warmatebiT Tavis
saqmes, miuxedavad imisa, rom yovel kerZo mecnierebas
Tavisi meTodebi aqvs. kerZo mecnierebaTa meTodebsac,
araTu sakuTars, isev filosofiuri meTodologia afuZnebs,
vinaidan es kerZo mecnierebaTa uf-lebis farglebs
scildeba.
filosofiuri meTodologia, swored imis gamo, rom
igi uzogadesi meTodologiaa, yovlismomcveli meTodo-
logiaa, anu yovlisgadamwvdomi meTodebis (saSualebebis)
erTobliobaa. es imas niSnavs, rom igi moicavs meTodTa
erTobliobas mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT, mis yovel ganaserSi.
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos filosofiuri
meTodologiis roli adamianis rogorc Teoriul, ise
praqtikul planSi (ganaserSi). da marTlac, saqme ise ki
220
ar unda warmovidginoT, TiTqosda filosofias martooden
Teoriul-meTodologiuri mniSvneloba hqondes, vinaidan
filosofia Tavad Teoriaa, namdvilad ki filosofias
praqtikul-meTodologiuri mniSvnelobac gaaCnia da Teo-
riul-meTodologiurze aranaklebic. bolosdabolos
Teoria praqtikis gzismkvlevi unda iyos. amdenad filoso-
fiur Teoriasac praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs. am Teoriam
rogorc meTodma unda uzrunvelyos adamianis jerovani
praqtikuli cxovreba, e.i. Seasrulos sulieri meTodis
roli xorciel meTodTan kavSirSi.
filosofiis roli Teoriul-meTodur planSi (gana-
serSi) gulisxmobs sagnisadmi gegmazomier, mizandasaxul
mimarTebas misi Semecnebis mizniT, xolo praqtikul-
meTodur planSi (ganaserSi) – sagnisadmi gegmazomier,
mizandasaxul mimarTebas mis mimarT moqmedebis mizniT.
Teoriuli meTodi igive praqtikuli meTodia, oRond im
gansxvavebiT, rom erTi xedvis meTodia da meore - saqmis
meTodi. ufro zustad, es erTi meTodis ori mxarea, mxo-
lod erT SemTxvevaSi xedviT planSi gamoyenebuli da
meore SemTxvevaSi ki – saqmiT planSi.
amrigad, filosofias uaRresad didi meTodologi-
uri misia (movaleoba) ekisreba: filosofiis meTodologi-
uri misiaa iyos adamianis jerovani sulieri da xorcieli
cxovrebis zogadmecnieruli meTodologia (meTodebis
Sesaxeb moZRvreba). aseTia misi uzenaesi daniSnulebac.
221
 7. TvalsaCino masala TemisaTvis 1. zogadmecnieruli 2. kerZomecnieruli
`filosofia rogorc meTodologia~ (filosofiuri) (arafilosofiuri)

meT o d o l o gi i s cnebis gansazRvreba 1. calsaxa 2. wyviladi

meTodologia meTodTmcodneobaa 1. abstraqciis

anu meTodTa Sesaxeb moZRvrebaa. 2. analogiis
3. modelirebis
gansxvaveba filosofiur-mecnierulsa 4. hipoTezis
da arafilosofiur-mecnierul meTodTa 5. Sedarebis
Soris 6. eqsperimentis
7. dakvirvebis
I. a) zogadoba b) kerZooba 8. induqciisa da deduqciis
9. analizisa da sinTezis
II. a) msoflmxedvelobrioba 10. istoriulisa da logikuris.
b) aramsoflmxedvelobrioba

meTodTa saxeebi meTodologiis saxeebi

1. zogadi (universaluri) 1. filosofiuri 2. arafilosofiuri

2. gansakuTrebuli zogadi kerZo
3. erTeuli (specialuri)
1. Teoriuli 2. praqtikuli
1. Teoriuli 2. praqtikuli (xedviTi) (saqmiTi)
(xedviTi) (saqmiTi)

1. dialeqtikuri 2. metafizikuri

222 223
 filosofiis meTodologiuri roli
filosofiis meTodologiuri daniSnulebaa uzrun-
velyos adamiani misi jerovani cxovrebisaTvis saWiro
Teoriuli codniT; mogvces jerovani adamianuri cxov-
rebis zogad-Teoriuli saSualebani.
224
bolosityvaoba
am wigniT dasrulda sistemuri filosofiis zogadi
kursi, romelic moicavs aRniSnuli kursis ZiriTad, aseve
daskvniT nawils da romelic daiwyo amave kursis Cvens
mierve 2006 wels gamoqveynebuli Sesavali nawiliT. ase
rom, es ori wigni (uwindeli da winamdebare) warmoadgens
erTi mTliani filosofiis cikls. am mxriv igi, marTlac,
SesaZloa namdvilad amarTlebdes kidec `sistemuri
filosofiis~ saxels.
vfiqrobT, es wigni, iseve rogorc misi winamorbedi
wigni garkveul samsaxurs gauwevs Cvens moswavle-
axalgazrdobas filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis
CamoyalibebaSi, rac adamianis sulieri ganviTarebis
umniSvnelovanesi mxarea.
avtori
Tbilisi
2009
225
 ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 28.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

05.06.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 14.
tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77

i.m. `goCa dalaqiSvili~,

q. Tbilisi, varkeTili 3, korp. 333, bina 38