Según Nicholas Gerbis, hay dos tipos principales de superconductores.

Se clasifican de acuerdo a cómo

reaccionan en un campo magnético. Los dos tipos son:

Tipo 1: generalmente son de metal puro. Cuando se enfría por debajo de su temperatura crítica, muestra cero
resistividad y muestra un diamagnetismo perfecto. Esto significa que los campos magnéticos no pueden
penetrarlo mientras está en estado superconductor.

Tipo 2: estos superconductores suelen ser aleaciones y su diamagnetismo es más complejo.

Todos los superconductores tienen un campo magnético crítico. Este es el campo que hace o rompe su estado
superconductor. Los superconductores tipo 1 cambian los estados de la materia once en un umbral. Los
superconductores de tipo 2 pueden cambiar los estados dos veces en dos umbrales diferentes de campo
magnético.

Esto es importante debido a lo que se conoce como el efecto Meissner. Esta es la razón por la cual los
superconductores pueden mostrar imanes permanentes como se muestra en la parte inferior izquierda. El
superconductor no permite que el campo magnético penetre en él. En realidad, refleja el campo. Esto es lo que
causa la elevación. Los superconductores tipo 1 siempre tienen el efecto Meissner. Los superconductores de
tipo 2 pueden quedar atrapados entre sus umbrales de campo magnético y parcialmente permitir que los
campos magnéticos les causen flujo. Esto se muestra en el siguiente diagrama.

Type I and Type II superconductors

Posted on October 21, 2011 by amsh
Depending upon their behavior in an external magnetic field, superconductors are
divided into two types:
a) Type I superconductors and b) Type II superconductors

Let us discuss them one by one:

1) Type I superconductors:

a). Type I superconductors are those superconductors which loose their

superconductivity very easily or abruptly when placed in the external magnetic field.
As you can see from the graph of intensity of magnetization (M) versus applied
magnetic field (H), when the Type I superconductor is placed in the magnetic field,
it suddenly or easily looses its superconductivity at critical magnetic field (Hc) (point
A).

After Hc, the Type I superconductor will become conductor.

b). Type I superconductors are also known as soft superconductors because of

this reason that is they loose their superconductivity easily.
c) Type I superconductors perfectly obey Meissner effect.
d) Example of Type I superconductors: Aluminum (Hc = 0.0105 Tesla), Zinc (Hc =
0.0054)

2) Type II superconductors:
a). Type II superconductors are those superconductors which loose their
superconductivity gradually but not easily or abruptly when placed in the external
magnetic field. As you can see from the graph of intensity of magnetization (M)
versus applied magnetic field (H), when the Type II superconductor is placed in the
magnetic field, it gradually looses its superconductivity. Type II superconductors
start to loose their superconductivity at lower critical magnetic field (Hc1) and
completely loose their superconductivity at upper critical magnetic field (Hc2).

b) The state between the lower critical magnetic field (Hc1) and upper critical
magnetic field (Hc2) is known as vortex state or intermediate state.

After Hc2, the Type II superconductor will become conductor.

 c). Type II superconductors are also known as hard superconductors because of
this reason that is they loose their superconductivity gradually but not easily.
c) Type II superconductors obey Meissner effect but not completely.
d) Example of Type II superconductors: NbN (Hc = 8 x 106 Tesla), Babi3 (Hc = 59 x
103Tesla)
e) Application of Type II superconductors: Type II superconductors are used for
strong field superconducting magnets.

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What is superconductivity?
BY NICHOLAS GERBIS


Types of Superconductors: Magnetic Personalities
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Depending on how you slice the pie, there are either many kinds of
superconductors or only two. From the perspective of how they behave in
magnetic fields, however, scientists commonly classify them into two groups.

A Type I superconductor is usually made of a pure metal. When cooled

below its critical temperature, such a material exhibits zero electrical
resistivity and displays perfect diamagnetism, meaning magnetic fields
cannot penetrate it while it is in the superconducting state.

Type II superconductors are usually alloys, and their diamagnetism is

more complex. To understand why, we need to look at how superconductors
respond to magnetism.

Just as every superconductor has a critical temperature that makes or

breaks its superconducting state, each is also subject to a critical magnetic
field. A Type I superconductor enters and leaves the superconducting state
at one such threshold, but a Type II material changes states twice, at two
different magnetic field thresholds.

The distinction between Type I and Type II materials resembles the

difference between dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and water ice. Both solids
cool well, but they handle heat differently: Water ice melts into a mixed state,
ice water, whereas dry ice sublimates: At normal pressure, it transitions
directly from solid to gas.

With respect to magnetism, a Type I superconductor is like dry ice: When

exposed to its critical field, its superconductivity burns off instantly. A Type II
is more versatile.

While within a weak field, a Type II material exhibits behavior similar to a

Type I, just as H2O and CO2 both cool effectively while in their solid states.
Raise the magnetic field above a certain threshold, however, and the
material reorganizes into a mixed state -- a vortex state in which small
whirlpools of superconducting current flow around islands of normal material.
Like ice water, it still does its job pretty well. If the magnetic field strength
rises, however, the islands of normalcy grow together, thus destroying the
surrounding whirlpools of superconductivity.

What does this mixed state mean for magnetism? We've discussed what
happens when a superconductor gets warm. Now, let's look at it from the
other direction.

In their normal, warm states, both Type I and Type II materials allow
magnetic fields to flow through them, but as they cool toward their critical
temperatures, they increasingly expel these fields; electrons in the material
set up eddy currents that produce a counter-field, a phenomenon known as
the Meissner effect.

When they reach their critical temperature, Type I superconductors evict any
remaining magnetic field like so many deadbeat roommates. Depending on
the strength of the magnetic field in which they exist, Type II fields might do
the same -- or they might get a little clingy. If they're in a vortex state, the
magnetic field that still flows through the islands of normal material in their
superconducting streams can become stuck, a phenomenon known as flux
pinning (see sidebar) Magnetic flux is a measure of the amount of magnetic
field passing through a given surface.

Because they can remain superconductors in this stronger magnetic field,

Type II materials like niobium-titanium (NbTi) make good candidates for the
type of superconducting magnets found in, say, Fermilab's proton
accelerator or in MRI machines.