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P.Sivamani*
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Fungal ear canal infections, also known as and the fungus simply co-exists in the ear
otomycosis, range from inconsequential to canal in a harmless parasitic relationship
extremely severe. Fungus can be with the host, in which case the only
saprophytic, in which there are no symptoms physical finding is presence of the fungus. If
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for any reason the fungus begins active externa, acute otitis externa (AOE) is
reproduction, the ear canal can fill with predominantly a bacterial infection,
dense fungal debris, causing pressure and (Rosenfeld et al., 2014), occurs rather
ever-increasing pain that is unrelenting until suddenly, rapidly worsens, and becomes
the fungus is removed from the canal and very painful. The ear canal has an abundant
anti-fungal medication is used. Most nerve supply, so the pain is often severe
antibacterial ear drops also contain a steroid enough to interfere with sleep. Wax in the
to hasten resolution of canal edema and ear can combine with the swelling of the
pain. Unfortunately such drops make fungal canal skin and any associated pus to block
infection worse. Prolonged use of them the canal and dampen hearing to varying
promotes growth of fungus in the ear canal. degrees, creating a temporary conductive
Antibacterial ear drops should be used a hearing loss. In more severe or untreated
maximum of one week, but 5 days is usually cases, the infection can spread to the soft
enough. Otomycosis responds more than tissues of the face that surround the
95% of the time to a three day course of the adjacent parotid gland and the jaw joint,
same over-the-counter anti-fungal solutions making chewing painful.
used for athlete's foot.Candida
albicans and Aspergillusspecies are the most The skin of the bony ear canal is unique, in
common fungal pathogens responsible for that it is not movable but is closely attached
the condition. to the bone, and it is almost a paper thin. For
these reasons it is easily abraded or torn by
even minimal physical force. Inflammation
Although there is evidence that steroids are of the ear canal skin typically begins with a
effective at reducing the length of treatment physical insult, most often from injury
time required, fungal otitis externa (also caused by attempts at self-cleaning or
called otomycosis) may be caused or scratching with cotton swabs, pen caps,
aggravated by overly prolonged use of finger nails, hair pins, keys, or other small
steroid-containing drops. implements. Another causative factor for
acute infection is prolonged water exposure
Otitis externa is also known as external in the forms of swimming or exposure to
otitis and swimmer's ear (Rapini Ronald et extreme humidity, which can compromise
al., 2007) is an inflammation of the the protective barrier function of the canal
outer ear and ear canal. Along with otitis skin, allowing bacteria to flourish; hence the
media, external otitis is one of the two name "swimmer's ear". Constriction of the
human conditions commonly called ear canal from bone growth (Surfer's ear)
"earache". It also occurs in many other can trap debris leading to infection.
species. Inflammation of the skin of the ear
canal is the essence of this disorder. The Saturation divers have reported Otitis
inflammation can be secondary to dermatitis externa during occupational exposure.
(eczema) only, with no microbial infection, (Ahlén et al., 1998) Even without exposure
or it can be caused by active bacterial or to water, the use of objects such as cotton
fungal infection. In either case, but more swabs or other small objects to clear the ear
often with infection, the ear canal skin canal is enough to cause breaks in the skin,
swells and may become painful or tender to and allow the condition to develop. Once the
touch. skin of the ear canal is inflamed, external
otitis can be drastically enhanced by either
In contrast to the chronic otitis scratching the ear canal with an object, or by
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allowing water to remain in the ear canal for States.Topical solutions or suspensions in
any prolonged length of time. the form of ear drops are the mainstays of
treatment for external otitis. Some contain
The two factors that are required for external antibiotics, either antibacterial or antifungal,
otitis to develop are (1) the presence and others are simply designed to mildly
of germs that can infect the skin and (2) acidify the ear canal environment to
impairments in the integrity of the skin of discourage bacterial growth. Some
the ear canal that allow infection to occur. If prescription drops also contain anti-
the skin is healthy and uninjured, only inflammatory steroids, which help to resolve
exposure to a high concentration of swelling and itching. Oral antibiotics should
pathogens, such as submersion in a pond not be used to treat uncomplicated acute
contaminated by sewage, is likely to set off otitis externa.Oral antibiotics are not a
an episode. However, if there are chronic sufficient response to bacteria which cause
skin conditions that affect the ear canal skin, this condition and have significant side
such as atopic dermatitis, seborrheic effects including increased risk
dermatitis, psoriasis or abnormalities of of opportunistic infection.
keratin production, or if there has been a
break in the skin from trauma, even the In recent years there has been an increasing
normal bacteria found in the ear canal may interest in the use of natural substances, and
cause infection and full-blown symptoms of some questions concerning the safety of
external otitis (Kang and Stevens, 2003). synthetic compounds have encouraged more
detailed studies of plant resources. Essential
The goal of treatment is to cure the infection oils, odors and volatile products of plant
and to return the ear canal skin to a healthy secondary metabolism, have a wide
condition. When external otitis is very mild, application in folk medicine as well as in
in its initial stages, simply refraining from fragrance industries. Essential oils are
swimming or washing hair for a few days, complex natural mixtures of volatile
and keeping all implements out of the ear, secondary metabolites, isolated from plants
usually results in resolution. External otitis by hydro-or steam-distillation.
is often a self-limiting condition. However,
if the infection is moderate to severe, or if The main constituents of essential oils, for
the climate is humid enough that the skin of example, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes
the ear remains moist, spontaneous and phenylpropanoids including
improvement may not occur. carbohydrates, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes
and ketones, are responsible for the fragrant
Effective solutions for the ear canal include and biological properties of aromatic and
acidifying and drying agents, used either medicinal plants (Reichling, 1999). Various
singly or in combination essential oils and their components possess
(Vikingo,.2007). When the ear canal skin is pharmacological effects, demonstrating anti-
inflamed from the acute otitis externa, the inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-
use of dilute acetic acid may be cancerogenic properties (Ito et al., 2008). In
painful.Burow's solution is a very effective addition to inducing resistance, antibiotics
remedy against both bacterial and fungal are sometimes associated with opposing
external otitis. This is a buffered mixture effects such as hypersensitivity, immune-
of aluminium sulfate and acetic acid, and is suppression and allergic reactions (Ahmad
available without prescription in the United et al., 1998). Therefore, there is a need to
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develop alternative antimicrobial drugs for to have strong antimycotic activity against
the treatment of infectious diseases C. albicans (Kishore et al., 1993).
(Salomao et al., 2008). It is important to
investigate scientifically those plants which The main advantage of essential oils is that
have been used in traditional medicines as they can be used in any foods and are
potential sources of novel antimicrobial considered generally recognized as safe
compounds (Mitscher et al., 1987). Also, the (GRAS) (Kabara, 1991), as long as their
resurgence of interest in natural therapies maximum effects is attained with the
and increasing consumer demand for minimum change in the organoleptic
effective, safe, natural products means that properties of the food. Such antimicrobial
quantitative data on plant oils and extracts activity is due to the presence of bioactive
are required. Various publications have substances such as flavonoids, terpenes,
documented the antimicrobial activity of coumarines and carotenes (Tepe et al.,
essential oils and plant extracts including 2005).
rosemary, peppermint, bay, basil, tea tree,
celery seed and fennel (Lis-Balchin and The objective of this work was to study the
Deans, 1997). All the oils tested exhibited effect of the essential oils of Lemongrass oil,
different degrees of antifungal activity Palmarosa oil, Cinnamon bark oil,
against A. fumigatus and A. niger. The Rosemary oil, Geranium oil, Peppermint oil,
maximum antimycotic activity was shown and Chaste tree leaf oil on the growth of
by C. martinii followed by C. citratus, fungus commonly associated with ocular
Eucalyptus globulusand C.zeylenicum. infection cases.
Aggarwal et al., (2000) reported antimycotic
activity of C. martinii against A. niger. The The interplay of plants and human health
oil of C. citratus was effective against has been documented for thousands of
fungal pathogens causing diseases in plants years( Newmanet al., 2003). Herbs have
and human beings (Singh, 2000). been integral to both traditional and non-
traditional forms of medicine dating back at
Quale et al., (1996) treated infections caused least 5000 years (Koehn and Carter, 2005).
by Candida in AIDS patients with a drug The enduring popularity of herbal medicines
based on Cinnamon. In our study we also may be explained by the tendency of herbs
found that essential oil extracted from C. to work slowly, usually with minimal toxic
zeylanicum demonstrated strong antifungal side effects.
activity on both the species of Aspergillus. The present study was carried out to identify
The antimycotic activity of cinnamon bark the effectiveness of seven essential oils
due to presence of cinnamaldehyde is well against fungal pathogens isolated from
known (Viollon and Chaumont, 1994). fungal otitis externa cases, because of the
Similarly, in vitro antimicrobial activity of lesser works done in the area.
C.zelyanicum(bark) against human
pathogenic fungi and commensally bacteria Materials and Methods
was studied by Chaumont, (2003)andMatan
et al.,, (2006). The oils of M.spicata, Essential oils
Azadirachtaindica, Eugenia caryophyllata,
Withaniasomnifera and Seven essential oils such as Lemongrass oil
Zingiberofficinaleexhibited moderate (Cymbopogon citratus-Graminae),
activity. The essential oil of mint was found Palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii-
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Graminae), Cinnamon bark oil (CFU) per mL. They were flood
(Cinnamomum zeylanicum-Lauraceae), inoculated onto the surface of Sabouraud s
Rosemary oil (Rosmarinus officinalis- Dextrose agar and then dried. Five-
Labiatae), Geranium oil (Pelargonium millimeter diameter wells were cut from the
graveolens-Geraniaceae), Peppermint oil agar using a sterile cork-borer, and 100 l of
(Mentha piperita-Labiatae), and Chaste tree the samples solutions were delivered into the
leaf oil (Vitex negundo-Lamiaceae) were wells. The plates were incubated for 48 h at
obtained from Aromax Trading Co, India Room Temperature. Antimicrobial activity
(commercial producers of plant essential oils was evaluated by measuring the zone of
and aromatic substances) were used in this inhibition against the test microorganisms.
study. Quality of the oils was ascertained to Ethanol was used as solvent control.
be more than 98% pure. The oil was stored Amphotericin B was used as reference
in the dark at 4°C until used within a antibacterial agent. The tests were carried
maximum period of one week. out in triplicate.
Samples of ear discharge were collected YNBP broth containing only DMSO diluted
from the patients using sterile swab. in the same way, which did not influence
fungal growth, were included as controls.
Isolation and Identification of Fungi All fungal strains were suspended in sterile
physiological Tris buffer (pH 7.4, 0.05 M),
Standard mycological techniques were homogenized and adjusted to an OD (530
followed to isolate and identify the fungi nm) of 0.05 (equivalent to 1 X 106 CFU/ml).
present in the collected samples. This suspension was used as the inoculum
for the test in the agar plates.
Antifungal activity
Fungal suspensions (3 l) were inoculate
Agar well diffusion method using a automatic micropippete (Transasia),
and plates (diameter: 25 cm) were incubated
In this study standard agar well diffusion at 37oC for 48 h. the minimal inhibitory
method was followed (Bagamboula et al., concentration (MIC) was defined as the
2004; Erdemogilu et al., 2003). Each fungal minimal concentration of the essential oil
isolate was suspended in Sabouraud s which completely inhibited the visible
Dextrose (Himedia, India) broth and diluted growth of the fungus and MFC as the lowest
to approximately 105 colony forming unit
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other organisms, when compared with the antibiotic/steroid treatment to compare the
reference drug. The minimal inhibitory clinical and microbiological outcomes. In
concentration of M. piperita was 1000 g/ml the second phase, we compared the
for all the test fungi. The minimal inhibitory microscopic findings observed in CEP
concentration of P.graveolens,was 500 samples of patients affected by COE s acute
g/ml for all the test fungi. The minimal exacerbation (COEE) or by acute otitis
inhibitory concentration of Vitex negundo externa (AOE) to demonstrate the role of
was 500 g/ml for all the test fungi. The biofilm in the pathogenesis of COE.
results showed that they were effective but Although aromatherapy is a lesser known
to the least level, when compared with the complementary therapy, it has much to offer
reference drug. nursing care ocular patients in particular for
the control of resistant infections (Buckle,
Results for Minimum fungicidal 1999). While the recognized definition states
concentration (MFC) of essential oils that aromatherapy is the use of essential
oils for therapeutic purposes (Styles, 1997),
The results for minimum fungicidal the definition of clinical aromatherapy (as
concentration (MFC) were similar to used in nursing) is more specific: The use
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils for outcomes that are
results, but in MBC confirmation was made measurable (Buckle, 2000). The definition
by the absence of visible growth in culture of essential oils is also very specific:
media. Essential oils are the steam distillate of
aromatic plants (Tisserand&Balacs (1995).
Chronic otitis externa (COE) is a chronic Other kinds of extracts that are not obtained
relapsing disease for which current by steam distillation are not essential oils.
medical options prove Extracts may contain residues of allergenic
ineffective(HajioffandMackeith, 2010; solvents. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
Wright et al., 2009; Caffieret al., 2007)1 citratus) was found to be as effective in a
3.Over the last decade; we have perfected a 2.5% cream as four other commercial
safe and simple therapeutic technique for the creams against ringworm and clinical
management of COE known as chemical ear isolates of four dermatophytes in
peeling (CEP). The clinical results for a vitro(Wannissorn et al., 1996).
group of 28 patients have been recently
published (Fusconi, 2010). The procedure Each of the commercial creams had
allows the debridement of the infected clotrimazole, isoconazole nitrate,
external auditory canal (EAC). All content is ketoconazole, benzoic acid, and salicylic
trapped in a film made of polyvinyl alcohol acid as their main active ingredients. It was
precipitated in acetic acid and depth-bound found that essential oils were effective
by the superficial epithelial layer of the against both acute and chronic infections in
EAC. The newly formed film is simply humans. He also found that concentrations
removed with a Hartmann forceps. A CEP that were insufficient to kill the pathogenic
result in a significant increase in disease-free organism in a laboratory were effective in
intervals compared to standard treatments humans. The example given was an in vitro
and provides a definitive cure for many minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of
patients(Fusconiet al., 2010). In the first 0.00025 g/mL as opposed to an in vivo
phase, we treated patients affected by concentration of 0.0000032 g/mL (Valnet et
chronic external otitis with CEP or al.,1978). Geranium, cinnamon, and
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peppermint were found by Viollon et are inhibited, often with a breakdown in the
al.,(1993) to be effective in vitro against lipid part of the membrane, resulting in
Candida. Citral is the generic name for two increased permeability and/or rupture.
different isomeric aldehydes (geranial and Larrondo et al., (1995); Soliman et al.,
neral) that are found in many essential oils. (1994) tested essential oil of rosemary.
Citral is thought to be the component most They investigated the essential oil distilled
likely to be antifungal (Pattnaik et al., 1997). from two plants growing in different
Onawunmi, (1989) found citral to have climatic conditions. They found that both
antifungal properties in dilutions as low as rosemary essential oils were effective
0.005% to 0.008%. against C. neoformans in vitro and
recommended that either essential oil could
Essential oils containing large amounts of be an effective treatment in AIDS patients
citral are melissa, verbena, and lemongrass. with cryptococcal meningitis and
Aldehydes are best avoided on a damaged pneumonia. Although both types of
mucous membrane, but they can be used rosemary were effective, the effectiveness
diluted on the skin. A component of could have been due to a different chemical
essential oils found by Beylier&Givaudan, component in each oil. Many of the essential
(1979) to have anti-candida properties is oils used showed good fungistatic action.
citronellol. Citronellol is an alcohol and is The best effects were from palmarosa,
the main constituent of lemon grass and geranium, savory, sandalwood, thyme,
Eucalyptus citriadora(60%-80%). Alcohol marjoram, and lavender that appeared to
is safe to use on the skin and the mucous agree with the findings of (Valnet et al.,
membrane. Pattnaik et al., (1996) reported 1978). as discussed earlier in this article and
that lemongrass, Eucalyptus globulus, could be related to the adaptogenic capacity
palmarosa, and peppermint were the most of essential oils (and all plant medicines) to
effective essential oils tested against behave differently depending on the terrain
Cryptococcus. Basil and thyme were not they are in.(Lucini et al., 2006) indicated
included in this study. (Lemongrass was that mycelial growth inhibition is caused by
effective not only against Cryptococcus but the monoterpenes present in essential oils.
against all 11 other fungi tested in low These components would increase the
dilutions.) concentration of lipidic peroxides such as
hydroxyl, alkoxyl and alkoperoxyl radicals
The MIC for each of the four essential oils and so bring about cell death. For (Sharma
against Cryptococcus was 5 L/mL. In and Tripathi, 2006), the EOs would act on
another article, Pattnaik et al., (1997) found the hyphae of the mycelium, provoking exit
that complete essential oils were more of components from the cytoplasm, the loss
effective against Cryptococcus than the of rigidity and integrity of the hypha cell
isolated, active component. There was one wall, resulting in its collapse and death of
exception, lemongrass, which was equal to the mycelium.
the isolated parts of citral and geranial (
Larrondo& Calvo,1991) compared the Only few substances are known to inhibit
topical and inhaled action of citral to the human pathogenic fungi, which are often
systemic effects of clotrimazole. Although completely resistant to antibiotics, and most
the actual way essential oils work as of them are relatively toxic. The increased
fungicides is not completely clear, it appears incidence of therapeutic failure in the
that metabolism and growth of the fungus treatment of fungal infections and the
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Cymbopogon + + + + + +
martini
Cinnamomum + + + + + +
zeylanicum
Rosmarinus + + + + + +
officinalis
Mentha piperita + + - + + -
Pelargonium + + - - + -
graveolens
Vitex negundo + + + + + -
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Fig.1 Antifungal activity of essential oils against clinical isolates from Otitis Externa cases
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Table.3 MIC of essential oils against clinical fungal isolates from Otitis Externa cases
Fig.2 MIC of essential oils against clinical fungal isolates from Otitis Externa cases
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Table.3 MFC of essential oils against clinical fungal isolates from Otitis Externa cases
Fig.3 MFC of essential oils against clinical fungal isolates from Otitis Externa cases
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