MARCH 2012

LEDsmagazine.com

Manufacturing
SIL track focuses on
cost reduction P.27

SIL 2012
Lighting and Market
tracks P.32 & P.39

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

Ecosystems
How will future SSL
systems look? P.57

Markets
Growth in LED
lighting P.21
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__________________
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_____________________________


 ISSUE 50

march
2012 LED lighting from Nualight enhances the
appeal of produce in a supermarket display
cabinet. The company has signed a major
deal with Sainsburys, a UK food retailer
see pages 10 and 46.

features
21 MARKETS columns/departments
LED lighting market to grow while LED component
market goes flat 4 COMMENTARY Tim Whitaker
Laura Peters and Maury Wright Test to find the best color metric

27 MANUFACTURING 9 NEWS +ANALYSIS

LED manufacturers reduce cost with automation, Market growth and stealthy start-up
make news at SIL 2012
larger wafers, new materials
Laura Peters Philips joins The Climate Group's
LED lighting campaign
Seoul Semiconductor CEO outlines
32 HB-LEDS AC-LED potential at SIL 2012
LED market adoption continues to grow Toyoda Gosei files LED patent
Tim Whitaker lawsuits against Formosa Epitaxy
Bridgelux gets $25 million in new funding

39 LIGHTING
SSL must still clear hurdles to enable mass
Lynk Labs unveils new Tesla AC-
LED packages at SIL 2012
adoption of LED lighting LEDtronics lights Carpinteria
Maury Wright
17 FUNDING+PROGRAMS
Global Lighting Association
51 INDOOR LIGHTING aims to be more pro-active
LED lighting highlights the food at San Diego Life-cycle energy consumption
burger restaurant of LED lamps compares well
Maury Wright EPA introduces TM-21 calculator
DOE updates specifications for
57 SSL ECOSYSTEMS troffers, parking-lot luminaires
Ecosystems meeting paints future picture of
intelligent SSL systems 64 LAST WORD Maury Wright
Laura Peters ZigBee standards are ready to
support lighting-control applications

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2012 3

commentary
Test to find the
best color metric
I
m writing this piece in the relatively quiet
period between two major events on our
calendar; Strategies in Light (SIL), which
took place in February, and Light+Building,
the biennial tradeshow that will hit
Frankfurt in mid April. Youll fi nd extensive
coverage in this issue of all three conference
tracks at SIL (pages 27, 32 and 39), as well
as the most recent updates on the LED and
lighting markets from Strategies Unlimited
(page 21).
Market numbers aside, one of the most-
discussed topics at SIL was color-render-
ing index (CRI). There seems to be general
agreement that this much-derided met-
ric is not up to the job for LEDs, but there
is a lack of consensus on what it should be
replaced with. In our last issue, my colleague
Maury Wright used the Last Word column
(www.ledsmagazine.com/features/9/2/11) to
bemoan the failure of the CIE technical com-
mittee TC 1-69 to reach agreement on what
could replace CRI. The column suggested
there could be various political or self-inter-
est reasons for the absence of a decision by
TC 1-69. But this wasnt why the column was
written; our main thrust was to encourage
some kind of resolution to the issue.
The CIE seems to recognize the need for
a revised approach, and in fact went so far
as to write an official response to our arti-
cle which explained the activities of TC
1-69 from their point of view. But, at the
last minute, the CIE asked us not to publish
their piece, citing internal disagreements
and potential legal issues. However, several
committee members made comments on
our article, and these can be viewed at the
URL above.
One of the main alternatives considered
by TC 1-69 is color-quality scale (CQS), but
despite being popular in some quarters it
clearly doesnt tick all the boxes otherwise,
4 MARCH 2012
presumably, TC 1-69 would have approved
it. Voicing an alternative opinion, the Light-
ing Research Center (LRC) advocates a two-
metric system that combines CRI with the
gamut-area index (GAI) metric. Quoted on
page 40, the LRCs Jean Paul Freyssinier
says that no single metric can characterize
color rendering.
One of the comments on our website high-
lights another issue: the goals of the CIE are
principally scientific, and not necessarily
aligned with developing metrics that help
the lighting industry. Good for them, you
might say. But in that case, perhaps the
lighting industry needs to be more proac-
tive if it wants a useful metric. One way to
do this is to test some of the different met-
rics in real-world scenarios, rather than rely-
ing on calculations. Theoretical data are all
very well, but Id like to see data where the
calculated score is correlated with the pref-
erences expressed by lighting experts using
products in the field.
Which brings me to a fi nal point: which-
ever metric (or combination) eventually
supersedes CRI, it will only have limited
usefulness. Lighting specifiers will not sim-
ply look at the number and trust it, with-
out fi rst evaluating the lamp or luminaire
in the intended application. A metric of
this kind helps to narrow down the prod-
uct options that should be considered, but a
better metric will certainly make this pro-
cess easier.
Tim Whitaker, EDITOR
twhitaker@pennwell.com
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw
& PUBLISHING DIRECTOR cshaw@pennwell.com
EDITOR Tim Whitaker
twhitaker@pennwell.com
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Nicole Pelletier
nicolep@pennwell.com
SENIOR TECHNICAL Maury Wright
EDITOR maurywright@gmail.com
SENIOR TECHNICAL Laura Peters
EDITOR laurap@pennwell.com
MARKETING MANAGER Luba Hrynyk
PRESENTATION MANAGER Kelli Mylchreest
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Mari Rodriguez
SENIOR ILLUSTRATOR Christopher Hipp
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Jayne Sears-Renfer
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April 15-20, 2012
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Lighting and Controls that are Judged to Sell Strategies in Light China 2012
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ADVERTISERS index
American Bright Optoelectronics............. 15
Arc Solid State Lighting Corp. ................ 58
Arlon Silicone Technologies .................... 14
Beautiful Light Tech................................ 13
Carclo Technical Plastics ........................ 46
Cree Inc. ............................................. CV4
Daejin DMP ............................................ 47
Labsphere Inc. ...................................... 36
Ledlink Optics Inc. ................................. 11
LightFair International............................. 50
Linear Technology ................................ CV3
Matrix Lighting Limited, Hong Kong....... CV2
MBN GmbH............................................ 29
Optronics Laboratories ........................... 48
Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. ................. 8
Shanxi Guangyu LED Lighting Co. Ltd. .... 28
Sharp Electronics Europe GmbH ............. 35
Shenzhen Baikang Optical Co. Ltd. ........ 20
Shenzhen Bang-Bell Electronics Co. Ltd. .. 54
Shenzhen Refond ................................... 12
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd.

EBV Elektronik ....................................... 19 Osram Opto-Semiconductors GmbH ....... 25 Signcomplex Limited .............................. 37

Edison Opto Corporation ........................ 43 Philips Lumileds ....................................... 2 The Bergquist Company ......................... 23

Ellsworth Adhesives ............................... 60 Posco LED ............................................. 55 The Korean Consulate General ............... 31

Fin-Core Corp. ....................................... 18 Premier Farnell UK Ltd. .......................... 38 Thomas Research Products...................... 7

Global Lighting Technologies .................. 44 Proto Labs Inc. ...................................... 16 Tridonic GmbH & CO KG ......................... 41

Instruments Systems GmbH................... 26 Renesas Electronics Europe GmbH .......... 1 Underwriters Laboratories ...................... 45

Inventronics (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd. ........... 49 Sapa Industrial......................................... 5 Vossloh-Schwabe Deutschland GmbH .... 62

6 MARCH 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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news views
STRATEGIES IN LIGHT

Market growth and

stealthy start-up make
news at SIL 2012
The global market for packaged LEDs is expected to grow
by about 6% in 2012, following nearly 10% growth in 2011,
according to market-research fi rm Strategies Unlimited.
Looking further ahead, the market is expected to stay
roughly flat in 2013, and then decline slightly due to reduced
revenues from LEDs in the backlighting segment. However,
Soraa CEO Eric Kim with the company's MR16 lamp.
revenue from LED components used in lighting applications California. CEO Eric Kim (pictured) announced that Soraa
will grow rapidly through 2016, as this emerges as the next is manufacturing LEDs using a unique GaN-on-GaN pro-
segment to drive the market forward. cess and has used these LEDs to build high-performance
These latest market numbers were announced at Febru- MR16 lamps that are its fi rst products. The company was
ary's Strategies in Light (SIL), and are covered in more detail founded by three University of California Santa Barbara
beginning on page 21, followed by coverage of the three SIL (UCSB) professors - Steve DenBaars, Jim Speck, and Shuji
conference tracks. Nakamura. Soraa's LEDs have many unique features, but
Elsewhere at SIL 2012, one of the big stories was the first skeptics believe they will be relatively expensive to produce
public appearance of Soraa, a start-up based in Fremont, (page 32).

COLLABORATION AC-LEDS

Philips joins The Climate Groups Seoul Semiconductor

LED lighting campaign CEO outlines AC-LED
Philips Lighting has become the fi rst corporate partner to join The potential at SIL 2012
Climate Groups three-year Clean Revolution campaign. The part-
nership aims to speed the global switch to LED lighting. The Climate At the recent Strategies in Light (SIL) conference, Chung
Group is an independent, not-for-profit organization working with gov- Hoon Lee, CEO and founder of Seoul Semiconductor,
ernments and business leaders to advance policies, technologies and provided a keynote address that discussed some of
financing that will accelerate low-carbon economic growth. the principles behind the companys Acrich2 AC-LED
Marc de Jong, CEO of Professional Lighting Solutions at Philips, said: modules, which oper-
We have joined the Clean Revolution campaign as we believe it is an ate directly from AC
excellent avenue to further strengthen the case for LED lighting that line voltage.
can lead to dramatic savings in energy and spur low-carbon growth, Speak ing on the
while enhancing peoples feeling of security and comfort on streets, in complexity of LED lamp
buildings, and at home. design, Lee showed a
Mark Kenber, CEO of The Climate Group, said that the Lightsav- chart that compared
ers program has conducted LED-lighting pilots in ten global cities, the companys AC-LEDs
including Hong Kong, London, New York and Mumbai. Our coopera- to DC-LED lamps man-
tion with Philips will allow us to further highlight the great cost-sav- ufactured by five other companies (listed as Company A
ings and energy-efficiency improvement LEDs provide and catalyze a through E). Holding up the electrolytic capacitators and
low-carbon transformation in lighting around the world, he said. other components of the LED lamps, Lee asked What
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/27 is this? His answer, This is junk, received page 10

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2012 9

news+views
RETAIL LIGHTING
Nualight selected as LED
lighting partner to Sainsbury's
Nualight, an Ireland-based specialist in LED
lighting for food retail, has been selected by
Sainsbury's, a UK-based supermarket chain,
to be its partner for a significant LED light-
ing program in refrigerated cases across all
new and refurbished stores. Nualight will
supply Sainsbury's with LED lighting for
low- and medium-temperature and spe-
ciality cases in all new stores. As well as
enhancing the merchandising impact of the
food displays, Nualight's lighting will sup-
port Sainsbury's targets to reduce its carbon
emissions.
Harold Allen from Sainsbury's said that
LED lighting would help to bring the qual-
ity food proposition to lifeLighting is used
strategically to create the unique Sainsbury's
store ambience and bring out the best qual-
ities in the food on display in our stores.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/31
PATENTS
Toyoda Gosei files LED patent
lawsuits against Formosa Epitaxy
Japan-based LED maker Toyoda Gosei Co.,
Ltd. has fi led a patent-infringement lawsuit
in Taoyuan District Court of Taiwan against
Formosa Epitaxy Inc. (Forepi), an LED-chip
manufacturer based in Taoyuan County,
Taiwan. The lawsuit alleges that Forepi is
infringing two Toyoda Gosei patents relat-
ing to GaN-based LEDs, and seeks an injunc-
tion against various Forepi LED products.
Toyoda Gosei also filed a patent-infringe-
ment lawsuit in the US District Court, North-
ern District of California. Th is lawsuit also
alleges infringement by Forepi of eight Toyoda
Gosei LED chip patents and seeks damages
and an injunction against various Forepi LED
products, amongst other remedies.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/28
FINANCING
Bridgelux gets $25 million
in new funding
Bridgelux has raised an additional $25
million in investment capital to further
its research and development of LEDs for
10 MARCH 2012
Seoul from page 9
applause from the audience.
Lee stated that these additional com-
ponents can cause LED lamp failures. In
tests, Seoul determined that many of the
other LED lamps reached temperatures of
70C to 82C during operation. Lee stated
that even though companies typically
claim lamp lifetimes of 35,000 or 50,000
hours, it can be reduced to 10,000 hours or
less due to these operating temperatures.
Moreover, tested power factor of the LEDs
ranged greatly, from 54% to over 90%.
general-illumination applications. The new
funding is coming from Xiamen, China-based
Kaistar Lighting, a joint venture between
LED-chip maker Epistar Corporation and
Shenzhen Kaifa Technology Company (www. ___
ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/15). Bridgelux
CEO Bill Watkins said, Kaistars cost-com-
petitive manufacturing capabilities com-
bined with Bridgeluxs high-performance
packaging solutions will continue to drive
down the cost of solid-state technology for
general lighting, helping to more rapidly
expand the market for LED.
Previous investments in Bridgelux have
included a $60 million series E round in
August 2011. Bridgelux is optimizing a gal-
lium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) manu-
facturing process that it believes can signif-
icantly reduce the cost of LEDs.
In related news, Bridgelux has partnered
with Chevron Energy Solutions to offer
municipalities a low-cost path to street-
light retrofits (www.ledsmagazine.com/
Lee said the Acrich2 design can provide
a better power factor and less total har-
monic distortion. We can reduce the heat
sink, protect the environment and provide
more design freedom, he said.
Acrich AC-LED modules use an inte-
grated circuit to provide power condition-
ing and circuit protection. In recent weeks,
Seoul Semiconductor has made several
product announcements in the Acrich2
family including a linear module designed
as a fluorescent-tube replacement.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/26
news/9/3/1).
_______ The program will use a retro-
fit module, containing a single Bridgelux
LED array, which can be installed in exist-
ing cobra-head lights. The installation will
require the removal of the existing ballast
and socket, but does not require municipal-
ities to dispose of the housing. The North-
ern California cities of Livermore (pictured)
and Dublin have installed the modules and
are serving as demonstration sites for the
partnership.
AC LEDS
Lynk Labs unveils new Tesla AC-
LED packages at SIL 2012
Lynk Labs Inc., a developer of AC-driven
LEDs for general lighting, demonstrated
a broad line-up of AC-LED components
with various power and voltage options at
the recent Strategies in Light 2012 confer-
ence. The companys Tesla AC-LED pack-
ages included products designed to oper-
ate from low-voltage
(12-48V) direct AC and
others operating from
high-voltage (50-240V)
rectified AC. The pack-
ages are available in vari-
ous power, CCT and lumen
levels (www.ledsmaga-
___________
zine.com/news/9/2/25).
_______________
As well as the new Tesla
AC-LED packages and
BriteDriver power supply/
driver solutions, Lynk also
introduced a new Lamp-
On-Chip technology. The
new 12V AC-LED single
LEDsmagazine.com
____________________
news+views
chip is part of Lynk Labs core patented
AC-LED technology integrated onto a sin-
gle low-voltage chip through a joint devel-
opment between Lynk Labs and Epistar
Corp, said Mike Miskin, Lynk Labs presi-
dent & CEO.
Lynk also introduced warm-on-dim
technology, allowing the company to pro-
vide AC-LED light engines and COB (chip-
on-board) packages which, when dimmed
with standard dimmers, provide a similar
quality of light to incandescent lamps. Like
incandescents, the CCT decreases when the
light intensity is dimmed (www.ledsmaga-
__________
______________
zine.com/news/9/2/34).
OUTDOOR LIGHTING
LEDtronics lights Carpinteria
Late last year, the city of Carpinteria,
California, completed a retrofit of 199 high-
pressure sodium (HPS) decorative lights
with 29W LED lamps. LEDtronics designed
_________
needs. The project utilized lamps with a
the lamps to fit into the existing pendants
mounted at the end of a goose-neck arm on
light poles.
The city expects the retrofit to deliver an
80% energy saving equating to a $11,600
saving on its annual power bill. The new
lights are installed on Linden and Carpin-
teria avenues and along the citys Amtrak
train platform (pictured).
The LEDtronics lamps fit into the exist-
ing light fi xtures with only minor modi-
fications and look great, said Matthew
Roberts, director of the citys Parks and
Recreation Department. I think the con-
sensus is that the new bulbs produce [less
glare], are easier on the eyes, and have a
very appropriate color temperature for our
CCT of 3000K.
The LEDtronics LED30HPS-600-SIW-
002-BU lamps are designed for use in post-
top applications and are essentially retrofit
lamps that directly replace HPS bulbs with
an E26 base.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/33
BUSINESS
LED products make up 18%
of lighting sales at Philips
Philips has revealed that LED products now
constitute 18% of total lighting sales while
it continues to introduce new LED fami-
lies. In the fourth quarter of 2011, sales in
the lighting business were 2.072 billion
from a company-wide total of 6.7 billion
__________
news+views
(w w w.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/1).
The company stated that its LED-based
sales (including packaged LEDs, lamps
and luminaires) grew 37% compared to Q4
2010, reaching 373 million for Q4 2011.
Philips overall lighting sales for the quar-
ter increased 7% year-on-year, driven by
double-digit sales growth in the lamps and
automotive groups, but this was partly off-
set by a sales decrease at Lumileds, the com-
panys LED-manufacturing subsidiary. In
2011, Philips total sales for lighting were
7.64 billion, of which 5%, or 380 million
(approx. $500 million) came from packaged
LEDs (i.e. Lumileds).
At Strategies in Light, Lumileds intro-
duced three new LED families: Luxeon M
is a family of multichip, 8W, 12V packages,
while Luxeon K is a family of LED arrays
(pictured), with between 4 and 24 LEDs,
and a typical flux at 700 mA ranging from
620 to 4455 lm, measured at 85C. Lumileds
also introduced a new high-voltage Luxeon
H package, designed to operate at 100V or
200V, which is offered as a light source for
GU10 and other small-form-factor lamps
(www.ledsmagazine.com/press/34266).
LED LAMPS
Lemnis Lighting introduces
low-cost LED retrofit lamps
Lemnis Lighting has introduced a new line
of LED lamps in its Pharox family with the
240-lm, 5W version priced at $4.95 and the
360-lm 6W version priced at $6.95. These
Pharox BLU lamps, which do not support
dimming and come with a one-year war-
ranty, are the fi rst products in what will
become three separate product families. The
dimmable Pharox XL and Pro product lines
will carry a three-year 35,000-hour warranty
and the latter will also include Energy Star
qualification.
The lamps are designed for low lumen-
output applications. Lemnis co-founder
Warner Philips said the typical home will
have eight to a dozen sockets in which the
light levels would be serviceable. Philips said
he is using the new lamps in some recessed
cans in the kitchen and dining areas of his
own home as well as in closet lighting and in
bedside table lamps.
The Pharox BLU 200 and 300 lamps use
four and six LEDs, respectively, which
point predominantly upward from the base
according to Philips. Lemnis calls the lamps

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omnidirectional with a 320 beam pattern.
But Philips readily admitted that the flux
distribution is not even and that the lamps
can perform better in applications with
some directional requirements.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/22
RETAIL LIGHTING
Cree lights gas station
and food mart
The Highland Chevron gas station and
ExtraMile food mart have been renovated
indoor and out with Cree LED-based lumi-
naires to provide 70% energy savings.
Outdoors in the gas station canopy, the ret-
rofit encompasses a total of twenty-four
105W Cree (BetaLED) 304-series recessed
canopy lights that replaced 368W metal-
halide (MH) fi xtures.
The owner of the station, Bob Barman,
cited light quality, economic, and environ-
mental benefits attributable to the lighting
news+views
control light distribu-
tion in the installed
fixtures. Those TIR
optics eliminate light
spill for the outdoor
sources and enable
the station to meet
local light-pollution
ordinances.
Sti l l, economics
are also important
and the savings are
attributable to both
retrofit. Barman said, The high-quality the indoor and outdoor lighting. Indoors,
LED light makes everything appear brighter 27 Cree 304-series pendant SSL luminaires
and safer and that translates into a better replaced 330W fluorescent fi xtures.
customer experience. Barman expects the retrofit to achieve
The Oregon area is known for environ- payback in 2.5 years. According to Cree,
mental sensitivity and green practices, and the lighting retrofit will allow the station
that influenced the LED choice. and mart to consume one third less energy,
Cree also noted that the NanoOptic total in total, relative to a typical 24-hour conve-
internal reflection (TIR) lenses, which were nience store and gas station.
originally developed by BetaLED, tightly MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/19













 






 





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LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2012 15

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 funding
programs
Global Lighting Association
aims to be more proactive
In mid March, the Global Lighting Forum
(GLF; www.globallightingforum.org) under-
went a name change to become the Global
Lighting Association (GLA) and also adopted
a more proactive approach to promoting the
use of energy-efficient lighting, including but
not limited to LED-based lighting.
The GLF was established in 2007 as an
association of associations GLF mem-
bers are national or regional lighting orga-
nizations, each made
up of multiple lighting
companies. Among the
GLFs members are the
European Lamp Com-
panies Federation (ELC), the US-based
National Electrical Manufacturers Associ-
ation (NEMA) and the Japan Electric Lamp
Manufacturers Association (JELMA). Asso-
ciations from China, Taiwan, Brazil, India
and Australia are also represented.
Jan Denneman, GLF president, told LEDs
Magazine that the GLF was formed to share
knowledge of global trends and legislative
developments in lighting, and also to share
information about the activities of the indi-
vidual associations. There were lots of bilat-
eral discussions between associations, said
Denneman. So it was suggested to bring
them together at the same time to share
information and also save travel costs.
The initial focus of the group was energy
efficiency, but was soon extended to perfor-
mance and quality, as well as areas such as
standardization and legislation. As well as
sharing knowledge, the GLF aims to initi-
ate policies and actions on areas of com-
mon interest, and to seek opportunities for
LEDsmagazine.com
communicating with government authori-
ties and other stakeholders. In this lobbying
role, the GLF provides governments with rel-
evant product and market information.
As an example, Denneman discussed
the phase-out of incandescent lamps that
has now been initiated in various countries
and regions around the world. For a govern-
ment to initiate a phase-out, there must be literature that assesses the life-cycle of
an [energy-efficient] alternative available,
he said, but the situa-
tion is different accord-
ing to the market in
that particular coun-
try or region. Also, said
Denneman, it would be impossible if all coun-
tries were to try to initiate a ban at the exact
same moment, as there would be insufficient
capacity. Similarly, manufacturers might be
faced with a large spike in demand that would
not be sustained in the longer term. The GLF
is positioned to give advice on such issues on
behalf of the lighting industry, since it repre-
sents over 5000 lighting manufacturers with
combined annual sales of $50 billion.
The GLF formed an LED Working Group
in October 2010 (www.ledsmagazine.com/
news/7/10/18),
_________ and Denneman says that
there are many issues to be addressed with
solid-state lighting, such as poor-quality
products and consumer dissatisfaction.
The GLFs role would be to share experi-
ences in areas such as consumer education,
or market-surveillance and quality-assur-
ance programs, and develop consensus on
best practices that could be implemented at
the national or regional level by the GLFs
members.
Life-cycle energy
consumption of LED
lamps compares well
The US Department of Energy (DOE)
has published a report that compared
the energy consumed over the entire
life-cycle for LED lamps, compact flu-
orescent lamps (CFLs), and incandes-
cent lamps. The report states that the
average life-cycle energy consumption
of LED lamps and CFLs is similar and
is about one quarter of the fi gure for
incandescent lamps. However, if LED
lamps meet their performance targets
by 2015 their life-cycle energy use is
expected to decrease by approximately
one-half.
The report entitled Review of the
Life-Cycle Energy Consumption of
Incandescent, Compact Fluorescent
and LED Lamps is based on existing
lighting products.
The report is the fi rst installment of
a larger DOE project to assess the life-
cycle and environmental costs of differ-
ent lighting technologies. It looks at the
manufacturing, transportation, use,
and disposal of the products.
Also, the use stage of all three types
of lamps represents the most energy-
intensive life-cycle stage, accounting
for 90 percent of total life-cycle energy,
on average. This is followed by the
manufacturing and transport phases,
respectively. Transportation typically
represents less than one percent of life-
cycle energy use for all lamp types.
Most of the uncertainty in life-cycle
energy consumption of an LED lamp
centers on the manufacturing of the
LED package, which is estimated at
anywhere from 0.1% to 27% of life-cycle
energy use, with an average of 7%.
In the larger DOE study, life-cycle
analysis of an LED lamp will con-
sider the direct and indirect material
and process inputs to fabricate, ship,
operate, and dispose of the lamp.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/30
MARCH 2011 17
 funding programs
EPA introduces TM-21 calculator
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made avail-
able the Energy Star TM-21 calculator, which is based on the IES
(Illuminating Engineering Society) Technical Memorandum,
TM-21. The calculator is available for download at www.energy-
________
star.gov/TM-21calculator.
________________
TM-21 is used to project lumen degradation of an LED pack-
age, array or module based on data collected according to LM-80.
For instance, if 6000 hours of testing of an LED package has been
performed according to LM-80 criteria, that data can be extrapo-
lated to provide an estimate of lumen degradation at 36,000 hours.
TM-21 is referenced in the Energy Star Luminaires v1.1 specifica-
tion and in draft 1 of the Energy Star Lamps v1.0 specification.
The calculator has been developed specifically to simplify
lumen-maintenance projection calculations for manufacturers
designing lighting products to Energy Star requirements, and to
ensure consistent results across all EPA-recognized Certification
Bodies and Laboratories. Calculated results have been validated
by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
For any given product, the EPA encourages users to download a
new blank worksheet and to save individual product results on
a local drive.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/8
__________
DOE updates specifications for
troffers, parking-lot luminaires
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has introduced new voluntary
energy-saving specifications for troffers used in indoor commercial
buildings, as well as updated specs for LED parking-lot luminaires
and various types of parking-structure luminaires.
The Commercial Building Energy Alliances (CBEA) High-Efficiency
Troffer Specification, v3.0, provides minimum performance levels for
LED and fluorescent troffers used in commercial buildings. The spec
includes 22-ft, 14-ft and 24-ft troffers and delivers energy savings
of 15% to 45% compared with conventional systems. There is also an
optional section on lighting controls.
Version 1.3 of the CBEA LED Site (Parking Lot) Lighting Speci-
fication contains additions related to IES TM-15, IES TM-21 and
surge protection. WalMart was the first company to use this speci-
fication and the company has reported energy savings of 58% com-
pared with ASHRAE standard 90.1-2010, a widely-used commer-
cial building code.
The CBEA High-Efficiency Parking Structure Lighting Speci-
fication, Version 1.1, includes minimum performance require-
ments for LED, f luorescent, and induction luminaires.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/23

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markets | LED S AND LIGHTING

LED lighting market to grow while

LED component market goes flat
Strategies Unlimiteds analysts believe that the LED lighting market is growing nicely, though
they expect lower LED prices to keep a lid on LED-component growth in the foreseeable future.
LAURA PETERS and MAURY WRIGHT report from the Strategies in Light conference.

E
lla Shum, director of LED research
of Strategies Unlimited based in
Mountain View, CA, kicked off this
year's Strategies in Light (SIL) conference
with her LED market forecast as the opener
of the HB-LED Market track. Shum said she
expects revenues from packaged LEDs to be
relatively flat in the coming years as good
growth in LED lighting is offset by decreas-
ing revenues in other applications. The mar-
ket for LED components (i.e. packaged LEDs)
in the lighting market grew 44% from $1.2
billion in 2010 to $1.8 billion in 2011.
Shum tracks the packaged LED market,
which does not include LED chips or end
products. The worldwide packaged LED
market grew nearly 10% from $11.3 billion
in 2010 to $12.5 billion in 2011. Fig. 1 shows
the packaged LED market by application
segment.
Strategies Unlimited also tracks the solid- Ella Shum of Strategies Unlimited discusses the LED market at SIL.
state lighting (SSL) industry. Vrinda Bhan-
darkar, director of research for LED light- (predominantly used in backlighting), has for the greatest portion of overall LED
ing at Strategies Unlimited and conference put pressure on revenue growth, while unit component revenues (30%) followed by
co-chair, provided a review and forecast of growth continues to rise. Korea (26%) and then Taiwan and South-
the LED lighting industry at SIL see below. The upside to such price decreases is more east Asia (19%).
Shum, also an SIL conference co-chair, rapid adoption of LEDs in lighting, mobile,
stated that the most significant change in automotive, signage, and backlighting seg- LED growth by segment
the LED market in 2011 was the price drop ments. As will be discussed, LED lighting Mobile applications including mobile
in LED components. The average cool-white revenues more than tripled in three years. phones, notebooks, tablets and portable
1W LED package fell in price from $13 per DVD players, made up the largest LED seg-
kilolumen to $6/klm in one year. Shum Top performers ment at $3.4 billion. In the mobile phone
stated that in general the number of LEDs The top ten manufacturers accounted for market, OLEDs are beginning to sup-
required for a given application is drop- 68% of all LED component sales in 2011 but plant LED-backlit LCD displays (Fig. 2).
ping, and prices are dropping even faster. 75% of total sales in 2010. In 2011, the top However, the reduced market for LEDs in
Price reductions, combined with an over- three LED manufacturers each had revenues mobile phones is compensated by growing
supply of low- and medium-power LEDs exceeding $1 billion. The companies in the demand in tablets. Shum said the two prod-
top ten were the same in 2011 as 2010 but the ucts that matter the most in terms of tablet
MAURY WRIGHT and LAURA PETERS are order was slightly different (Table 1). volume are the iPad2, which uses 36 LEDs,
Senior Technical Editors with LEDs Magazine. Packaged LED makers in Japan accounted and the Kindle Fire, which uses 20 LEDs.

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2012 21

markets | LED S AND LIGHTING

Total: US$12.5B and she expects this percentage to only Essentially flat sales are expected for 2013
increase. and 2014, projected at $13.3 billion and
In automotive lighting, Strategies Unlim- $13.1 billion, respectively.
Others ited is forecasting a 34% compound annual
14% growth rate (CAGR) from 2011 to 2016 for LED lighting on the rise
Mobile
Auto 27% front exterior headlamps. Automakers are The LEDs in Lighting track at SIL com-
9%
also using LED-based interior lighting, menced with a plenary session in which
Sign including instrument panels using back- Vrinda Bhandarkar reported LED Lighting
11%
Backlight lighting, and have started introducing LED- revenue of $9.4 billion in 2011 and projected
Li
Lighting TV/monitor
15% 24% backlit decorative panels. OLEDs are being an industry-wide CAGR of 20% through
considered as sunroof materials, with some 2016. In her talk entitled Global Lighting
future designs showing OLED windows that Transformation, Bhandarkar opened by
Source: also function as solar panels. stating, The rate at which we use energy
Strategies Unlimited
now is unsustainable. And that energy-
FIG. 1. Revenue from packaged LEDs by LED manufacturers response conservation theme pervaded the discus-
application in 2011. Shum said that LED manu-
facturers are reacting to pric- Units (M)
A higher-resolution iPad3, which has yet ing pressures in various ways. 1200
to be introduced, is expected to use 80 or Companies are differentiating 1000
more LEDs. their products based on the
800
The LED revenue for TV and monitor quality of the light produced, OLED smart phone
including higher CRIs. She
backlights was $3 billion in 2011, but is pro- 600
also mentioned the inclusion of
jected to drop substantially by 2016. At the 400
one end, manufacturers continue to pur- embedded controls in packages LED smart phone
sue high-end edge-lit displays, such as the and testing of LED packages at 200

85-inch display from Sharp, said Shum. high temperatures. Luminaire 0

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
However, demand for lower-cost televisions manufacturers may be willing
Source: Strategies Unlimited
in developing regions has caused manufac- to pay a premium for this test-
turers to develop a lower-cost direct-back- ing, she said. FIG. 2. The LED-backlit mobile phone market is
lighting scheme, which results in thicker Due to continued pricing expected to flatten while OLED displays take off.
panels (so-called chubby TVs). These use pressure and intense compe-
fewer LEDs compared with slim edge-lit tition, Shum said she expects consolidation sion on the uptake of SSL. Bhandarkar
designs. The resulting display cost is 5-10%and vertical integration to occur as a means made a forecast for the LED lighting market
higher than displays using CCFLs, com- to maintain profit margins. and discussed the factors that could impact
pared with a 20-30% premium for the thin- Strategies Unlimiteds forecast for 2012 acceptance of the technology.
ner edge-lit designs. shows an LED market of $13.3 billion, up 6% She began by stating that last years dras-
The lighting segment of the packaged LED over the 2011 level of $12.5 billion (Fig. 3). tic decline in the price of LEDs should lead
market experienced the to a faster uptake of SSL.
2010 Ranking 2011 Ranking LED Maker
greatest upside in 2011, The LED lighting industry has already
1 1 Nichia
growing 44% to $1.8 bil- experienced tremendous growth. In just
lion. Shum said she 2 2 Samsung LED 3 years the market has grown 3.5 times,
expects LED lighting to 3 3 Osram Opto Semiconductors said Bhandarkar. LED lighting revenue
continue to take a greater 6= 4 LG Innotek climbed from $2.7 billion in 2008 to $9.4 bil-
proportion of the LED pie 4= 5 Seoul Semiconductor lion last year. Bhandarkar said that more
in the coming years. LED lighting products are becoming main-
4= 6= Philips Lumileds
LED signs and chan- stream and that is in part the impetus for
nel letters came in at a 6= 6= Cree the growth rate.
market size of $1.4 bil- 8 8 Sharp
lion in 2011. Th is market 9= 9 Toyoda Gosei Winning in a down market
has the greatest demand 9= 10 Everlight Ironically, LED lighting is a growing seg-
and supply from China. ment within a declining lighting market.
According to Shum, 87% TABLE 1. Top 10 packaged LED suppliers. Note: Does not Bhandarkar said, In 2011, the general light-
of all LED signs are man- include chip sales; companies are given the same ranking ing market declined in the US and Europe
ufactured in China today when revenue differences are within the margin of error. but the global LED lighting market grew by

22 MARCH 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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markets | LED S AND LIGHTING

Total: US$9.4B
69%. Bhandarkar placed LEDs as being only 5-10% of the general
lighting market, and that is why SSL was able to experience tremen- Entertainment 3% Off-grid 3%
dous growth in a down market. The SSL lighting market almost dou- Emergency 4%
bled from $5.5 billion in 2010 to the 2011 level of $9.4 billion. Outdoor roadway/area Commercial/industrial
5% 25%
The presentation included a review of the LED lighting market by
Retail display
application segment (Fig. 4). The commercial and industrial segment 9%
showed the highest growth last year, and accounted for 25% of the
Residential
total market in 2011. Some niches such as portable lighting includ- 9%
ing flashlights are essentially 100% LED at this point. Retrofit lamps Architectural
17%
accounted for only 13% of the revenue in 2011 down percentage- Consumer portable
wise from 15% in 2010. But the retrofit numbers are way up in terms 13%
Source:
of actual revenue due to the overall market growth. Strategies Unlimited Replacement lamp 13%
Bhandarkar summed up the state of LED lighting saying, No one
is questioning whether LEDs will be there or not. The former skepti- FIG. 4. The $9.4 billion LED lighting market in 2011.
cal view of the technology has largely disappeared and the primary
driver for LED uptake is energy efficiency. Revenue (US$B)
The presentation included a few product-specific market statistics. 9%
20 R =1
Bhandarkar said the price of LED downlights, retrofit lamps, and 18 CAG
Luminaires
street lights dropped 15-20% in 2011. Globally, she said the industry 16
14
sold 23 million LED recessed downlights. She said that those sales
12
were not only in the US and Europe but also in Japan and other 10
parts of Asia. 8
Different lighting segments and market factors are driving 6
4 CAGR = 23 %
uptake of different SSL product types. Bhandarkar said that the
2 Replacement lamp
commercial segment has driven adoption of directional LED PAR 0
lamps. Price is far more important for omnidirectional A19 lamps 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
where consumers will ultimately become the driving force and
where retailers establishing new low pricing levels will deter- FIG. 5. Strategies Unlimited projects robust growth for both the
mine deployment. Bhandarkar said, People could think about LED retrofit lamp and luminaire markets.
a $10 bulb, implying a threshold at which the typical consumer
would consider LED lighting and which was achieved in low-end She pointed out the widely-debated DOE efficiency guidelines that
lamps in 2011. have taken effect in the US (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/12/18).
Moreover, others countries and regions including the UK, Korea, the
Efficiency drives LED uptake European Union, Canada, Australia, and others are implementing
There are numerous reasons that LEDs will continue on a growth lamp-efficiency requirements.
path, according to Bhandarkar, but most come back to efficiency. In the long term, Bhandarkar projected that LEDs will be the
only clearly viable solution to the energy issue. She said
Revenue (US$B) CAGR = -0.2% many people expect a transition to halogen sources, but
14 $13.3B $13.3B $13.1B that increasingly-stringent guidelines in the US would
$12.5B $12.7B $12.3B Totals
result in a phase-out of halogen between 2014 and 2016.
12
Others Fluorescent technologies including compact fluores-
10 Auto cent lamps (CFLs) also have a shaky future. Bhandarkar
said that in general fluorescent technology provides a
8
Lighting good quantity of light, reasonable efficiency, and in some
6 products acceptable light quality. Still, she noted that low
Sign cost has been the driver of all fluorescent lighting usage.
4
And the rare-earth quotas being imposed by China are
Mobile
2 raising fluorescent pricing (www.ledsmagazine.com/
Backlight TV/ features/8/2/7).
_________
0 monitor
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Bhandarkar also discussed additional character-
Source: Strategies Unlimited
istics of LEDs that can compound energy savings. She
said, LEDs become the most flexible technology that
FIG. 3. The LED market forecast is relatively flat, with growth in LED can use controls easily and of course controls and dim-
lighting being offset by revenue decreases in other markets. ming increase the potential for savings. Bhandarkar also

24 MARCH 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

markets | LED S AND LIGHTING www.osram-os.com/oslon-square

Strategies Unlimited's Vrinda Bhandarkar provided a forecast

of the lighting industry.

noted the directionality of LEDs and the ability of lighting design

to eliminate wasted light.

LED lighting projections Maximum flexibility.

All of the above factors lead to some rather positive projections.
Bhandarkar separated the LED retrofit lamp and luminaire seg-
ments, noting the different lighting-company market strategies and
Minimum size.
application scenarios. She projected a CAGR of 19% for luminaires
through 2016 and 23% for retrofit lamps. As Fig. 5 shows, however, OSLON Square.
the retrofit lamp market is growing from a lower revenue base.
Bhandarkar said the biggest uncertainty in Strategies Unlimit- The perfect LED solution for indoor, outdoor and
eds projection is the impact of price declines. She said, Frankly compact designs

we do not know how the market will react to price declines. The With a maximum driving current of 1.5 A, a broad range of
projected combined CAGR for all LED lighting products is 20% color temperatures and color rendering indexes, OSLON
through 2016. Square opens up new opportunities in indoor lighting.
Bhandarkar said that her projections rely on less-aggressive esti- Thanks to its long lifetime, extremely robust design and an
impressive efficacy OSLON Square is also perfect for out-
mation of price decline relative to data that the DOE has presented. door lighting even under the harshest conditions. With its
The DOE has used a relative cost index of 100 to represent the cost footprint of only 3 mm 3 mm it provides greater freedom
of an LED lamp or luminaire in 2010. By 2015 the DOE projects a for creating compact and efficient designs.
reduction of 80% to a relative index of 20. Bhandarkar expects a
more moderate 13-15% decline each year, and that would equate to
an index in the range of 38 to 43 by 2015.
Bhandarkar concluded by pointing out that the LED retrofit mar-
ket will quickly become a commodity market. She said that all fac-
tors including rebates and purchase incentives are pushing the seg-
ment toward commoditization, low cost, and broad adoption. If
you are going to be in the lamps market, you have to be part of the
mass market, she said.
Bhandarkar sees the luminaire market quite differently, noting
that we are just at the stage of having lighting manufacturers install
LED sources in legacy form factors. She expects LEDs, as a disrup-
tive technology, to result in new form factors and new ways of think-
ing about light. Bhandarkar said, For the first time you have con-
trol over quantity of light. You can tweak the quantity of light. And
you can control it wherever you want. Those factors, according to
Bhandarkar, provide LEDs with a tremendous advantage over other
light sources.
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strategies in light | MANUFACTURING TRACK
LED manufacturers reduce cost with
automation, larger wafers, new materials
The LED Manufacturing track at Strategies in Light presented methods for reducing cost and
improving yield of LED components, as LAURA PETERS reports.
T
he LED Manufacturing track at
Strategies in Light 2012 featured
several speakers who primarily
focused on cost-reduction methods in LED
manufacturing. Topics included the impor-
tance of moving to larger-diameter wafers
to the use of materials that can withstand
higher-temperature LED operation.
Iain Black, VP of manufacturing engi-
neering and innovation at Philips Lumileds,
provided the fi rst of two keynote talks. He
stated that the complexity of LED products
and applications and the diverse array of
customers in the illumination market make
low-cost LED manufacturing a tremendous
challenge. Th ere are numerous applica-
tions and thousands of LEDs that need to
be matched together, he said.
As a result, Black stated that Lumileds
is moving toward more standardized LED
products that become differentiated toward
the end of the manufacturing process. This
will simplify the front-end processes, where
the capital outlay is the greatest, while also
reducing the number of different die types.
Black continued, We still will have cus-
tom solutions in cases of very large custom-
ers or niche products, but the practice of
customizing single-die emitters for light-
ing is no longer practical.
In addition, the company is building
highly-configurable manufacturing lines to
achieve the necessary flexibility. Lumileds
is in the process of expanding its LED back-
end assembly facility in Penang, Malaysia.
The all-LED-lit facility is aimed at comple-
tion in mid-2012.
LAURA PETERS is a Senior Technical Editor
with LEDs Magazine.
LEDsmagazine.com
LED manufacturing supply and demand
The changing global landscape of LED man-
ufacturing was discussed by Karen Savala,
president of SEMI America. SEMI has esti-
mated that there are 142 LED fabs in oper-
ation worldwide, up from 64 facilities in
2006. Capacity in 2012 is estimated at 1.57
million (4-inch-equivalent) wafers per
month, with the global distribution shown
in Fig. 1. Taiwan has the greatest LED chip-
manufacturing capacity, followed by Japan
and China.
Savala commented that some of the
recent build-up in China has been put on
hold due to falling LED prices and over-
supply concerns. We see some overcapac-
ity, but we believe this will be a short-term
issue, she said. Savala also provided an
update of sapphire substrate prices, which
had fallen to a new low of $10 per 2-inch sub-
strate by the end of 2011 (Fig. 2).
Industry standards provide one path to
cost reduction in LED manufacturing. Sav-
ala noted that currently there are over 30
different 6-inch sapphire-wafer products
on the market. In 2010, SEMI organized the
HB-LED standards committee and there are
currently four task forces for LED manufac-
turing. The mission is to develop geometric
standards for 6-inch sapphire wafers (cur-
rently in the ballot stage); defi ne substrate-
carrier geometries and interfaces for auto-
mation; investigate the allowable impurities
and defect levels for 6-inch sapphire wafers;
and identify appropriate ESH (environmen-
tal, safety and health) guidelines for LED
manufacturing.
Manufacturing roadmap on schedule
Jim Brodrick, the US DOEs solid-state
lighting program manager, began his talk
SE Asia Europe and Mideast
3% 1%
Americas
6%
Taiwan
Korea 28%
19%
China Japan
21% 22%
Source: SEMI
FIG. 1. Global distribution of LED fab
capacity.
by inviting the audience to download the
Manufacturing Roadmap for Solid-state
Lighting Research & Development (www. ____
ssl.energy.gov/techroadmaps.html) and to
actively participate in its on-going revision.
He stated that the industry is essentially on
schedule with the roadmap to achieve LED
efficacy of 176 lm/W in 2012 with a price of
$6/klm (cool white). Brodrick cited two pri-
orities in the roadmap, which are the devel-
opment of flexible and cost-effective manu-
facturing methods for LED modules, light
engines and luminaires as well as high-
speed, non-destructive test equipment
and standardized test procedures for key
stages in the manufacturing process. For
LED luminaires, a 20 reduction in man-
ufacturing cost is projected between 2010
and 2020 (Fig. 3).
Brodrick emphasized that cost reduction,
while maintaining high-quality manufac-
turing, all comes down to one metric: bin-
ning yield. The DOE is funding programs in
upstream process control, non-destructive
MARCH 2012 27
strategies in light | MANUFACTURING TRACK

testing, manufacturing automa- Two-inch sapphire substrate price ($) worlds largest semiconductor
tion, and advanced packaging 40 foundry company. He answered
schemes that can lead to higher 35 his own question in the affi rma-
30
binning yields. In packaging, tive, stating that many high-pro-
25
Brodrick said that higher levels 20 ductivity processes can be trans-
of component integration are 15 ferred from semiconductor to
needed, and that LED companies 10 LED manufacturing.
5
will in general move to wafer- 0
Firstly, he said, there is a need
scale packaging for cost reasons. 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 for an integrated development
200 2009 2010 2011
He noted that of the DOEs Source: SEMI environment in LED manufac-
total SSL program, worth $114 turing that includes device and
FIG. 2. Two-inch sapphire substrate price.
million in 2011, 31% is dedicated process simulation, similar to
to OLED-related activities. The what exists in semiconductor
roadmap calls for a reduction in OLED the focus areas for cost reduction include manufacturing. The GaN industry has not
luminaire manufacturing cost from around better utilization of materials, reduced had enough databases to build the infra-
$230/klm in 2012 to under $20/klm in 2020. organic layer cost and improved encapsu- structure, so many developments have been
High-speed, low-cost, thin-fi lm deposition lation methods. empirical, he stated.
for OLED production probably will require TSMC plans to bring fully automated
new tool platforms, said Brodrick. He Wafer size increases 8-inch manufacturing processes to LED
added that developments in large-screen Jacob Tarn, president of TSMC Solid State manufacturing. For instance, Tarn talked
OLED-based displays, including large-scale Lighting Ltd, presented a talk entitled Can about growing epilayers on 4-inch or 6-inch
deposition methods and automation, should a major semiconductor player accelerate the substrates, then transferring the GaN-based
benefit the OLED lighting market. Some of LED cost-reduction curve? TSMC is the epilayers to 8-inch wafers using wafer bond-

____________ ________
 strategies in light | MANUFACTURING TRACK

ing. Then, final processing including met- Relative manufacturing cost
allization, passivation, phosphor coating 1.0
Optics
and lens molding can be performed, fol- 0.
Assembly
lowed by wafer dicing and testing. In terms
0.8
of process and equipment control, main- Driver
0.
stays of the semiconductor process control
0.6
world, including run-to-run control, data Mechanical/Thermal
0.5
mining and equipment tracking, can be
applied to LED manufacturing. 0.4
Beyond these steps, Tarn suggested that 0.3
LED packages
perhaps optics can be developed for mul- 0.2
tiple LED emitters, and that control func- 0.1
tions might be integrated at the LED chip 0.0
Source: DOE 2010
or package level.
Raja Parvez, CEO of Rubicon Technology,
then talked about the advantages of pro- FIG. 3. LED luminaire roadmap targets.
gressing to larger-diameter sapphire sub-
strates as well as recent industry trends. quality large-diameter substrate material
He said that there are essentially five major and that at the wafer level, flatness and
producers of sapphire wafers, who all added defect-free manufacturing are much more
capacity in the last year, leading to signifi- difficult to achieve. Improved wafer flatness
cant price reduction. However, he contends has been correlated with more consistent
that few manufacturers can provide high- lithographic results and greater consistency
in brightness and color of
LEDs. To date, Rubicon
has shipped over 230,000
6-inch polished sapphire
wafers.
Tool productivity
Thomas Uhrmann of EV
Group cited lithographic
patterning as a key cost-
reduction area for LED
manufacturers. Some
of the parameters that
2012 2015 2020
affect patterning yield
include warpage and
poor visibility of align-
ment marks due to the
light-scattering properties of LED wafers.
In this area, 1 steppers compete with prox-
imity aligners.
In LED fabs with different wafer sizes,
tools must be capable of handling differ-
ent wafer sizes with minimal changeover

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time. In evaluating equipment purchases, one of the challenges in LED manufacturing higher temperatures than the prevail-
Uhrmann advised that users should evalu- is identifying which process steps impart ing material used today, a polycarbonate.
ate not only the cost of ownership of the tool the greatest variation in lumen output and Finally, thermal-interface materials made
(in $ per wafer) but also its footprint effi- color of the LED. He also said that more LED of silicone can be screen printed and cut
ciency (wafers per hour per square meter). manufacturers are interested in performing to virtually any shape to provide stress
Many LED manufacturers are now purs- LED testing at elevated temperatures. He relief, shock dampening and/or heat trans-
ing vertical LED structures, which may be stated that thermal control is a challenge, fer in a variety of LED lamp and luminaire
capable of higher light-extraction efficiency whether the test is performed at the wafer, applications.
than lateral designs, while providing good die or module level. Scharpf added that test-
heat conduction to the submount assem- ing at elevated temperatures will increase Packaging cost
bly or package, according to Uhrmann. For test times because an equilibrium condition Ilkan Cokgor of Everlight Electronics
these structures, EV Group has developed must be achieved. He further warned that focused his talk on processes for plastic
a variety of eutectic bonding and transient leaded chip car-
liquid-phase bonding processes capable of Epi cost reduction Cumulative rier (PLCC) pack-
per unit area (%) impact (%)
withstanding high temperature cycling in ages. PLCCs are
the latter process steps. 30 120 low-cost sur-
face-mount pack-
Defect and yield management 25 100 ages that have not
Abdul Lateef, CEO of Plasma-Therm, a 20 80 developed a repu-
maker of plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) tation for reliabil-
tools, discussed the demand for better data 15 60 ity in LED packag-
management from LED manufacturers. He ing until recently.
10 40
provided an example of how in-situ metrol- These packages
ogy is helping to automate the process. We 5 20 distribute heat and
have equipped our PECVD tools with opti- light through spa-
0 0
cal emission interferometry which uses the .5 X 5 X 5 X .5 X .8 X .5 X .5 X .8 X .5 X 3 X tially distributed
)1 1.2 1.2 rs) 0 2) 0 yr) 0 F) 1 yr) 0 s) 1 2) 1.
light from the plasma to monitor film thick- bin /W) /$M) h m / B / n m LEDs.
m e( /c hrs T ($ (ru r/
ness, he said. ( 2n ss (lm 2/hr tim ies ($ ost ( lity (M sum. rval m2/h Cokgor pointed
y bi e
eld ne (cm er ilit rc on nt . (c
Mike Plisinski of Rudolph Technolo- Yi ght eff. ecov d ut rato Relia nd c PM i . eff to several recent
i n e a p
Br apex R
sa Op s ors Source:
gies also discussed the theme of metrology C Ga are Flo Rudolph Technologies improvements in
Sp
and yield management methods. He said PLCC packages.
Epi engineers have little visibility into FIG. 4. Contributors to epi cost reduction. These include a
the impact of epi on downstream LED pro- modified primary
cesses. Plisinski suggested a concentration if an LED undergoes self-heating, operating optic; a new alloy nitridation process that
of process-control resources at the epitax- wavelength is likely to shift and measured improves the crystal structure of the phos-
ial process level. Fig. 4 shows that LED yield flux can change significantly. phor material and improves brightness;
and light output have the greatest impact and new sidewall etching and patterned-
on overall epi cost reduction. Thermal management sapphire-substrate processes on the chips.
LED manufacturers can use automatic Geoff Gardner of Dow Corning talked The PLCC also uses a die-attach material
defect classification to classify defects into about innovations in silicone technology with higher thermal conductivity (0.8 W/
type and cross-reference this data with as applied to LEDs. Silicone is perhaps best mK) and a higher efficiency reflector.
yield management to separate harmful known for its use as an LED chip encapsu- Ravi Bhatkal of Cookson Electronics
from nuisance defects. Weve seen cases lant. Garner said the company has devel- discussed some of the thermal challenges
where certain defect types, regardless of oped silicone with a higher refractive index associated with using package, submount
size, always impact yield, whereas other specifically for high-power LEDs. Any LED and board materials that all have differ-
types do not, said Plisinski. He said that above 0.5 watt is going to require a higher- ent coefficients of thermal expansion. Fast
inspection recipes can then be tuned to refractive-index material capable of with- temperature changes induce more thermal
detect the critical defects. He also empha- standing high operating temperatures, stress and can lead to creep failures. He
sized that the investment in process-con- he said. suggested a combination of relevant mate-
trol tools should scale with production Silicone is also used for injection-molded rial stack design, thermal modeling and
capacity. secondary optics such as total-internal- advanced thermal cycling tests to provide a
Next, Dan Scharpf of Labsphere talked reflection lenses. In the case of remote- mapping function between accelerated test
about optical testing of LEDs. He said that phosphor optics, silicone can withstand results and estimated useful lifetime.

30 MARCH 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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strategies in light | MARKET TRACK
LED market adoption
continues to grow
The HB-LED Market track at Strategies in Light 2012 offered a view from Seoul, advice on how
to cross the market-adoption chasm, insights on how to make GaN LEDs on GaN substrates, and
much more, as TIM WHITAKER reports.
A
s usual, Strategies in Light opened
with a review of the HB-LED mar-
ket and a forecast for the years to
come, provided by market-research com-
pany Strategies Unlimited. Th is years pre-
sentation by Ella Shum, LED practice direc-
tor and conference co-chair, provided the
biggest talking point of the whole three-day
event, when it was revealed that the over-
all market for packaged LED components is
likely to stay roughly flat from 2012 through
2016. The strong growth in lighting applica-
tions for LEDs will be offset by the decline in
revenue from the backlighting segment, said
Shum. Further details can be found on page
21. Shums talk opened the plenary session
of the HB-LED Markets track, one of three
parallel tracks at Strategies in Light. The
LEDs in Lighting track is discussed on page
39, while the LED Manufacturing track (new
this year) is covered on page 27.
GaN-on-GaN LEDs
Soraa, a stealthy start-up, chose Strategies
in Light to make its fi rst public appear-
ance. CEO Eric Kim revealed the compa-
nys fi rst products: a series of MR16 LED
lamps designed to replace 40W or 50W hal-
ogens (Fig. 1). However, the companys core
innovation is to develop GaN-on-GaN LEDs,
and Kim said that Soraas fab in Fremont,
California, is in full production mode.
Because the LED material has a 1000-fold
reduction in dislocation density, the GaN-
on-GaN LEDs can be driven much harder
(250 A/cm) than traditional LEDs, while
32 MARCH 2012
suffering much less relative droop (the drop- China has set various targets for 2015,
off in efficiency at higher current densities). by when it aims to be one of the leading
There are a whole range of ways in which the nations for SSL, said Wu. These targets
GaN-on-GaN LEDs are different from more include LED efficiency of 150 lm/W in mass
conventional devices, not least the trian- production and 200 lm/W in R&D, with a
gular chip-shape that Soraa is using. But a price of 30 RMB/klm (under $5/klm). The
number of observers were skeptical that the Chinese government is investing heavily
MR16 lamps could be offered at a competi- to develop and strengthen the SSL supply
tive price, due to the high cost of the GaN chain, enhance public awareness of SSL, and
starting material. For more on Soraa, see launch a national SSL standards committee.
www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/18. Also, the 10 cities, 10,000 LED products
demonstration project will be extended
Chinas LED industry to 37 cities.
Following Shums talk, the HB-LED Market Wu said that the Chinese LED indus-
track continued with presentations on the try is maturing rapidly,
LED industry in China and in Korea. Wu and there is plenty
Ling, general secretary of the China Solid- of work being
State Lighting Alliance (CSA), spoke about done to build
the continued development and expansion
of Chinas SSL industry, which she said had
revenues of RMB156 billion ($24.8 bn) in 2011,
and grew by 30% year-on-year. This was split
into RMB6.5 bn ($1 bn) for epitaxial wafers
and chips, RMB28.5 bn ($4.5 bn) for packaged
LEDs, and RMB121 bn ($19 bn) for end prod-
ucts. General lighting and landscape light-
ing were the biggest application areas, at
25% and 24% of the total respectively, fol-
lowed by backlighting (18%) and display
screens (14%).
As is often the case with China, many
of the numbers quoted by Wu were vast:
for example, she said that newly-built
residential areas will create demand for
1.2-1.5 million street lights every year
for the next 20-30 years.
___________
LEDs
LED
LEDsmagazine.com
smagazi
zine
ne.co
com
a portfolio of standards, improve the intel-
lectual-property situation, and stimulate
international cooperation.

Source: Ned Tozun, d.light

A view from Seoul
Chung Hoon Lee, the CEO of Korea-based LED
maker Seoul Semiconductor, spoke about the
factors that saw his company join Samsung
LED and LG Innotek in the top five of
LED suppliers for 2011 (page 22). This
was driven by backlight-unit (BLU)
demand; a strong local semicon-
ductor infrastructure with secure
supply-chain management; and
the geopolitical advantage of a
strong BLU market in countries
around Korea, namely Japan,
Taiwan and Korea, he said. Now,
LED makers must react rapidly, FIG. 2. Solar-powered LED lighting can enhance
targeting the lighting market. the productivity of businesses that lack access to
Seoul already has a much larger electricity. Inset: a d.light S1 study light.
proportion of its revenue from the
lighting market than its Korean But the potential benefits are vast, said
rivals, said Lee. functionality. If light can give us happi- Tozun. Children can live in a kerosene-free
He also discussed Acrich, the ness and pleasure, thats fantastic, he said. home and increase their study time, he said.
companys AC-LED product, say- Lee ended with a dig at some of Seoul Semi- Rural health clinics can give better care,
ing that this could allow LED-lamp makers oconductors more vertically-integrated and people can save money and increase
to eliminate a lot of the junk inside the rivals. He said that customers should ask: their income because their businesses can
lamp needed to drive the LED (particularly Who is your competitor now, and who will be more productive (Fig. 2).
the AC-DC converter). For more, see page 9. be your competitor in the future?
Lee spoke about cost and efficiency, and Phosphors
said he believed that progress will be much Off-grid lighting A session on phosphors included a presen-
more rapid than predicted in the US DOE Globally, 1.6 billion people do not have access tation by Seth Coe-Sullivan of QD Vision,
roadmap. This forecasts that LED pack- to electricity, said Ned Tozun, president of on quantum-dot technology. Recent results
age pricing will hit $1/klm around 2020, d.light Design, a company that is using LED- show significant improvements in reliability,
when efficacy exceeds 200 lm/W. However, based lighting to help such people who live at in terms of flux and temperature tolerances.
Lee said he expected this pricing level to be the bottom of the pyramid. Tozun said that However, Coe-Sullivan acknowledged that
reached in 3-5 years time. Lighting com- solar and LED technologies can be used to quantum dots for down-conversion of LEDs
panies havent driven costs down, because radically improve the lives of off-grid fami- can only be used in a remote configuration.
volumes are not high enough, he said. How- lies. The goal is to replace technologies such On-chip coating of the LED would result in
ever, he said that for retrofit LED lamps, as lead-acid batteries, battery-powered LEDs a temperature and flux that was far too high
pricing in the $10 range could drive mass and in particular kerosene, which is very for the quantum dots to tolerate.
adoption within 2 years. expensive and creates huge health issues. Rene Wegh of Philips Lighting further dis-
In the future, Lee said that LED lighting We can make kerosene lamps history, said cussed remote-phosphor (RP) configurations,
will evolve from a functional role to pro- Tozun. However, there are challenges, which stating that the main benefit is enhanced sys-
viding light-quality improvements, and include marketing and distribution in areas tem efficacy. For warm-white LEDs at 2700K,
then additional and intelligent with poorly-developed infrastructure, and the the benefit can easily amount to a 30%
ability to pay the upfront cost of the solar-LED enhancement. Also, the LEDs are not affected
FIG. 1. LED-based MR16 product or system (even though the ongoing by the heat energy generated within the phos-
lamp from Soraa Inc, built cost is then effectively zero). Also, some gov- phor when down-conversion takes place, so
using the companys GaN- ernments distort the market with significant they remain cooler, and can be driven harder.
on-GaN LEDs. subsidies for kerosene. Philips has made extensive use of remote

LEDsmagazine.com
LEDsmagazine.c
___________ MARCH 2012 33
strategies in light | MARKET TRACK
phosphors in its LED lamps and also its For-
timo modules. Another advantage of the RP
approach is flexibility; for example, modules
can be built in which the RP component can
be exchanged but everything else is the same,
so that a range of color temperatures and/or
CRIs can be realized.
Automotive headlights
A small numbers of car and even motorbikes
now have full-LED headlamps (Fig. 3), but
Dirk Vanderhaeghen of Philips Lumileds
predicted that penetration will increase in
the next few years. He said that 2013 would
see the fi rst headlights requiring a single
LED module per headlight for a low-beam
solution. This will reduce both cost and sys-
tem complexity, and will open the way for
penetration of LED headlights in main-
stream, rather than just high-end, vehicles.
He predicted that the number of cars with
LED headlights would grow from 1.5 million
in 2013 to 5.0 million in 2015, and the value
of the LED components used in this applica-
tion would grow from $130 million to $300
million. The market value will not continue
to grow as rapidly as the number of vehicles
adopting LED headlights, since the number
of LEDs per headlight unit will fall.
So why use LEDs in headlights? LEDs use
less fuel, said Vanderhaeghen, but can also
be used to express a strong brand identity.
There are design advantages of using LED
systems that typically have a depth of about
5 cm, compared with 10-15 cm for halogen
projectors. And then there is the smart func-
tionality aspect of using an LED matrix to
implement intelligent lighting that can illu-
minate around corners, for example.
The target for LED lighting is to be able to
match the performance of xenon lamps and
provide about 1000 lm on the road, which for
LEDs translates to about 2000 hot source
lumens (i.e. an LED-module output of 2000 lm
with a case temperature of 85C). But there is
also the need to move towards cost-effective,
single-LED sources to enable mass adoption.
Most systems today use fans for cooling, said
Vanderhaeghen. But this is not sustainable
for OEMs to translate into mass-market vehi-
cles. He pointed out that LEDs rated at a max-
imum case temperature of 130C, rather than
110C, would allow the use of much smaller
heatsinks for the same output.
34 MARCH 2012
FIG. 3. LED headlights on the Audi S7 featured in a vampire-themed TV ad that aired
during the 2012 Super Bowl, two days before SIL began (www.ledsmagazine.com/
news/9/2/4).
________ The vampires didnt enjoy the daylight created by the 5500K LEDs.
Backlighting
Paul Semenza of DisplaySearch, a market-
research company, said that LCD-TV back-
lights will dominate LED demand through
2013, but lighting will take over in 2014.
While LED chip and package prices have
fallen dramatically, they still represent a
large proportion of the bill-of-materials cost
for displays. However, the cost structure for
displays is less dependent on the LED cost
than is the case for lighting. LEDs represent
about 25% of the cost of an LED-backlit unit
(BLU) obviously this varies by TV size and
the backlight design but less than 5% of the
whole TV cost. For LED lamps, the LED cost
can easily exceed 50% of the total.
DisplaySearch estimates that the total
global LED chip capacity, normalized for
500500-m devices, will reach almost 95
bn units in 2012, compared with around 82
bn in 2011. Taiwan is now slightly ahead of
Korea in terms of unit volume, with these
two countries accounting for 74% of the
total. The top three LED-chip suppliers by
volume Samsung LED, LG Innotek and
Epistar are all very close to LCD back-
light makers, said Semenza, and obviously
the fi rst two are vertically integrated with
major TV makers.
The share of LEDs in backlights is above
50% for all large-area LCD applications
(mobile PCs, desktop monitors and LCD TVs,
with screen sizes of 9-in and above). Mobile
PCs are essentially saturated, but the other
categories lag behind. LED penetration in
LCD TVs has been slower than expected,
but is continuing said Semenza. While the
number of LCDs with LED backlights will
increase through 2013, the average number
of LEDs per backlight will peak in 2012 at
12 (Fig. 4), and will then fall due to efficacy
improvements and new designs such as low-
cost direct backlights. In the LCD-TV seg-
ment, chip demand will also peak in 2012 at
around 24 bn units (normalized for 500500-
m chips) and then will start to fall.
The low-cost, direct backlight schemes
use fewer LEDs than conventional direct
backlighting, but the LEDs are larger and
have lenses to direct the light. Th is helps to
eliminate certain optical fi lms within the
backlight, but means that thin panels can-
not be built. Th is trend towards so-called
chubby TVs is ironic given the association
in recent years of LEDs with thin TVs, said
Semenza. Also, he said, as LED unit pricing
decreases, the driving force gets weaker for
reducing the number of LEDs per unit.
Driving SSL adoption
Crees Mike Watson was refreshingly con-
troversial for the first talk on Thursday
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strategies in light | MARKET TRACK
morning. He described Zhaga as an SSL version of the old model,
i.e. the lamp-ballast-socket paradigm, and asked: Why are we wast-
ing time with A-lamps? His discussion was entitled Beyond the
LED and looked at why the industry needs to focus on new busi-
ness models to deliver SSL value.
Drawing parallels with transitions to solid-state technology in
other industries, Watson said that such changes always improved
core function and value, and provided well-defined benefits. How-
ever, the transitions also involved hardware changes, and this was
feared by consumers. To overcome this roadblock, said Watson, new
adoption models became as important as technology to drive mar-
ket acceptance.
According to Watson, the lighting industry likes the modu-
lar approach (e.g. replacement lamps, or modules based on Zhaga
specifications) because its what they know and what they can do.
But, he said, the lamp-ballast-socket approach always compromises
total system cost compared with a bottom-up LED-based design that
makes the most of the core benefits provided by SSL.
The industry has hit a chasm between product development and
mass adoption, said Watson, and the challenge for 2012 is to cross
that gap (Fig. 5). Rather than using a landfi ll of replacement lamps
and Zhaga products to cross the chasm, Watson said that the indus-
try should use adoption factors based on performance, cost/optimi-
______________
36 MARCH 2012
Backlight LED shipments Number
(Billions, 500 500 m size) of LEDs
60 18
16
50
14
40 12
10
30
8
20 6
10
4
2
0 0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Source: DisplaySearch Quarterly LED Supply/Demand Report
FIG. 4. Forecast for the total number of LEDs used in
backlights, and the average number of LEDs per backlight.
zation, quality/acceptance, and scale. All these focus on delivering
core SSL value. In conclusion, Watson said that parts of the eco-
system resist even slow change and added if youre SSL only, the
world looks different.
Addressing challenges
The LED industry faces a number of challenges, said Ulrich
Steegmueller, chief technology officer of Osram Opto
Semiconductors, among which are LED price erosion, and the
fact that economical limits for efficacy will be reached within this
decade. To address such challenges, Osram Opto is focusing on inno-
vation, cost, quality and fit (i.e. using the characteristics of LEDs to
enable completely new applications). Steegmueller said that Osram
Optos leading market position is underpinned by deep customer
relationships and technical know-how.
As examples of new applications and approaches, Steegmueller
mentioned automotive headlights as well as biolight systems, i.e. the
use of LEDs in horticultural applications. Addressing cost, he dis-
cussed Osram Optos recent results for GaN-on-silicon LEDs (www. ___
ledsmagazine.com/news/9/1/19). On the subject of quality, he said it
___________________
is important to leverage lessons from demanding applications, such as
automotive; for example, it can be important to conduct accelerated
testing against humidity, temperature cycling and corrosive gases.
LED package options
Although it has a relatively low profi le, Japan-based Nichia is easily
the worlds largest LED maker, according to Strategies Unlimited,
and is also the worlds largest phosphor manufacturer (although it
does not just serve the LED market). Dan Doxsee of Nichia America
Corporation said that cool-white, power LEDs have reached 150
lm/W in production, and LED lighting technology is ready for mass
adoption. No application is out of reach for LEDs, he said. And,
with rapid cost reductions, the cost of light is becoming ever-more
affordable, he added.
One feature of the LED lighting market is that there are multi-
ple package solutions for every application. A lamp might utilize a
single large chip-on-board array, or several single-die packages, or
multiple smaller die. There is no one-size-fits-all, said Doxsee. In
LEDsmagazine.com
 strategies in light | MARKET TRACK

multi-small-die approach also provides better thermals due to dis-

Products Chasm Value tributed heat dissipation; the same droop as large single die; better
color consistency; and the flexibility to build high-voltage arrays.

n
Demand LED manufacturing capacity

ptio
Ado
Jed Dorsheimer of Canaccord Genuity, an investment bank, dis-
cussed the economics of LED manufacturing. He said that the recent
second cycle of the LED market, driven by backlighting demand,
resulted in a 4 increase in global LED manufacturing capacity.
Create Enable Deliver However, this massive capacity is being used inefficiently.
Performance Scale Time Although LED unit demand will continue to increase, as light-
Optimized cost Acceptance ing becomes the dominant application, Dorsheimer does not expect
2012 to see a similar third cycle of manufacturing where the focus
FIG. 5. To cross the chasm in 2012 and enable widescale is on scale. Instead, he said that a change in the yield vs. scale
SSL adoption, the industry needs to focus on various adoption debate may be anticipated, as manufacturers devote more of their
factors: performance, optimization and cost, quality and capital expenditure into increasing the productivity and yield of
acceptance, and scale (source: Cree). their existing manufacturing equipment, in order to increase their
return on investment.
general, the single-large-die approach is best suited where there are In conclusion, Dorsheimer said that LED will be the hidden gem
specific optical requirements, for example directional luminaires or of the cleantech/sustainability movement. Because upstream invest-
outdoor lighting. But, said Doxsee, the multi-small-chip approach ments have already been made, this should allow for costs to come
is usually better if optics allow. Also, the different-sized chips have down exponentially, he said. LEDs will begin as an energy-efficiency
the same manufacturing process, but small die have better yield. The story, but will become more about utility: users can do more.

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strategies in light | LIGHTING TRACK

SSL must still clear hurdles to enable

mass adoption of LED lighting
LEDs are doing quite well in general-illumination applications, but speakers in the LEDs in Lighting
track at SIL addressed obstacles and solutions that will ultimately determine when widespread SSL
deployment occurs, reports MAURY WRIGHT.

A
diverse set of speakers ranging from
lighting designers to research sci-
entists to executives from LED and
lighting manufacturers took the stage in
the LEDs in Lighting track at Strategies
in Light. The central theme was obstacles
to broader deployment of solid-state light-
ing (SSL) and potential solutions that can
drive such deployment. The track included
success stories as well, but the overriding
theme was unmistakably focused on how
LEDs can eventually dominate the general-
lighting market.
Conference co-chair and Strategies
Unlimited director of LED lighting research
Vrinda Bhandarkar started the track with a
market report on LED lighting (page 21). Ted
Ferreira, principal at CD+M Lighting Design
Group followed with a keynote presentation
that set the obstacle/solution tone.
Ferreira discussed some of the challenges FIG. 1. CD+M Lighting Design Group and Lighting Science Group used a range of LED
that still stand in the way of broader adop- lighting to create the Garden Lights, Holiday Nights display at the Atlanta Botanical
tion of LED lighting. He asked the audi- Garden. RGB LEDs lit color-changing objects in the 16-acre display.
ence to remember the number sequence
15, 3, 15. The fi rst two numbers represent a high-quality 60W-equivalent CFL lamp the consumer and professional markets:
the life expectancy, in years, of LED and costs a little more than $5 today, while the always innovate; tell the story; create an
CFL lamps respectively, based on 9 hours of Philips EnduraLED 60W-equivalent lamp audience; establish rules; and start early.
operation per day. The third number repre- costs around $32. Ferreira said that the Innovation was a widely-used word at
sents the average time, in years, that a per- return on investment (ROI) of the two lamps SIL and Ferreira, among others, suggested
son lives in the same home. Ferreira said, is similar but the ROI calculation for LEDs is rethinking lighting products. He stressed
Most LED bulbs will outlast the average US based on their much longer life. Most peo- that there is nothing sacred about the
homeowner. ple dont make a [buying] decision based on socket and used a table task lamp with an
a 15-year lifespan with the possible excep- integrated LED light engine and driver as
Residential obstacles tion of their home, he said an example.
The point that Ferreira was making is that An energy-efficiency theme pervaded Fer- Telling the story is perhaps the most
buying an LED lamp remains an unlikely reiras talk, but he clearly believes that the important of Ferreiras steps. People must
choice for the typical consumer. He said that LED lighting industry must do more than be aware of what they are seeing for it to
cut energy use to fully succeed. He discussed impact future buying decisions. For exam-
MAURY WRIGHT is a Senior Technical Editor what he called the five simple steps that ple, CD+M partnered with Lighting Sci-
with LEDs Magazine. can accelerate the adoption of SSL in both ence Group on an LED-lighting display at

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2012 39

strategies in light | LIGHTING TRACK

the Atlanta Botanical Garden

that was open to the public over
the holiday season in December
and January (Fig. 1). The inaugu-
ral event cost $1 million to pro-
duce and covered 16 acres. The
entire display consumed only the
power that would be needed to
power six residential homes.
But Ferreira was disap-
pointed in an exchange he over-
heard while visiting the display.
A visitor asked a garden volun-
teer about the lighting, and the
volunteer said, I dont exactly
know how it works. I think they
Courtesy: Juan Pablo Lira

are using colored party bulbs.

The project could not have been
realized without efficient RGB
LEDs and Ferreira said, I would
describe that as a missed oppor-
tunity meaning a chance to edu-
cate public on LED technology.
Retail theater
Ferreira used new LED lighting in a
Starbucks store in New York Citys Times
Square as an example of creating an audi-
ence. LED Source supplied the LED lighting
products and Focus Lighting handled the
lighting design and used the surrounding
theater district as a theme (Fig. 2). Ferreira
said, Its almost like Broadway. Its retail
theater. It can be a poster child for LED suc-
cess. Such retrofits are part of Starbucks
goal to reduce energy use by 25% by 2015
across 17,000 stores. But Ferreiras point is
that such projects will win the hearts of the
public in terms of recognizing the potential
of SSL and driving adoption.
Rules are needed to ensure SSL success
according to Ferreira. He didnt mention the
new US Department of Energy (DOE) lamp-
efficiency guidelines (www.ledsmagazine.
com/news/8/7/12), but suggested that the
government should provide incentives such
as tax breaks for the SSL industry. He said
rules are key to ensuring that the lighting
industry doesnt go backwards.
Finally Ferreira suggested that we should
start early in educating our children about
good energy habits. He said children are
open to technology and innovation and arent
intimidated by technology such as lighting
FIG. 2. An LED lighting retrofi t of a Times Square Starbucks store by Focus Lighting and LED
Source was described by keynote speaker Ferreira as "retail theater."
control systems and smartphone-like apps.
For lighting companies, Ferreira said the
choices are simple innovate or perish.
CRI and CCT
A number of presentations in the LEDs in
Lighting track focused on color quality, and
the hurdles that still face the industry in that
area. Jean Paul Freyssinier, research scien-
tist at the Lighting Research Center (LRC)
at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, targeted
both measures of color rendering and color
temperature in his presentation entitled
Class A lighting.
Addressing color rendering index (CRI),
correlated color temperature (CCT) and
other metrics, Freyssinier said, None of the
metrics that we use are perfectly predictive
of peoples perception or assessment of light
sources. He explained that the metrics are
meant to describe the physical characteris-
tics of a light source i.e. the stimulus to a
person, but not the perception of the person.
Focusing specifically on color render-
ing, Freyssinier said that the lighting indus-
try now accepts that no single metric can
characterize color rendering. He said that
there are too many dimensions to color ren-
dering including color fidelity, saturation,
and discrimination of hues to capture in
a single metric (www.ledsmagazine.com/
features/9/2/11).
__________
Whether Freyssinier is right about an
industry-wide opinion on color rendering
or not, he used the SIL platform to advocate
the LRCs gamut area index (GAI) metric that
is meant to be used in combination with
CRI (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/7/6/8.)
Freyssinier said that people prefer a light
source that enhances color without distor-
tion or making the object look unnatural.
And he said that light sources with high CRI
and GAI will consistently outperform light
sources that rate high in only one of these
two metrics.
Chromaticity variances
The bulk of Freyssinier's presentation, how-
ever, was focused on CCT and perhaps a mis-
guided perception of the accepted definition
of a white light source. Freyssinier said, By
definition CCT is a line in the color space,
not a single point. Two light sources can
have the same CCT and still be quite differ-
ent in terms of chromaticity in the CIE 1931
color space.
The industry widely accepts that the
black-body locus thats plotted in the color

40 MARCH 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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strategies in light | LIGHTING TRACK

space represents a white source at varying black-body locus and the

CCT values. But the LRC performed a study preferred white point Time 0 = 3 SDCM box
Time 6khr = 5 SDCM move
to seek the answer to Freyssiniers question, is equal to a 13-15-step
Is there a difference in terms of perception MacAdam ellipse (also
or preference for end users? referred to as a SDCM
The study utilized a viewing box with or standard deviation of
multiple light sources. Computer control color matching ellipse).
allowed the researchers to produce light at Freyssinier said that the 3000K
ANSI-NEMA
specific CCT, chromaticity and brightness difference in terms of
levels. Testers were shown light at six CCTs perception between the
ranging from 2700-6500K. At each CCT, the black-body locus and the
Replacement
testers were asked to judge light at seven preferred white point
different chromaticity values along the CCT at 2700K is greater than
line with the values ranging well above and the perceived difference
below the black-body locus. between the three white
The testers were asked to respond immedi- points at 3500K, 3000K,
ately after seeing each light source and after and 2700K despite the fact Vertical grid lines: CCT in 20K increments
Horizontal grid lines: Duv 0.001 increments
an adaption period of 45 seconds. The testers that those white points are
judged the hue of the light source respond- more spread out on the
ing to whether they perceived the source to be color-space graph. FIG. 4. LED color shift over time becomes especially
green/yellow in nature or purple/violet. The Closing the loop around problematic if one or more of a group of LED sources must
testers were also asked to rate the hue relative color rendering, CCT, and be replaced.
to their perception of pure white. chromaticity, Freyssinier
The details of the research are lengthy in addressed the title of his presentation. He Maybe one of the reasons it hasnt hap-
nature, but Fig. 3 shows a surprising result. defi nes a Class A light source as one that pened is because its ugly.
Only at around 4100K did the perception of has CRI above 80, GAI between 80 and 100,
the testers align with the black-body locus. and chromaticity located along the white Color variance
At cooler CCTs the testers preferred chroma- line in the color space identified by the Steen used a screen to project light with dif-
ticity slightly above the locus. More impor- LRCs study. ferent characteristics to demonstrate the
tantly, at warmer CCTs the testers preferred Ron Steen, VP business development potential problems that the LED industry
chromaticity significantly below the locus. at Xicato, also addressed color quality still faces in terms of color consistency.
and focused on the lack of standards that First he compared two 3000K sources side
Chromaticity white points specify color deviation and the problem of by side that were within the 7-step SDCM
At 2700K, Freyssinier said that the differ- changes in color over time of LED sources. bounds of the ANSI binning scheme for
ence in terms of perception between the Steen said that SSL deployment is happen- LEDs. The lights had only a 19K difference
ing, but not as quickly as some in CCT. The difference was noticeable but
Hue-choice, immediately after exposure industry proponents believe it perhaps not unacceptable. He then showed
Hue-magnitude, immediately after exposure
Hue-choice, after 45-second exposure
should. He said that the LED two sources that fell within a 4-step SDCM
Hue-magnitude, after 45-second exposure industry focus has been on effi- ellipse. But in this case he used sources
0.50 Blackbody locus cacy and that great progress that were 39K apart albeit much closer in
Daylight locus
0.48 has been made in that area. But chromaticity. The difference was signifi-
3000K 2700K he asked, With 150 lm/W, why cant and Steen concluded that it would be
0.46
4100K 3500K isnt [mass adoption of SSL] hap- problematic in most lighting applications.
0.44
pening? Steen answered saying He said that the industry needs LEDs that
0.42 5000K
are within a 1-step SDCM ellipse in terms
y
0.40
6500K
FIG. 3. LRC research has of chromaticity and a 2-step SDCM ellipse
0.38 shown that, at warm color in terms of CCT.
0.36 temperatures, people generally Steen also demonstrated issues with CRI
0.34
perceive that pure white using a saturated red color patch and light
light sources have lower sources with different spectral power dis-
0.32
chromaticity than the black- tributions. Color rendering is one area in
0.30 body locus that has long been which he laments the lack of a usable stan-
0.28
0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 accepted as the defi nition of dard. Differing with Freyssinier, Steen
x white light. spoke positively about color quality scale

42 MARCH 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

______________
 strategies in light | LIGHTING TRACK

FIG. 5. Type A Productions installed more than 5000 LED downlights in the Indianapolis
JW Marriott hotel, mostly in the guest rooms.

_____________
______________
__________________________
__________________________
(CQS) as an accurate metric. Steen said I
hope the industry actually adopts it so that
we can try to get down to one metric.
Still, Steens larger concern is the need for
standards that defi ne color shift over time
(and obviously LEDs that would meet such
standards). He said, It might not be lumen
depreciation that defi nes lifetime of LEDs.
It may indeed be color that defines the life-
time of a source.
The LM-80 standard used to specify LED
lifetime does not really address color, said
Steen. It does require an LED maker to dis-
close color shift over 6000 hours, but doesnt
set limits on acceptable shift. Steen said that
Energy Star requires luminaires to maintain
color within a range of 0.007 relative to the
CIE 1976 color space. But that delta, accord-
ing to Steen, is in the range of a 7-step SDCM
ellipse. CELMA has even less rigorous guide-
lines in Europe.
Accepted quality levels
Steen understands the difficulty faced by
the standards bodies. He said Statisticians
do not know how to statistically extrapo-
late color movement over time. Steen said
the industry has mistakenly accepted that
color consistency is assured by LEDs that fall
within a 3-step SDCM ellipse out of the box,
and in the worst case, those LEDs should
shift a maximum of 5 additional steps over
time. In general the industry is managing to
live with such performance, in part accord-
ing to Steen because all of the LEDs in an
installation typically shift in the same direc-
tion over time.
But Steen presented the scenario depicted
in Fig. 4 that shows a huge potential prob-
lem. The point in the upper left corner of the
red box represents an LED at the 3-step line
out of the box. Over time, that LED shifts
in color up and to the left out to the range
of an 8-step SDCM ellipse. Say one lamp or
LED module in a group of sources fails and
has to be replaced. The replacement meets
the 3-step limit for a new component but
is actually at the low, right corner of the
ellipse in Fig. 4. The result is an 11-step dif-
ference in installed sources, and that could
be unsightly.
As a solution, Steen proposed a color-
maintenance curve that is modeled after the
commonly used lumen-maintenance curve

44 MARCH 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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strategies in light | LIGHTING TRACK
and specs such as hours to L70. He proposed
holding LED color maintenance to the 1-step
chromaticity and 2-step CCT limits that he
discussed earlier.
Modular products
Getting back to the subject of innovation,
a number of SIL speakers lauded the fact
that LEDs will free product designers from
accepted lighting form factors including
linear troffers, downlights, and even bulbs.
Still, we havent yet witnessed a lot of inno-
vation in form factor. Ironically a company
called Nualight, which is focused on retail
lighting for food displays, was the lone com-
pany that addressed the need for custom-
izable form in the LEDs in Lighting track.
Vincent Guenebaut, head of product
innovation at Nualight, said We are not
limited anymore by the size and shape of
fluorescent tubes. Instead Nualight is tak-
ing a modular approach by offering confi g-
urable SSL systems that can fit in refrig-
erated display cases and above display
counters that hold items such as produce.
Guenebaut said, The luminaire becomes
the main attribute of a case.
While Nualight does offer modular
products, Guenebaut said the companys
approach to product design is to define
interfaces rather than modules. The descrip-
tion sounds much like the approach of the
46 MARCH 2012
Zhaga consortium (www.ledsmagazine.
com/features/8/11/11). The interfaces are
mechanical, thermal and electrical, and ulti-
mately allow LED modules to be packaged in
custom forms.
Guenebaut warned that the approach has
risk in that you can end up with too many
modules if you are not careful. He also said
that modules can in some cases lead to com-
promises in terms of performance relative
to a luminaire designed specifically for an
application. But there are positives as well.
Guenebaut said that because its modules
are used across many different products,
the company can spend more time and
effort optimizing the performance in terms
of parameters such as efficacy.
Success stories
There were other SSL success stories were
also discussed in the lighting track. Michael
Royer, lighting engineer at the DOEs Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), pre-
sented results from the labs latest round of
tests of LED-based retrofit lamps (www.leds-
_______
magazine.com/news/9/2/16). The results
__________________
were much improved over the prior round
especially in the case of A-lamps with most
delivering efficacy in the 60 lm/W range and
CRI around 80.
Sarena McComas and Jennifer Rueth,
partners at lighting design firm Type A Pro-
ductions, presented a case study of an LED
lighting project at the JW Marriott hotel in
Indianapolis, Indiana. The project included
the installation of more than 5000 LED
downlights, mostly in guest rooms. The
result has been 25-30% energy savings over
what legacy sources would have required,
and a similar reduction in the size of emer-
gency generators required.
The project faced numerous obstacles
including issues with contractors that were
hesitant about SSL, and with lighting man-
ufacturers' representatives that failed to
produce a suitable product. Ultimately the
team found a single downlight that met their
requirements including a relatively-tight
mounting space.
When asked, McComas said that the cho-
sen downlight had a CCT of 3000K and a CRI
of 79. But McComas said, CRI has nothing
to do with LEDs. Its not a valuable met-
ric. It doesnt even work for incandescent.
Apparently the team couldnt correlate CRI
scores with light that looked good in the
application.
Museum lighting
Naomi Miller, senior lighting engineer with
PNNL, presented a number of examples of
LED lighting in museums. One reason that
LED lighting is attractive to museums is
that SSL does not emit energy in the IR or
___________________________________
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strategies in light | LIGHTING TRACK
UV bands and both are known as harm-
ful. But Miller said that is a misconception
that only UV and IR damage art. She said
that paintings can fade due to exposure to
visible light as well, and that some energy
bands are especially damaging. There is the
potential with LEDs to precisely control the
spectral power distribution.
Miller cited one example of successful SSL
deployment in the Brooker Gallery at The
Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois. She said
the LED lighting cut energy use by 63% due
both to more-efficient lighting and a reduc-
tion in HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) energy use. Miller said that
relative to halogen lights, the payback for
LED lighting is 2.4 years when the HVAC
expense is included in the analysis.
Several speakers in the track discussed
controls including Redwood Systems a
company that specializes in networked
lighting for office spaces (www.ledsmaga-
__________
zine.com/news/7/3/7). Redwood chief mar-
_____________
48 MARCH 2012
keting officer Sam Klepper covered
the familiar ground of sav-
ing energy via dimming
lights and turning lights
off based on occupancy
sensors. And he described
other benefits of having
occupancy sensors through-
out an office. He said Redwood
customers are using the lighting sys-
tem to detect the availably of conference
rooms dynamically and even to enhance
security by detecting the presence of peo-
ple in areas that should be unoccupied.
The lone speaker from an LED manufac-
turer was Mark McClear, global director of
applications engineering at Cree. McClear
insisted that the best is yet to come in
LEDs. He described Crees newest prod-
ucts, the XLamp XT-E family (Fig. 6), as
a third-generation LED (www.ledsmag-
_________
azine.com/news/9/2/7).
_______________ He said second-
generation LEDs are running out of gas in
FIG. 6. Third-generation, lighting class
LEDs, such as the XLamp XT-E, will reach
the 200 lm/W efficacy level, according
to Crees Mark McClear.
terms of efficacy gains, but that the third-
generation designs will get the industry to
200 lm/W. He expects Cree and other mak-
ers of lighting-class LEDs such as Nichia,
Philips Lumileds, and Osram Opto Semi-
conductors to all deliver third-generation
families soon and said Cree was already in
high volume already with its newest LEDs.
McClear clearly sees LEDs as the primary
source for general lighting going forward. He
addressed OLED lighting and the fact that
some projections have OLEDs achieving
fluorescent-T8 efficacy and brightness lev-
els by 2017. But he said that in 2017, OLED
will be competing with LEDs as the incum-
bent technology rather than with T8s. He
said, Can OLED enter that market and com-
pete? I think no.
LED droop the unexplained drop in effi-
cacy at higher drive currents was also a
target in McClears presentation, and has
been considered an obstacle to broader
SSL deployment. While droop hasnt been
solved, McClear believes efficacy gains in
general have eliminated droop as a con-
cern. He said that at 50 lm/W droop was a
big concern, but with LED component effi-
cacy over 100 lm/W droop is a hurdle that
has been cleared.
MORE: For detailed information on the DOE's
latest LED retrofit lamp testing that was
presented at SIL by Michael Royer of the
PNNL, review our online article at:
www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/16.
LEDsmagazine.com
_________________________________
________________
indoor lighting | RESTAURANTS

LED lighting highlights the food at

San Diego burger restaurant
The Hodads restaurant in downtown San Diego has achieved energy efficiency and high-quality
lighting using a mix of LED A-lamps, downlights, and T8-retrofit tubes, explains MAURY WRIGHT.

U
tility company San Diego Gas &
Electric (SDG&E) has partnered
with Hodads restaurant in down-
town San Diego, California, to install LED-
based ambient lighting in a demonstration
of energy efficiency and high-quality light-
ing. The solid-state lighting installation uses
LED-based, T8-retrofit tubes in the kitchen,
LED A-lamps in the dining area, and LED
downlights in corridors. After the project,
SDG&E concluded that LED lighting can
deliver energy savings ranging from 31% to
91% in restaurant applications.
Hodads has long been a popular restau-
rant in the counter-culture, costal commu-
nity of Ocean Beach just northwest of down-
town San Diego. A visit from Food Network
star Guy Fieri of Diners, Drive-ins and
Dives extended the popularity of the res-
taurant to foodies visiting San Diego from
around the globe. Last year, Hodads opened
a second location in downtown San Diego on
the border of the Gaslamp Quarter. That new FIG. 1. Duracell LED A-lamps light Hodads signature burger and sides.
restaurant serves as the site for what SDG&E
called a Restaurant ambient lighting dem- the new Hodads was already underway when prior plan was for 95W incandescent lamps.
onstration showcase. SDG&Es Emerging Technologies Program got Duracell is better known for batteries but
While the goal of the demonstration was involved in the project. The contractor had has launched a line of LED retrofit lamps
energy efficiency, quality of lighting was installed 4-lamp lensed fluorescent troffers (www.duracelllighting.com). DeJean says
also paramount in the restaurant applica- in the kitchen area spaced at 4-ft intervals that the LED lamps deliver 25-30 fc (foot-
tion. We take lighting for granted but its in each dimension, totaling 52 lamps. In cor- candle) at table level.
so important in my business, said Hodads ridors, the contractor had installed recessed In the corridors, the team used a generic
owner Mike Hardin. I always tell my cus- lights and planned to use 13 compact fluo- LED retrofit kit purchased at Home Depot
tomers that 90 percent of their taste buds are rescent lamps (CFLs) in those cans. A total of in place of the CFL lamps. The 11W LED kits
in their eyeballs. Specifically, the lighting 42 incandescent lamps were intended for the replaced what would have been 23W CFLs.
needs to render the colors in the food well; suspended fi xtures in the dining area. The LED T8 tubes used in the kitchen also
Fig. 1 shows one of the restaurants signature came from Duracell, although the company
hamburgers under an LED A-lamp mounted LED lighting selection has yet to formally announce the products.
in a suspended fi xture. SDG&E worked with lighting consultant The companys website indicates that LED
A remodel of the space that would become Daryl DeJean of Emerging Technologies linear lamps are due this summer. While
Associates to plan a conversion to LED most LED T8s require that the fluorescent
MAURY WRIGHT is a Senior Technical Editor lighting. Ultimately the team chose a 9W ballast be removed from the power circuit
with LEDs Magazine. LED A-lamp made by Duracell, whereas the in the fi xture (www.ledsmagazine.com/fea-

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2012 51

indoor lighting | RESTAURANTS

tures/7/6/6),
________the Duracell lamps work with
any rapid-start ballast, according to DeJean.
Moreover, he added that the Duracell T8s are
on the order of 5% more efficient when used
with a ballast as opposed to being connected
directly to line power.
Fig. 2 shows a troffer fixture in the
kitchen with owner Hardin at the work
surface. The only lights in the restaurant
that arent LED based are the CFL lights
that are visible on the upper left side of the
photo over the cooking surfaces. The project
team felt that LED-based lights would not
be a good match for the heat rising from the
cooking equipment, given the need for heat
dissipation in LED lighting.
The troffers that were installed were not of
the so-called Super T8 variety that use both
more-efficient lamps and ballasts to reduce
energy. The fluorescent lamps would have
dissipated 32W, but were replaced with 22W
Duracell tubes.
FIG. 2 LED-based T8 tubes light work surfaces in the kitchen, although CFLs (at upper
Payback analysis left) are used over hot cooking surfaces.
Table 1 summarizes the simple payback
analysis of the project and is based on the case of the LED T8s used in the kitchen. Gen- to the application.
following assumptions. The lights are on erally, the lighting industry has not judged Indeed, after the LED lighting had been
5792 hours annually based on 16-hour days LED-based T8s as suitable replacements installed for several weeks, Hodads workers
and the 362 days/year that the restaurant for fluorescent tubes. For example, the US reported that the lights in the kitchen were
is open. The table presents a retrofit case Department of Energy (DOE) has docu- essentially too bright. SDG&E and DeJean
meaning that payback factors-in the total mented LED T8 performance in a number experimented and ultimately removed two
cost of the LED lamps and fi xtures used to of evaluations (www.ledsmagazine.com/ of the LED T8s from each troffer.
replace the incumbent sources. In a new news/8/5/22).
________ And while the LED tubes use According to DeJean, the fi xtures with
construction scenario where only the incre- less energy than fluorescent lamps, they also four fluorescent tubes installed generated
mental cost of the LED lighting is consid- produce less light and arent a good match 40-50 fc at the task plane. With four LED
ered, the payback drops considerably for for troffer fi xtures designed to reflect the tubes installed, the fi xtures delivered 60
both the downlights and T8 tubes to 1.44 omnidirectional output of fluorescent tubes. fc. With two LED tubes in each fi xture the
and 3.88 years respectively. In the case of Hodads, however, the direc- lighting at task level is in the 25-30-fc range
But the story gets more compelling in the tional nature of the LEDs was a good match and thats appropriate for the application,

Lamp Cost/lamp Number of Total product Energy (kWh) Energy cost/ Annual Annual Simple Payback
($) lamps cost ($) kWh ($) energy cost energy cost (years)
($) savings ($)
Incandescent * 2 42 84 23,110 0.20 4,622 - -
LED direct 25 42 1,050 2,189 0.20 438 4,184 0.23
replacement
CFL * 7 13 91 1,732 0.20 346 - -
LED retrofit kit 50 13 650 828 0.20 166 180 3.11
Fluorescent * 7 52 364 9,638 0.20 1,928 - -
Linear LED 60 52 3,120 6,626 0.20 1,325 603 4.57

TABLE 1. Based on a retrofit scenario, with 5792 hours of annual usage, the different types of LED lighting have paybacks ranging
from about 12 weeks to 4.57 years. (*Base case for each fi xture type)

52 MARCH 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

 SP
OV AC BO
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attendee, you will have the opportunity to ask questions and dispel any myths about LED lighting. The LED Show
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indoor lighting | RESTAURANTS
FIG. 3. Suspended fi xtures host LED A-lamps in the dining area.
Payback was less than 3 moths.
said DeJean.
DeJean said that two florescent lamps would not have provided
sufficient light levels, although three lamps per fi xture probably
would have been sufficient. But he attributed the superior perfor-
mance of the LED tubes in the restaurant to directionality. While
the DOEs testing is without question accurate, its also clear that
LED T8s are improving. For example, we also recently reported on a
successful LED T8 case study in an Air New Zealand facility (www.
___
ledsmagazine.com/news/9/1/2).
___________________
Delamping improves payback
In the case of Hodads, the use of only two lamps has changed the
payback analysis originally created by SDG&E. Compared to a
4-lamp fluorescent case, the LED tubes would achieve payback in a
single year in the retrofit case and a bit sooner in new construction.
SDG&E is clearly an advocate of LED lighting. With LED technol-
ogy rapidly advancing, the operating costs of current LEDs are 20
to 50 percent lower than legacy lighting systems, said Ted Reguly,
director of customer programs and assistance. Although the ini-
tial purchase cost may be significantly higher, the expected longev-
ity and drastic energy savings associated with contemporary LEDs
are very intriguing and have merit in many applications, especially
those with long operating hours.
The project was a big win for Hodads. SDG&Es Emerging Tech-
nologies Program covered the portion of the cost of the LED lighting
that exceeded the cost of legacy lighting that met California Title 24
energy-efficiency standards. And Hodads owner Hardin said, The
new LED lighting makes my food look so good!
____________
_____________
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2012

HOW TO WIN IN THE LED LIGHTING MARKET

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accompanying exhibit floor, involving both Chinese and foreign companies at all levels of the LED supply chain.
The 2012 conference program will discuss the directions of the LED industry including; critical challenges
and barriers to SSL adoption; regulatory issues and standards; government support and funding; technology
updates and roadmaps; and the international competitive landscape.
To understand the state of the Chinese LED industry, we have invited 3 top CEOs from upstream, midstream and
downstream to talk about their segment of the industry and the challenges they face. After the 3 talks, Dr. Jack
Zhang of GG LED will return and host a panel with the CEOs on the direction of the Chinese LED industry. Last
year, this was one of the most popular sessions, so dont miss it.

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conferences | SSL ECOSYSTEMS

Ecosystems meeting paints future

picture of intelligent SSL systems
A recent gathering of SSL professionals provided a vision of future lighting systems that are off-grid,
LED-based, intelligent, adaptive and stable, writes LAURA PETERS.

A
t the inaugural Ecosystems in
Solid State Lighting Conference in
Washington, DC, last December,
Dan Ruscheinski, vice president of sales
and marketing at Carmanah, described
an almost utopian lighting system of the
future: one that is free of the grid, LED-
based, adaptive and intelligent, more cost
effective than todays lighting systems. They
are also secure and stable, environmentally
friendly, and available to a greater propor-
tion of the worlds population.
To accomplish such goals, and with the
drive toward zero-net-energy buildings, the
robust solid-state lighting (SSL) industry
will need a solid infrastructure (or ecosys-
tem), and several developments to build that
infrastructure are underway.
Indeed Makarand Chips Chipalkatti,
senior director of SSL & emerging market ini- FIG. 1. Concept of a reconfigurable lighting system with adjustable, track-mounted
tiatives for Osram Sylvania Inc., and one of the luminaire heads that are powered by rechargeable batteries.
conference organizers, said the fulfillment of
LED technology goes beyond the use of LED frustrated with the inflexible lighting sys- enable the luminaires to be turned off auto-
light source itself, and extends to the entire tems of today. Often, lighting is not available matically when work areas are empty. The
SSL ecosystem the light source, power sup- when and where it is needed, and even sim- luminaires could be adjusted vertically or
ply, controls, fixture, and any intelligence ple lighting changes require rewiring above rotated to provide personalized, task-level
built into or used with the system, which the ceiling level and the hiring of electri- lighting and prevent area over-lighting.
makes SSL affordable and practical. cians. Also, users often end up paying high With this kind of an approach, we could
electricity rates when they use it the most see energy savings of around 40%, said
Intelligent office lighting during the day. Brodrick. The rechargeable batteries could
At the conference, Jim Brodrick, lighting Brodrick proposed a flexible lighting also eliminate the wiring along tracks and
program manager at the US Department approach that is designed to use less energy in the ceiling as well as typical power distri-
of Energy (DOE), attempted to answer the than existing office lighting systems. Th is bution issues. Brodrick concluded by asking
question of what might future lighting sys- approach (Fig. 1) could involve mobile attendees Can it be done? challenging
tems look like? He chose the office environ- LED light heads on a track, which could be the lighting industry to think beyond the
ment to illustrate how the unique attributes reconfigured wirelessly as needed, via smart bulb in developing tomorrows LED light-
of LED lighting might be used to save energy phones or work stations. The systems on- ing solutions.
and money while enhancing the user expe- board batteries could be recharged during Fritz Morgan, chief product officer of Dig-
rience. Brodrick explained that people are off-peak electricity hours. ital Lumens, also explored lighting control
The luminaires could incorporate day- methods but in a more static environment
LAURA PETERS is a Senior Technical Editor light sensors and adjust light-output lev- the factory floor. He stated that factories
with LEDs Magazine. els accordingly. Occupancy sensors could are already taking advantage of facility-wide

LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2012 57

conferences | SSL ECOSYSTEMS

energy management and optimization of

Energy
lighting at the cell level. For instance, cold- Occupancy
storage warehouses are optimizing energy
use by incorporating networked fi xtures
and adaptive controls (www.ledsmaga-
__________
zine.com/news/8/3/29).
_______________ Distributed con-
trol shifts the decision making from a cen-
tralized controller to individual intelligent RFID
Temperature
luminaires, he said. In this scenario, each
luminaire is capable of sophisticated con-
trol, is fault tolerant, and is capable of being
configured and managed by a central con-
trol system, according to Morgan.
Morgan emphasized that luminaires can Daylight Security
be designed with many advanced capabil-
ities such as integrated sensors for occu-
pancy, daylight, temperature and energy,
as well as control technologies (Fig. 2). He
showed that smart luminaires can be used
to build intelligent buildings. For instance,
temperature sensing in real time has been FIG. 2. Intelligent luminaires have the potential to integrate various sensors.
used to identify problem areas in cold-stor-
age facilities, such as insulation failures or topic of improved lighting control, stat- added that people may prefer to make light-
excessively low or high temperatures that ing that lighting in general is becoming ing adjustments via gesture or voice rather
should be better regulated. Right now, facil- more personal and more customizable. He than using a mobile device.
ity managers are mostly collecting data, but referred to the potential of SSL to deliver Russ MacAdam, director of commercial
they can provide real-time energy manage- addressable light, customized light and engineering development at Lutron Elec-
ment with the tools we have today, he said. adaptable light based on personal needs or tronics, reviewed the challenges of dim-
desired mood. In terms of wireless controls, ming LED lamps and fi xtures. He stated
Controls and dimming he said that the technology is here today, so several of the benefits of dimming LEDs,
Garrett Grega, senior manager of applied it is not a question of whether we will use including energy savings, improved ambi-
LED technology at Philips, also took up the addressable light technology, but when. He ance and safety. In addition, LED compo-

_____

58 MARCH 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

New Market
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MARKET INTELLIGENCE 

conferences | SSL ECOSYSTEMS

nent life can be lengthened by effectively a) b)

Current Voltage LED current
lowering the operating temperature 25A (150 Watts)
potentially doubling or tripling the lumen- Incandescent current
maintenance lifetime. (150 Watts)
MacAdam noted that not all LED prod- 2.25A

ucts are dimmable, and whether a lamp or

luminaire is dimmable may only appear Turn on
in the fine print on a package. He added
that in the case of LED fixtures, different
drivers are often available with different
control options, including forward phase, FIG. 3. Dimmers must handle (a) inrush current of the LED lamps or incandescent
reverse phase, three wire, 0-10V, DALI and bulb as well as (b) repetitive peak current.
DMX. The LED products signal and wiring
must match the signal and wiring on the occurs when power is applied. LEDs also DC microgrids
wall control. Lutrons website (www.lutron. experience inrush current when the LED is The rise of SSL, along with other DC-based
com/leds) provides a guide that matches turned on (Fig. 3a). The dimmer must also systems including solar energy panels and
control types with LED products. support repetitive spikes in current (Fig. wind energy, has encouraged many par-
In addition, MacAdam noted that 3b), which MacAdam said occur 120 times a ties to pursue a DC-based power grid, that
another challenge involves matching the second but can have enough energy to dam- eliminates inefficient DC/AC and AC/DC
correct number of LED lamps with the age the dimmer over time. As such, a 600W power conversions that waste energy. Brian
switch load. He said that dimmers have dimmer can safely support six 10-20W LED Patterson, chairman of the EMerge Alliance,
been designed to handle the peak inrush lamps (phase-control type only), according a member-funded association that promotes
current of incandescent lamps, which to MacAdam. adoption of DC power distribution standards
for commercial buildings, provided an update
of the associations activities at the confer-
ence. With the new installations of solar and
wind power and ramp-up of electrical vehi-
cles on the market, an AC/DC hybrid coupled
power network can consume up to 30% less
LED Protection & Assembly Solutions energy, require 15% less capital and be 200%
Our expert engineers provide a Single Source Solution. more reliable than existing systems, he said.
Patterson talked about the Zero-Energy
We match the correct advanced technology for your LED
Commercial Building Consortium, which
application. is looking into DC microgrids; these would
Dow Corning Silicone Products
eliminate AC/DC conversions at the equip-
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Dow Corning 
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Adhesives for
Thermal interface materials
and outdoor applications, he said.
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Patterson explained that in current solar-

Dow Corning 

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powered facilities, the DC power generated
Contact us directly to request a
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power needs to be fed back to the grid, it
Sylgard 
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Alliance proposes direct integration of DC
energy sources, more efficient use of DC-
based loads, and plug-and-play reconfigu-
Ellsworth Adhesives proudly distributes Dow Corning
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The benefits from the lighting perspec-

60 MARCH 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

 E
Presented By:
SO XHI
20 L BIT
10 D-O FL
& UT OO
20 IN R
1 1

Conference & Exhibition

18 - 20 September 2012
M.O.C. Event Center
Munich, Germany

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Strategies in Light Europe is in its 3rd year of providing a comprehensive conference and
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best networking opportunities and a forum for the sharing of ideas and experiences in the
latest technologies.

2011 Highlights:
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Contact a member of our sales team today to book your exhibit space:
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FIG. 4. This office environment uses solar power, DC electricity and LED lighting fi xtures.
tive include higher lighting-system efficacy,
a 10% improvement in driver efficiency and
improved driver reliability due to the elimi-
nation of high-voltage inductors.
The EMerge Alliance, which currently
LED Modules COB Shop has 80 members, is in the process of per-
forming its fi rst microgrid beta-site dem-
 Long service lifetime: onstrations. Fig. 5 shows a reconfigurable
50,000 h (L90/B10), office space that utilizes DC-based solar
due to ceramic PCB energy to drive LED lighting and controls at
 Highly efficient: 106 lm/W Optima Engineerings facility in Charlotte,
at tc = 65 C NC. The installation uses free-floating acous-
 Narrow colour tolerance tical ceiling clouds that distribute low-volt-
age DC power to light fi xtures, sensors and
other electronic devices. Lighting controls,
including occupancy sensors and dimmers,
were provided by Sensor Switch, an Acuity
Visit us: Brand, and Lithonia Lighting, also an Acu-
ity Brand, provided the recessed and track
lighting. The rooms can be easily reconfig-
ured with minimal rewiring.
pril 2012,
15. 20. A Ultimately, the EMerge Alliance would
like to combine renewable energy, DC
tand B50
Hall 4.0, S energy storage and system intelligence to
enable net-zero-energy consumption for all
new commercial buildings by 2030 and net-
zero-energy consumption for all existing
www.vossloh-schwabe.com commercial buildings by 2050.
Outdoor lighting
Carmanahs Ruscheinski focused his talk
on the adoption of solar-powered outdoor
62 MARCH 2012
Photo courtesy of EMerge Alliance
lighting systems, both street lights and signal
lights, which his company manufactures. He
said that the trend toward distributed energy
capacity supports the adoption of solar-pow-
ered outdoor LED lighting.
Ruscheinski presented information based
on a survey of North American municipal
contractors and the reasons that non-users
gave for not purchasing solar-powered street
lights. The top reason was the uncertainty
of battery life and the maintenance related
to solar-powered lights. The second concern
was a lack of industry standards and regula-
tions. The third reason was related to cost and
return on investment.
Ruscheinski called for continued cost
reduction of solar street lights, improved
industry education and standards work,
and lobbying of governments and utilities
for increased funding of solar-powered
lighting systems. He believes that solar
street lights offer a cost-effective alterna-
tive to grid-based street lights, particu-
larly in developing countries where grids
are either inaccessible or unreliable. He
discussed the reliability of solar-powered
systems, highlighting a case study where
an earthquake struck Santiago, Chile, just
three months following the installation of
solar-powered street lights in a park. The
park remained illuminated while the entire
city lost grid power.
LEDsmagazine.com
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Sept. 18-20, 2012

Sept. 25-27, 2012

M.O.C. Event Center Record-breaking
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and exhibit floor www.sileurope.com
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Record-breaking www.sil-ledjapan.com
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equipment suppliers, and end-users who come to evaluate products and services and get the
information they need to conduct business within the global LED and lighting industry.
Whether you are a supplier, an LED manufacturer trying to reach new customers,
a designer looking for new product information, or a buyer exploring the latest
technologies, our events can help achieve your objectives.

For more information on exhibiting or sponsoring at ANY of our events, please contact:
United States (West Coast) Europe Japan Mainland China
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+1 650 946 3163 +44 0 1992 656 663 +81 3 3219 3642 +86 755 259 88571 x1009
tcarli@strategies-u.com virginiaw@pennwell.com led@ics-inc.co.jp michaelT@actintl.com.hk
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last word
ZigBee standards are ready to
support lighting-control applications
The ZigBee building- and home-automation standards support lighting, and
lighting manufacturers should move quickly to support the wireless network,
says MAURY WRIGHT.
I
wrote a feature article in the last issue of
LEDs Magazine on lighting controls (www.___
ledsmagazine.com/features/9/2/6), and
_____________________
lamented the lack of a full standard network
stack for lighting systems. Networks and con-
trols will be very important in the continued
growth of LED-based solid-state lighting
(SSL). It turns out, however, that I was wrong
about ZigBee lacking support for lighting. The
ZigBee Alliance has recently published build-
ing- and home-automation standards that
include provisions for lighting control. There
are still a few missing pieces relative to SSL,
but there is no reason that lighting manufac-
tures should hesitate in adding ZigBee sup-
port to their products.
The alliance completed version 1.0 of the
ZigBee Building Automation standard back
in September. Moreover, the standard has
been endorsed by the BACnet organization
the group working under ASHRAE (American
Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Con-
ditioning Engineers) that defined the BACnet
data-communication protocol for building
automation over wired networks.
My difficulty in assessing the state of Zig-
Bee is the complex structure of the many
different standards and specifications. For
example, I had reviewed the building-auto-
mation standard and knew there were basic
capabilities for lighting such as switching a
ZigBee-enabled light on or off, or setting a
dimming level. But I found no concepts for
grouping fi xtures in zones.
I asked Ryan Maley, director of ZigBee
Certified at the alliance, about the con-
cept of zones and groups. He immediately
replied, It is in the network layer standard.
64 MARCH 2012
The building-automation standard relies on
functions embedded in other ZigBee stan-
dards. And I knew other documents defined
the lower network layers, but I expected the
logical concept of zones in the application-
level automation standard.
It was Daintree Networks that called my
statements about ZigBee into question, and I
discussed some specific lighting features with
them as well. For example, I couldnt find any
mention of the ability to monitor temperature
in fi xtures in the lighting portion of the auto-
mation standards. Such measurements may
be a key to product longevity given the sensi-
tivity of LEDs to hot environments.
Jason Choong, Daintree chief solution
architect and vice president of product man-
agement, pointed out that there is a com-
mand cluster defined in the ZigBee Clus-
ter Library Specification that defines how to
implement temperature readings across all
product types. Likewise you wont find the
cluster used to measure device power in the
building-automation standard.
There are elements of the automation
spec that are more focused on legacy light-
ing than SSL. For example, there is a specific
defi nition of how to measure time since a
lamp was changed. There is not an explicit
definition of how to deal with an integrated
luminaire without a replaceable lamp where
you might want to know how many hours
the luminaire has been powered on, or how
much time has elapsed since a driver was
replaced. The defi nition of dimming in the
standard is also focused more on legacy
lighting that doesnt dim linearly, but you
can work around that issue.
Choong and Maley pointed out that you
can use manufacturer-defined commands for
special features. Moreover, the standard will
be regularly updated as deployments uncover
deficiencies in the document relative to SSL
or any issue.
I was also mistaken about the intent of
another ZigBee standard under development
called ZigBee Light Link. That standard is
focused on SSL, but its not intended for instal-
lations with robust home- or building-auto-
mation systems. Instead its targeted at sim-
ple plug-and-play connections between say a
remote control and an LED lamp or luminaire.
My second look at the status of ZigBee has
me convinced that the technology is ready
for prime time. Daintreee says that in fact
its ControlScope product family is fully Zig-
Bee compliant.
Still as things stand now, there are miss-
ing pieces. Today you still have to use a ded-
icated ZigBee controller mated with an
LED luminaire to realize a workable sys-
tem. What is missing is luminaires that
have native ZigBee support integrated into
the product. Actually, the lighting makers
are likely to support ZigBee with some type
of modular controller that buyers can spec-
ify as an option, and that costs extra. But
even that type of add-on is missing for now.
I will be looking closely at Zigbee technol-
ogy at Lightfair. I want to see if there evidence
of support. I dont see an imminently available
alternative, so I would hope that the industry
moves to adopt ZigBee and in doing so helps
proliferate SSL. Meanwhile we hope to present
a comprehensive contributed article on apply-
ing ZigBee to lighting soon.
LEDsmagazine.com
 Isolated LED Current Control
with Active PFC
90V to 265V
AC

VIN DCM

VIN_SENSE FB

lated
Regu rrent
u LT3799
LED C 5%)
cally

VREF 20W
(Typi CTRL3 GATE LED
Power
CTRL2 SENSE
CTRL1 VINTVCC

GND
Fault FAULT
CT COMP + COMP

Complete TRIAC Dimmable Schematic

TRIAC Dimmable LED Driver Needs No Opto-coupler

Our LT 3799 isolated LED controller with active power factor correction (PFC) is specifically designed for driving LEDs
over a wide input range of 24V to 480V+. It is ideal for LED applications requiring 4W to over 100W of LED power and
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LED Current vs TRIAC Angle LT3799 Demo Board (25W) Info & Free Samples
1.2
www.linear.com/product/LT3799
1.0 1-800-4-LINEAR
LED Current (A)

0.8

0.6

0.4

120V app
0.2
220V app
______________
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
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