ACTION OF PILES UNDER LATERAL LOADS 19
1. In overconsolidated clays, the undrained shear strength approach for
ultimate pullout capacity predictions resulted in good agreement with the
observed value when the effective pile surface was used in predictions.
2. In sands and nonplastic silts, the uplift capacity predicted on the basis of
actual pile perimeter as the failure surface and the soil to pile friction,
tallied well with the measured pullout load.
18 ACTION OF PILES UNDER LATERAL LOADS
Piles are generally used in groups. However, first we describe the act
pile under lateral load followed by discussion of pile groups.
18.1 Single Pile Under Lateral Load
In this section the behavior of fully embedded flexible vertical piles, subjected to
‘moment (M,), shear (Q,), and axial loading (Q,), are described (see Figure 1.14).
Figure L.14a illustrates the deflected shape of the pile with the soil reactions
‘caused by the external forces. At any point x along the pile, the soil reaction p is
taken as proportional to the deflection y at that point, and p = ky where k is the
coefficient of subgrade reaction for a pile of width B. The distribution of the soil
reactions must be such that the equations of statics, when applied to the pile, are
satisfied. Therefore, the distribution of soil reactions isa function of the applied
loading as well as the load deformation characteristics of the soil. Obviously, all
horizontal loads applied to the pile must be resisted by horizontal soil reactions.
In Figure 1.14b, the deflections are shown due to curvature of the pile. By
taking moments about any point x along the embedded portion of the pile, it can
be shown that lateral displacements of the pile produce an eccentricity ¢ of the
vertical load (Davison, 1960). This leads to a moment (Q,e) in addition to the
moments caused by Q, and M,. Therefore, it may be concluded that an axial load
leads toa magnification of deflections, rotations, moments, and shears that would
‘occur in the pile if Q, and M, acted alone.
The laterally loaded pile problem may be considered as an opposite extreme to
the problem of an embedded flexible vertical wall subjected to horizontal forces.
Figure 1.15a shows a wall whose length (B) may be considered infinite with
respect to its embedded depth (L,) and is therefore a two-dimensional problem in
plane strain. A horizontal load Q, forces the wall against the soil on one side of the
wall and produces an increase in pressure over the at-rest pressure, while on the
other side ofthe wall the at-rest pressures reduced, The maximum and minimum
values that the pressures may attain are the passive and active earth pressures
respectively (Davisson, 1960).
In Figure 1.15b, pile with width B is embedded length L, in the ground where
the ratio of B to L, is quite small. A load Q, acts atthe level ofthe ground surface.
In this case, the increase of pressure on one side of the pile (Figure 1.14a) occurs
While the pressure on the other side decreases, but the pressures are now 1 p=hy
Pile, BF
B
@
Ground
surface
TI] y
Detection de to
curvature of ple
o
Figure 1.14 System of forces and deflected shape of ple: (a) Forces and deflected shape,
() deflection.
0 22 INTRODUCTION
influenced considerably by the shape of the pile cross-section. The shears along
the sides of the pile may be negligible for walls but tend to influence the pressure
changes that occur on the front and back of the pile under lateral loads. This effect
on pressure changes should vary with the ratio of pile width to pile thickness. The
net load p is the result of several forces acting on the pile and is quite complex.
Nevertheless, the expression p = ky is found to be useful (Davisson, 1960).
Near the ground surface, a laterally loaded pile distorts the soil in a mode
different from the mode occurring for two-dimensional active and passive
pressure. The net effect is that the maximum unit sol resistance that is available to
resist the deflection of a laterally loaded pile is somewhat higher than the
‘maximum unit passive resistance computed for the two-dimensional case. At a
depth of about 3B or greater, below the ground surface, the laterally loaded pile
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