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AN170
NE555 and NE556 applications
1988 Dec
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
INTRODUCTION
In mid 1972, Philips Semiconductors introduced the 555 timer, a
unique functional building block that has enjoyed unprecedented
popularity. The timers success can be attributed to several inherent
characteristics foremost of which are versatility, stability and low
cost. There can be no doubt that the 555 timer has altered the
course of the electronics industry with an impact not unlike that of
the IC operational amplifier.
Timer Circuitry
The timer is comprised of five distinct circuits: two voltage
comparators; a resistive voltage divider reference; a bistable
flip-flop; a discharge transistor; and an output stage that is the
totem-pole design for sink or source capability. Q10-Q13 comprise
a Darlington differential pair which serves as a trigger comparator.
Starting with a positive voltage on the trigger, Q10 and Q11 turn on
when the voltage at Pin 2 is moved below one third of the supply
voltage. The voltage level is derived from a resistive divider chain
consisting of R7, R8 and R9. All three resistors are of equal value
(5k). At 15V supply, the triggering level would be 5V.
When Q10 and Q11 turn on, they provide a base drive for Q15,
turning it on. Q16 and Q17 form a bistable flip-flop. When Q15 is
saturated, Q16 is off and Q17 is saturated. Q16 and Q17 will remain
in these states even if the trigger is removed and Q15 is turned off.
While Q17 is saturated, Q20 and Q14 are turned off.
DESCRIPTION
The 555 timer consists of two voltage comparators, a bistable
flip-flop, a discharge transistor, and a resistor divider network. To
understand the basic concept of the timer lets first examine the
timer in block form as in Figure 1.
The resistive divider network is used to set the comparator levels.
Since all three resistors are of equal value, the threshold comparator
is referenced internally at 2/3 of supply voltage level and the trigger
comparator is referenced at 1/3 of supply voltage. The outputs of the
comparators are tied to the bistable flip-flop. When the trigger
voltage is moved below 1/3 of the supply, the comparator changes
state and sets the flip-flop driving the output to a high state. The
threshold pin normally monitors the capacitor voltage of the RC
timing network. When the
VCC
555 OR 1/2 556
DISCHARGE
CONTROL
VOLTAGE
COMP
THRESHOLD
FLIP
FLOP
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
COMP
TRIGGER
RESET
SL00954
Reset Function
In the normal operating mode the reset transistor, Q25, is off with its
base held high. When the base of Q25 is grounded, it turns on,
providing base drive to Q14, turning it on. This discharges the timing
capacitor, resets the flip-flop at Q17, and drives the output low. The
reset overrides all other functions within the timer.
The 555 and its complement, the 556 Dual Timer, exhibit a typical
initial timing accuracy of 1% with a 50ppm/C timing drift with
temperature. To operate the timer as a one-shot, only two external
components are necessary; resistance & capacitance. For an
1988 Dec
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
FM
CONTROL VOTLAGE
VCC
R1
4.7K
R2
330
R3
4.7K
R4
1K
R7
5K
R12
6.8K
Q21
Q6
Q5
Q7
Q9
Q22
Q8
Q1
THRESHOLD
Q19
R10
82.K
Q4
Q2
R13
3.9K
Q3
R5
10K
R8
5K
Q11 Q12
Q10
CB
Q18
E
Q17
Q25
GND
Q20
Q16
R14
220
Q24
Q15
RESET
NOTE:
All resistor values are in ohms.
R11
4.7K
Q13
TRIGGER
DISCHARGE
OUTPUT
Q23
C
R15
4.7K
R9
5K
R6
100K
Q14
R16
100
SL00955
2. Astable (oscillatory)
3. Time delay
By utilizing one or any combination of basic operating modes and
suitable variations, it is possible to utilize the timer in a myriad of
applications. The applications are limited only to the imagination of
the designer.
One of the simplest and most widely used operating modes of the
timer is the monostable (one-shot). This configuration requires only
two external components for operation (see Figure 4). The
sequence of events starts when a voltage below one third VCC is
sensed by the trigger comparator. The trigger is normally applied in
the form of a short negative-going pulse. On the negative-going
edge of the pulse, the device triggers, the output goes high and the
discharge transistor turns off. Note that prior to the input pulse, the
discharge transistor is on, shorting the timing capacitor to ground. At
this point the timing capacitor, C, starts charging through the timing
resistor, R. The voltage on the capacitor increases exponentially
with a time constant T=RC. Ignoring capacitor leakage, the capacitor
will reach the two thirds VCC level in 1.1 time constants or
Control Voltage
One additional point of significance, the control voltage, is brought
out on the timer. As mentioned earlier, both the trigger comparator,
Q10-Q13, and the threshold comparator, Q1-Q4, are referenced to an
internal resistor divider network, R7, R8, R9. This network
establishes the nominal two thirds of supply voltage (VCC) trip point
for the threshold comparator and one third of VCC for the
trigger comparator. The two thirds point at the junction of R7, R8 and
the base of Q4 is brought out. By imposing a voltage at this point,
the comparator reference levels may be shifted either higher or
lower than the nominal levels of one third and two thirds of the
supply voltage. Varying the voltage at this point will vary the timing.
This feature of the timer opens a multitude of application possibilities
such as using the timer as a voltage-controlled oscillator,
pulse-width modulator, etc. For applications where the control
1988 Dec
T = 1.1 RC
(1)
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
Astable Operation
VCC
10k
.001F
2
555
VCC
1
QUALIFICATION OF
TRIGGER PULSE AS
SEEN BY THE TIMER
SWITCH GROUNDED
AT THIS POINT
SL00956
Time Delay
VCC
DISCHARGE
R
CONTROL
VOLTAGE
The threshold and trigger are tied together, monitoring the capacitor
voltage. The
COMP
THRESHOLD
FLIP
FLOP
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
COMP
TRIGGER
RESET
SL00957
1988 Dec
(2)
1/3 VCC
OVOLTS
1.49
(R A 2R B) C
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
VCC
VCC
ICHARGE
RA
RA
DISCHARGE
R
555
OR
1/2 555
CONTROL
VOLTAGE
OPTIONAL
RB
COMP
THRESHOLD
FLIP
FLOP
SL00959
OUTPUT
COMP
TRIGGER
C
RESET
SL00958
1988 Dec
IDISCHARGE
C
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
V CC *
V CAP
(3)
I THRESH
Control Voltage
15 * 10
+ 20M
0.25(10 * 6)
VCC = 5V
R MAX +
5 * 3.33
+ 6.6M
0.25(10 * 6)
For most applications, the control voltage function is not used and
therefore is bypassed to ground with a small capacitor for noise
filtering. The control voltage function, in other applications, becomes
an integral part of the design. By imposing a voltage at this pin, it
becomes possible to vary the threshold comparator set level above
or below the 2/3 VCC nominal, thereby varying the timing. In the
monostable mode, the control voltage may be varied from 45% to
90% of VCC. The 45-90% figure is not firm, but only an indication to
a safe usage. Control voltage levels below and above those stated
have been used successfully in some applications.
NOTE:
If using a large value of timing resistor, be certain that the capacitor leakage is significantly
lower than the charging current available to minimize timing error.
On the other end of the spectrum, there are certain minimum values
of resistance that should be observed. The discharge transistor,
Q14, is current-limited at 35mA to 55mA internally. Thus, at the
current limiting values, Q14 establishes high saturation voltages.
When examining the currents at Q14, remember that the transistor,
when turned on, will be carrying two current loads. The first being
the constant current through timing resistor, RA. The second will be
the varying discharge current from the timing capacitor. To provide
best operation, the current contributed by the RA path should be
minimized so that the majority of discharge current can be used to
reset the capacitor voltage. Hence it is recommended that a 5k
value be the minimum feasible value for RA. This does not mean
lower values cannot be used successfully in certain applications, yet
there are extreme cases that should be avoided if at all possible.
VCC
RA
Reset Control
DISCHARGE
R
CONTROL
VOLTAGE
COMP
THRESHOLD
FLIP
FLOP
OUTPUT
COMP
TRIGGER
C
RESET
SL00960
1988 Dec
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
Figure 11b shows the waveforms of the timer in Figure 11a when
used as a divide-by-three circuit. This application makes use of the
fact that this circuit cannot be retriggered during the timing cycle.
Sequential Timing
One feature of the dual timer is that by utilizing both halves it is
possible to obtain sequential timing. By connecting the output of the
first half to the input of the second half via a 0.001F coupling
capacitor, sequential timing may be obtained. Delay t1 is determined
by the first half and t2 by the second half delay (Figure 15).
VCC
DESIGN FORMULAS
D2
3
RELAY
5
2
C
APPLICATIONS
The timer, since introduction, has spurred the imagination of
thousands. Thus, the ways in which this device has been used are
far too numerous to present each one. A review of the basic
operation and basic modes has previously been given. Presented
1988 Dec
1 5
.01
SL00961
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
VCC
VCC
RA
RA
T = 1.1 RAC
(T = TIME BEFORE
OUTPUT GOES LOW)
6
C
a. Monostable Timing
b. True Time Delay
VCC
VCC
RA
RA
7
7
RB
RB
6
C
6
t1 (OUTPUT HIGH) = 0.67 RAC
t1 (OUTPUT lLOW) = 0.67 RBC
T = t1 + t2(TOTAL PERIOD)
1
f
T
f
d. Astable Timing
RA
4
NE/SE 555 6
5
.02F
INPUT
a. Schematic Diagram
INPUT 2V/CM
b. Expected Waveforms
SL00963
Figure 10.
1988 Dec
1.49
(R A 2R B) C
SL00962
Figure 9.
The first half of the timer is started by momentarily connecting Pin 6
to ground. When it is timed-out (determined by 1.1 R1C1) the
second half begins. Its duration is determined by 1.1 R2C2.
VCC (5 TO 15V)
RA RB
D(DUTY CYCLE) =
R A 2R B
OUTPUT
1
T
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
+ VCC (5 TO 15V)
+ VCC (5 TO 5V)
RESET
RA
3 4
OUTPUT
NE/SE 555 6
OUTPUT
RA
7
C
NE/SE 555
8 7
RB
26
C
CONTROL
VOLTAGE
.01F
MODULATION
INPUT
a. Schematic Diagram
a. Schematic Diagram
INPUT
T = 0.1 MS/CM
MODULATION INPUT 2V/CM
INPUT 2V/CM
b. Expected Waveforms
b. Expected Waveforms
SL00964
Figure 11.
+ VCC (5 TO 5V)
OUTPUT
In the 556 timer the timing is a function of the charging rate of the
external capacitor. For long time delays, expensive capacitors with
extremely low leakage are required. The practicality of the
components involved limits
NE/SE 555 6
CLOCK
INPUT
3 4
2
1
VCC
VCC
VCC
5
MODULATION
INPUT
R1
2k
MIN
a. Schematic Diagram
INPUT
TRIGGER
T = 0.5 MS/CM
MODULATION INPUT 2V/CM
4
1, 2
6
2k
MIN
14
13
R2
555
12
C2
10
7
9
3
.01
OUTPUT
11
.01
NOTE:
All resistor values are in ohms.
SL00967
b. Expected Waveforms
R2
5
C1
SL00965
Figure 12.
1988 Dec
SL00966
Figure 13.
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
VCC VCC
VCC
130K
4
10
14
12
556
C1
1F
Oscilloscope-Triggered Sweep
OUTPUT 1
6
11
OUTPUT 2
.01
The 555 timer holds down the cost of adding a triggered sweep to
an economy oscilloscope. The circuits input op amp triggers the
timer, setting its flip-flop and cutting off its discharge transistor so
.001
INPUT
10K
C2
50F
13
.001
VCC
R2
R1
10K 1me
g
Car Tachometer
VCC
.01
SL00968
RA
(5K)
6
1
2 1/2556 5
6
C
(130F)
10K
INPUT FROM
N8281 COUNTER
1 3 4 10 111314 6
5
14
8
N8281
3
.01F
13
(30 MIN.)
(1 HOUR)
9
2
12
14
12 1/2556 9
.01F
(2 HOUR)
(4 HOUR)
CLOCK TO NEXT
N8281 COUNTER
FOR LONGER TIMES
.01F
10
OUTPUT
8
7
C
11
.01F
NOTE:
All resistor values are in ohms.
SL00969
VCC = 12V
R15
R1
10K
10K
14
12
1
1/2556
2
VIN
6
.01F
VIN
RBUFFER
10
PIN 5
PIN 8
14
13 1/2556 9
5
.01F
15F
PIN 6
PIN
1 & 2 BV
VOUT
PIN
12 & 138V
OUT
PIN 9
11
.01F
b. Operating Waveforms
Speed Warning Device
a. Schematic of Speed Warning Device
SL00970
Figure 17.
1988 Dec
10
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
R7
15
12 V
D3
IGNITION
COIL
9V
1N960
R1
1K
C3
10F
R4
50K
4
R3
5K
C1
0.1F
R5
5K
8
6
555
DISTRIBUTOR
POINTS
C2
0.1F
D1
5V
1N5231
R2
5K
R6
200K
CALIBRATION
C4
0.1F
NOTE:
All resistor values are in ohms.
DC
50mA
FULL
SCALE
SL00971
+ VCC
2K 2K
FROM
VERTICAL
AMPLIFIER
+ VCC
1M
1M
100K
SENSITIVITY
ADJUST
+ VCC
TO
HORIZONTAL
AMPLIFIER
5K
2
100pF
COMPARATOR
+ VCC
VCC
100K
0
NE555
5K
100K
TRIGGER
LEVEL
ADJUST
5V
CONTROL
1KFREQUENCY
ADJUST
+ VCC
DISCHARGE
FLIP FLOP
COMPARATOR
10K
5K
10kHz
1 MHz
PULSE
OUTPUT
TRIGGER
VCC
VREF 3
0.001
F
RANGE
1 100Hz
100Hz
10kHz
0.1F
+
10F
10K
NOTE:
All resistor values are in ohms.
+ VCC
SL00972
OUTUT
PB
SW
C2
60F
VCC (515V)
R1
300
R5
2.2K
3
4
R4
7.5K
R3
300K
R2
4.7M
NE555 6
1
2
C1
1000pF
NOTE:
All resistor values are in ohms.
SL00973
1988 Dec
11
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
+ 15V UNREG
12
6
13
10
Q2 2N3642
REMOTE SHUTDOWN
PEAK INVERSE 110V
A723
2
3
+ 6VDC
0.1F
BACK EMF
+ 30 V
R1
3K
R12
82K
T1
2N3054
NE/SE55N 3
1
C2
510pF
R3
25
2
6
C1
100F
GND
3
2
*SM3359
C3
0.01F
C4
22mF
35V
1N2071
2A
5
1N2071
R7
18K
C8
0.1F
C11
0.1F
R5
4
13
C6
0.05F
C5
22F
35V 15 UNREG.
D2
+ 15 V OUT
R4
5.6
C7
100pF
R6
2.2K
GND OUT
C9
0.05F
12
6
11
10
R9
47K
R10
2K
1N914
D3
30SEC
Q3
2N3644
A733
Q4
5
4
7
13
R8
22K
NOTES:
All resistor values are in ohms.
*Shafer Magnetics
Covina, Calif.
(213) 331-3115
2N3644
C10
100
pF
R11
5.6
C12
0.1F
15 V OUT
SL00974
5K
PULSE GENERATOR
OR SYSTEM CLOCK
15V
VOUT
FOR
VIN = 0
10F
10K
VIN +
2.5K
100K
100K
VREF
2/3 VCC
1M
741
+
15V
2N3642
555
3
47K
VOUT
b FOR
VIN = V1
2
1
C1
1F
VOUT
VOUT
FOR
VIN = V2
V2 V1
NOTES:
All resistor values in ohms.
*VIN is limited to 2 diode drops within ground or below VCC.
SL00975
To control a servo motor remotely, the 555 needs only six extra
components (Figure 23).
Stimulus Isolator
1988 Dec
12
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
POSITION SET
R1
5K
AN170
TO PIN
OF 543
VCC
4.3K
R8
100
0.2F
2
R2
68K
8
1
NE544
4
SERVO
AMPLIFIER
6
7 9
5
3
4
7
IN457 CR1
2.2pF
555
3
V
2
1
C1
0.33F
5
0.1F
R2
3.3K
R1
10K
R3
50K
R4
33
R5
33
11.5
MOTOR
V
R7
56K
04.7F
4.7F
V
R6
56K
TRANSMITTER
4.7F
R9
220
TO PIN 5
OF 543
4.7F
GEAR
TRAIN
NOTE:
All resistor values in ohms.
TO CONTROL SURFACE
SL00976
NOTE:
All resistor values in ohms.
*Power rating depends on duty cycle from 1/2W for 20-25% duty cycle to 15-20W for 75-90% duty cycle.
1988 Dec
13
SL00977
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
Positive-to-Negative Converter
Transformerless DC-DC converter derives a negative supply voltage
from a positive. As a bonus, the circuit also generates a clock signal.
The negative output voltage tracks the DC input voltage linearity (a),
but its magnitude is about 3V lower. Application of a 500 load, (b),
causes 10% change from the no-load value (Figure 26).
Cable Tester
Compact tester checks cables for open-circuit or short-circuit
conditions. A differential transistor pair at one end of each cable line
remains balanced as long as the same clock pulse-generated by the
timer IC appears at both ends of the line. A clock pulse just at the
clock end of the line lights a green light-emitting diode, and a clock
pulse only at the other end lights a red LED (Figure 28).
a.
NOTE:
All resistor values in ohms.
b.
SL00978
Figure 25.
NOTE:
All resistor values in ohms.
a. Positive-to-Negative Converter
b.
Figure 26.
1988 Dec
14
c.
SL00979
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
NOTES:
Timer Philips Semiconductors NE555
All resistor values in ohms.
SL00980
1988 Dec
15
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
SL00981
Temperature Control
A couple of transistors and thermistor in the charging network of the
555-type timer enable this device to sense temperature and produce
a corresponding frequency output. The circuit is accurate to within
1Hz over a 78F temperature range (Figure 30).
NOTES:
All resistor values in ohms.
SL00982
1988 Dec
16
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
NOTES:
All resistor values in ohms.
AN170
a.
b.
SL00983
NOTES:
* Can be any general purpose Silicon diode or 1N4157.
** Can be any general purpose Silicon transistor.
All resistor values are in ohms.
SL00984
DC-to-DC Converter
Ramp Generator
SL00985
SL00986
1988 Dec
17
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
Ramp Generator
f +
1.49
(R A @ 2R B) C
SL00987
SL00988
18
Philips Semiconductors
Application note
AN170
from the first stage continually toggles for a speed condition below
the set point. Next, stage one output signal is fed directly into the
trigger input, Pin 8, of the second stage of the NE556, and
simultaneously to the base of the external PNP discharge transistor.
The second stage operation is identical to the one described in the
missing pulse detector section above. The second stage timer
output is held high when the speed transducer pulse train rate is
below the critical threshold. This stage of the dual timer acts to alter
the dynamic response of the speed detector so that a number of
pulses must be missed to activate its output. This gives the detector
a form of hysteresis and prevents the occurance of intermittent
output signaling due to an instantaneous over speed condition. The
length of the stage-two time delay threshold is programmed by
adjusting RBUFFER.
output will then remain positive until such a fault is long than the RC
time constant. The missing pulse detector then provides a negative
going output pulse proportional to the number of missing pulses
received at the input.
14
13
1
DISCHARGE
THRESHOLD
12
THRESHOLD
COMP
CONTROL VOLTAGE
RESET
COMP
11
10
TRIGGER
GROUND
CONTROL VOLTAGE
RESET
FLIP FLOP
OUTPUT
VCC
DISCHARGE
FLIP FLOP
COMP
COMP
OUTPUT
8
TRIGGER
SL00989
4. Get Square Wave Tone Bursts With a Single Timer IC, Sol
Black, Electronic Design, September 1973, p. 148.
12. IC Timer Makes Economical Automobile Voltage Regulator, T.J. Fusar, Electronics, September 21, 1974, p. 100.
5. Toroid and Photo-SCR Prevent Ground Loops in HighIsolation Biological Pulser, Joseph Sonsino, Electronic Design, June 21, 1973. p. 128.
7. Positive Voltage Changed into Negative and No Transformer is Required, Bert Pearl, Electronic Design, May 24, 1973, p.
164.
1988 Dec
19