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Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
AND
AGNOSTICISM
THE GIFFOED LECTURES DELIVEEED BEFORE
THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN
IN THE YEARS 1896-1898
BY
JAMES WARD,
Sc.D.
THIRD ED ITI OX
VOLUME
" Wer
II
verant-
Sigwakt.
und
ist
Teleolog ohnt es zu
LONDON
ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK
1906
All rights reserved
Tlilrd Edition
November 1906
CONTENTS
OF THE SECO^fD VOLUME
PAET
THEORY OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL
III.
PARALLELISM
LECTURE XI
VARIOUS FORMS OF THE THEORY
PAGES
These theories attempt to answer the question How are psychical changes related to the physical changes in the organism?
They all start from the Cartesian doctrine of the essential disparateness and distinctness of Matter and Mind. So far they
have common thought on their side hence it is advisable to
inquire first whether they are tenable even on this dualistic
assumption
:
my
me
as
is
my
It is
much
not so
consciousness as
....
Ambiguities of the
7-13
again
The
3-7
But the
(2)
(3)
The Conscious Automaton theory leaves the dualism untouched, and while asserting invariable concomitance tries to
17-22
deny any causal connexion the two series keep pace, but yet
each " goes along by itself." On the psychical side, sensation,
on the physical, life, are difficulties in the way of this theory.
:
How
separation
is
in the
22-29
CONTENTS OF
vi
the primacy
Huxley taken as a type.
is
He
side.
is
'
'
'
'
29-33
LECTUEE Xn
THE CONSCIOUS AUTOMATON THEORY
Doctrine of Conscious Automatism or Psychical Epiphenomenalism examined. It is maintained (1) that there can be no
causal connexion between the psychical and the physical
series, and yet (2) that the psychical is a " collateral product"
or epiphenomenon of the physical.
thus
35-38
self-contradictory
it
is
and
For
biological evolution,
In accepting this
control matter.
is
an
efficient factor in
....
it
life
38-40
two
and indepen-
dence of the automaton, and {h) the illusory character of psychical activity. The latter to be discussed first
.
40-41
There
we
no
is
a part,
is
talking of
it
how
find
even as illusory
How
And
then do
if
....
we come
41-48
to be
conscious automatism
The ground on
because
which Descartes called man ?i conscious automaton
is ignored by Huxof his intellectual and voluntary activity
ley and others. On their premisses Descartes would have
called man a mere automaton.
Huxley turned against himis
true,
is
of
feelings,
of
48-58
itself
vii
naturalist's preference
....
LECTURE
58-64
XIII
them
66-68
may
convince us that
it is not,
and
experi-
mechanically jjrocZwcefZ
68-71
tions
and grounds
of determination."
Descartes' distinction
71-74
nomenal
The
'
74-78
dogmatise about
the world
is
it.
The crux
must not
He is
maximum breach
direction now
obliged to admit
of continuity far
off
if
No warrant
for
must
start
dead things
and if we want
preferring
78-83
to calculate
it,
we
83-86
86-93
CONTENTS OF
viii
PART
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
IV.
LECTURE XIV
GENERAL CONCEPTION OF EXPERIENCE
PAGES
The
we now
imply ?
it
What
ask,
up
is
to the
natural
97-99
'
does
'
'
it
get back ?
99-107
itself,
by natural
Kantian metaphysics
What we
find
is
of subject
of experience
'
Objective
'
tempts to treat
'
is
it
causal ?
'
form
Ambiguity
Various
.
110-112
112-113
'
113-117
of
at.
117-123
LECTURE XV
EXPERIENCE AS LIFE
Recapitulation and further explication as to the general conception of experience.
difficulty
Its
by deceptive analogies
Coming
to details,
we
124-130
is
is a Life.
Kant's distinction of
matter and form ' and his Synthetic Unity of Apperception.'
Conation more fundamental than cognition. Subjective selection determined by the worth of objects rather than by their
content.
A purely cognitive experience impossible. Prac-
process of self-conservation,
'
'
'
'
tical interests
never absent.
Even
spatial
ix
PAGES
Spatial perceptions
Science, concerned only with the conceptions, ignores the elements due
to the conative
like
and practical
136-146
conceptions
The notion
of
cedents of
146-149
an inversion
as necessaiy antesaid to
fill
them,
is
149-151
of reality
LECTURE XVI
RISE OF DUALISM
Two
vious discussion
Experience as the result of intersubjective intercourse. Dualism maintained by misconception as to the relation of these
two, and by their separate treatment
the
one exclusively
152-156
by reference to (1) Range in time, (2) Familiarity or Expertness, and (3) Intellective Synthesis
156-165
Intersubjective intercourse leads to universal Experience,
gives rise to the naive dualism of
common
thought.
It
and
does
this
realism),
'
'
'
LECTURE XVII
UNITY OF INDIVIDUAL AND UNIVERSAL EXPERIENCE
In what sense
subject ?
is
The
new
end,
we may
say, four
terms emerge
of individual experience,
knowledge.
In the
178-183
CONTENTS OF
PAGES
We
we
find that
'
content
'
'
'
experience
Cause,
Kant's
'
e.g. ?
The shortcomings
point.
'
'
the starting-
discussed.
volitional activity.
stances or things
is
and
to their
185-196
We
is
and that in universal experience also there is the same intimate articulation of subjective and objective factors. Experience being then one organic unity, the charge of fallacy
196-198
stated.
nary
life
is still
198-202
to seek
PAET
V.
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
LECTURE XVIII
monism tends
might logically advance to idealism. If so, the teleoThe diffilogical must be shown to underlie the mechanical.
culties of the mechanical view not remedied by preaching
but
it
agnosticism
205-210
(6) that
'
foundation'
211-219
xi
PAGES
1.
It is teleological
interpreting,
and so
Nature
219-221
a postulate
or hypothesis.
We here come upon the epistemological problem of Hume and Kant, viz., to determine the character of
general propositions relating to matters of fact. The evidence
of such propositions neither immediate nor logical.
Hume
failed to explain them by association and remained a sceptic 221-22&
It is teleological in its character, in so far as it is
But he made
himself see.
sciousness.
we
In this activity
225-280
LECTURE XIX
NATUEE AS TELEOLOGICAL
The fact
upon
unity,
The Unity
of Nature
is
Causality,
immanence
this
232-235
and beyond
regularity
Experience
of experience
itself is
unifying,
we cannot go
235-237
distinguished.
divisions f experience
we may note
three
and
passivity are
primQ facie
certain.
In the
Some supposed
difficulties besetting
activity discussed
This position
Nature to Mind
237-242
242-248-
CONTENTS OF
xii
As
regards Becjularity
the
the analogy of
law.
civil
PAGES
knowledge of Nature presupposes thought here the conditions are in us and are necessary the result is contingent on
things conforming
248-252
:
If
they do conform,
we
is
and
human
by our
itself
ends.
As
Nature
the result
is
it is
solely
achieved,
of spirit
by
spirit
252-257
LECTURE XX
SPIEITUALISTIC MONISM
Laws
of Nature used in
causes
two senses
Does the
qualities,
to
when
We
challenged.
or there
is
intelligence
say then
beyond
it.
Either
it is itself
Either
intelligent
it is itself
causally
'
What
The
agnostic use of
'
'
Phenomenon
'
criticised.
Appearances do
274-276
xiii
PAGES
As a further
it is
interfered with.
exposed
276-278
Ends
......
278-283
285-286
286-290
290-294
295-301
PAET
III
THEORY OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL
PARALLELISM
THEOEY OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL
PAEALLELISM
LECTURE XI
VARIOUS FORMS OF THE THEORY
These theories attempt to answer the question
changes related
start
from
the
to
the physical
their side;
How
are psychical
They
all
hence
and Mind.
distinctness of Matter
on
is
it
(2)
The
so-called
Two
TJie
and while
any causal
connexion: the two series keep pace, but yet each ''goes along by
On
the
way of
this theory.
How
is
on the physical,
logically so
life,
itself''
are difficulties in
Constant parallelism
series is
Among
side.
scientific
men
Huxley taken as a
the
type.
primacy
He
is
is
an
effect
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
as
''feeling''''
To
or sensation simply.
alloxo that
modern philosophy
of
the
Descartes,
of
question
of
in
the
the
Medi
relation
of
been, as
we know, no
lack.
ence,
new
distinctions
for
by the senses
directly apprehended
is
practically
obsolete
so
now
that
of
sci-
rather
on the other
identities, has,
The crude
of
extension
as
to have disappeared.
On
the
many
a scientifie
eventual coordination.
cal
their
same
are
own
sense,
now
Mass, indeed,
still
able qualities
and powers
is
no more
souls,
innumer-
on the other
THE THEORY
RISE OF
by consciousness, the
inert
mass with
so-called 'contents'
As
in continuous flux.
to cause,
efficiency,
and
it is
relations
meaning
to be given to causal
But the
in dispute.
many
that what
psychologists
sci-
inherent acis
regarded
In
knowledge
fact, the
must
needs
determination of this
of
is
do so in another.
ciency,
The notion
most central
on the
left
expressed in
In psychology the
with suspicion by
which are
influence of
itself.
of
absurd to credit
we have
so
only quantitative
physical side
now
effi-
this
Psy-
before us.
flux
taining
how
the
coexistences
and sequences
of
that
to
constitute
the
physical
world.
The answer
tably leads
be
known
is
to
embodied
as the
in the doctrine
inevi-
now coming
to
form of
it is
called.
day repudiate.
we have found,
any knowledge
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
that,
and
it
is
upon a speculative
rests
basis of the
most unstable
shew
I shall try to
The
theory
psychophysical
of
parallelism
scientific
is
of
i.e.
indeed,
as
it
their
between
mental
states
But,
Thus we
concomitants,
banishment from
ity
all
what we
of
like rigid
to
regions of
call
spirit
determination of the
admit, with
activ-
and
It
spontaneity."
candidly allow.
ablest scientific
men
But,
Huxley, "the
inasmuch
are counted
is
some
as
of
our
be sure that the arguments that have led to such a position are not to be
summarily disposed
of.
Merely to lay
presupposes
is
theory
itself
This
Lectures
is
Such
a procedure
XIV
ff.
See below,
of matter
speech
common
and mind
is
engrained in
to this extent
sense on
And
its side.
the history of
modern
of
be
to
closely
connected.
To
begin,
we must make
main points
sure that
the doctrine
of
itself.
for
we
we understand
These may be
have,
first,
the
re-
a series of
then, a simultane-
ing them
and
finally,
the
relation
As
to remark
it is
in-
important
we
There
on the other.
instructive
is
are, as
shew-
knowledge
The
is
specialists
of these facts
to
to
whom we owe
our
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
is
it is
The
one of interaction.
to be noted,
owes
rise,
its
it
rests simply
on the assumptions
According
explained,
common with
all
as physiological, nor
So regarded,
and
if
mechanics.
They become
ble parts of
that
knows nothing
or of purpose
of space
ence of energy.
world
and time,
is
only uniformity
indestructibility of mass,
and
persist-
sufficient data
and adequate
its state
at
any
all its
past
and
all inter-
is
no without or within
in the case.
change
In
No
and no
'
fact,
'within,'
without,'
for,
mass
ticular
affected,
do not propose to
recall
earlier
the masses
ex hypothesis all
yet,
at
The time
to
criticising
We
come, then,
we
now
to the
it.
What
psychical series.
by this?
to understand
But we must
parallelism.
first
are
the doctrine of
Unhappily, there
is
no
as respects definiteness
series.
this
there
difference
many
are
reasons.
and
the psychical
to
it
and number,
Again, when
we ask
and succes-
we
get in some
that
all.
In some cases, as
of
sensations, for
past,
in
others, as
in
said
to
determine
the
in
example
association
no
and
answer
In
volition
at
the
habit,
is
motives
not to reason.
ties,
how
judgment
How
is
is
different
that
in
rank and
may run
par-
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
10
for me, or
is
external
yours as
the
are
difficulty
experience as
you, then
for
is
my
be
and
rised,
belong to
it
those
all
prime
physicists'
data,
all
it
which
perceptions,
further
is
still.
it
But there
a skull?
cavity of
summa-
of its processes.
we
find
and
object,
but we find no
internal, physical
we must
my
it
leave
for
deed, as I
am
cal world,
and you
for
it
you.
my
is
like
manner
it
for
is
We
must
experience as
for me.
justify
the properly
experience as
is
and to
of such a dualism
of parallelism,
psychological standpoint of
is
To
Then,
it
in-
of the physi-
for me,
it
becomes
chairs
and
tables,
moon and
how
But
stars,
to
and the
rest of this
body
it
to pieces in the
is
and
finally, to
take his
worst
for,
once accustomed to
is
is
own
experience.
when from
confusion
And
still,
and
what
is
where
plainly recognised,
is
and
date,
Psychology
our guard
experiencing
I refer
for
entirely
is
is
we
pass to
subject
confusions.
name, place,
has his
manifold idiosyncrasies,
his
known
the
11
to
when
itself
ignored.
of these
But
many
men
able
least clear
write about
As
in the
by
cal
scientific
one
now
into
philosophical
made
regions
men.
latter
be.
that,
when
a psychical series
from the
strictly
experience as
is
brain and
examples of
it
my
the
we can
is
see
not regarded
Psychical
psychological standpoint.
my
my
if
We
questions as far as
may
is
real.
experience as
it
is
who
is
studying
this
my
As
point of
identification
of
action
its
bodily expres-
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
12
One
sion.
it
may
if
owing
as
the ten-
is
so
unity to
its
we have
The
ently.
standpoint
it
which
must
refer pres-
is
that
it
implies
two
say two
will be simpler to
subjects, or
as perhaps
Coming next
lelism
to the question
the answer
is
What
is
more uncertain
meant by
paral-
We
could
still.
two
percipients, being
tuted,
environment
as
the
same perceptual
the
a summer's day.
if
We
if,
science having
In these cases,
we
quite as essential.
But
if,
'
the lark
the parallelism
is
" and so
mind
it
is
that
is
it
will
meant.
Psychological
be said,
matter and
analysis,
pursued
THE PAllALLELISM
never so
far, will
13
No doubt
only absolute
express
Mental
disparateness.
cesses
is
pro-
parallels in
having no common element, but what have they answering to the point to point correspondence that parallels
imply ?
^'Ordo et connexio idearum idem est ac ordo et connexio
rerum "
is
usually, I
which to be sure
is
to
me
Let
is
The
"
ford
to say,
am bound
in entire
parallelism
who
the
has undertaken
here
the
is
is
ments
of
them
consists of ele-
Now
its
alphabet.
elements
is
its
elements.
sound
is
bet, yet
its
There
is
a corre-
although an elementary
or letters.
And
Ethica.
ii,
7.
up together
to
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
14
up together
in 7iearly the
is
is
of the correspond-
ing letters."^
"
is
Of such
a nature,"
But
if
so,
then to every
elementary idea.
ideas in like
to be accepted,
what
is
Again,
if
itself
homogeneous medium,
medium ?
and
if,
is
and connexion
one
into
what now
ideas?
kind of
is
is
in the other.
the
order and
connexion,
the kinetic;
appetitive urgency, or
what
On
the
congruency,
among
vol.
is
iii,
supposed
p. 61.
CLIFFOKD'S VIEWS
common
to be
What
But whatever
15
is
be,
it
of
though
algebraic,
not
being our
prophet may
kinematics
Dr.
physics
sentence as sentence
spoken or written
though
diverse
simply
the
in
matter
in
language,
logical
so
atom renamed.
same whether
the
is
here,
mind -stuff
his
that
made up
a complex
it
is
is
not
one in form
is
Allowing
erties of
Hicks
the
stance,
expression.
geometrical,
of
is
content to
elements
of
On
barism
new
venture a remark.
will
properties
arise
never
is
Even the
we may call a
when we
that
when,
in
the
ligent,
^
would speak
but
On
the
still
unity
so
is
only
so
call surface,
as three
a vague term
described
Nobody bent on
we
are
several lines.
even
distinct
is
assertion that
mere complication or
conjunction of elements
certain
The
from any
the
parts
psychological pre-
less
would he speak
of ideas existing
vol.
iii,
p. 67.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
16
in isolation apart
and
To such
intelligence.
tinuity
ties
which
to
by the principle
Of the absurdi-
of evolution.
expounded by Mr.
to have followed, we
seems
Clifford
Had
instead,
of con-
whom
Spencer,
consciousness
to,
he followed
Leibniz
of continuity in like
heart's
that
content,
absurdity,
and
fearless
"a
but would
piece
of
never
minds to
have imagined
term be
so scholastic a
if
only
when
We
cannot, then,
it
And
ford.
yet
it
and
psychology, as
of
this
have
since
it
is
speculation
deal of naturalistic
vogue.
in
by
seemed to
now
of physics
remarked, has
already
revealed too clearly the entire disparity of their conceptions to leave any
room
in
men
face.
all
materialism.
old
many
intents
The problem
and law,
is
range.
The supposed
the
crux
diversity
hence the
scientific
and purposes,
as
itself to
is
the
favour with
is
two
for
it
presents
of matter
dualism.
of
the
The assumed
of
any
with
interference
17
the
physical
complete causal
of
ascertained facts
dent sets of
facts,
well-
of
Now,
parallelism.
the
taken by
itself,
would constitute no
And
rate.
two indepen-
the concomitant
have
was
said,
mind.
of
method allow
of
problem.
independence
seem contrary to
able coincidence
of
all
reason.
Any
hy-
so far
sound
but
it
(ejects as he calls
facts
assuredly
them) become
while material
which mind-stuff
in
is
But, as
is
see
how
new
these
things-in-themselves,
ideas
are
they are
if
'
ever
to
begin.
Even
intelli-
gent, not conscious,' can neither have the motive nor the
skill to
other's pictures.
Another rendering
'
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PAEALLELISM
18
more in
absurd,
less
attributes
with
as
one
of
one
definitions,
not
as
attributes,
thought, chary of
if
and
as the
substance
ontal
'
'
may
'
altogether
two aspects
But they
substance.
the
phenomenal
affirm
known
Spinoza,
of
attributes
Spinoza's
philosophy,
his
that familiarly
is
Here,
theory.
not as
with
keeping
conceived
are
in
as
in
but
as
itself,
attributes,
so
are
Modern
say.
dogmatism, declines to
ontological
Substance.
this in uncertainty,
many
by
That which
diversity of standpoints.
appears as states of
the
strokes
of
the
as
bell-clapper
man may
perceive
while a blind
man
in one aspect
cist as to his
and
it
it.
own ignorance
knowable one,
will
amply
enally impassable.
fill
all,
is
those
an un-
phenom-
for
of
metaphysical specula-
For, after
all,
an unknowable substance
is
faulty
its
fails
it
19
rests
upon a
largely through
free use of
Even
if
this
distinction
were sound,
still
what
am
is
my
perceived externally;
is
nor
When
the normal
man combines
movement seen
them
or 'aspects.'
But
other, he refers
now we never do
this
ternal perceptions.
aspect doctrine
dualism avoided.
the
places
fable,
of
we
If
would be
same thing,
they can
as
change
ence of an object.
it
is
possible in
'
two-sides
'
is
such manner to
ical
To
which
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
20
they belong, and to shew that they have such congruence as befits complementary sides or aspects of
same thing.
unknown
substance
we formulate
conceptions by which
tific
no such unity
little
is
experience
have said
it,
forthcoming.
My
further.
so an
assumed.
is
the
is
much beyond or
who may
not so
con
my
brain
it is,
my
This
my own
brain
my
as I
do
mere
positions
Similarly
it
my
brain,
tion as
may
if
you
actual brain
is
indirectly,
Certainly the
occupy
working model
my
of
observa-
he can handle
if
and their
know my own
When
portrait as
of other faces
hand
is
original
mine
it
made
his per-
but
reflected
as accessible to
like a
which would be
is
space
in
be urged that
model
my
it
different
a facsimile
it
allowed
if
is
his percep-
when
touch another's
So
if
could
actually manipulate
21
referred
is
And
a
but
conceivable,
is
not say
I will
is it,
permissible
it
hypothesis
workmanship such
if
model
of a living brain
The
aspect.
model
twins
nearest approach
we know
makes
is
of
to such a
in the production of
To assume
human development.
ages of
of
it
verily were a
it
is
the
to
among
chophysical parallelism
all
the possibility
the rest,
if
of psy-
it
be a law of
of
combining
nature.
There
these
If
then,
is,
distinct
we
cause
'
it
aspects
one
into
'
concrete experience.
we confound
(Avhich
is
all
the
general
the
physicist
or
is,
it is
knowledge of
be-
brains
our
own
particular
possibly share.
of
the
And
psychical side
this
diversity,
the concreteness
we could not
experience, which
points in which
their
is
only one
characters
among
manifest an
complementary aspects
of
one
unity.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
22
is
one
the
quality
all
wholly quantitative
and
With
on.
so
ways
later.
interpretation
stricter,
the
some way or
other,
from the
make
to
these points,
still
other remaining
the
relegated,
is
those
of
difficulties
as
interaction
Descartes' immediate
who maintain
this
view boldly
point.
change must
itself
Though
be psychical.
it
unques-
is
pany changes
in
is
to
their
own
the
in
series,
not at
all
Their parallelism
other.
is
case
of
coexis-
If there
it
said,
should say,
magnetism.
is,
incomplete
On
it
would
be,
or perhaps
would have
is
held to be distinct
ics.
It is
cease to be psychical.
of
The plane
toto coelo
if
amen-
to
have
and so
of psychology, in short,
23
The
"What," he
the
is
method
composition of
the
the brain],
does
or
asks,
de-
[of
retard the
it
alter
Does
assist the
of its action
it
does
or
process,
shocks
the
are
it
distrib-
uted ? "
is
pact of
"
he continues, "
it
How
Good
Try
to
is
tractive
molecules together.
sible
is
Mani-
Equally impos-
It is impossible.
it
force
allowed that
we cannot
must be
It
and
if
illus-
we might at once
mind and matter are
as
this
absolutely separate.
If
illustrations
are abso-
what
are,
itance
of
are
a
we
make
to
mental
" Wliy
Of. Mercier,
the
of
two occur
i,
p. 135.
with
equal
together,
the
Mind,
p.
or
9
on
strenuous-
what the
see
W. James,
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
24
link
is
which connects
If
of
is
science
much
progress.
not
shall
surely
this,
invariably conjoined.
coexistence,
it
concomitance and
riable
we never
had proceeded
unexplained
tliat
lute
"we do
them," he adds,
absolute
causal independence
maintain both.
What
mean when
people really
these
ground that
produced by
some-
like, is
thing very different from what they seem to say, something very trivial and hardly worth saying.
briefly to this, that
mind cannot be
It
amounts
connexion,
psychical
and
cannot
that
it
But
also
possibilities
are
Either,
be,
whether we know
not,
it
or
since
first,
there
which
must
psychical antecedents.
Or
secondly, there
must
Or
thirdly, there
must be
This
last,
which we may
call
the
SENSATIONS A DIFFICULTY
speculative alternative,
other two
and
tives,
Now
is
we have
25
The
just considered.
may
it
is
at once point to
And
viz., sensations.
which has so
at physical explanation
mean
the fact of
-priori
platforms
selves
Why
the
life itself.
parallelistic
physical
facts
facts
we
considerations,
is
different
Sensa-
to explain.
'
mental
series.'
along by
Descartes
itself.
is
The
fearful perplexities
which he
into
sation
fell,
this utter
Malebranche
did.
The
substitution of a psychophysical
psychologist
first
modern
Clifford, Lectures
and Essays,
vol.
ii,
p. 56.
of
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
26
them
as
He
tive presentations.
somehow
your head.^
the three-dimen-
all
what he
calls
par
excellence
of
and so he
The
difficulties
on the side
These, as
life
we saw
in the last
consist
lecture,
movements
and permanency
of
"
living
Tendency
of form," said
to equilibrium
Huxley, in a pas-
sage which he afterwards recanted, "these are the characters of that portion of the universe that does not live,
Tendency
take on forms which
distinguishing
mark
is
attributed to matter.
The
is
the
is
life
the character
to
figuratively
is
first
law of
of
life.
So dia-
Descartes,
it
will
sions.
-
Lay Sermons,
p. 75,
p. vi.
LIFE A DIFFICULTY
claim the problem of
life to
be ultraphysical.
contribution of dynamics to
and physiologists
The
Nev-
to
When
to
is
machine
already made, be
is
it
clock,
account for
when
automatic com-
of
for
difficulties
of labour.
The only
or
lieve.
"
biology," says
theoretical
mencement
27
there,
its
working.
is
works.
"You do
you point
and levers
when we
its
see a unicellular
principle
of
life,
closer
to
explanation of
response.
its
of
light,
we do
it;
we regard
to
wheels
con-
its
We
science,
keep
we
if
we
said that
it
drinks
when
cold.
thirsty, eats
And
if
when hungry,
cells,
we conclude
that
Properties of Matter,
p. 415.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
28
plicable to them.
of the clock
with
its
occult
selves,
less
still
improve
themselves
connected
into
ble
we
Well,
are
come
mechanisms
find
he knows
narrow range
and looks
we have
how
ask
and to assem-
to
be,
of
vast
complexity?
whose business
we
suppose
it
is
still
of
to
He
the person
is
But we
less
of
at our question
of
the
physics,
side.
As
lution for
his
argument, regardless of
He
talks
figure
of
plasticity
he
is
availing
himself
of
psycho-
bound
And
to disavow.
so,
spite of
accounting for sensation, spite of the emphatic declaration of the pure physicist that he cannot conceive inert,
no change, giving
rise to
and undergo
man and
doctrine that
This
presentable.
lelism assumes
mon
substance,
29
made
is
to look
is
com-
to a
and
aside,
is
applied
the
Cartesian dualism.
It
by
most im-
pressive
is
especially liable
that
of mis-
and
correct. 1
worlds were
the
If
I
if
itself,
and
mental
so-called
and
independent
really
bound
especially
is
to expose
material
separate wholes,
and interaction
parallelism
On
the other
To deny
their interaction
on
neither
link
this
ground of
allelism
at
stable' a
is
I say
is,
combination
so severed,
on
though
trivial.
to
But
assert
on
their
once proclaims.
absolute separation
when
abstract separation,
their
causal independence
side
that
Constant
parallelism plus
necessity
one or
other
And now we
exponents of
Cf. Hegel,
Encyc, Logik,
38,
Zusatz.
rSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
80
the
to
series
though more
we
rarely,
or
physical,
formulating parallelism
Sometimes,
both.
find an
Such an author
psychical.
would be
accept
of
the nature of
miracle, ^
yet contrives to
Aristotelian
the
is
primum movens
opinions
is
a,re
in organic development.
mutually'" consistent
only
when
But such
parallelism
ready referred
to,
that
viz.
interaction
statement
of
that
is
that of
rather a methodological
It
of
physics alone,
al-
side
is
convention
own
work may
business
when they do
sometimes run
tersect.
parallel,
With Wundt's
so,
their
lines
of
in-
we have
for
doctrine as a whole
More
serious
and important
scious automatism as
tific
writers
as
Du
con-
of
scien-
Bois-Reymond,
and
this doctrine
Huxley and
is
is
ed., p.
332.
* See Note
i,
p.
285.
31
ism at
is
it
all.
cism,
know
of
two from
his
On
Association,
and
me
Let
title. ^
the
to
British
its
quote a passage or
" It
may
tain
well-known
"that
by
experiments
and
Pfliiger
Goltz,
may,
ness
cause
conversely,
which give
rise
"I
such evidence."
no
see
tinues
" It
is
those
And
true
quite
that,
to
equally good
substance.
there
men
is
He
changes
answers
he
presently
the
best
applies
con-
my
of
to brutes
and, therefore,
that all
states of
ately
of
molecular
motion ? "
to muscular
It
seems to
me
changes
the
of
brain
is
the
He
sciousness
1
Still,
down somewhat by
tones this
as
on the
related
wh(jle,
it
to
the mechanism
would be
describing conthe
of
i,
cf.
pp. 239 2.
body
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
32
'
pressly
seems
one-sidedness
case
is
it
very
and
unreasonable,
not
is
in
We
this
any
in
naturally
inconceivable
less
itself
even
sight
first
certainly
urge that
At
product of volition.
collateral
muscular motion as
to describe
declines
its
hovf
matter
he
can
says,
on
act
"we know,
causation
of
an
or
we have
to
an
is
as
little,
the
of
effect
in
much
as
that motion
believe
impact."
of
effect
as
but we have
molecular change as
is
much
as
further
difficulty
difficulty
all transitive
that
and
that, as
plete
into
ucts,'
we have abundantly
seen, postulates a
com-
'
Collateral prod-
the sound of
its
quently, by the
these
founded
is
naturalism
For naturalism
for
action,
at
least,
influence, the
whistle,
way
is
it
may
though
working
thought
very
perhaps be imagined
they
may
indicate,
of the machinery.
can
it
is,
itself,
The
for
never
So regarded,
inconse-
and
re-
The very
material series
as does a
itself
succession of shadows.
that
we
the feeling
act,
is
of that act."^
we must
How
33
Huxley, "
it
volition
is
call
VOL.
II
i,
p. 244.
LECTURE
XII
examined.
It is maintained (1)
no causal connexion
and yet (2) that the
or epiphenomenon of the physical.
series,
is a
collateral product
The very statement is thus self-contradictory.
psychical
Mind
'
'
and
not explain
an
is
and (b)
the
it
(a)
the
first.
from
"
automaton
There
of
it
is
is
a part,
xoe
And
How
The ground on
loe
come
automatism
is
to be talking
true,
how
is
man
man a mere
The psychical
then do
if conscious
On
have called
Again, he
can do as we
even as illusory?
a conscious automaton
is
respects zee
so, if
a logical one.
many
But how
of the action at
the
this
it else-
efficient
like.
(1)
be discussed
For
itself.
life.
specially to consider
aton,
In accepting
automaton.
would
that
itself
mechanical.
35
to be futile.
psychophysical
of
modifications of
form of
it
now
and the
parallelism,
various
in vogue.
it,
and
we found
vice versa,
cor-
The
now
and
comparative
first
itself
to
facts,
is
psychology
before us.
set
suggests
influence
each
other.
itself in
we one and
all
approach these
first
failed
to
maintain
questions.
The
Under
these circumstances
monism
men
some
But the
end come.
tific
of
onlj^ escapes
sort
For
if
the
nexion of
ideas
if
things be
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
36
it
matters
Either
sory.
monism
to
me-
But
if
an automatic
of
whether we
little
illu-
this
be worth having.
matters
it
dispense with
that could
call it
another
tion
substance
of
we
aside,
call
it
an epiphenomenal
fact,
both unknown
a preference
any
for
one,
provided
it
unknowable.
is
In
case, the
remains as Descartes
still
Agnosticism, in
are
left
more pronounced.
it,
save that
He
is,
too,
it is,
anything,
if
main the
the
in
nowadays the
'
scientifically
we have
We
it,
described.
'
then,
is
said to be
the doctrine
On
that there
it
the
is
will be well to
comment somewhat
it
furfirst,
series
other, in the
is
specially to examine.
on which
ther.
relation of
series.
new ground
for the
is
dis-
found in the
This
is
MIND AS EPIPHENOMENAL
37
sical
as
the
to
As
to the second
position, that
is
eyes of logic.
The
sort.
an
that
effect
energy of
its
The
from
the
a mosaic
impossible absolutely to
needful to dilate on
such a position.
though possibly
the
distinct
deny.
transparent
Germans
an endeavour
as
(or, as the
plainly indicate
Begleiterscheinung'),
it
physical
it,
all
It
which
is
this is a
inconsistency
mechanism
The
If
physicist
is
said that
it is
without
the
must count
mind guides
expenditure
of
is
And
material
work.
of
senses.
after
scarcely
the
im-
is
say,
it
relation,
of
series,
as a collateral effect,
it
nothing
yet takes
cause.
its
To
these products
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
38
itself
is
not to face
difficulty,
is
shirk the
to
If
it.
The clock
will
automatism
scious
that which
is
mind
which
practical consequences
but I do not
now
also
is
cardinal
its
to influence matter.
The
refer to these
doctrine of con-
"
any wise man can ask himself, and which any honest
man
is
whether a doctrine
true or
is
false.
justify us in testing
at
with
But
which
this
exclusively the
is
it
To begin
then, I
For throughout
tion
assumes
an
consequences to
theoretical
it
its
though
efficient factor in
in this doctrine of
that
mind
is
We
consciousness
on the scene
organisation.
when
is
which are
and
much
natural selection
instincts,
habits,
it is
tune.*
some one
to select
ii,
p.
285.
factors equally as
INCONSISTENCIES INVOLVED
39
Thus Darwin speaks of the sense of hunger and the pleas"no doubt, first acquired in order to
ure of eating as
He
filial,
also thinks
and
we may
safely
have
The upholders
who make
a shift to
Moreover,
not merely
it is
As
teleological.
is
Pro-
have no
efficacy,
most noxious
acts,
of delight,
ing, cause
why
agony."
is
as
we have had
thrills
as breath-
sistent
the
it is also,
Those principles
ing to the
And
let it be
strict
1
They
itself.
will
furnish the
naturalistic
vol.
i,
pp. 80
i,
p. 144.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
40
and more or
as casual
less
exceptional
and concomitant
dissipa-
We
is
in
What
seems
tributions of matter
mary
The
distribution.
as automata
accounted
for,
inexplicable
only
then,
pri-
the heath
dis-
if
as Paley's
itself,
watchmaker
there be no
after
if
we
watch on
is
haphazard method.
this
to
To
we have nothing
fixity of definition
is
infected by the
subject matter;
like the
'
instabilities
a state of perpetual
However,
and parcel
1
This,
bk.
iv.
the
by the way,
lessly to its
/LteTa/3ao-t9
for the
of
and nascencies
is
moment
demanded by
and
'
all
logic
the terms,
eh aXXb
yevo^.
naturalistic
scheme,
let
us see
It is carried
Cf.
how
out fear-
De Rerum Natura,
things stand.
is
What we
"
call spirit
taneity," to recall
side.
we
And
41
on the other
and sponis
already
when
side,
is
Though but
is left.
a col-
the automaton
is
it,
adequate automaton
is
We
an impossibility.
have here
to
con-
When Huxley^
as
'
mechanical as
purely
volitions
'
all,
him
to a far
But
the theory
more extravagant
position.
the motor processes, with which our voluntary conparallel, are part of the
unbroken physical
attended by intel-
sciousness
is
ity
is
illusory also.
If
i,
p. 241.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
42
thought
is
Trdumen
mans
at
ist leicht
dreaming
is
und Denken ist sehiver, say the Gereasy and thinking is hard.
So it
by the
process
is
the
resistance
is
when
we
thinking
call specially
On
is
are no ends,
no
is
only seeming
effort,
really
the concomitants of physiological processes, and physiological processes ultimately resolve into the integration
and the
of matter
ward trend
of inert elements
which sometime or
libration
or why,
of
other,
left the
detail
Once the
their
what
movement
down-
is
fall
is
true of
dice have
entirely
and
them
true
is
The dance
took place.
of
we
believe
we
there
say there
is
movements
none.
are
of will or
though
a psychical aura,
is
'
Simply and
what they
collateral
are,
prod-
what they
are,
whether what we
what we
call
call strength
':
BLIND NECESSITY
And
43
"Be-
This
many
have a
logical,
a strange
is
reflexions.
first place,
if
consciousness
in
the
of
is
It,
but
too, is
supposed significance
its
existence of
is
is
an
'
necessitation
quite as important to
is
the
Logical
spiritualistic
excludes both.
ently
when he
For
my
Law
know
shadow
come
of
to
but what
is
"
question.
Descartes,
it
is
a nice
from such
an empty
will
be re-
But
that
being
gone,
should be impossible.
1
Methods, p. 245.
2 op. cit., p.
161.
will.
However, leaving
this
aside for
etc., p.
ff.
this
285.
'
44
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
the present,
next
that
j^lace,
still
though
concomitance
this
in the organism,
is
regarded as actually
It is natural law.
inevitable.
when they
fall,
that
must be
it
necessit}'-,
and
this
still
entirely
is
Though not
enough.
is
a logical
phenomena
cal,
quote
to
fundamentally mechani-
held to be a
is
that,
Also
fact.
our
it
is
held to be a fact
"the
authority,
stands
soul
when
out
gives
enough.
a
are
granted
fall;
There
it
is
is
it
is,
nor
'
fate,
shall
'
'
this
say,
must
'
about
Be
it
readily imagine
you please
nor
motions.
its
we can
or as not existing at
logically as contingent as
been decreed
Again,
struck."
bell
is
works,
its
to the
re-
may
it.
it
all.
may
It
it
may
as
be
never have
be neither
Theistic
on a
'
ought
notions
of
naturalistic standpoint.
actually on
But
a conscious automaton I
all
am
events.
Of. Lecture
of their
XVIII.
working
rigor-
'
FREEDOM AS 'FEELING'
wbat
as
the
And
and unalterable.
ous, exact,
is
Greeks called
beyond
this,
is
45
This physical
it.
all cavil,
necessity, avd'^Ki)^
necessitation,
without the
plies
and
thinking
says,
all
"but parts
abatement
of
possibility
our
acting.
We
"
to
are,"
our
all
Huxley
as
and
effects
as in
many
we
shall be
we can do
respects
the
at all
we
as
mean,
This
is
all
by an
like one
efficient
and
fact,
action such
little
and knows
ours to persist in
conscious only of
"Imagine,
all
The frequent
its
doing as we like
'
if
you can,"
such
said
motion continues,
motion.
its
its
it is
this
is
it
is
is
inter-
perfectly free,
Now
re-
they can
wills.
agent
conscious,
But such
They
to mean.
they mean in
supposed to involve.
Spinoza,
"inasmuch
like."
if
use of illustrations
is
we
of existence."
are free,
and arbiter
sum
and
it
so
this,
that
men
are
vol.
i,
p. 244,
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
46
mined."
Spinoza,
may
it
Still
The
stand,
as
is
illusory
active;
and
inactive.
movements
So,
passing,
point of the
the
activity,
we
If
illustra-
to
under-
the
stone's
are
of the body, as
stone
inert
assumed
it is
do in volun-
to
mind
tary acts, then such acts deserve the name, and the
truly regarded as active.
is
purely mechanical,
if
But
"volitions
if
name
of acts
is
concerned with
are
the freedom.
as
the
if
we
itself,
does
it
observed in
be
while
will,
all "
mind
of
is
an
illusion.
And now
we have
that
conscious
automatism
is,
now
that
we
to
this
epiphenomenal
doctrine) of the
series
it
is
on the
in
some
mysterious
for a
liverances of
activity
allowed there.
The word
'
action
'
sort
of
and other
Thus we have
posite
repel,
'
'
'
Unlike
each other
and so
Letters,
like electricities
But efficiency
The very notion
forth.
and
is
every-
of cause
NO MECHANICAL ACTIVITY
is
47
side of
And
cause or effect.
either
insignificant;
and
clear.
An
one process.
the
line,
that
of a
must
it
Though
no force.
however,
its
And
chanical theory
it
was
first
we
energy.
no new
action,
no fresh
the
Since
Inert as a whole,
nowhere
tell
it is
is
so from
So
off.
in a straight
effect,
movens, there
be indefinitely far
fixed
on the other
but,
one
the
to
alike
is
primum
beginning;
may
we might say
of things
efficient cause,
at
open
both are
the past;
calculator as
scientific
just as
lies
and
The
there
is
cist's
will not,
if
we
either choice or
upon
power
to
The
it.
such energy as
physi-
striving.
its
It
alter.
in-
actual energy
to
it,
and can
from
it.
The nature
a mystery;
the
of such
law of
them
dynamical transferences
is
exact in
all
cases
is
and
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
48
preme throughout
Some
taneity.
there
is
nowhere either
Priestley, insisted
spon-
spirit or
Toland and
But
none of
will have
much
it,
start itself
out, but
it
it.
turned,
move
The
this, at least,
of
the
is
process, not
downward dance
it.
of
this
glass
grain
is
seen,
we have
as a whole, looked
Science, which
movements
force.
an upturned hourglass.
as
during
The world
this.
at as they conceive
pur
sang, as
to
and the
movements being fixed, any collateral consequences of them must be taken to be fixed too.
There is then activity nowhere. The automaton would
several
belie its
name
if
its
How
of.
all?
then do
If there
then possibly
we come
we could understand
dream
to be talking of activity at
contrast to
it
we can
it,
was non-existent.
Or
mind
if
should be found to be
inert.
When
regarded as fixed,
but would
it
it
side,
to be
ILLUSION INEXPLICABLE
one of them was illusory,
of
if
world which
that mental
niment, and
there
spontaneity,"
no
being
and
'up
it
to
call
but
is
be no
can
its
wholly-
shadowy accompa''
of
away the
banishing
illusion
cannot banish
may
is
no real activity in
question
explain
We
doing.'
is
still ?
the
of
non-
existent, or
is
49
Paradoxical though
taneity
is
somehow
really exist
and spontaneity
must be
in
the psychical.
And
here let
ther upon an
me go back
objection
The
is
moment
to insist fur-
mentioned,
more apparent
still
comitant mind-state
:
now
conscious automatism
of
be inexplicable.
ble
for a
just
later.
were true,
If the
this
logical necessitation
full
illu-
would
shadows follow
the
other,
as
and change with, the moving figThe clock cannot sound six when
If, as Huxley tells us, " our
once.
after,
changes that
of the
the organism,"
ticular
must
particular.
To
take
place
automatically in
belie these?
Concrete par-
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
50
As
symbolise anything or
that cannot
we might
false,
logi-
call
them
be
true
either
or
never be.
upon
collateral
carry of
another
plane from
rest.
their
may
distinct
mere existence
as
more
Still
is
not comparaObjects
fall.
Great as
ular
is
motions,
it
is
we have
as
as
automatism
is
and
motions
molecular
whom,
thought.
Thus
Descartes,
to
tion
proper.
again in
called
it
vigorous
sensory idea
is
now
still
much
much a
too
very
forgotten.
of
Reid's
For the
as
even Huxley's
But
for
events,
all
necessary to mental
and
active
tially
life,
61
these
which he regarded
independent of
essen-
as
Even
matter.
for
own
initiative
and
was
thinkers
these
not
which matter
effort, in
between sensations,
ideas
as
proper,
but
volition,
and
In other words,
man
no concern now
to dwell
as
where
being
have
of the
again, by
Having
mind and
matter, a philosopher
substance constituting
What
who
boasted that he
what was
clear
and
distinct,
human
as true but
interests
it
literally
it
automaton.
a conscious
us to note, however,
is
merely this
his intellectual
and volun-
and
for lack
automaton.
of such
activity
the side
work;
of
'
passive states
'
matter.
for
benefit
of
the
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
62
composite whole of
man
alto-
as a conscious automaton,
mechanical
by
for this
gether unfitted.
what
indicate
to
of the
that which
to hold,
arises
of
Can
this
spirit
and sponta-
must be
doctrine
facts?
automatism
of
It is all
if
the
What
stand?
modern
are
the
Prima
to
is
no room
is
what
if
they
unquestionable,
it.
naturalists
who
are
we
modern
to say of our
between
idle
less drifting
And what
he finds in his
own
all his
or
and
of purpose, being
the master of
funda he believes to
experience
activity
himself.
this
thing.
Experience in
passive,
the
other
53
relatively active.
to
God
only,
Devoid
man
well
feeling
as
by feeling to act.
It
even
mental?^
finds
himself,
and
what
for
And
receiving,
and
prompted
futile,
nay,
is
there in
of all experience, it
since in the
as
foolish, to
activity;
believes all
reactive,
to primeval matter.
and
is
first
Wliat then,
real,
we
to
is
But they
to
psychoses shall
They
claim, supported
calling
volitions
feelings,
But
if
do not propose to
of this account
even
of consciousness.
XIV
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
54
which they
in
mechanism,
then they are unreal, they are not what they seem to be.
If consciousness is
a fortiori
it is
are consequent
upon
When we
shrink.
say that
and
this
is
cities,
civilization,
a statement from
of the
man
And
these.
is
only to
mean
The consciousness
was
The
physical
free
sufficient,
from
where a psychical
and where
rective
is
indefinite
it
series
series has
has not.
all
extra-physical
all
been
direction,
its collateral
Everj'^thing teleological
self-
alike
product,
and
di-
And
past.
yet
we
'
feelings,'
we
are
is
illusory
Not
to insist further
never upheld,
to this view
is
What
according
"We
'
live in a
make
the
full of
is
of each
and
of us
all
to try to
is
little
he entered
55
To do
it.
the
by our
order of Nature
is
extent which
practically unlimited;
is
was before
it
ascertainable
first,
that the
faculties to
an
dation
of
Huxley
as
With this, I
we to say of
second belief
this
take
most
it,
of
us
by Professor
substituted
Our
a foot-note in 1892?
volition,
"or to
state of
it
of our volition,
state
of
which our
!
volition
Not
possible
it
Again
For
to
I say it is
this,
make
my
the
is
Not, be
expression
'
the expression
itself
is
Is it possible to
which
gloss
the expression."
is
is
the
part I say
it
is
new
mean
not possible.
experience by which
falsity is
its
made manifest;
abso-
perienced.
is
The
to experience at
sion
all.
paralytic
to
i,
is
make
p. 163.
the subject of
a
illu-
movement, he
2 i
(>^^
note.
is
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
56
unaware
illusion
no
that
movement has
is
The
may
seizure
resulted
such
but
man
acting
is
who were
automaton theory
conscious
The
responsible.
and generalises
combines
On
all
is
all
our
con-
To com-
it
we must, as
But
cerebration.'
'
let us
What
which
to
his
unamended
creed,
we
merely
act' but
then,
tion
we
is
ask, can
of the
According to
"a symbol
volition
is
a so-called
is
was led
Animal Automatism, a
it
exactly
I
a 'feeling'
'
voluntary
But how
course of events
'
If
the
course
of
must
of little
of matter in
make
to
now have
on proceeding with
tells
But what
this result?
of
got two
individual's
itself
in terms of matter."
we
he
67
plain that
It is
psychical series
directly belongs,
volition
When,
then,
from the
shall
we
we
which
does
it
When, on
of events
'
highest
we
describe this
same course
is
no place
and
as
truths,'
'little
efficiency.
wont
to
Had Huxley
too,
we
'
to advocate a sort of
'
book-
and one
in materialistic
scious automaton,
which
is
Anyhow
lie
If
whence
we
all
o.c, p. 164.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
68
concatenation of
also
if
we cannot deny
all things,
the unbroken
we
of the teleological
Coming upon
are face
this
antinomy in
to determine
is
which
is
point,
that in
which
the
terminology
spiritualistic
is
We
we have
The
them on a
par,
"
The
materialistic
phenomena
the other
to
of the universe,
clearness
is
whereas the
utterly barren,
No wonder
ideas."
latter.
and leads
This would
conscious automaton
of
side,
and on the
power
upon the
naturalistic
philosophy
itself.
We
it
are
we had
we have
series,
But
initiative, is based.
of that
will
It
directly to
leads so
59
first
up
some
So
far it has
shuts
us
up
to
with teleology.
view, but
in
is
determinism
rigorous
This
unquestionably
is
incompatible
prevalent
the
no way
Is there
as it
far
conception which
whole discussion
no way.
is
we have taken
is
hold in
to
its
entirety,
the
physical
is
room
that, as
is
for
man, than
it
we have
is
Laplacean
it
this
even
is
world no
must say
and the
seen have
physical world
is
We
in
If the
the text of
as
to
a complete whole in
naturalists
say
itself,
it
The
and goes
itself.
We must say The very
same laws fundamentally, that determine the varying
along altogether by
the
join in
the
dance we
we must
as
say:
irrelevant
with
know
verse,
or
unheard-of
The presence
of
and immaterial
the brain of a
as
as
the brain
crimes.
And
of
mental epiphenomena
to
the
one result
finally
as
is
is
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
60
renewed
theory
chanical
some
itself
these absurdities.
The
its
these
escape
of
me-
to find in the
loophole
of
first
from
made
Nevertheless
and
from
was broached by
movements
quantity
animal
the
of
of
motion,
spirits
mass x
was more
imagined
or
its
velocity,
direction he
was
This
indeterminate.
less
The
willed.
as it
product of
the
Descartes,
in
fact,
like
full
meaning
of the principle
of Momentum.
According
force
the
and
other, can
this
as
is
by mechanical conditions as
little as
known
to
its
as the
Conservation
however,
principle,
completely determined
speed
The
is.
one, as
of
the
but realized
mass said to
this,
Had
be moved.
to
Descartes
directing the
harmony
supremacy
of
the laws of
But more
of this hereafter.
in
6L
it
shall
to
be
theoretically
pose
as large as
it
upsetting
may
it
you
without the
possible
Take a body
expenditure of energy.
61
a posi-
at rest in
may
equilibrium: you
sup-
like,
have,
that
blasting
of
is
'
Hell Gate
Sound, when, a
some
button,
little
million
at
'
girl
the
laying a
tons
finger
earth
of
on an
and
electric
water
were
Yet there
is
no ground
pressibly delicate
that
and
was.
it
for
suppose
in-
still,
matter in however
To
energy.
unstable a condition
without
is
theory,
fundamental conception
assumption
as
is
of
Whether
true.
that
it is
true or not
inertia.
If
its
law of motion
is
most
such
is
an
not
fact,
all.
The other
case
"
mentioned
it
by a
is
brief
somewhat
quotation
different.
an
from Max-
of a conservative material
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
62
tion
system, exceptions
instants
when
to
whole
the
rule
this
the
the
course of
iso-
finite
number
any
to
It is
or
of
power
of
to be systems of
this kind.
whether such
any
reality,
guidance
is
not now,
is
whether
but
there
is
singular solutions,
guidance
The question
exists,
to
confined.
which on
The
this
assumption
such
is
for
must be No.
The answer,
it
seems,
it is
may
we
forecast, all
such indetermination,
it is
held,
would
dis-
ii,
p. 750.
Many
made
and
purposive
taken
thus
action
in
judges
proper
they
apparently
the
the
validity
reject
them
which ex hypothesi
If,
mechanical
Mathematicians
entirety.
its
of
in-
ivitJiin
of
scheme,
are
the
all.
it.
63
it
is
matter
only
If
in
is
acceleration,
subject
is
i.e.
an impressed
to
and opposite
acceleration,
is
i.e.
likewise subject to an
impressed force.
action,
and the
it
an impotent
which
'
is
aspect
'
is
is
no middle course
is
mechanical or
it is
what
thing:
it
But
spirit
it
all
we have
fail
to gather
it
to justify
it
regions of
altogether.
up the
and, setting
and spontaneity."
must
would
ment from
It
Naturalism,
illusory.
but
left to us.
teleological
naturalism, the
is
of
results
human thought
of
what we
call
If it
* See Xote
iii,
p.
285.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
64
and
to offer
We
some
final
reflections
psychical standpoint
It will
is,
as
then be not so
we
shall
much
with naturalism
have to reckon.
LECTURE
XIII
Facts cannot he
maimed
to fit
it,
but
he
it
must be modified
to suit them.
it is not,
he,
and
experience
may
mechanically produced.
It is
is btiilt
On
an
up.
ideal.
is
constant in
That the
The
about
things
is
it.
and
far as
maximum
left
alone.
He
breach of conti-
are inert.
;
it,
corrected by observing
and meaningless.
With mind
first
VOL.
II
65
least,
order.
It
can only be
itself is chaotic
And mind we
in evohition, in natural
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
66
We
upholders of
the
of
no place
is
left for
moment's reflexion
theory
with the
complete
the
If
rests.
whole
ferences of a
show
to
suffices
sition is incompatible
that
have seen
as
strict
material
on which
premises
world
changes
in
is
itself
but
trans-
amount
all
if
common
We
changes.
terminant of material
its
are
if
number; and
if
form throughout,
there
is
free
to
urge
those
this
and
premises,
result
argument
an
as
are
of the
that
Now,
if
the
the
qualitative
diversities
we
were
perceive,
bodies
became
at
mate constituents.
last the
entire
How much
till
what
aspect of sensible
their
ulti-
this earth
than
reality
more
brought
is
of
who imagine
that
that happens
all
mass-points,
traceable
on
it
mathematical
pure
se
it
'
feel
we should
least
we
is,
'
analysis,
The much
the other
earth and
67
be-
is
not
be the
truth,
reality
behind
they
too
viz.,
the
veil
of
phenomena
take to
not the
is
that
to
is
one
say,
the
repudiate
dynamics
Abstract
done.
mechanism
that
we
seen what
have
motion,"
for
is
the
that
continually
do not conform to
its
much
it,
only conform
or
purview, that
is
If,
it
sum-
or be
in
transcends
its
mechanical.
approxi-
must go
experience
mentally
to
in nature.
beyond
as
so
mately, so
amended
proof
To suppose
that
that
is
experience
not funda-
the
rigorous
that
mental premises
mtost
it
its
for
funda-
it
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
68
has
man must
that a
must
fit
his
fit
coat,
it
would be
to say
the man.
absurd as
as
just
is
in the
it
world
may
be
as
And
philosophical speculation.
It
is
measure
latent
forms
senses
furnish
energy
of
no
clue,
there
may
direct
or
be,
fact.
energy and
all its
its
this
it,
is
so
conservation
the
the
of
again
to
as
what
to say
which our
to
indirect.
On
both
mechanical deter-
minism
the
and
the
energy-conservation,
To begin with
The physical
the
character
true
it
will
first
investigator
of
principle
be well to enlarge a
is
of
little.
demiurge
completely
its
master
element
The mathematical
its
of
all
and
time,
his
data,
largely shut
for
numerous
possible
his
up
to inverse
solutions, as
components have
its
Hence
in
to be ascertained.
mechanical terms, he
is
crucial
And when we
and lame.
and
reflect that
continuum, we
a sixfold
disposal
his
69
begin to realise
mechanisms*
a machine, though
is
Our modern
however,
require
this
all
apparatus
But
living.
physi-
describe
to
let us imagine, as
nucleus
till
and
let us
and change
its
What would
suppose somewhere
move spontaneously
any impressed
force.
With-
or, as
though no evidence
heavenly spheres,
phenomena
such a
fitness
postulated an
thereby,
as
Aristotle
said,
"forcing
when
is
its
Monadologie, 64.
Of. note
it
may
law
scope
is
by W. H. Thompson in
on Ancient Philosophy,
and
seem outrageous,
of inertia,
numerical
of
Invisible
of
vol.
i,
his edition of
p. 341.
* See Note
iv, p.
286.
that
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
70
is
ascertained fact
such as planets,
law
this
observed.
Columbus
or
as
us,
to it is assuredly
and
cell,
let
being
that
all
living
things
Certainly not,
controlling
if
and
determined motion
of
do not allow.
real
medium
movements
believe.
mind "
is
nor even
me
to
points
much
so
those
is
Here
a
is
of
This
a sheer impossibility.
to
an
complex
equally
"
for
motion
mechanism.
seem affected
a conscious automaton."
complexity
move-
these
machines among
in turn
presence.
that
further,
states of the
manifest
there
find
to
diversity
characterise
by
be
of
Let
can
they
as
far
fact.
is
billiard-balls,
digms, conform to
assuredly
a preconceived postulate
What
is
my
is
principles
some
ethe-
the
machines
compel
me
to
was
before,
to
of indefinite magnification
and
it
inis
71
phenomena
vital
But
described.
and
all
lish
that,
would not
it
them
beside
really
To
were mechanical.
estab-
concerned must be
one must
or
the
very
beginning, could
accorded with
would be
become
his
then
conflict
the
would have
hypothesis
fact
with a
Meanwhile,
theory
however,
and,
would
it
be
obvious
can
is
it
refuted
no
been
has
there
further,
There-
psychical
refutation
be.
result
descriptive
;
from the
directly
complete
the idea of
after
of coordinates,
If
like.
no ignoration
that
is
merely
by
facts.
such
direct
there
never
still
no pros-
interference
quence
the
does
molecular
occur,
The question on
dijfficulties
this
and where
movements
plane
is
in
in
conse-
living
by mechanical
body
relations.
At
the death of
all
him
science of
Hylozoism would be
nature," with
1
conservation,"
entirely
all
"
On
we have found
possibility
which name he
of
a proper
dignifies this
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
72
Again
we must allow
I say
And what
would ask:
that this
Are we
then?
him
and again
so,
is
to
to be a priori.
conclude that
all
less
"
But our
own
activity
is
is
This, I
What
would
insist, is
we deny
that a living
man
or even
a living
dis-
then
mouse
is
aggregate devoid of
internal
Two
determination?
is
an end
" If
we
or
the
of
seek
life,
we
bound up with
it."
have already
moment he
said,^
obtains
to
add
it,
to his
we
moment.
mind
account of
take
Still,
all
changes so
when we remember
itself
will
produced up to that
that even the chemical
enstein's edition,
3
Sammtliche Werke,
73
chanical theory can have full sway, nay, that even the ether
must submit
to analysis,
it is
we may
In short,
take
it
as definitely
conceded by the
physicists
living
'
'
besides,
And
will still
if it
renounces
its
cause,
to describe events,
might
it
and
still
endeavoured just
lastic distinction
Such a procedure
When
is
that
the motion
but
if
is
if
one body
is
is
was a causa
seal, it
was a causa
by another
serve
set in motion
Thus
eminens.
may
formalis
an old scho-
To suppose
that every
much on
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
74
none drawn
by hand.
some reason
principle
calls it
that
parallelism.
Mill with
'priori fallacy, as
produced by
whole
the
the base of
at
like,
and
seals
The
all
we have
lies, as
doctrine
of
seen,
psychophysical
It is
especially so,
when
the processes
to
we have
This step, as
another.
force
is
motion";
rest or
it is
When,
acceleration.
then,
is
it is
yet be active,
combination
is
or,
ah d
is
is
amounts
It
inert should
a, 5,
and
is
On
c.
is
the
anything
5,
and
c,
to
apparatus
called
abstract
mechanics cannot
up
reject that,
and there
is
is
mainly
no serious argument
left.
But, coming
now
to
the
precise
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
75
If
mind can
movements
if
a living body
is
not inert
we
bound up with
it,
But
we have
us recall a distinction
This
already made.
one
It is
nature
is
uniform.
It
another
is
thing altogether to
and
being
that,
finite,
it
is
The
reason.
is
much
very
no economic
sible to
in a science
it is still
pos-
curves, spite
of
more or
of
less complicate
nature the
physicist calls
its
not be constant
amount.
He
them.
relations
might be
working capacity or
he cannot
tell,
for
its
What the
energy may or may
similar.
him
it is
an indefinite
rates of
exchange or
his
observation
these
limits,
he
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
76
transactions.
individual
in
If
spite
of
ignorance
this
much
constant,
London
the population of
the simplicity
is
than
thought
But
And how
the
only justification
of
purpose.
their
for
their
to be,
sufficiency
its
more a necessity
no
is
it
assumption
is
assumes
Cheapside crossing-sweeper
as
the
of
of
crossing - sweeper.
and Professor
Spencer
or
tion
the
On
but with
is
road
priori
that
'
Mr.
of
the
crea-
inconceivable
as
of substance,
we
as
are so
far
but cannot
persists
and affirm
energy
destruction
or
not with
is
the high
to metaphysics
It
'
Tait,
of
destruction
creation
safe.
we take
if
Unknowable
Spencer's
be measured, that
Force,
we have
its
All
that
to
do,
persist
we have then
are
certain of those
of
From such
this
phenomenal
And
amount.
to
see
admit
energy
in
the
data
this
it.
in
it
is
energy
the
more
the
impossible
in
and
themselves
universe
more
insist
clearly,
that
must be
position as one
the
prove
to
universe
the
physicists
Those who
the same
transformable manifestations.
plainly
is
are
and
that
fixed
in
beginning
frankly
to
quantity of this
constant
seem
to
me
that
ENERGY AS PHENOMENAL
merely because the surface was always
could never reach
its
its
this
which
and capacity
by counting
in,
secondly,
only
nor
all
by allowing,
finally,
of
opportunity
and
an indeterminate amount of
is
is
dissipated
capacity for
nothing
We
the so-called
first,
is
is
though he
depth.
its
assumed constancy
potential energy,
level,
77
latent
energy, of which
known.
But whether the whole energy in the world be constant or not, still if mind is to initiate material movements, must it not itself be a form of energy and have
equivalent transformations into other forms like the
its
rest?
An
this point,
and
may
be expected at
it
who
whole.
But
this
is
concerned to combat.
Is there
we
are primarily
moving mass
to
another?
When
was a child
my mind
beginning cut
off.
was
in a
fail'
way
forever.
off
Cf. above,
had the
to conclude that
another,
was cut
and so on
Lecture XI,
p. 23.
my
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
78
Now
all.
Naturalism seems to
way
of escape.
end.
It sees in the
illimitable
extent,
motions.
Keeping
standpoint,
it
to discover
new
ing to ideas,
to
fails
it
the
to
either
it
The simple
upon
Du
Yet
'day of
its
it
did half
dawn
then, turn-
Bois-Reymond, might
as
it,
such reflexions,
its
scheme, according
inconceivable.
are
from
by observation or experiment
devises a descriptive
is
which
of
discernible
upon him.
woof
facts
facts,
would have
shew that
sufficed to
motion
is
Then,
its
might have
At
all
that
is
The
effects
of
psychical
if
matter
79
Once
it
we
Nay,
effects.
is
crowbar
come
to
to
close
must
but
Thompson and
recall
quarters with
all
even
acknowledge
Tait's
instance
simple
apparently
that
question to be in
its
cendent problem."
If the
as
Newton
If,
did,
may
no right
Only the
to object;
physicist
of course
we have
order to be mathematical,
who, in
to be eliminated,
be possible,
But
is
first,
They
it
effect.
call
be-
of
this
is
no longer possible.
The
is
essential.
But
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
80
simply
is
It
it,
it is
sub-
is
Meyer
we have
of
but a logical
affords
capacity for
This
work
we
are to call
and
if
different signification
to mv^/2.
As
dissipated
energy can
available
is
there are no
energy,
may
be
known
processes by which
returned
to
its
as
it
physically returned?
source
The
it
cannot be
reversibility, in short,
which
than
is
course,
of
is
more
in
whatever
But,
of
implies
^
it.
The
The upholders
solar system
of the
Lecture VI.
new
of
Certainly, I admit
reversibility equally
would work
just as well,
still
to
make
their
way.
Cf.
IRREVERSIBILITY
revolving from east to west, as
west to
much indeed
So generally in theory ; as
is
sides of
an equation, in which
all
So in theory,
changed.
How
crepancy
the
it
east.
mere
81
is
still,
mathematical
justified in
Meanwhile
physicist.
The absurdity
is
its
we
are
not
something more in
way
into dynamical
equations
cesses
life
is
beginning
a corpse and
in
ending with a
birth,
what
and survival
of
as a collateral
the
we
past
undone
are
helpless.
over what
hold our
is
still
What
to
Looking
their
mere
But what
rise
II
is
done
on stepping-stones
may
it
VOL.
Svvafjic<i
facing
possible, so
Of
efficient,
done cannot be
is
fiat.
product of
to the point.
se-
And
all, is
what we may
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
82
We
altogether?
whole procedure
as
how
how
is,
reality
slijDS
abstract his
into an
plenum
universal
and
far,
he
question of an
all
And
inside
'
in
continuity
ing principle,
metaphysical
then, having
endow
or
motion.
to
and orderly
continuous
of his guid-
medium with
his
such interferences
Mind must
why
seems;
it
got thus
to
physical
as
differ-
'
open violation
forced at length
is
devoid of internal
as
itself.
and
agitate
Tait,
called
life
And
call
" driven
or
having done
such
life
so,
operation
the
out
will
Kant's conception of
is
universe
man
clearly,
'
"
philosophy a
as
at once
and
to
Surely,
if
its
own,
better
way.
metaphysics but
all
phenomenon and
product
collateral
'
from
noumenon
mystery
that
of
objective
or will a
the
of
in a
to
has often
"
impressed
The course
have
it,
it.
of
Where
Weltlmif)
beginnings
innumerable
beforehand
concluding with
me,
the world
not
whose
may
the
words:
every
moment
origins
necessarily
lie
outside
continued within
with
certainty
but
if
experience
Unseen Universe,
p.
183.
is
at
con-
the
effect
its
still
life
working
but
necessarily,
freedom of will
unconditional
of
having
83
also
it
the
possibly
the
physicist's
now
just
was
It
power
of
pursuance
in
suggested that
might
energy
acUuxl
so-called
unlimited
limited
possesses
commencement."
with
along
that
available for
it is
work
no more.
But on
of the
surmises.
directs
Suppose we assume
energy, and
is
laws these
then
to
that
of
are mere
mind
that
not a source of
that
Its
it.
only
action
a force acting
Such guidance
its
entails
its
speed.
no expenditure
theoretically
of
but
it
conflicts
It
is,
laws
the
in
fact,
remains the
who
see
conception most
But
incompatible with
Yet
in
of
the
If the
i,
p.
261 (amended).
'
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
84
amount
of psychophysical parallelism
that
The
also to
For guidance
distinct.
not
are
is
contradictions
so far to a proof
utterly
impossible
disparate
this conception
inert,
we
where, Naturalism
But
maintains.
is
if it is
To
Is
anywhere ?
Every-
Nowhere, the
idealist
it
tries to believe.
and
the beings
all
if
and an-
of inert masses,
somehow
interact.
affect,
we belong
nor be affected by
first;
to the
nor interest
it
it.
the physicist
if
would
set
find
some or
all of his
Psychophysics
aside.
perhaps
as
movements
the
movements
of
real
de-
of self-directing masses,
self-directing
manifested no
monads
'
a complete
an epiphenom-
But
us turn
let
we
the very
is
first
see?
this
Surely
yevy one
of living
dead:
call it
the path
from
my hand
from
pick up a bird:
bird, just as it
is,
its
it is,
direction.
can
too,
From
air.
my hand
There
will take.
it
that
toss
Here
things.
toss it
85
self-
his ideal of
-will
How
know
of diminishing space
and
its
does he
this ?
and time
indefinitely
how
till
the stone
does he
know
that the whole sidereal system will not then turn out to
more
be
the
like
whole manifesting
bird
than the
and
life
an organised
stone,
self-direction
The one
sup-
we
inert mass,
and
simplest
statement
the
is
process.
the
always
hypothetical
and
abstract
best,
inertia,
conception,
per-
We
is
identical,
describe
motion,
all
is
he knows
physicist,
to
inert
everything.
though he attempts
of matter in
to
"we do
not
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
86
know
and.
matter
zs."
are
of
ten
who makes
this state-
tells
thus identifying
number,
simply passive,"
is
'
'
i.e.
mass
a mathematical conception
is
meant
But
spiritual
light,
is
upon
flecting
Imagine a man
what we want.
him, bent on
before
seizing
its
rational insight,
it
as
lies
re-
a whole
meaning, seeking to
merely a world-formula.
The
starry
often
ing
lie
" Here
into
this, just
Here
stand.
and variety
is
above
Imagine such a
in the impact of
whole
secret of the
firmament
fill
two stones
man
say-
I discern
the
all
and under-
of life
To
this
and with
o.c, p. 5.
not,
But there
this
is
But there
is not.
is
is
now pretending
and
is
name.
its
have made
to
How
know.
by considering how
it
And
may
first of
lay
all
it
down
But such
To
mind and
and
matter,
But
canon
agreed
to defer.
as
dualism of
this
experienced
never been
mixed up
is
it
we have
neverthe-
its
is
it
defied
we
Naturalism has
begin, there
its
we
are
if
ef-
To
so doing,
as a canon, that
whole.
Most
has arisen.
to
it
dispelled?
spectre to be
is this
fectively, surely,
up
liirriy
monster
this
know
The man
it
87
set
tity,
aside,
and
all
when
relations
versalis has
Some
is
the
first
and
chief
offen-
of the
and
business to trace
and
in that
it
to mislead.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
88
As
to the fascination of
It
cal
is
not far
to
is
possibilities of
construction.
geometrical
human
intellect
ideas,
and to
The metaphysical
Deity.
cause, of being
region.
obscurities of substance
and
this
spatial
plenum
afford
its
out
its
contradictions
nexus.
and
But,
alas,
seem
to
When
of
human dreams
is
vanity
the
for
sists
differential equations
yield us
is
and temporal
Proceed we never so
than these.
true
more
relations,
far,
we
need
not
possibilities
be
all,
of mathematical
least resistance
is
the
where
mass
is
invariably passive,
and
89
ad
In place
As they can
indefinitum.
deny
to themselves, mechanical
happen
pen
indefinitely, provided
at the
On
itself.
can
principles
tell
us what
will
to
So long
it.
this
large
left
is
would be one
of
but
sentients
make
the
all
life
epiphenomenal
the
Chaos
and action
shadows
I call
but there
sion,
But
as
it
is
There
its
we
live
formulation
acquaintance, what do
world
is
preci-
we
find?
and struggle
in
it:
Keeping
we
strictly to
find variety,
of space or
the
for the
confronts us while
avoiding abstract
diversity,
vortex-
let
suggests
it,
of such
of
exactness, there
is
How
determination.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
90
the
or
forest
We
content
when we have no
with them;
individual acquaintance
Even where
itself.
minuteness
the
we
ob-
objects
of
frequently
Thus the
hand look
all alike;
individual
so
short,
traits
will
surely as
we can
specific characters
shew themselves.
presently
find
means
and
In
to perceive the
schoolmen
I see
even of the
true
to reach the
five
hundred
eye in a second,
only
emerge
would hold
light-waves said
billion
if
said,
this
we
could magnify
common
interest
names, and
us,
common names
to stuffs
life
then,
are
of
justifies
entirely
ferent.
An
things
the
alike,
but
cosmic
all
process.
doctrine of Leibniz
biography
the
teem-
Experience,
No two
things
dif-
in its true
knowledge, however,
more or
is
and concrete
unity.
neither intuitive
less
general
nor
and sym-
its
91
among
likenesses
individuals
natural science
It
that no
viz.,
facts
aside,
and
manifold implications.
its
and advancing in
a dualism
we wonder
or
mind
this
that
The
of
surest
way
such a scheme
crete world
is
by starting from
For
it.
So long
as
this
and admirably he
Naturalism continues
great
enterprise
its
is
Balaam's mis-
best refutation
Mr. Spencer's
while,
on the
seemed
to
me
Philosophy in some
ness
of
its
ideas
detail,
and
its
trust,
but
it
had to be done.
says,
We
saw
of philosophical sleight of
leave
me
ceptible
state,
energy,
will
only
loose-
congenial
Hence
Sweep
hand.
the universe
was not
clearly,
was a
sort
the board, he
in a diffused, imper-
shew
you how
celestial
bodies, organ-
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PARALLELISM
92
and
isms,
societies,
must
We
arise.^
j\Ir.
distribution
matter and
of
and
est
easiest
ways back
to equilibrium
that,
on the
lection
one and
all
conceptions
and
inert
se-
yield.
we came
still
expounded
by Lamarck, Darwin, and their successors. Natural selection, taken alone, as Wallace urged and Darwin himself
allowed,
in
'
is
we found
on
Here we have a
''point d'appui.''
fittest,'
teleological factor,
its
and
and
as
will.
a psychical
principle of self-conservation
ledge,
we
to give the
name
and supplement
when
to these
we add know-
of natural selection
ce
Le Monde, a
sortir
de
en
in the
way
of
all
93
contradictions
endeavoured to
us
which,
of
it
if
be
methodological convention,
set forth.
it
that,
inconceivable,
our own,
to
has
have
which ren-
to
Invariable
Naturalism
mental
'
epiphenomena
'
as
its
collateral products.
We
still
remains to be examined ab
may
once
to
the
epiphenomenal,
be content to say,
and
for
So
all.
that of critics of
its
we
far
to reduce
phenomenal
or
as
we
constructions.
In the en-
mind, and
iiiitio.
v, p.
Hereafter
critic
286.
its
ally,
of our own.*
PAET IV
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
LECTURE XIV
GENERAL CONCEPTION OF EXPERIENCE
The discussion of Psychophysical Parallelism has led up to the formal
our subject : we now ask, What is natural knowledge and what
side of
does
it
imply
former having
'
How
epiphenomenal.
then does
'
get to its
it
'
real toorld
'
of matter in
get back ?
it
or ^revised materialism.''
monism,
object
will be by
it
of reflexion.
What
subject
toe
and
find
is
not a dualism of
mind and
'
subjective modifications
Objective
'
is it
'
'
manifold.''
nor devoid of
causal ?
all ^form.''
Ambiguity of
term.'i.
The
this
is
the crown-
for
VOL.
which
II
Descartes
97
prepared
the
way, the
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
98
theory, that
is
to say,
self-contained whole,
as
independent of mind.
upon
as
mere
collateral
pro-
ducts, that arise as often as matter falls into the appropriate organic condition
to react
upon
impotence
of
mind
discussed
at
and independence
of
already
be considered.
The
concomitant neuroses.
their
sions
the
in
of
matter we have
The assumed primacy
propose
confu-
assertion
control
to
length.
the automaton
But
this
remained to
still
now
merge
to
in
this
To do
some change
will entail
At
in our
method
two
its
sides
in the sciences,
it
of nature, as unified
postulates, categories,
and the
be examined
its
this
of procedure.
in respect of
like
or
this
taking these
knowledge may
began with
in
We
turn with
theory
of
psychophysical
parallelism.
And now
at
What
Lecture
II. p. 40.
it
we
For
99
this is the
man
prima-
is
rily
ITS IMPLICATIONS
now
this is
working, or challenge,
its
According to that
doctrine,
if
we
sum
things from
of
must
start
"an ultimate
us
down and on
which
analysis brings
are
some words
moment whether we
matter in terms
of
in terms of matter.
spirit,
.
phenomena
But with
to be preferred.
For
it
or
and leads
spiritualistic
to
diations of
is
in every
terminology,
whereas the
is
alter-
utterly barren,
spirit
is,
'what
is
what matter
Such materialism
to-day.
spirit
what
ism.'
of
is
To be
is,
it
or the
ideas."
Huxley
Huxley, "
native,
of
way
we
Mr. Spen-
this,
this
up."
of little
To
i,
p. 164.
is
mode
of
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
100
motion,
it
This
we have
is,
Naturalism
all, if
to stop at this,
is
What
avails
it
what have we
to
matter in motion,
But
if
actually itself
it
much
as
is
machine?
If
Spirit
'
is
the
leads
spiritual
to be derived
is
Spirit,
if
and
real,
materialistic
This
the
plain
terminology
is
from Nature
'
implication
brings
'
the
is
Something must
so
us
far
is
that
nearest
we have now
'
to
the
that.
and
to examine,
is
life
for all
felt,
men
in their
while others
we
lives
and handled,
we seek and
This
neglect or destroy.
is
the
But from
terms
is
epiphenomenal.
The
'
real
world
'
and transforming
losophers, as
we
all
of science,
is
a world
their
mo-
Now
phi-
101
common
flecting
and
sense,
to
agnostic
derides
know
losophy
He
nothing.
the veritable
ascertain
as
we
These
futile
for
can, he tells
we
materialistic terminology^
of matter
'
the
But we have
complete
it,
complete facts of
The
account.
life
begins to blaspheme
to be taken into
In his desperation he
physics
much
mean he
So he comes to speak
of
if
to the
the
curve,
the
of
agnostic persuades
unknowable.
outside of
Then the
like.
the
material
is
unknown and
standpoint
aspect.
is
Its
the
ter-
is
impossible there
and
arises.
ask:
How
broad
ditch,'
return
To
over which he
this
now
finds
no satisfactory
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
102
now beginning
are
attend.
to
media are not phenomena, but merely descriptive hypotheses, that can never be verified as facts
hypotheses
to
Moreover,
men
many who
had occasion
quote,
to
believe
that
"what
feel " is
is
feel the
no
that
one
are
ever
ditl,
one
Naturalism,
ever
while
see
will,
we remember,
is
reality.
it
or
fric-
too wise to
on
objects of
;
tionless fluid.
of
have
actually goes
phenomena
or
But the
of
like
is
per-
But
if
how
cist
got at them
to these questions,
are agreed
and happily
who have
in
These
nomenal
how then
realities
realities,
supposed
felt,
are
he
can
see
feel.
phenomena
Naturalism are,
all,
minds of
and serving
physicists,
we
103
see
and
that
feel,
is
The
complex
of
motions of
ethereal
some
mass-points or
vortices,
these
conceptions
motions,
superimposed
them
What we
etc.,
'
feel,
phenomena.
peculiar
tables
and
see
'
to
connect
So far
othe?'
phenomena
of
phenomena
'
together.
of such
distinct question
all
escape
is
dualistic speculation
its
is
is
'
other
a wholly
unconsciously
ism of
and
common
farther,
till
But when
at length only a
system of mass-points.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
104
left,
is
then the
But
said
it is
"
Phenomena
observation,
every step
ceased to
at
ism on the
phenomenal
reali-
of course, of
Such
trine of
realities
way out
so
phenomena per
it
se,
is
surely a
se
we
The
true answer
ini-
may have
validity,
hurry
it
onward
its
homogeneous plenum,
materialistic terminology.'
ous of
all this
stractions
as
The
reality.
but no
mathematical methods
we can
and
real,
still
And when
after all
by the aid
of a
Naturalism, oblivi-
it
was foredoomed
life "
it.
to the
There can be no
'
PHENOMENA PER SE
There
on external compulsion.
is
105
is
of
there attached to
we
matter, than
Not
we are
them
is
that
as the
own
of states of our
again assured
mass or
in the inert
inertia
unknown
consciousness.
consciousness inheres
'
movements, as
foolishly imagined.
moving points
is
left
with
mind
speculations
at bottom.
;
no room for
them.
this
to
world, as
all of
experiments belong,
is
it is
is
briefly
it,
completely and
adequately
materialistic terminology.
explained
As
or
it
be
described in
the proximate
phenomena
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
lot)
elaborated
these
experienced such
conceptions,
realities.
and
is
due,
first,
of the
to the fact
The notion
itself
in flagrant con-
is
From
an epiphenomenon
of
the standpoint of
while from
arise;
produce
evolve architects.
as
its
facts.
their
We
mind
own
phenomenon.
thoroughgoing
consistent.
time asserts
Of the two
materialists
is
positions
logically
It is besides a position
of matter
it
that of the
far
the
more
ralism has been unwillingly driven, and hence the traditional bias still remains.
Evidence of
this bias
we have
of
dogmatic material-
'
the
unknown
MONISM IN DEMAND
and hypothetical cause of
states of consciousness,'
known and
107
also but
is
Even
materialistic bias
cause, spirit
is
these phrases of
in
shews
matter
itself:
Huxley the
honoured as
is
'
But
phenomena.
of a dualism of substance;
that
sub-
'
this
Agnos-
will
not be
idealistic, at
it is
the
substrata,
is
consciousness.'
ticism,
it
an un-
'
why
for
if
how
It explains too
of the day.
Monist, will
in the
new
is
scientific
movement.
In disto notice
It then,
totally distinct
is
to
when
declared
monism
of
phenomena,
be
to
reject
we have had
men who
least of all
are to help
construction.
this
men
scientific
illusory
impotent, solely in
or
which
is
held to
of the other.
selves with a
called
or
materialistic,
spiritualistic
willing at
Two
yet
disclaims
the
order
be the essence
title
of
ourto
be
idealistic
any price
to part
with
its
mechanical scheme.
(1)
Can
108
EEFUTATION OF DUALISM
we transcend
and inevitable?
we then
phenomenal dualism, or
this
(2)
And
if
that
is
ultimate
it
is
also get
ma-
its
terialistic bias?
among
what likelihood
is
we
shall succeed in
our time
am
certain I
Nor can
And
urged in the
progress
all
is
that
finality
relative
first lecture,
we can
admit
made no
look for
As
impossible.
is
knowledge implies
relative ignorance,
soluble problems.
Now
end
ledge
science
to organise
before
it is
itself
is
all
an object
things necessary to
of
reflexion
make know-
and study.
worse
is
we
To
the
This
dogmatic
do
As
it either.
and
knowledge ever
critic
of
two centuries
if
of
since.
It
ought
philosophers claim
reflexion
on
that
Cf.
my article
"
iVwrf, O.S.
xiii,
pp. 213
ff.
we have
seen, only
how
question was
to get
109
the at-
we have found
parallelism
The
ception.
tive
and unsatisfactory.
how could
this
if
result, again, I
very
the
circle
am bound
to say,
Shut in within a
is
defec-
circle of ideas^
how
could
it
how
Such were
all?
Locke
slily
want
to
difficulty,"
and Reid
Meanwhile the
and con-
and disclosed
when Wolff
character,
the
tradiction
at length
cardinal
its
made
principle
of
philosophy.
experience.
This procedure
essentially formal
of
the nature of
and
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
110
inquiries of
three critiques
liis
and do,
and. feel
all
we know
our emo-
all
tions
this
one
term experience.
It is
dualism and of
both of
nominally to supersede
because
he
first
we
monism that
the neutral
I have
it.
is
main
There
precursors.
rationalist
are
active
well
as
as
To
carry
in
the one
way
in the other.
and understanding
make
Leibniz's
as
essential
to
His
the sensibility
'
of these affections
pendent
the
functions
in
of
establishing
much
affections
organic
apart
the result
of
knowledge
by
Still it
this,
fact, to
render
And
of
side, rather
was
his
it intelligi-
did not
connexion.
of matter
of
understanding, he
any true
'
sensibility
in unity
start.
111
is
differ-
that subject
ence,
of course,
disparate,
but
for science,
mony,
But
arisen
and discuss
from them as
There
is
if
ask
mutually
miracle,
and one,
one
part
severally
their
they were
of
is
harfailed
be
this
experience
from
can
have
conceptions
validity,
facts.
an experience that
so,
which the
too,
how such
inde-
and
preestablished
have
parallelism,
at
dividing
may
"We
was a
fact
occasionaKsm,
of
psychophysical
surmount.
another.
in
a stumbling-block
hypotheses
various
to
union
and
separate
absolutely
Their
pendent.
and
distinct
not owned
own
a contradiction.
is
and
We
by extending
and thought
experience.
or
in thought,
it
'content of consciousness,'
The experience
is
itself
of
ence
is
is
by the experience
is
The
is
limited by
continuity of
In a word
it is
Experi-
we always regard
as self -maintained.
it
experience,'
apt to be misleading.
experience
involves
life,
life,
or
ySib?
^(ut/,
life
as
the inter-
action of organism and environment, with which the socalled biologist is exclusively concerned,
organism and
environment are
objects
distinct
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
112
observer.
It
all
possible
dis-
tinct.
confusing them.
We
in
start then
What
objects, or
what
indeed, as
we
unknowable
a subject without
would
is
be, is
for in truth
a contradiction.
we
It is
look to
Some
vert.
experience or
and
The
as
life
to this I
it
is
demur
there
must be many
objects.
to
the
According to Kant,
subjective.
it
will
be
Discon-
nected in a logical
sense this
manifold
may
but
be,
on a 'thread of consciousness.'
e's,
a unity.
may undergo, it
Sensations are
not like grains that the subject picks up, but changes in an
objective continuum that
is
am
have done
SO already elsewhere,^
more because
still
to be generally conceded.
I pass
113
coming
it is
open to debate.
Sensations are
commonly described
Such language
tions or modifications.
conception of
atomic
the
language
this
not B's,
of
may
it
theless, I
point of
at least
is
all
and particularly
in the sensations
be
or idiosyncrasies
peculiarities
Never-
processes
entering
each
into
conscious
experience
much
or
'this'
individual
inas-
as they
disliked.
movements
sensations and
of
these
are
From one
are
that
or
subjective
is
either there
by the way,
But
sensations.
perhaps justifiable
is
In a sense
convenient.
has,
disowning by implication
view
as subjective affec-
experience,
are,
To
and a
say that
by the
subject, or
by what we commonly
by an unknown thing
had
their advocates.
ji?er se.
The
All
first
call objects, or
have
tliree alternatives
and
third, the
theories
the
to
satisfied
VOL.
II
nobody.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
114
Kant
per
se as a
his
thing
The
The
second alternative
material thing
we
But
to
is
call
an independent
as
cipient
an orange
'real,'
colour,
and so on.
taste,
we have found
the theory
to break
commonly regarded
is
sensations of
his
treat
to
on the dualism of
rests
of
psychophysical
to
parallelism.
the
all
presup-
It
as per-
we have
is
not to be
a thing per
itself
sists of
albeit,
If
this
its
own
prcesentahilia''
posed to cause.
exploded
'
se,
'^
phenomenon
reality con-
as
it
is
sup-
Kant has
rate,
and the old gulf between thinking substance and extended substance, between external phenomena and
ternal
the
epiphenomena reappears.
terms
time,
and
But,
if
'matter'
to
keep
we must
An
is
safer
to leave
talk
of
awkward, but
useful,
for
mind,
It
in-
word
let
among
us
beware
of
psychologists.
of Helmlioltz's.
115
as
that,
method
from sub-
tracting the
scious experience."!
con-
There
is
in
of
mind
We
are
Knowledge means a
is
state
a mental fact.
We
tradiction.
is
a con-
the stateit
reduces
whereas the
is
such.
Again,
fundamental
kinds
subject-consciousness
Are the
related
and a subjective
objects of
object-consciousness.
to the object-consciousness.
The
its
and
the
subject-consciousness,
we
which
all
p. 1.
it
am
leaves us free
^
o.c, p. 399.
KEFUTATION OF DUALISM
116
to
treat
sensations
as
essentially
objective,
and only
objective
is
often treated as
epistemologically subjec-
tive, as it is
and not
to cognition
him
to slide into
and made
we
it
defining sensations as
subjective affections.
whole position.
position,
This, as
think, fairly
of
psy-
routed this
in other words,
what
'
as people say
as well as a
'
that.'
want
of a better
presentational
what
'
of certain psychologists
is
a pure abstraction; as
much
The whole
is
fast
myth
it
would carry us
When
ideas, or pre-
"the
we should now
say,
117
when
man
as
thinks,"
phys-
It is
Primary
perceptual presentation
or
all
is
and
with
If these
how
is
The
to these
we must
to
all
is
subject,
actual presentations,
refer presently.
is
But
as regards
nothing to be said
object
and
of
and
the
;
it
object to
object.
But one
not do
subject and
effect.
relations
quite
object
thing, I think,
we must
cause
of
and
object, object
and subject
of
the
is
causal.
many vexed
With-
questions
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
118
concerning causation,
must be
real before
it
clear
own
rise to its
that
an
causes
effect
or
cause or antece-
dent.
causality.
ence
least
at
is
the real.
is
If
we
of rain
we
if
as much
then we
that this
experience absolutely
for
be
cannot
lation
see,
We
causal.
a whole
think,
fundamental
ordinarily
re-
employ the
very form
Thus
in its
it
and accordingly
at the very
Similarly
whole.
verse
absolute time
make
of
or absolute
causation absolute
And
en Hoc.
object
now
to recur to
prevent misapprehension
question
is
and object
lation of
arise
when we
it
try to
to experience
as causal
I referred to
difficulties.
place,
by extending
subject and
be well
Difficulties,
itself.
these a
them
let
in
me
moment ago;
more
detail.
it
may
But
to
conceivable, but
subject and
object
as
presents itself in
IS
external perception
of
119
can be
me
by the ambiguity
events,
we
doing.
all
Thus mind
is
instance
psychology,
in empirical
at other times it
for
is
manner, subjective
So, in like
made
But once we
objects as such.
in our terms,
we
find
and the
up
clear
totality of its
this
vagueness
ac-
ought
object
of this
assumption,
on the contrary, as
is,
Professor
underground way,
we do
If
this
offsets or
in
Leibniz's fashion,
from within,
at
all,
suppose,
is
own
its
is
is,
experience
really
actually no
that
no world
community
And
ii,
ch. xvii.
II,
ii,
p. 54.
Cf.
James, Prin-
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
120
two
less
monads.
we go
If
to the
There
difficulty,
its
as
is
The
God and
is
where
We
was.
Even
if
we
persist in
modification, at least
the cause of
is
it.
we cannot pretend
There
is,
idealist
and
is
and dogmatist,
sceptic
realist,
such complete
It is
in
one of his
called
it.
many
And had
brilliant essays
on the
Ferrier,
topic, has
his
neo-Kantian controversies at
two orders
of
objects
ampler grounds
still
Berkeley,
Kant, as
:
objects
is
Reid,
well known,
extra
nos,
or
KANT'S DIFFICULTIES
per
The former he
se.
To
stuff,'
men-
understanding.
121
our expe-
Of the second
things
order, the
per se, we have not and cannot have
any knowledge whatever neither knowledge that they
are nor yet knowledge what they are.
Returning now
to the raw stuff of phenomenal objects, we ask
What
does it come ?
is this, and whence
It consists, says
rience entirely
it is
in this
pro-
way
us.
objects
and so
'give,'
set experience
the
us,
To
going?
answer.
the phenomenal
or are
sensory impressions
way
ever
it is
se,
of
growing
is
This
still.
the question.
is
answered special
difficulties
Which-
arise
it
is
se,
'
Kant
as
become
at
in the
once
foundation stones
1
Cf. Drobisch,
main
does,
of experience.
KanVs Dinye an
sich
und
We
but
must know
'the
that
sein Erfahrungshegriff.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
122
they are
we must
of their effects
nature as causes.
it
and
to these
these, thus
things per
se of a
higher order
if
Kant
is
their turn.
in
now seem
called for to
On
which
se
now
the other
noumena
whose intelligence
for beings
ours,
it
idle to
is
is
essentially different
from
in our experience.
Again,
if,
as
we put
we seem involved
tions,
V^aihinger in his
as
in
" For,"
a hopeless circle.
repeated
sentations.'
How
assurances
'nothing
we may
pre-
obtain pre-
our
but
is
this
"
as to the
answer
is
There
is
still
itself.
it
would be weari-
p. 51.
PRESENTATIONISM
perhaps be mentioned.
refer
123
to a doctrine,
now
in
call
According to
Presentationism.
this,
and these by
there
are
their inter-
complex
Such a doctrine
of
we are
is made
I believe
till
it
entitled
subject.
summarily to
plain to us
how
there
nobody
has.
So far then may we not say that we have good reasons for demurring to treat the relation of subject and
object as primarily a
causal
relation
compels
me
to withliold
till
its
Some
further
consequences time
LECTURE XV
EXPERIENCE AS LIFE
Becapitulation and further explication as to the general conception of
Its fundamental
experience.
early reflexion
Coming
of self-conservation.,
and
his
'
a Life.
is
KanVs
distinction of
than cognition.
'
a process
'
'
content.''
A purely
Even
spatial
way
and practical
to the conative
like
ceptions.
to fill
them,
is
an inversion of
reality.
Let us
first
recall
general
the
drift
inquiry.
of
our
new
some way of
in
sciences
centuries
consequence
of
which
the
departmental
of
Modern thought
124
finds
itself
in
RECAPITULATION
125
mere arithmetic.
their
to
fail
Physics in
can-
its
own department
we
sciences,
To
failed to bridge.
and
human
of
that in experience
nothing of
find
these
know
Also we
department.
its
Kant
reason,' as
called
we have
it,
reflect
begin by sundering.
We
that
essential
experience there
side,
is
to
too,
subject
is
such
of
In
experience.
take
and object
as.
every concrete
is
an
experience
continually in
environment.
to
try our
we
say,
first
we
and
as
side,
pro-
The law
one,
one
the
one
is
of this life
may
is
life
change.
Differ-
life is
Given
well as distinct.
experience,
and
such
the
most
salient
ing
that
objective
the
response
to
an
feature
their
is
changes
first,
in
the
this
bare
we have found
the
of
then
feel-
subject,
and
To these we
leads.
one or two
of
centre
complement,
interaction
induce
But
or
subject,
objective
remarks on
relation
of
to be the very
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
126
basis of experience.
lation of
ence
forbids
in
Moreover,
that.
brought our
wrong
we
It cannot,
dualism
'
mode
is
went
describe
of
the
has
that
to a deadlock,
wa3^
this
the
philosophy
scientific
'
this
can
we
or the
subject
mode
of the object?
The attempt has been
made both ways, and both ways it has failed. The
subject a
more or
less,
the old
The former
fails to
fails,
still
subjective unity.
its
more egregiously,
The attempt again
The
ter.
volition,
subject,
for
example
suppose objects
or will posits
of
its
Also
nothing.
no doubt,
it
perceptions we at
one
true that
the
presentation
is
But
object
the
more fundamental
just
where
Cf.
J.
it
least
or
know
rather
may prove
;
so
to
the
relate
another
of
by thought
object,
thought and
in
but thinking
a subject that
owai
is
active
is
to
this, like
particular
relation
of
any other
object,
subject
to
rela-
leaves
object
was.^
S. Mill,
Examination of
Sir.
W. Hamilton's Philosophy,
is,
127
Experience
of
first result
embodied
for
can
it
begin.
the
far
is
in
such reflexion
them.
ganism which
is
said to be an affection of
is
environment
affects
the body.
jective affections,
still
Then
to seek.
but what
mean
it
first
is
said there
is
came through
inner
'
comes to
is
hand,
all
is
inner
alike
for
is
it
are
supposed to participate.
Imagine
dozen
genii, each
collectively
roaming at
moment
at another
large,
from
its
fair par-
The
sense
itself
of touch,
all
its
is
pre-
'
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
128
as they
illu-
appear,'
'
i.e.
tangibly, palpably, are.
So
by an easy step all our sensible intuitions come to be
regarded as phenomenal the things per sg, which are
we might test
now out of reach. But how then, we are
led to ask, can we speak of such things per se at all?
And yet the answer is easy, once we are committed to
them, being
subjectively
are
affections,
For
argues
perfect cogency
Avitli
the sensibility."^
urally from
to
And
when he
phenomenon
a
indicates
phenomenon
sentation of which
is
we
the notion of a
relation to
Kant
"that
says
the
it
that
word
'
any sort
of
is
not
itself
phenomenon
itself
still
be
of receptivity
is
And
here
body
of
we can only
Kant's
critics,
is
if
2o.c., p. 233.
there can be
403.
129
may
ing
involve,
validity,
it
itself.
must
ex-
perience as a whole.
really be
If this duality in
immanence
if it
have any
at bottom.
any
rate, there
for explanation
and
may
misconceived the
On
facts.
this
statements of experience
all
more
The demand
we have
ground therefore we
narrower and
relations
is
the ref-
Such again
is
first
own
inside,
Mr. Spencer and others to exclaim about "the mysteriousness of the consciousness of something that
is
am
the situation.
The very
make
But there
failures
it
is
is
is
here
another side to
fitting to
yet
"we
ask,
vol.
ii,
whether
p. 452.
it
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
130
of
metaphors
whether
it
by what
and object
not time to
is
it
ject
granted, and to
is
falls short of it
more precisely
a whole, or
it
universal factors,
as its
To
on the other.
it
sub-
a statement
is
hypotheses.
We
of its unity
still
closer
holds good
and see
this conception
if
when we come
to details,
The
thing to note
first
that experience
is
is
not a product.
We
ments of objects
as a product
speak
or a proposition of Euclid.
of
of
is
a process,
certain fixed
arrange-
all
we might
we
either
have,
or
We
an experience.
have,
own
conceive
cannot,
of
experience, nor
But
all
that
we know,
rectly,
process
but
directly or indiall
felt interchange.
experience
'
is
felt change,'
change
I
say,
there
are
uninter-
EXPERIENCE AS LIFE
presentations,
esting
for
knowledge.
deserve
tive
continuum has no
distinction
no account even
definite
To
Such a beyond we
belongs
topic
this
limits,
Leibniz's
To
have to recur
subjective
never without.
classic
no
is
of
tanto
consideration
oui*
stitute a field
are
which there
to
reaction,
131
later.
But we may
all
the tan-
these
we may
The
selective
characteristic
in
interest,
which we may
some measure
of
all
fairly take as
experience, leads
to the
us in describing
it
as
life,
or
/3io?.
It is scarcely
conation,
object
i.e.
of appetite
and aversion.
still it is
attends,
it
For though an
and
it is
or
subject and
consensus between
its
mainly
objective continuum
is
feeling
this
is
certain
and acting
then characteristic
we can
ascertain.
Such
It
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
132
to resolve experience
into
form.
referring
illustrates
embryological
the
to
the
see
how
close
the connexion
is
then in vogue
life
pothesis that
all
life
his
of
life.
that of
first,
its
by
position
his
controversies
But
of this
bud;
this
With
impulse or nisus.
established,
by a formative
hypothesis,
last
Kant compares
of experience;
niz's
this
down
harmony
It
to
which
own theory
his
the sensationalist
Locke
while Leib-
is
apparently
is,
no doubt,
meant
as hopeless
mere aggregate
life
But
of sense-impressions as
is
it
any
to conceive
to
particles.
against such
and
is
of thought
indifferent,
indifferent,
vitalis
in
its
forms of intuition
to
which
how
is
all
the hypothesis
of
epigenesis
was,
form
all
matter
The
is
nisus
after
all,
Kant
is
unformed matter.
to act directly on
was powerless
133
If
to be in earnest
As
manifold.
certainly disposed
of
Professor Stumpf, to
that
cannot
"that
and we may
it,
whom
be
this question
true
say with
safely
owes so much,
which
epistemology
in
is
psychology."
false in
it,
it
synthesis of experience,
Kant represents
synthesis
this
experience as an
of
which
spontaneous.
cerned to insist
is
apart
taneity
thought
in
But the point upon which I am conthat there is no activity and no spon-
altogether
from
and
feeling
interest.
departments,
one
cognitive
or
To be
one
theoretical,
just to
it,
Kant's
as
it
that
is
is
given.
take
we do not
uninteresting
seek unless
we
is
also true
do not take up
what
desire.
ence, in a word,
at least
it
is
far
The
more one
of
experiment, as
its
on
p. 18.
at
the
the
real
REFUTATION OF DUALISiM
134
experience
is
Regarding experience in
tached bystander.
as
self-conservation,
life,
conclude that
it
central feature,
its
not that
is
'
content
experience, but
which
their place in
or
positive
negative,
their
We
worth
their
taking
we must
of objects,
'
them
and
self-realisation,
this wise
truth
this
realise
cognitive
being
we try
if
to
life.
imagine a purely
apprehending or thinking
subject
What
psychologists call
still
'
more limited
into account.
What
trated
to determine
is
its
which objects
shall
shall be concen-
paramount principle
of knowledge, but
it is
any unity,
synthesis, or
action
and
trality
and organisation
taken
very
interest in
practical
literally
from motives to
possible, apart
intend
which
all
things.
The
words
the
cen-
to
be
experience
concrete
our
of
nor to us,
practical
only to turn
experience
changeable
meaning,
'
We
if
In
powers.
proof of this
we have
an
items
multiplicity
indefinite
only by
related
mechanical
laws.
Hence,
of
inert
un-
unchangeable, unthe
inability
of
activity.
"a cosmic
scheme,
istic
process
self-
it is
It
is
this inability
Even
fatal-
spatial
and temporal
we
as
relations
actually
when experience
regarded as
is
ele-
and unreal.
Kant, as
we
know,
all
treats
and
But
for
we should have
had no perception
our
practical
perception
One
interests.
as sensations are
of
here
to
present
is
and
we
To
prepare.
measure-
of
which we
we
To
initiates.
all-important notion
too, the
theres.
The
origin,
definite
of distance
objective
other
spatial
of
essential
voluntary movement.*
is
we
relate
case
act
the present
of
all
time.
the future
we
actively
With
we have no dealings it is " over
and done with "as we expressively say, save as it leads
adjust
the
past,
as
p.
34
* See Note
i,
p.
286.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
136
It
repay us to
will
on these points a
reflect
perceptions,
if
find
the
if
factors
We
dualism.
shall
of
psychological
implies
space
shortcomings of
and objective
be possible
If
call
a far
jective
so
ideals of time
to
may
little
and space
movement
active
the perception
that
doctrine
then
sound,
be
of
no
ing changes of
would make us
intensity
We
more dimensions.
continuum
in a
might
still
pared.
Time
sensations,
be
of
that
of
might
succession
thus be possible.
changes
we
form
as the abstract
would
of space that
extensity
the vo-
there
it.
at the deck, or
sky above
away
to the horizon, or
from which to
would be nothing
same
upwards
at the
is
is
1
New
by Berkeley
in his
Essay towards
realised.
^'
We
can never
137
there
how do we imagine
own words betray him
all objects,
Kant's
we
empty space
this
:
we suppose
is
no
away
itself ?
ourselves
as
proceed.
be
pure space as an
left of
though in the
first
infinite
And
whole?
Kant
again,
describes
we cannot think
drawing
it,
a line without
of
it,
nor ever imagine the three dimensions of space
without producing three lines intersecting each other at
which
all
is
ob-
given whole.
may most
Perhaps we
is
movement
contrast with
it
that omnipresence or
the schoolmen
as
called
it,
which
'
repletive
if
followed
they,
we
ubiety
by
in his
Newton speaks
God and Clarke
Optichs^
Italics
Of course
with which
it is
we
are
now
concerned.
Leibnittii
J.
E.
Erdmann,
p. 750.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
138
presence of
the soul
the
to
sensations
"in
little
its
sphere " with this living presence of the Deity throughout immensity.
as sentient
it
The ubiquity
body
'definitive ubiety/ as
is
in space
or,
God
have been
continuum limited
With
organism.
we
world
to
it
given whole
infinite
ble, is
To such
own
its
is
a 'form of externality.'
'
places
little
Clarke's
sphere of
phrase,
But
it is
would not
it
the
can
Apart
suffice for
to the
It
and
possi-
perception of space.
detail
in
all
by movements.
to
Within the
space.
from these
full
here and
is
finite
the
of
serves
intuition of space as an
present together.
It
'localised'
projected
'
into
the
of
these
spatial
perceptions as the
radius of
we pass from
we can discern both
the more
little
139
direction
ceptible,
tive space,
from
It
is
its
differing
centre,
characteristics
in
'
here
'
of the
we recede from
and
this
ordinates and
movements
space of
to
which
scheme
it
it is,
correlated
is
And
manifest traces of
its origin,
from
it
bears
grant that
distinction
ments either
of
translation
or
of
Had we
rotation.
orientation,
or
screws to
like
would be hard
it
move only by
of space of three
dimensions.
But, though our geometrical space contains elements
it
et
monde
le
il
Entre Vhomme
in important
differs
'
'
and
it
is
humanity,' of Bezvusstsein
third dimension
'
is
in this
way
significant.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
140
iiherhaupt, as
thought
Kant styled
call
it
what
understanding, reason,
of
it,
you
will
between
the
per-
made geometry
given
possible
and
We
rise to dualism.
is
it
this
also
that has
shall
but
it
this
may
and time
ment even of this
as space
adequate treat-
beyond our
limits.
An
are concerned.
space.
three factors;
active
of
series
viz.
movements
or
as extensive,
choloerists call
is
movements
'
as protensive,
threshold values.
Such minima
'
About
these there
experience
'here.'
call
is
sensibilia
indeed relative
A man
must
gnat.
mark time
'
is
like the
wings
of a
'
duration too
extension, both of
in infinitum.
"
Every part
of
them capable
of
duration," he
extension
is
of addition or division
portions of either
of them,
'
distinct ideas,
be considered by
fittest to
us, as
complex modes of
made
be
141
up,
extension,
space,
He
resolved."
then proposes to
perceptual
this
call
distinctly
least particle of
What
is
it
temporal)
while
perception,
(and
thorough-
such
allowing
that
is
(and time).
the geometers,
of experience
The
intelligible.
Kant and
of
it is
one,
perceptual,
as
affords
really
Psychologically regarded,
tual ideal.
terms
and
infinity are
cies in
Kant
of
us space
intuition
is
a blank cheque
not
is
is
large
sum
make
an
of
and small
'
Certain inconsistenthis
clearer.
a form of intuition
itself
'
simply negations.
tells
'
First,
but a form
intuition,
money.
How
then,
we
To
ask,
this
On
tells
Human
Essay concerning
Understanding, bk.
ii,
chap, xv,
p. 364.
9.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
142
is
of
not
It is in
it."^
any
imagine
drawing
in thought
however
line,
it,
i.e.,
small
But how,
all
How,
infinite whole,
limitation,
am
without
be,
it
I ask, is
to determine
the point by
as zero,
am
by
I,
The
true one.
infinite
and
this
the
I think,
is,
infinite
divisi-
we can
infinitely.
is
so
is
we
of idealising this.
and extend
which
it
just
to
to
*here,'
1
now
to
however
my
second point.
relative
to
the
The
place
individual,
is
^
we
call
absolute
o.c, p. 160.
individual
here
is
here
'
where we primarily
is
'
143
dis-
But suppose we
regions in space.
where
is
to be laid out
Anywhere
it
start
will be said,
different
The quandary
and anyhow,
why
of
differently
at
There
no here and no
is
space.
Its
absolute
it is
no
absolutely relative,
without a fundamentum
The form
there,
no west in pure
east,
of a
human
a system
relationis,
hand,
if
and
an
it
of relations
so a non-entity.
we imagine
it
as the first
hand or that
of a left.
But
be a definite figure.
or even that
hand alone
and
left
in space
regions
do not
there.
it
it.
suffice
Referred
would do so
A
to
constitute
both
might
to
the
be, they
;
if
its
and
right
left
right
same
would
and, in fact,
actual experience
all
is
the
first
other.
The
position in space
'
here
'
of
to this
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
144
in the environment.
It is
own memory
our
others,
we
that
perspective,
visual
of
by intercourse with
to
extensive continuum
But
in all respects.
space as
an
of
by long experience,
empty space
of
Common
nature
in
which
receptaculum,
empty, and
other;
the
is,
at
so
in
fact,
least
such
as
can
partly the
be
full
or
Newton conceived
either
circle
it.
will
say
involved in thus
What
it.
is
in
any
wish to challenge
contained in
all
perience
can
as
it
not of
is
nothing at
it.
all,"
is
sense prior to or
occupy portions
It
is
certain
of
it
that our
"extension which
is
and to be
first
ex-
extension of
Nor
space to
move
in,
therefore
There
is
EMPTY SPACE
is
impossible without
conclusively shewn,
More
esis."^
This,
consist
ulti-
as
Kant,
has
think,
is
in keeping with
Locke supposed.
compression.
or
as
mately of adamantine
tion
vacuum,
145
immediate experience, to
is
is
admitting therefore
varying
of
vacuum
no
and
is
other
possible, as
condition
empirical space
never
is
degrees
or no,
of
we
intensity.
at
any rate
is
though
But,
necessary.
empty
the
space,
that
fact
from
given space
all
real
is
And had
there.
fixity of position,
ever attained to
it,
to
We
itself.
then
conception of a
we
we had never
we
all
the
or
be distinguished.
of
space
fixed
of
As
it is
positions,
bodies
notions
and relatively
II
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
146
longer be distinguished.
odd
It is
imagining
have had
is
the subject in
and
It is
nor
sense,
the
in
sense
apart
real
from
Newton and
of
validity,
concrete
Kant's
experience
of
Clarke.
an ideal
is
is
and displacements.
of the geometers
objects
only by
filled
full
relative places
to
let
a space filled
immovable space
pure, absolute,
this
(1)
But
empty.
it
how
here
to note
extremes meet.
experiences,
but also
which
in
is
it
both
based upon
and
subjective
The
scientific
dent variable,
the same
I think, to
conclusion.
very
only attained by
is
way
of temporal per-
on subjective
interests.
mere
of
we
time.
series of
indeed
"Z)m
it is
gliicklichen^'" said
It
is
depend
'nows' would
proverbial
ests
briefly.
we
the
are
poet,
it
is
its
Schiller,
quoted by Volkmann.
* See Note
ii,
p.
287.
The more
the facts of
life
147
upon
it
seems to me,
to
Only through
or expectation.
and emphasis
restriction, differentiation,
become
occupation
of
this
For in
distinct.
and
consequent
its
of special pre-
we have what
successive
of themselves in-
memory
focus
the psychol-
it
that
by
is
their
perceptions
But there
cession
We
have
may
more
is
there
all
is
in temporal
simultaneity
and duration
safely say,
is
as
well.
and change, we
We
its
continuous phases
for us
an enduring now.
discernible
been called
If
because
what
no difference of phase
whether
all
the
succession
it
has
is
too
not
in such a case,
perceive none.
With time
shall
we have
which, however relative when
In tem-
we have
a certain
bility is not a
is
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
148
We
fall.
further
into
psychological
this is
is
more
or
them
of
characteristics
is
the
have no ground
and there
much
for
this
fact
that
as
for distinguishing
re-
Even
empty space we
saying too
of
no counterpart in the
has
conception of time.
present
if
concerns us rather
perceptual experience
scientific
constitute
the
What
duration.
this
it,
and con-
versely such,
calls
in
it.
in
It is easy to
of dimension.
tive experience of
empty time
ideal of
gard
it,
but
is
it
that
we can
forms,
it
experience
much on
it is
such as
preted when
it
is
/o'
is
'^/oo. etc.,
fill
In this respect
An
we approach
It is only as
all.
which
reached.
would
of
artificial,
time-measurers.
In
EMPTY SPACE AND TIME UNREAL
such a
149
case, I
rigid bodies.
of all
experience of
all
or not, time
unless
can be
by a
line, at
it.
we measure
For we do not
by the length
ceive succession.
take
we
True, suc-
finite
literally
of the line
it
we
con-
portion of
yet distinguished
as
:
all
successively
occupied, before
we
experience of change.
And
Time and
They
pendent of experience.
elaborate
those
Before
conceptions
of
it
is
possible for us to
pure,
and temporal
we must
first
empty, absolute
its
possible pen-
experience spa-
To
these
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
150
brute
yond them
to
dividual
secures.
due
is
It
be-
partial
transcendence of
in-
intersubjective
intercourse
transcendence of any
this
is
that
which
experience
our advance
are confined
given
per-
to
which we
shall
spatial
and temporal
but
moment
if
we
allow
conceivable alone,
is
conserving unity.
procedure of
If this
wrong
Naturalism must be
experience
of
epiphenomena
The notion
of
is
first
to
fill
things
think been
as
itself.
as
But my old
haps done most to give this conclusion sterling currency in the philosophic world.
It
"
Only
fitting
then
some words
of his
what-
concerning time.
seems
LOTZE QUOTED
151
which
it
may
fall,
of its succession
.
and of
Becoming and
its
lie
it,
into
being a succession at
come
activity
first,
and
all.
bring
The
our usual
inversion of
little
rises
one
would
mode
persistent contra-
thought,
of
we can
as
and
sets
illusion
Unhappily,
as
but
well
may
add, science
holds as
inveterately,
common language
1
148.
LECTURE XVI
KISE OF DUALISM
Two forms
of intersubjective intercourse.
an extension of
the first
show that
and
the second
To
form of experience
both.
by reference
It does this
introjection''
{animism).
A protest
external experience.''
The
sense
First,
there
is
we found
from
first to
generally
last
Experience
empirical knowledge
common
by means
conceptions.
abstract
of
153
and formulated
Next,
we found
two senses
of experience.
Experience in the
first
sense
and
the one experience coming then to be regarded as exclusively subjective and the other as altogether objective,
of
ence
implies
invariably
factors,
both
subjective
these, not as
and objective
separable and
If
mem-
To
but no dualism.
scientific
thought then,
generalised
or
refute
it is
universal
is
really but
an extension
concrete experience
rience
there
is
of,
of,
it
is
depends upon,
and to shew
always
duality
ordinary
and
is
the dualism of
organic
unity.
have tried
and time
arguing
first,
being
wholly a priori., nor purely objective in the sense of presenting independent realities
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
154
We
might
But our
force.
discussions
earlier
of
the mechanical
In
fact,
we found
work
half our
who have any claim to philosophical comThey admit that the matter and force of which
those physicists
petence.
realities, are
all
and
tercourse
called,
we
transsubjective
suspect
the
has been
Inasmuch, then, as
experience.
dualism of
it
of clear
to be
knowledge concerning
will help us
lines
and
to omit
But
first
of all a caveat
and
force.
which
reality,
The
and the
like,
assailant of dualism
is
at
Our
psychological terminology
treacherous of
What
all.
with in experience
is
is
damental sense.
first
155
it
or
impression; probably because on the retina of the percipient an optical image of the things he looks at can
be seen by another.
How
of indi-
yond?
Thought, foiled in
led to retrace
its steps.
At
lie
be-
its
Of
by
revival
problem
is
so
many
thinkers in our
a striking proof.
Two
this,
own day
the
of Reid's
preceded by
is
and in
this earlier
Perceptual reality
is
term to distinguish the present objects of the one experience from the objects of the other.
What
each one
is,
I repeat,
and we
terms
It
it
may
is
inquiry.
extended by
be dismembered into
suffice
to
select for
KEFUTATION OF DUALISM
156
We may
of developing experience.
in time
(2)
call
Familiarity or expertness
The
tive Synthesis.
first
characteristics
Intellec-
(3)
an experience confined
much
strictly
to
a contradiction
In one or other of
placed
it
ates
is
conceivable.
Not
nothing and
is
indifferent to everything
of
is
of
object, because
of its
retains no trace.
it
in itself it is
Not
unchangeable and
its
all
order to
this
its fuller
tentiveness or
It has
lies.
memory
in
re-
of the past.
difficult
who have
memory
realised
what
it is.
a funda-
imagined that
memory
it is
and few
mental fact
and
always been a
is
eJ., iv, p.
230.
accord-
RANGE IN TIME
157
memory
mem-
would they be
ory, nor
reliable
memory
itself,
and
'residuum,'
are
terms, such as
'trace'
or
is
is
trustworthy.
all
cognate
meaningless
inscribed records
strive
The analogy
to
a favourite
is
elucidate the
we
nature of
ample.
Such an analogy
it
is
who
physical
those
of
memory by
imagery
find
resort
of
artificial,
the
one
is
a natural,
fact.
Such phenomena
hysteresis,
and the
like, often
childish absurdity of
'
lacking
that
will carry
memory
as writing
ideagenous molecules,'
still
support of the
cited in
is all!
is
memoranda
the
But these
the result.
and
Recourse to them
their
is
memory -know-
a consequence of dualism
vol.
i,
p. 239.
it.
Apart
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
158
interest of
is
however frequent
Nor
tition.
the so-called
is
'retention'
in
its
repe-
the
least
On
what we change,
tain
If the old
lation
as
is
it
of
bespeak
plainly
called,
past about
the
our
is
member nothing
that
own
What
own
It is
way
we can
re-
concrete
and
from
conceptions,
time,
solidarity
as its
pertain.
ate
it,
first
thus dated or
is
past experience
In this
else.
and
unity
when
as
remembered
which
indistin-
known
to be
it
the past
if
would be
simply present;
of individual experience
re-
assimilate.
present.
and
Or
a miser's store.
as
marks which
be
what we
we only
the contrary,
in other words,
past,
effect,
finally,
this that
first
of
of
we advance
transsubjective
absolute time.
time
what
calls
'
my
time
chronologically
'
common
or
Again
the
each one
to the medi-
it
this
that
in
is
from
subjective
the
we procommon
in dualistio
we have
159
As we
epistemological discussions.
know
said to
the process
both
it
is
to
we
are
supposed
are
On
The
On
sible.
is
cases.
know
distinction
of
when dualism
first
becomes pos-
me
to have
been here also in the right and far more consistent than
his
forsakes him.
lible,
but there
is
at this point
In particular cases
on their general
validity.
memory
memory-knowledge
know
is
It is only
If
we could never
it.
all
implicitly, it
trust
mediate,
if
know-
memory
how
implicitly
could
we never know
trust
to test
it
we
if
ever
directly
obvious on reflexion.
I pass
now
Hamilton's edition,
p. 339,
and Appendix B.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
160
we
is
To
nothing of either.
manifold,'
is
what
last lecture,
we can
continue with a
In a word, as
an epigeuesis of experience
presentations
possible but
is
In any actual
wholly
not
are
As
so
continues in
it
is
its
from the
first
from
filled
urged in the
can
a chemist's cupboards.
We
is
stomach
in reality to attempt to
in
an organic unity,
can be
done.
But
depends primarily,
it
may
circumstances, that
like
ture
'
and
this again,
is,
it
knowledge
be urged,
as
is
a cardinal
Such a view
while,
we
it
is,
no
are seeking
Mean-
that whatever
rate,
may
to refute,
any
at
is
obvious
it
though we talk
of uniformity of nature, as of
some-
we mean.
It is not
se,
uniformity of experience
Even though
we make.
it is
161
of
now
as I just
urged,
the
first
how
we
all
find its
still
For,
se
in
analysis
till
se ;
reals
selves,
and
others,
also
subject then,
power which
in earlier lectures
Such a
we have found
by seeking the
it
to belong
helpful so that, in
occurred frequently,
itself
no experience deals
things per
se,
of things.
summer
sea
tator
sees
outward
so
an orderly environment.
For as
regarded as
totality
only
straisrht
the
one
from
reflect
it,
silvery
path
own
feet.
his
stretches
In individual
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
162
These
a restricted range.
and
selection
are
own
two properties
and
centre
centrality
indi-
a fact independent of
is
conceptual.
It
is,
resolves
always more or
less
abstract
and
we
relation
to
events, themideal.
its
we
If
concreteness
specified
percipients,
impressed
thing that
is
merely a part
where
succession of several
one
meaning
in saying that a
we imagine
guests, it
as to
it
which we
not also a
To
dog
us, for
is
example, there
one thing
but
as extravagant so to regard
and
thrive, as a complete
him
of a discharged rifle
is
To
organism
report,
it
one event
and crack
momentary
if
mend
is
would seem
many
event that
in
any
scheme
are perplexed
than
is
into a
itself
selves
all
The uniformity of
we must remember,
dualism maintains.
as
There seems
it.
the
Nay,
163
briefer scintillation
would occupy
variety.
still
and present
for ages
it
and
est
Surely then
it is
from dualism
we can
to react
to experience
and to
select ?
we cannot
get
what sense
whether or in
seen.
It is
by these
tive familiarity
and practical
new
each
is
is
this
second
The thing
efficiency.
known, more
easily
new advances
such progress
more
is
clearly
way becomes
lies
and
and distinctly
and
familiar
of course as
and mechanical,
which we have
But
there
is
in general an advance.
first
acquire cogni-
of experience, so to say
facility or expertness.
recurrence
cally, it is
we
experience
How much
of
positive
knowledge, no
one
can say.
that
it
is
could be
its parallel.'
memories,
its
of
no other.
This
is
a point on
which
have already
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
164
we
shall
no need to be
is
have to return to
in discuss-
it
But
now
it
definiteness reveals
able
can only be
elements that
conceived
apart,
The
but also
But a
all
objects
We
They have
all
de-
for
the
the independence
'
object
'
implies.
come now
are
but
fitly
its
like relative
subject.
We
just
to
synthesis,
intellective
propose
be
enter.
under which
consider
those
which
first
make
to
Psychol-
is
differ-
as they occur.
intellective
however, I
and leads
not be
indeed
cannot be
to say, theoretical
it
is
deliberate and, so
rather suggested
similarity'
comes
in.
at first
exigencies,
of
and
by
practical
INTELLECTIVE SYNTHESIS
165
tion
comes to distinguish
its
own body
or
from other
self
and
dislikes,
know and
to
to do.
It is
its
own
species within its environment, together with its peculiar interest in these, will
facilitate
this recognition of
How
goes
Man
said, "
where
he
would be hard
it
At any
is."
to
researches of anthropologists
no dualism.
is
as
how anthropomorphic
never realises
rate, the
tell, for,
human
And now
intercourse
at length let us
of
universal experience,
about.
"
When
"they
ten
all see
Hamilton
men
replies
But not
so,
With
these diametri-
cally opposite
Scottish philosophy,
obvious that
is
inquiry.
It is
standpoints
experience.
which
all
mean,
object,"
Hamilton
same individual
the
its
is
right in
own
so
far
as
concrete object
ii,
p. 153.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
166
Reid in so far
common
as
phenomenon.
vast
would be
at
some pains
ferent meanings
It
experience relates
of
these
would be
It
philosophical writers
'object'
mere slovenliness to
is
if
all
that
again emerge.
here
call
is
and
real.
it
here
is
it
reality
all
The conception
it
phenomenal, of
of the
ities,
enough
Our
it
is
question
first
is
The
Reid's.
form
How
ferent
in
sense,
object of each
is
in
the
men ?
what
is
carries
to
know
is
How, and
impossible.
Yet obvious
com-
as this admission
is,
it
so
Now
say,
if
M,
could, so to
INTERSUBJECTIVE INTERCOURSE
accessible
actual entirety to
their
in
167
others, then
the
it
object of one
But
another.
was comparable or
it
is
far the
precisely in
impossibility.
this
is
just
Individuality
when we
So,
non-Ego, we regard such totality not merely as a logibut as an actual concrete, universe.
cal,
In this wise,
monads
as
its
Thus when
own.
Ego L we have M or
non-Ego non-L we have non-
in place of the
The
or non-N.
communicate to
much of
We may
so
is
both.
as
it
any part of
of
phantasy"
of
his
and then
each
own
can indicate or
own
to the
has
The
we
We
find resembling
;
prob-
ultimately on indications.
round objects
is
ing,
very
fell
if it
we
experience of
and
so,
it
is
numerically
And
ulars that
experience,
attained.
as this or that,
common
is
his
ably never
even the
would seem,
rest
other
shining,
by suggesting
its
mov-
likeness
ject-lesson
would be impressive.
men and
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
168
may
exist
That great
lars of
ticulars
of
blindness.
another's
Of
shewn by the
is
colour-
facts of
was ignorant
till
Dalton,
Quakers' meeting
no
In
com-
This
if
not be communicated.
and so
or the
even
solipsist in conduct,
though
Schopenhauer
tion begins
proper
the
said,
and ends
the
in
and the
itself
egoist,
place
to
madhouse.
put
All
them be, as
communica-
communicants
could
alone
contenit
so
far
as
of
as
practical,
historical,
and
theoretical,
is
now
is
it
liere
problem of
that the
169
Nevertheless the
A knowledge
upon doing
and thus the immediate experience of every member of a society is, in some degree,
extended through that of the rest. Such advance, by
and trying
for
ourselves,
with
a growing sense
it
power to shape a
of
But
mastery
this sense of
It maintains that
to be illusory.
plastic
we
impotent to control.
and uniformity,
which
seems
and con-
to
contradict
its
active side,
is
almost
we may
In so calling
call non-scientific.
and
history
lectualis
histories
civil history
we
are only
or encyclopaedia;
are
it
confined to the
concrete
and
particular.
which we
Similarly,
schichte
It
Schopenhauer.
und Naturwissenschaft,
Cf.
shall
We
shall
have
have
"Windelband's Rectoratsrede,
1894, p. 21.
it
Ge-
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
170
and
concisely
familiar words
summed up
picturesquely
Und
Life
perform
Theorie,
griin des
wholly an
is
cannot
ist alle
Goethe's
in
abstract
and individual
experience
or
acts
we
abstract
ties
on the practical or
It is not
common knowledge
that
side
it
with
conflicts
vidual subjects
But
is still
may
call
inter-
the theoretical
erence
and
grey and
now
us
It
Man
"and Nature
at least
how
try to see
are at strife."
Let
notion
and the
meaning
this
of
hope, become
third chiefly as
fusion of
what
intersubjective intercourse
reification
somewhat
as
clear
with
mainly concerned
transsubjective
of
the
transsubjective,
the
of
introjection,
the sombre
comes about.
this
we have
it
novel
we go
the
terminology
along.
first
hypothesis
two
We
and
implicated in these.
is
of
The
abstractions.
of
will,
shall
with
be
the
The term
is
'
objective
is
Cf. Volkelt,
of
for
an individual ex-
Hamilton's ten.
p. 42.
The
RISE OF DUALISM
sun as transsubjective object
sun or N's sun,
common
them
to
each neglecting,
if
may
all,
not
is
so say,
171
L's sun or M's
but
neglecting what
rather
peculiar
is
what
is
to
and immedi-
ate relation to L,
for each his
respective non-Egos,
what consciousness
Kant's
answer
so the
Since this
we might
an object, we have at
is it
'
filr
consciousness in general.
ness,
we ask
If
object.
Not
manner.
is
ness, for
once
like
Bewusstsein
Following
icberhaupt' for
absolute consciousness we
presupposes and
fairly call it
may
is
in this
rise
of
But we want
dualism.
To
first
to be clear
that end
it
will be
Regarding
the
sun as independent of
independently of them
L and
and remains an
and
object,
Such reasoning
all collectively.
N
is
bers.
dualism
is
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
172
The term
introjection
'
'
we owe
of Zurich.
The hypothesis
enough and
as old apparently as
substantially
But
to a brilliant thinker
Richard Avenarius
to
which
it
refers is familiar
human
speech;
called
it
animism.
making the
is
epis-
The
in
my
own.
assume for
I find for
Bat
another.
me
him
in the
counterpart
is
distinct
of
common
to
Of the sun
my
in
environment
Thus while
my
is
a perception in him.
ment
is
am
creatures and
I naturally
that
This
is
introjection.
instead
applied by
it is
apply
of
it
my
all
also to myself.
construing others'
lines of
we
all
say
environ-
there
since I
it is
'internal states.'
me
my
I find
my
experience of
my
is
for
And
fellow-
fellow-men to me,
Thus
it
comes about
experience exactly
our own,
as a duality of
o\vn experience on the lines of a false but highly plausible assumption as to others
contradicts our
own.
To
'
this
language,
contradiction, latent in
we may
fairly attribute
INTRO JECTION*
With
173-
this contradiction
now
referred
and the
to,
fal-
dualism
is
essentially complete.
which
own
of
what
if
it
at all
'
the transsubjective
as a fact, they
'
common
itself
for its
To
till
in the
end they
So complete
alike to both.
is
breach,
the plain
to the
sub-
when philosophy
all
world devoid of
as a real
to
jective implications,
half
they suppose
man
are familiar
of
science
is
it
words used
in
foolishness.
Not merely
what
is true,
men
say,
mind' cannot be
if
it
realities, if
at once
For
in the
it.'
Well,
it
is
not unfre-
is
sician.
Science and
to say,
in
this
in perfect health
common thought
plight as regards
dualism,
make bold
when they
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
174
of
prescribe
But
result.
it
is
cannot in the
can only
end
many
in
We
philosophy.
till
is
fail of its
philosophers
difficulties of a thor-
Let
me
refer to
some remarks
sure
of Professor
Ladd
in illustra-
tion.
had argued that we cannot at the outset accept the disnot only
tinction of internal and external experience
;
is
that distinction
is
seems,
'
at the outset,' to be
made than
is
this
more
by the reflective
clearly
mind
of all
and promptly
mankind.
It
which ought to be
left to
that
debateable
deeply ingrained
theless this
'
the
is
notion of introjection.
seemingly obvious
'
Never-
dis-
it is
outset
Nor
is it,
others add,
p. 3.
175
sciences.
presumptuous extravagancies
and
of a just repudiation of
Taken with
philosophy.
in such contentions
of a Schelling or a Hegel,
of a soberer
is
truth
is
monism we have
Pcenitentia
al-
sera raro
soon as
it
can be understood.
of internal experience
till it
in
we
If
two disconnected
sciences
and intrenched
what more
it
itself
losophy
is really
more fundamental
to unify knowledge,
factitious
it
unities,
the
so
has grown.
call it
science
and epistemology,
phi-
As
if
which allow
Psychology,
to logic
No,
we might
more
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
176
Ladd
does, the
and
'
debateable'
seemingly obvious
distinction
but really
'
'
confused
and
internal
of
external
experience.
has
this distinction
arisen.
It
It
is
in
quite possible
truth,
is
which belongs
here.
When
two errors
for
it is
And
neither separately.
to
it.
is
so
it
concerned
with which
it
supposed
not
shew,
it
is
to
deal,
is
transsubjec-
We
may, then,
An
up
still
for
our
pui'pose.
remains as to the
first
ism
or sub-
problem of unifying
all
and
experience.
LECTURE XVII
UNITY OF INDIVIDUAL AND UNIVERSAL EXPERIENCE
In lohat sense
is
The discussion of
this question
and the rational. In the end, ive may say, four terms emerge
subject and object of individual experience, and the subject and
the empirical
the
We
may
is siipplied
consist of relations
'forms''
'
organic unity
objects,
'
can be shown
we find that
'
by immediate experience.
between
szic/i
'
to
content
'
Intel-
fuudamenta.'
But
experience ?
What of
Kanfs
'
'
Substance, however,
recognises this.
But substances or
things
is
the starting-point.
left to logic
a category due
as a dead remainder.
to the interaction
Causality
In a sense Kant
and
of active,
to their intercourse
We
and
objective factors.
is the
same intimate
and that in
articulation of subjec-
Dualism,
like geocentric
philosophy, a satisfactory
VOL.
II
the
astronomy,
monism
suffices
for ordinary
is still to seek.
177
life;
stated.
but for
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
178
and
have called a
But,
fallacy.
lective
will be said,
it
what
This assumption
experience.
their
of
is
when
the col-
every collection of
men
It needs, then, to be
as
it
made
only
is
collectively,
all
it
of
is
is
indi-
as true of
humanity
may be
that the
new elements
just as
Still,
shew that
of time.
tions
individual experience.
have, indeed, tried to
But
let
now
us
between indi^adual
collective experience,
already said,
experience
when both
and universal or
exist.
This, as I have
question
the
precisely
is
and
that
ordinary
it
instead.
If
we hold
it
true
that
that
it is
and the
all
we must
* and of
what we
call
the
together nature
as
the
iii,
p.
287.
own
its
What
continuum.
objective
this
to, is
that
its
it
179
then
is
objects
the sub-
is
con-
We
and time.
ject
and object
sub-
of
the
universal or conceptual
of
of
first.
is
and object
of individual
Then,
regarding
second
as
independent
become
these sciences
acquire
how
familiar
this
Through the
partly
how we know
this,
the
recognised,
the
conceptual
objects
to materialism.
known
matter becomes
answer
subject
treat
which leads on
to
and
disparate
as
only
the
of
at once
tendency
that
as things iper se
ask
two objects
the
to us,
senses
symbols,
of
we
If
we
get the
our sensations
If
it.
we
ask,
The
three terms.
rationalistic
name
the
a
in
of reason,
or
The only
second subject.
new
dualism,
addition
to
the
the
result
of
that
dualism of experience
dualism
of
matter
was then
and reason
and mind.
For
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
180
and
reality,
It
altered
dualism
this
is
experience
and
we
relation
its
and that
two
in
rationalist.
is
have to credit
its
share
we have
the
theory,
him
history
in
more
corner-stone
closely,
that
great
ness his
has left
nature,
The
rational
dent, without
which
it
tincture
God,
all
modern
these
philosophy,
into his
extended
his
wit-
of truth,
naturalism, though
it
mechanical theory of
idealistic
implications
ultimately depends.
But,
infused a very
idealistic
we should
enterprise.
Descartes
of
decided
his conception of
the
Galileo,
important
First,
at
due mainly to
we examined
con-
The mechanical
of naturalism,
experience.
a bearing on our
respects.
laid
an
collective
individual
to
foundations of
that the
if
somewhat
concerning
change of
fact
cause
us with a
of
question
meets
inquire
of innate principles.
that
when
face
noumenal,
or
higher,
possessing
as
objects
its
it
aside.
us here, because their reconciliation was one prime motive of Kant's critical
helps us a long
question.
For in
terms,
also'
a;
181
But they
ence.
well-known saying
his
In other words
empty."
without
conceptions
blind,
are
tions
According to
we imagine
If
perceptions
are
devoid of
is
all
Not
experient
individual
the
Eoundly
so Descartes.
to
stated, his
mere
doctrine reduces
while
automaton,
we
which
result
have
examined, perhaps at
is
Hence,
is
already,
the
in
We
inordinate length.
lectures,
earlier
have,
that
side,
have no means
system
have
long as
well,
is
said to
tried to
we
are
independent of
and so long
and we
asked
to
as the
phenomena
recognise
mend
this,
as
matters so
epiphenomena as
We
have
phenomenon
and the dual-
per
se.
Kant helps us
reason
from which
if
we
it
sprang,
follow up what
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
182
we may hope
he began,
But
This
me
let
recapitulate.
We
have
now
We
ments.
and
its
find,
develop-
relations to consider
sensitive experience
viz.
its
its
Naturalism with
it
in
common with
perception into
per
se,
prior to
and independent
rience.
piricism
clay, that
throw.
phenomena
of brass
hybrid of em-
and
feet of
miry
And
We
are,
now directly
we have rather
however, not
it
forward.
up
to this point
make
is.
Our
of
refute
is,
we have
we have
as
of
subject and
seeking to
are
intercourse.
is
The dualism we
possible.
it
183
seen, the
Only
for the
new
But
new
if
we
Is
it
how
naturally ask
and
are these
what subject
for
new
objects
make
Though
way an
it
sense.
We
new dualism
be-
Is it not
and necessary
let
and particular
us inquire
if
to this
formulation of the
'posi-
propositions.
Not
the answer of
is
latter
made
out.
is,
as
we have
seen, always
'
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
184
in
conceptual.
Between the
lizard's
in
other words,
immediate experience
of
not
strictly
warm
admitting of statement
sunshine and
common under-
lies,
to
The
first.
intellectual
my own
filling of
only an
of the
means.
This proposition
what
called a
is
is
'
may
law of nature;
the stone
be taken as a type of
it
connexion
my
and
it
my
which
itself, is
The content
betes,
Still,
however
far
rest ultimately
as
is
It
no
HIGHER CATEGORIES
ence, since the intellectual
185
Relations
advance from.
to
But granting
possible,
upon
may
it is
still
surely
advance brings
that
realities
perceptual
isolated,
be said,
new fundamenta^
light
to
all this, it
cannot
The
experience.
relations
dawn
rela-
of
may
immediacy,
the
ampler
Such a position
much
of
still
parallax
the
of
will be
mediate
experience
reveals.
naturalistic writing
since
time
the
of
Kant.i
What
of
the
subject
may hope
of
very
As
its
remarked in
my
this
its
to
remove
it.
categories or functions
lecture a
week
ago,
Kant does
sensible
content
upon
imposed.
Cf. Lange, Geschichte des Materialismus, 3te Aus., Bd. II, p. 163.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
186
Even
the
after
reading
the
Hume
of
strong leaven
consequence
the
of
to
occasioned, he
rationalism
old
eliminate
from
retained a
still
and
system
his
failed
But
if
in
altogether
we only
follow out
ence
We
itself.
he made
highest
the
use of
all
thought, but
activity
as I
blest
this
even for
perception,
is
Not only
this
synthetic
much
so that,
have already urged, we cannot resolve the humexperience into a disconnected manifold.
subjective activity
is,
have
as I
so
under-
the
when
'
is
But
was led
to
for the
discuss
urged, never
also
Activity devoid of
intends.
Again,
all
;
it
what Kant
is
never
have
day what
heed
to
it
is
Leibniz's
principle
of
but
continuity,
paid
more
could
he
concluding
the
" There
are
perhaps
may
1
two
introduction
stems
of
spring from a
of
his
first
Critique
16.
known
187
by means
a dualism
And
the latter."
of
to
that
the one
and
It
is
epiphenomena and
of
as hopeless as the
is
he
phenomena.
In Kant's
other.
is
and in devising
categories
psychology has
called,
presumptive
fair
and
evidence
hopeless
of
mediating terms he
though in
spite
sensibility
or
synthetic
is
driven to
of himself,
activity,
And
all this is
failure.
And
own remedy, in
make and in the
After
all,
it
experience
is
devoid
not
of
not
is
its
forced to introduce.
is
individual
respect formative.
forth,
still calls
plainly,
if
it
ual
begin
would be
The
intercourse
can
brute
'
that
understanding
pure
'
ought to
inexplicable.
make no progress
at
all.
are
in
and the
like,
by themselves inadequate.
his
native speech,
or as
to
The word
we might say
'
Hmidlung^''
'
handling,'
Of. Adickes,
p. 50.
ff.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
188
the tongue
the
in
suggested to
As Paulsen
overlooked.
and
cal analysis
things,
is
synthesis,
To
of the
standing.
much
the tools
the under-
of
man towards
of
is
ready
experimentally
phenomena."
course
of
the indispensable
in-
interfere
to
Language
again,
in
the
of
first
all to
ways
possible,
And
when, in consequence
the
spheres
of
individual
in these
experiences
into
play,
taking
gories,
formal
logic
as
guiding
our
thread,
all,
but
concern.
unique
as
fruitless
much
to
an instance
ingenuity.
the
of
categories
we have
perverted
is
What Schopenhauer
said
is
here
p. 423.
and
standing,
remaining
the
eleven
and Cau-
and there
us,
mere
categories
Substantiality
Certainly,
sality are
category of cau-
tlie
blind windows."^
189
much
is
More
of this,
how-
and
cause
effect
cannot be
nor, therefore,
But
tainly
is
validity,
in
enough,
our
of
first
repeat,
whatever be
all,
suffering.
recognise
in
cer-
it
It
its
not
is
and
imagination
between
sensibility
Thinking
is
doing, and like all doing has a motive and has an end.
Ego
functioning
spontaneously out
of
Kant's
logical
time
is
that
it
the thinnest of
is
But
this
defect
of
his
first
Critique
Kant
in
some
Here we have a
if
we
as
is
Unfortunately,
much
in
need of
p. 529.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
190
we have found
logical
to
arise
Man
We
as rational.
is
a hopeless
merely conational
as
how
cannot see
and
there
can^
man
active
of
moral imperative
the
till
and
consciousness
the
If
be.
not
does
initiation
his
to get
from
sure to extend.
deal
We
The
fashion.
both to
more.
summary
a like
in
too
is
indirect
relation
to
justify
consciousness in general
we
concepts of the
classificatory
of the other.
It
may
determination
is
Butler might
have
We
may
saved
so
tury thought
action self-
a knowledge of
far,
characteristic
want
then
it
is
defect of eighteenth-cen-
of historic sense.
Such a defect
was the
had a tremendous
hardly existed
unscientific
the type
would
of
suffice
marked by one
sciences
of
be.
of
start
history was
The mathematical
held
to
be
essentially
'
Architectonik.^
The conception
of evolution has
191
we
the next,
may
trust,
and
dualism of
and
owe
From our
rationalist, Descartes.
the
to
mathematical
standpoint
we have no
main feature
" Conduct,"
Arnold,
experience.
three-fourths
of
life
"
we can
of
"
is
we
Matthew
said
all life
Presentation, Feeling,
clearly observe.
fact that
not for
own
its
of
much
of
passive
movements.
It
mous
treatise
sensations
especially
is
in
activity
We
his
and so
latest
active
that
find
on the
venture
will
to
of
and published
little
interesting
ment.
for the
importance
cardinal
this
But
instance studied,
first
quote
to
one
came
voluntary movesentence
"
We
own
our
sion,
activity in
approximation,
our
if
we were not
etc.''^
But
to
own
p. 78,
of
repul-
Maine de Biran,
Krause, 1888,
conscious of
u.s.io., edited
by A.
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
192
is
To
ence.
of
this
intellectual
especially
function,
we may
of causality.
or
all,
There
dualism.
certainly
is
little
we know,
as
such a view,
if
we must
any
And
sense.
to
We
plainly
we
are striv-
imagine, concerned
are not, I
resuscitate
predi-
still
is
the Leibniz-
of
We
hold
at
are
holding
in
justified
content to
that
to
the nature of
its
activity,
not to an un-
What,
anything
then,
of this conception of
resolves
ultimately
is
All that
into
the source
an unchangeable
we know
changes that
it
With
so we
different
attribute
And, but
tion
of
we do
anything to distinguish
we may
it
We
itself.
safely say,
cannot with
and
actual, as
the whole of
can, then, in
tiality
be.
is
just
con-
no way be explained by
of
arrive
or that without
this
195
nothing.
Sci-
it.
that
of
is
any
things,
avail
and
here
is
this
at
us,
instead
substantiality, to say,
No
saying,
No
causality without
substantiality without
causal-
ity. ^
niz,
of
since.
world
may
it
self-subsistent
all.
Being,
is
realitatis,
the phenomenal
substance of
Cf.
and to
p. 312.
In the
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
194
stress
on the
is
"when
" Corporeal
Descartes lays
substance,"
distinguished from
fusedly conceived
concep-
this
spatial,
quantity.
this
cartes,
of
it
thing,
of
if
as
its
incorporeal."
"In
Des-
says
quantity,
all
is
con-
change
quantity of
ished."
it
in nature
Kant
calls
is
we now understand
as
has no
conception dynamical;
this
term
the
matter
dynamical,
Dynamical
the name.
title to
relations
but
require
But there
imply number.
dividuation,
difference
world of
To
this dif-
is
It
expounding
the course of
slide
over from
lock
it
we
also
regress
the
from
can find no
We
may
stratum
can
but
substance to substances.
answers to nothing
aireLpov.
real,
but
So long and
so far as
is
We
the
vidual or universal.
is
substance,
change.
again in Descartes,
find
in
of
faintest
principle
his
pt.
ii,
9.
First Analogy.
we
halt
matter,
is
195
tlie
But
and
we
to the
subject
alone, as
say
No
sub-
But we cannot
it
we may
trace
We
owe
it
to
and
As
We
character.
forms of
it
experience
less reflective to
more
self-
reflective
this.
we
realise the
efficiency,
and
x^er-
permanence, individuality,
purposiveness of
self,
Thus
tinct things.
is
trate this
detail.
I will
Caird's
Words
to prove or illus-
admirable
treatise
on Kant,
more or
to insist
is
less
that
"When we
Master of
Balliol,
"we
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
196
tlie
rance
of self,
development of consciousness
all
To
igno-
is
also a
is
we know
know
the world as it reveals itself to us, is another way of
describing the same fact, which is expressed when we
development of self-consciousness.
nothing purely a
life is
is
individual
experience
tion, the
same intimate
objective
factors.
conceptions of
be
so,
world
tive
subjective
and
we have
seen that
the
since
individual
has
for the
percipient
is
as
If
this
substantiate
The wider
the
transsubjec-
intersubjective
of
which they
is
world,
experience,
analysis
is
we can now
suspend
conceptions of
the
in
articulation, of
And
this
perceptions of
by
that
experience
a perfect
it] of
experience
of
elaborate
take
sal
the
intelligence."
We may
say that
'priori^
such.
intercourse,
independent
indeed
Or,
to
of
more
be
the
individual
exact,
and
to
is
i
the
But
this
Critical Philosophy of
Kant,
infinitesimal.
The
difference
* See Note
iv, p.
of
his presence or
transsubjective
vol.
288.
i,
pp.
423
f.
world
not
independent
universal
of
but
experience,
But once
197
is
tinct
this
sciousness,
and
cable, that
is,
is
not
from
apart from
but
is
self-con-
communi-
is
or
Universal experience
subjects, but
We
none.
all
it
rather to leave
it
common
to
all
M, but we cannot
subjects without
to bring
is
all
peculiar to
that
of
distinct
intelligents,
level
of
the
conceive
conceiving
it
But
it.
universal object.
as
is
If
it
be
no colour,
that
apart
world.
from
Intersubjective
the solipsism
into
there
intercourse
no
intelligible
secures
us against
is
might conceivably
self
it is
intelligence
fall,
but
if
it
it-
may
so term
it
of
You
cannot
dismember percipient
and percept,
indi-
As
little
here there
is
other.
se
on
an indeterminate
on the one
side,
which we have no
KEFUTATIOX OF DUALISM
198
right
to
a subject,
call
There
object.
the
is
lesson
we
And when we
little
an
claim to be called
no disarticulating experience.
is
This
from Kant.
learn
we
There
is
it
is
human
serious
which
a false issue
by naive
" Here
Before
dualism.
magnet
is
Imagine two
it
are
the sources
realism,
physicists saying
"I
with
so
reflexion
upon
started
of
And
knowledge.
has contrary
pole to
"
and
my
laboratory and
I will
do
my
best
This
study
is
internal
experience,
ence, exclusively.
get to
work
and
naturalists
Our imaginary
find, the
external
physicists
to
experi-
when they
objective
calls
in
The
them subjective
external
modifications,
experience
finds
but he
subjective
elements,
but
calls
Similarly with
discovered.
psychologist
fication,
the
199
subjective modi-
is
No,
perhaps.
then
here
is
your
all
replies.
Or
mere outgrowth
tionalist fashion, as a
vidual
experience,
experience
universal
of isolated
indi-
as
nature
from
divorced
mind, they agree that the objects of the one are copies,
the objects of the other originals, and then comes the
riddle of their extraordinary correspondence.
of
to
my
pher
since
such
Hume.
for
feel
it
would be unseemly to
Nor
quotation
seems but
little
superfluous,
which we had to
for
Ferrier,
nowadays,
Our intercourse with the exhe says, "was the given whole with
deal.
The older philosophies divided
"
read.
ternal universe,"
this
this
apologise
is
know
given whole
into
the
universe on the
external
it
how
and the
lesce.
sorcery,
subjective, could
spoken
the
dissolving
unable
to
articulate
the
this it did
a later
by admitting
It
powers of
which
was reserved
day to utter
which
spell
binding word
the
this
again
for the
And
word.
but,
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
200
at the
members again
way
we
this
unless
the
distinction
are
able to
undoes
how they
ask
and that
itself.
two things
think
the divided
of
it
[But]
as
in
two and
is
...
In the same
There
is
is
what we
find to
be an indivisible subjective-objective,
that
the
nature of
the
So
objective.
objective
comes to be
either
this.
What
is
the
which an answer
this.
What
is
the nature of
the
But, after
it
is
many
it
all,
is
two?"^
not enough to
necessary to kill
it.
'
scotch
'
a snake
may
Philosophy
to recant
mutters
for me,
its
E pur se
you will
muove.
say.
An
it still
it
is.
But
it
iii,
pp. 278-284.
201
is
dualism of
examined
it is
shaped, not
rising
to
and
talk
of
experience, as
is
a costly
departmental
inquiries
psychology in part
excepted
affairs,
the
of
of
in-
and time-consuming
standpoint
The use
and separable.
distinct
struments of precision
business,
sun
easiest
it is
as
is
and even to
special
the
cum-
as
sciences
instruments of
common ways
As
science
itself
is
against
what used to be
called the Newtonian philosophy,
and it took a long
time before even the most reflective of mankind could
of thinking as respects
philosophy proper
is
against the
dualism of
ordinary thought
common ways
of
we have
And
that,
as
we have
proved
itself
and
more
but
it
incoherent,
has also
as
the
body and
mind and concerning external perception have grown in
special problems concerning the connexion of
202
REFUTATION OF DUALISM
definiteness.
Hence
science
itself,
we have
has
seen,
further.
shall
difficulty.
And
us.
small
is
in saying this
Destructive criticism
we
never
is
sufficient
we look for construction as well. But, even
when dualism is abandoned by reflective minds, there
:
The
place.
monism
agnostic
of
science,
monism
is
progress.
monism, how
far
How
we
far
we can
Still,
as
we succeed
Supreme
does
Spirit is
is
here again
transcend agnostic
feel,
would rather
of certain philosophers
we
its
monism
From
a world
a possible step.
So far
we
PAET y
SPIRITUALISTIC
MONISM
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
LECTURE XVIII
CAPITULATION OF AGNOSTIC MONISM
Neutral or agnostic monism tends to degenerate into materialism;
but
it
to idealism.
The
'
of the mechanical
But on
on
closer scrutiny
to
spiritualism.
is the existence
of
a logical
its
Nature.
2.
It is teleological
or hypothesis.
and Kant,
to
We
in
its
character, in so far as
teleological in
so controlling.
it is
a postulate
viz., to
matters of fact.
nor logical.
Hume failed
himself
see.
'^^
syste77i
of unity arid
laiv.
it
first
205
originated,
and exposed
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
206
which
But
tained.
losophies
find
monism
holds the
may
it
it
Unless,
then,
all phi-
we can
keep
daily affairs
mankind
at large will be
it
is
forthcoming, the
it
language
new astronomy
of
ism, Idealism,
and
or, as I
viz.,
Material-
seems to
its
because of
its
because
But
this
it is still
scientifically
popular mainly
essentially naturalistic,
and disparages
monism
is
have found to
monism
that
lie
is
epistemologically sub-
Thus whatever
objections
we
naturalistic.
than in
tic, is
fact.
this is agnos-
in this
is
still
For
regarded as
207
and
Matter, indeed,
jective interference.
unknown and
resolved
even
is
not merely so
is
monism
Finally, this
es-
The
essential
characteristic
of
As
experience
we
dualism
is
monism
naturalistic
with
incompatible
is
the
duality.
life
aspects
of
neither
life
The concave
nor experience.
its
convex
convex.
is
side of a curve
is
in itself
is
more
So
it is
main-
is
not more
Ego than
Non-Ego.
It
describe this
is
on
the neutrality, as
partial.
it
be?
spirit is
this
monism
as both agnostic
we have
seen,
But
and neutral.
is
how
could
cal question
is,
another, that
is,
how we
we
are
is
at
better
known?
In
once confronted by
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
208
But however we
bound
monism we
the
And
so
side.
two
positions
dualism
to the
terminology, leans
spiritualistic
to
pronounced
which
it
materialistic
it is
We
supposed to transcend.
is
find
in fact, inclining
the other,
while the
it,
the
obscurity of
cover
take
it
what
for
serves to
vacillations.
its
it is
is
hybrid of
dualism
is
halting
and
Our whole
the
in
lies
after
all
possibility
the
in
lapse
such a change in
wanting, and
that
we can
it
call
Let
presents
itself,
that
to
is
us
such
that
this
temporary position
labile
monism may
Signs
direction.
are
hopeful of
monism an advance.
transition
enter
rest-
in
upon
them
But
this
inquiry
just
as
say.
First,
if
it
and the
be
true
that
physical, of
the
two
a supposed
it
teract,
of
only as we
agnostic
If
spiritualism.
opposite
scientific
is
in
interest
but a
materialism.
in-
TELEOLOGY
on the
manner
209
one be teleologi-
If the characteristics of
other.^
so in like
cal,
MECHANISM
v.
the
outset
matter of fact
that
certain
not
grounds
are
that
erroneous.
It
knowledge
gardless
taken
but
on theoretical
the
physical side
monism,
By
illusion
is
other
the
of
however,
on the one
logically
is
need,
this
But Naturalism,
paramount.
has
straightway,
and,
physical
The
side
is
mechanical
strict
upheld, and, as
re-
as
the
both
is
becomes
of
this
Either there
view
the
or
of
teleological.
mechanical.
absolutely
position
cannot be right.
side,
maintained
characteristics of
and
ultimately
fundamental
as
is
it
the
it
life
At
at
the
if
the other
necessity
it
first
the
of
consequence, the
is
ings
one order
what we
call
flux of presentations
complexes of the
are
stuff
Unknown
on the other.
Cf. Clifford, as
nV
Unknown
as
mind-
held to be complete in
VOL.
as matter-stuff
it is
or feel-
itself,
there
are
is
no psychical
ff.
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
210
laws that
either
suffice
connect
to
therefore regarded as
teleological
cies
mind
if
series,
and
and
morals
it
glaring
of
spite
we have found
series
inconsisten-
even spoken of
are
as
col-
do not, of course,
of the
'
products of mechanism.
lateral
minds
feelings
'
The mechanical
individual
many
detailed objec-
The question
is
Can
be shewn to underlie
mechanical, or rather,
it
not?
It
The
pressed.
as
the
naturalist,
moralist,
Huxley has
one, as
all
experience
such,
most
such,
as
or can
it,
as
is
de-
tide of
with
that the
here
is
till
coextensive
it is
and spontaneity.
At
utterly
it is
those
the mechanical
to
turn
things,
to
as
is
know
ignorance,
beside,
if
know
'-
does
matter,
Cf. Miinsterberg,
and yet
But,
it.
actual
it.
will be re-
it
Huxley preached
if
verily knowledge,
a refuge from
what
is
of
don't
problem
this
membered agnosticism
or
the supremacy
it
childish
is
necessary,
What
of
other
matters what
we do indeed know
Or,
this, if this
certain
is
if
we
what we do
is
to all
tf.,
way
118
ff.
of
TREACHERY OF AGNOSTICISM
saying that this mechanical supremacy
is
211
perhaps not
The
truth
ism to the a
agnosticism
cessors.
that this
is
speculations
'priori
is
Such
alien
the
elements,
its
mon-
Spinoza, while
of
Hume
borrowed from
its
the
and
like oil
Only one
result of
is
to secure
Hume
the
One
instability, I
of
these
will
suffice
to
discredit
we have
already noticed
this
new monFrom
and Spinoza,
still
becomes
ally
apparent.
Agnosticism
second result
proves
now
treacherous
dogmatic foundations.
At
its
known nor completely knowable, turns out less of a fiction than matter.
The incursions into philosophy, spread over many years, of two
distinguished men of science, recently removed from us,
perhaps neither completely
instructive illus-
to
afford
and
its
empirical components,
lead.
The
agnosticism,
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
212
If
we
naturalism,
us from the
delivering
agnosticism as
when he preaches
says
perplexities
some evidence
of
of this
transformation.
But
ments of
take
some
his
original
impossible
prove
to
it is
anything whatever
that
utterly
may not
'
is
logic
is
[this
noteworthy],
is
'
"I
position.
it
state-
really spontaneous."
it
And
again
" If
symbols in consciousness of
We
conscious
are
automata,
but
none
shall
Now
of
the
meaning
be
this
the
sum
and many
It
is
this:
is
is,
existence."^
of
like
statements
plain
and unmistake-
we
entirely belong,
Nature, to which
is
conditions are
2 O.C., p.
'the feeling
p. 45.
244.
we
The
i,
simply the
inefficient
p. 158.
call volition,'
what
is
termed
Lecture XII,
HUXLEY'S CONFESSIONS
We
symbols.
how
we
have no knowledge
these symbols
are
213
"The
all.
chain of causation
Huxupon many
from
relief
But now
small wonder
'great truth'
is
supposed to
is
says
have a
logical,
am
necessity
;
and not a
materialism, "for I
utterly incapable
if
there
is
The
if
us recall the
let
which agnosticism
this load
The
afford us.
And
it
confident
are
it is
to
not
conceiving
of
no mind in which to
matter
existence of
is
this does
is
all
Perhaps after
somewhat
closer these
two
articles
of
the agnostic
gospel.
It
is
the
present inquiry;
but the
not
its
is
logical,
home
taining the
first
is
important as
in matter,
clears
it
For
it is
its
source in mind,
desirable to begin
epistemology, or perhaps
if
by
we ought
ascer-
to
say
and mind.
i,
p. 245.
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
214
reassurance
terrible
'
all,
what do we know
own
And
what do we know
of that
'
spirit
of
consciousness?
'
except that
and hypothetical
name
also is a
We
may
safely take
'
Indeed,
we may
'
and mind
as
We
the other
the
one
The mention
facts.
here of
two
is
ambig-
less
have, then, on
facts, and,
unknown and
and
as
fairly
true
con-
phenomena here
mean
of
states of consciousness
not
aris-
for the
phenomena."^
explicit.
is
unknown
for an
sciousness.
names
it
this
unknown and
so that,
and unreal
false
if
one be
it
means
So
far,
therefore,
it
is
whatever may
strata
we imagine
for them.
we assume
Nevertheless,
names
for
mind
the
or the subit
is
a gross
are simply
;
Huxley's
Mind
is,
at
any
rate, the
^
name
i,
p.
160.
HUXLEY'S CONFESSIONS
215
and matter the name for an objective factor in experiIn speaking of both as causes, their cooperation or
ence.
interaction in experience
names
is
for the
that
we have no
mean nothing
these
or substrata
in experience
to treat experience
is
is
is
To
in experience.
imaginary
is
to
establishes
is
as per-
again
against dualism,
is
know them
manent
say that
nothing.
itself as
To
fictions.
what Huxley
Plainly, facts
of ex-
must
pre-
of
spite
And
article
so
we come
of
the
what
to
agnostic
now
I just
gospel.
It
is
It
existence
basis, of
is
of
not idealism
mind
which
it is
is
first
not materialism,
inconceivable with-
is
run
called the
If
(or spiritualism)
because the
tion
is
verse inconceivability of
^
141.
the con-
matter.^
So,
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
216
then, matter
is
is
matter
and
is
mind
definitely,
Accordingly,
objects or ideas.
its
More
we
Huxley
find
ley, to
beyond
states of
is
of
the
falls into
And more
than
The
experience,
tion,
the originally
Kant styled
as
it,
lectures.
paired
by any defects
problematic, of
Its
in
lies
significance,
earlier
sig-
argument
the
is
not im-
dogmatic
idealisms,
or
ism
on
this
point.
to
Kant's words: "All the manifold determinations of perception have a necessary relation to the
the subject that
however,
is
is
conscious of them.
'
The
think
'
'
in
I think,'
be due to sense."
Nor, again,
is
is
279
vol. ix, p.
133
also vol.
i,
p. 172.
what matter
HUXLEY'S CONFESSIONS
217
and imaginary-
unknowns, may be
He
in themselves.
is
relieved from
chosen.
care for:
actually
made
is
all
we
sis of
matter per
se
se ;
On
a single unknowable.
the
of
nition
active,
subjective
makes
that
it
not
may now
The
'
great truth
and law
is
has
sity
'
as to the
not
physical,
foundation "
utterly
repudiate
"For
my
part," says
"
is
legiti-
Huxley,
Very good; then presumably he would wish us to withdraw the term 'necessary' from the passage just now
quoted, in which 'material and necessary causes' were
spoken of
" Fact I
as
conceivably the
only causes
know
own
mind's throwing?"
the
ordinary naturalistic
first of
This
there
are.
but what," he
now
empty shadow
is
positions.
of
my
an odd inversion of
It
reminds us at
principles
of
objects
conform to the
intelli-
Necessity,
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
218
Huxley seems
say,
to
not
is
imposed by
physically
Charybdis
only
the
should
alternative
the
in
no
or
what
yet
avails
However, further
out freedom?
hope presently
as I
necessity
is
not
to
reflexion
show
illegitimately,
that
i.e.
of
it.
Meanwhile
physical fact,
ence
already
is
this
the notion of
is
an essential
concession,
viz.,
admitted,
these
again
the
to
therefore a con-
mechanical;
the
matter
which reduces
underlies
satisfy
in
further
will
say illogically,
to
us
lost
freedom
no
Either
scepticism.
of
knowledge would be
part
We
of fatalism only to be
could be sus-
tained, the
this
no part of
is
If this contention
us
necessity
since
illegitimate,
is
that
that
teleological,
after
all,
cannot be the
spirit
To
we now
its
return to pursue
the issue,
it
is
it
on
to render experi-
this
own
inquiry,
merits.
then,
As
to
further trouble
our inevitable
is
based on a half-
'LAW AN ORGANON
CONCEPTION OF
219
minates
an
in
admission
We
monism.
may
here disposes of
we have
Our one
itself.
with
neutral
agnostic
monism
incompatible
certainty
examination of dualThis
then, let us
now
"
On
take to
Our one
mental world."
that which
is
certainty
this
basis,
natural law.
In the
first
It is a
origin.
human
teleological in its
is
human ends
as
much
Whether
enlarging
in
or
material,
his
man
alike active
is
famous aphorism
res perjicitur
multum
quibus opus
quam ad manum.^
economy and
possession, as he
he
is
non minus ad
Whatever the
1
Novum
intellectum,
attempts, through
many
at length secured
Nor
indis-
discovered or revealed
without.
intel-
Of
of the
is
In the words
many
efficiency in
his pro-
For both
est,
After
uisites
failures,
and
is
augmenting
in
forces
as
of
Organon, Lib,
existing
nature
i,
2.
ready-made
may
be,
the
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
220
two
the
facts, as
Every
for us originally
ing verification.
the most
laws the
law
universal
of
Newton was
what
is
abeyance for
his speculations in
many
mistake as
keep
natural
all
gravitation.
it
led to
And
years.
is
is
a hypothesis, a
and
rest
upon a misconception
ledge which
is
ouring to maintain.
of
knowledge
of the genesis of
if
If
we were merely
'
generated
who
follow
him
endeav-
passive recipients
the psychologists
am
know-
Hume
then
afiirm,
'
indeed
if
and
even
the
Thinking, at any
On
is
association
mechanically, but
in
and
of
ideas
is
determined, not
interest.
and, without
amusement and relaxation
thought, such universal and necessary knowledge as the
It
conception of law implies would be unattainable.
was this view of the genesis of knowledge that Socrates
antithesis
of
'LAW A POSTULATE
CONCEPTION OF
221
and Plato by
art,
fanciful
his
doctrine
of
avd^ivr}cn<i.
in the
is
an adequate motive
entails
helpless-
knowledge
brings
security
ness
And
and power.
with
which Bacon
this truth,
consciousness of
full
and that
first
meaning and
its
realised
forth
set
In a word, self-conservation,
law of
first
life, is
But the
origin.
ledge
teleological
in
further evinced by
is
is
its
originally
its
know-
hypothetical
form.
plies.
It
here
is
Hume
as
knowledge
end
is
is
power,
it
is
and
said,
But
primarily sought.
is
certain,
is
Hume
that
criticised
as a
means
to be reliable it
True,
to
this
must be
either
particular, confined
to present impressions, or
Neither of
have
Sense-particulars
no
universality
ideas have
while
universality but no
the
logical
reality, in
The extent
to
of fact remains an
affected
by
their
relations
of
other words,
not knowledge.
This
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
222
Bacon by
and
Locke by
interpretationes^ naturce ;
its
his distinction of
his distinction
argument
one point
says
it
is
his
"All the
able.
by
all,
Whatever be the
recogni-
between anticipationes
distinction
his
towards
objects
Hume, "may be
human
of
reason or inquiry,"
Of the
first
Arithmetic
and
short
in
tion
thought,
of
where existent
Prop-
in
any-
is
Matters of fact
is
is
our
evi-
The contrary
is
possible
still
tradiction,
facility
reality.
and
and
is
because
in
as
tvill
every matter of
therefore,
ever so conformable to
if
is
no
less
vain,
of
distinctness,
intelligible a proposition,
tion,
it
attempt
it
to
will rise.
demonstrate
We
its
should
false-
hood!"^
at one with
far
Hume
Kant
and Kant
223
Hume
agree.
is
even
nature as
ground
we now
of this validity,
and remains a
loss
them.
call
association,
which
Hume
him
for
can only
fall
back upon
is
teleology,
to
"It
is
Strangely enough,
as
in
Hume
is
to
intelli-
essentially
more conformable
for the
acknowledges himself at a
He
sceptic.
when we ask
But,
passage:
ordinary wisdom of
the
and
vice
by some
versa"]
dency, which
like
may
As
all
[viz.,
causes,
operations,
its
appearance of
of
like
or mechanical ten-
instinct
be infallible in
first
from
effects
life
may
and thought,
of
by which
so
two remarks on
among
this
One
or
passage will
help
us
external
instructive
objects."
forward.
In the
first
Hume's view
1
of association
Enquiry concerning
Human
now urged
must be repeated.
Understanding,
vol. iv, pp.
20
ff.
iv
against
AssociaPhilosophical
o.c, p. 47.
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
224
tion
is
the subject
and
active
is
only
Even
such as
'
prove
the
at
first
are warranted in
is
and
correction
this
of
in
so
being
life
What
cannot be
we may
it
inertia,
say, that
it
is
purely
but
'
instinctive
and excludes
indif-
mechanical.
With
Hume
is
here refers.
may
But
only a beginning;
And
we
'
is
from nature
more than
experience to which
des bStes.^
interesting.
and thought
ference,
by
impressive
appearance of
tendency' implies
even here
selective.
it
then,
suffices,
consecutions
les
three-quarters of the
actions of
mankind
are
who have no
empirics,
theory.
is
to
in a word,
custom may
tion, or
Mere imagination,
underlying them.
principle
associa-
tion
of
what he called
felicitous
of
inductio vera.
the true
Hume's
answer, which
Monadologie,
28,
and
sensationalist
him
clearly
Erdmann's edition,
and
p. 707.
distinctly
'
HUME'S FAILURE
^^Qui tractaverunt
to realize.
225
''ttut
et
scientias,'''
Empirici^ formicce
materiam ex florihus
pria facultate
vertit
et
digerit.""
In
Hume
for
est,
quce
the
third
place,
insufficient theory,
and
our
sary for
is
an act
because
preservation,
among
of the
mind
Nature has
external objects.
is
itself
necesestab-
And
this
the result of
tion,
due to association.
Causation
psychological theory
supposes
which
explained away by a
is
the
all
while
doubly pre-
it.
presuppose causality
more exactly, we
have to presuppose law and order before any experience
we have
can be
to
or,
and
explained,
can begin.
We
before
'
Universal
Experience
brain.
but we apply the conceptions to them, thereby converting and transforming these crude experiences into the
one
the
'
Experience
Objective
ground
of
this
1
VOL.
II
'
rectified,
we
call
science.
To
find
systematised, universalised,
Novum Organon,
Lib.
i,
95.
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
226
Experience
we must remember,
is,
It
is
the
percipient
individual
mere repetition
that no
by
as
of such
ceptions
forth.
impressions
con-
the repetition
of
firmer
is
"
why,"
is
a complete
for
those
myriads of
while in others
induction,
known
this
question
Hume
To
there he
weighty
this
he refers to
And
in
it,
however,
first
admits
" that in
some cases reflexion produces the belief without the custom " but at once proceeds to explain away
;
ment,
if
it
artificial
were as sound
as
i.e.
association,
manner." ^
it
is
But
work-
his argu-
plausible,
would
and swine.
For he assumes
Logic, III,
p. 405.
iii,
Treatise of
]\lill
ivill
nonce the
fin.
Human
Nature,
pi.
iii,
8,
edition,
KANT'S SOLUTION
proposition
227
trives to glide
in an oblique
'
and
manner
artificial
effect
of
Hume
" Mr.
causality
is
his
who suppose
empiricism]
of
its
On
of
that this
was
dogmatism [rather
of
to
results."
crucial question,
Oddly enough,
was
satisfied
who
Mill,
raised the
upon
hands,
Hume, however, we
As Hamilton puts it
scepticism.
custom.
the
In fairness to
custom.'
'
'
Hume
Hume
The net
to be.
purely negative
himout-
hence
of scepti-
instance
Hume
high commendations
deserved the
to
him
as his
forerunner.
system of laws.
tives
The
Up
the
to
conception of Nature as a
alterna-
is
not discoverable
Comparison of ideas
both.
ii,
formal logic
is
p. 394.
not
is
logical.
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
228
Nor again
matter of
is
it
empirical; for
neither
fact,
is
it
it
not given
is
given
causal
ception of
conception of Nature
This
and
so, as
never denies
a single
as
questionably exists.
the
orderly system,
un-
he
he concludes that
it
must be
human
psychology had
human mind
is
But
the only
and
this will
But he takes
agrees.
nature than
which Hume's
say nowadays,
association,
Kant
we
subjective.
is
Hume
is
not 'objective,' as
not
must be remembered
it
all this
And
generally,
this conception is
With
temporal or
more
and,
necessity,
as
itself
the
in
is
Hume
open to him^
foreclosed.
According
destroy,
Such was
influence,
and mutually
effect,
other."
No wonder
But
all
my
come
ciple
'
that
satisfaction
Hume
perceptions in our
I cannot discover
thought or consciousness.
which gives me
to explain the
cannot
on
find
this head."
is,
of
any theory
This prin-
course,
We
Kant's
have
Treatise of
Hximan Nature,
vol.
i,
p.
Jin.
it
W.
Maviiltoii&
CAPITULATION OF AGNOSTICISM
new
in
light
where
here,
it
presents
229
the
as
itself
and law.
we have
let
attained so
far.
We
are
advancing
to
We
type.
monism
an
of
idealistic side
"
Our
We
mental world."
is
an
ideal,
fact.
of fact
is
and
ble
to
those
who deny
active, unifying
ness
and
it
is
psychologically inexplicable
that 'there
principle, the
self-determination.
naturalism just as
it
presents
is
a spirit in man,' an
ground
In
of
brief,
itself,
self-conscious-
taking agnostic
we have found
it
to
ing primary and fundamental, the mental world secondary and episodic, as
implicit in its
it
own very
structure.
The
is
things known,
in
the
knower that
question.
If
we
do,
knower: can we
find anything
must be something
is
now
the
teleological.
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
230
methods of
logical
we
this process
shall
how
and the
far the
organon and
LECTURE XIX
NATURE AS TELEOLOGICAL
The fact of
the conception of
its
and
intellectual., bears
its
unity,
its
upon
causality,
regularity.
Experience
itself is unifying,
Causality,
guished.
ence
is the ideal
and
aiid
beyond
go.
In discussing
the
and cooperation ;
(b) that
analogically assumed.
analogy.
In the
So in
(6) as far
(c) causality is
only
no abiding place.
Some supposed
In
and
definite acts
to
have
Mind.
As regards Regularity
analogy of
the
result is contingent
on things conforming.
If they do conform,
toe
and
Nature
is
is
As
it
is solely
may
be described as that
231
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
232
Nature,
as science regards
it,
may
be described as a
of these laws
is
tion
Knowledge
by universal laws.
and acquisition
of such
knowledge
So
is
teleological, as
human
But what
activity.
That
too, I say,
Knowledge
and
means
teleological, is a
is
It is of
itself.
or postulate,
of
differs
to
law?
to the end,
them
underlies
would be absurd
nor
is
again
it
all.
But
deny
to
it is
it is
not in
itself self-evident,
Nor
is it
much
so
it;
and purely
pendent of
it.
it
is
inde-
is it
ob-
as
set our
fiance,
powers of
and
impossible.^
rial
classification
render
any
And
it is,
as
actually assimilated
and
simplification at de-
systematisation
the
amount
and reduced
less
of
experience
of empirical mateto
still
law
is
small
remains more
;;
it
as
is
law of causa-
is
But on such
universe
the
tion
com-
infinitesimal
is
233
a view
even in
dis-
we have no
i.e.
so
himself
Mill
as
bility,
expressly
we ought not
strictly speaking,
to talk
quite
even of proba-
bility,
presupposes
law and
uniformity.
tion
Yet,
allows.
and awaits
is
verification.
hypothesis, or postulate
rience
is
impossible.
prescience,
The conception of
is, we must say, hypo-
But
The
ideal of science
thoroughgoing explication;
an indispensable
it is
on our
part, is
is
complete
but comparison,
word
an essential to
intellectual
realisation
its
law
is
Why
this?
must we assume
is
and
selves
this
to be
found in
answer
back, as
is
The answer
what we are our-
is
at once simple
we saw
and profound.
It brings us
'
as
And
'
originally
'
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
234
from which
use
all
Hume
the
of
it,
sought
for he
for,
find.
it,
'distinct existences'
side
this
;
sense both
we commonly find
The convergence of radii
might seem puzzling if we set out by
which
oversights
towards a centre
enough
centre
itself.
many
though
the whole
ledge of
Hume and
problem of
know-
experience and
other.
(conjunctio)
of intellect,
act
distinct lines,
to one
towards
repeating
impressions
psychology.
in naturalistic
plain
'
we may
is
sense.
Connexion
...
call
we
i.e.
This
in
can be aware of
among
all
it,
our presentations,
'
connexion
by the subject
1
itself,
since
Treatise, vol.
i,
it is
App.,
'
is
fact
that,
must be wrought
an act of
p. 559.
its
own
But
we must
think
tion
it
is
it
primarily
from
This
volition.
earlier lectures
or
truth
is
of
and
it is
fundamental
at
it
length in
With
it.
and
volitional
intellectual, bears
Nature in three
its
practical
activity.
this
is
and
also
is
However much for purposes of exwe may abstract, we cannot separate, intellec-
conative
position
add,
the subject
of
self-activity
this
235
ways as
and
causality,
regards
of
unity, as regards
its
Let us con-
The Unity
actual
of
unity of
Nature
each
towards which we
is
individual experience
first
advance when
intercourse
an
ideal
intersubjective
and an
which
ideal
is
But
it is
unneces-
monistic
character of
experience
this
we have done
The
now
concerns us
preting this
monism
spiritualism
and in
that
is
is
this
that
is
to
say as a
formative in experience
jective activity is of
idealistically,
is
all
fundamental importance.
However
may
be,
the
one
activity
1
complexly expressed
Analytik,
15.
as
'I
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
236
think,
all
that
do
feel,
is
is
'
Things per
tive centre.
se, if
we could
properly talk of
for
may
my
it
a function of
make them
life first,
but
it
It
bold
it
content,'
in this sense
does
is
'
not
create
just as
it.
organ-
it
The very
perience.
we cannot
absolute,
nomena
and
is
this unifying,
The immanence
go.
is
it
on
this
of
process
is
unity;
experience
is
thus
all
phe-
community, in
selec-
though
determined primarily
not of logic.
It organises,
is
77ii7ie
not by an affinity of
intellect
ises,
absolutely
affinity of interest,
and
and certainly
by which
that
all
do give to them.
sub-
is
my perceptions
is
But the
in being
by an
holds of experience.^
is,
disinterested; for
possible
of
it
ject of experience
which
they
in so
far as
are
But
"We can
Cf.
Kant's Prolegomena,
36.
to
onl}^
derived from
Of these
leaves
is
the chief
which Kant
For
out of account.
reason
this
is
Tier
doubt, are
unless
for
On
in ours.
if
we
were
science
teller,
would be for us no better than a gypsy fortuneand knowledge would certainly not be power.
Further,
unless
what causation
we have some
it
is,
laws,
neither
since
But they
experience
concrete
their
ters of fact.
cases
of
We
them
depends
intuition,
is
relate to mat-
cited.
judgments, we are
melts the
They
mathematical.
hardening, are
to call
universality
of
iar
it
Cause
its
sion of
ply
and
in his first
and
cate-
all
Critique
original,
it.
this
apperception from
of
it,
quantitative
is
of
distinguish
careful to
gories,
237
told,
softening,
or
clay
when
it
is
the clay.
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
238
to
such instances.
Hume
nothing, as
is
And
hardening clay.
assuredly there
nothing in the
is
and
Yet
passivity.
wax
the
is
got there
we have heard
so,
the
Cause
the notion of
we
eliminate.
tive
passivity,
prima facie
facts of experience,
connecting subjec-
It
is
that,
and that
diate
analogy
that
determines me.
is
we
infer
it is
itself
may
be the
we
In
mythical.
given independently
not
Such imme-
first
we
are sure of a
first.
It
another that
we put
thesise.
it,
we
first
find causation
that
is
rather where
Kant,
it
will be
is
to that
cause
relation
239
Kant
repeat,
this, I
is
and
effect in time.
But
instance
single
which
in
itself,
as manifested in each
As
occurs.
it
regards this
The
analogical.
prima
facie.,
what we
we
activity
transfer
Such
inference, of course,
intercourse
we
solipsists,
we
things or individuals.
intersubjective
to be
and environment,
perience.
truly
is
are, at least
are
for,
forced
unless
to
facilitated
we
are
regard our
by
content
fellow-
first
of
this experience
causal efficacy.
or influenced by
know
my
itself are
Society,
reciprocity
the
medium
prima
my fellow-man is
as I, in turn, am
civilisation,
communion and
we say, through
is,
that
action,
or influenced by his.
intercourse.
of intersubjective
is
not direct;
No
it
We
facie^
determined
determined
and science
doubt such
takes place,
or instrumentality of matter.
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
240
But a medium
or instrument
agent or a patient.
as
in
It
may
is
it is itself inert^
through
this, for
transmitted or effected
mechanism we,
as a
it
is
it.
entirely secondary
scribing
what
is
de-
means or con-
doing? We
trivance to minister to
in
There
is
where there
fellows.
cooperation or conflict of
is
know
only
vironment answers
to
But
my
which
I act,
my
his
cannot
man with
we have
my
involuntary doing or
perceive that,
environment
suffers,
in the cases in
nor
vice versa ; if I
ment
to
man
does
streams,
when he
fire
and
personifies
pestilence.
Lastly,
we have
is
the uni-
there
is
Here there
just the fact
directly discernible.
The
re-
them
as
ogy of subjects.
but recurring
But
in
conjunctions
reality
of
we
discover nothing
qualities
and recurring
INTERSUBJECTIVE ANALOGIES
sequences
of
would lead us
Moreover,
events.
the
241
which
analogy
to treat
an out-
In point of
relinquish this
fact,
Scientific thought,
all.
strenuously disavows
though implications of
it;
till
it
still
of equations.
uniformities of coexistence
sets out, into
it
its
An
action,
efficient
cause
and uniformity
is
not
of se-
Within the
and
definite
scientific
acts find
no abiding-place.
Such
is
VOL.
II
it.
this conception,
is
Naturalism conceives
its
The whole
we
way
in
which we
efii-
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
242
nothing in
it
the
There
it.
it,
from
social fabric
is
of individual minds, of
Nor, again,
a proof.
is
which the
there any-
its
in
Such a conception
leaves
cause
for, in
the
first place,
lies
sequence of events
we know
as activity
but
and
it
what
And
passivity.
in the
next place,
is
inasmuch
first,
common
further inasmuch
it is
primarily
as,
in being a formula or
whatever validity
it
And
scheme
may have
and
at
but
plainly, as
all,
an
we have
generally and
subjective
all
did
is
so,
activity
because this at
sufficient
to discrimi-
science
it
was desirable
to
avoid
admit
dogmatism.
of
But our
ism.
an end of
is
discussion shews,
side
belong to us.
mon-
that at any
think,
effect-
spiritualistic
it,
we must
Still
of
it
we
if
negative
this
did:
it
of
find
does not
answer we have
sciences
experiment, and
vation,
which,
less inconsistencies of
our
and
theory;
in
its
of
is
of the
we have now
The hopeautomaton
true
place
of
The only
seen.
the
in
lies
alleged incon-
Unquestionably there
subjective activity.
ceivability of
themselves
conscious
the
actual inversion
experience
obser-
of
Nature within
found.
is
the search
examination
earlier
science
computation, were
one course of
the
no spontaneity
said,
is
it
of
if
labours
error, the
gists
on
to unravel.
ceivability,
fact
may
might
relation
But, happily,
but of
be in
fact.
itself
rather
is
very plausibly
is
it
the
maintain
rule
that
than
work
is
the
such
indeed one
an
exception
inverse
;
that
involved in the
satis-
factory determination and definition of the most elementary facts, and accordingly that
farther synthetically that
we
it
is
only as
we advance
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
244
is
matter.
would urge that we need not merely to distinguish between activity and the conception of activity,
but to distinguish also between activity and the percep-
But
tion
of
spection
When we
it.
we
active
really
in
that
is
Many
how
distracted
do?
How
can
How
can
be active,
is
What
soul at
is
first
What
if
"
He
arguments
their
how
the
in
done.
is
it
puzzling
fable,
exactly do
do when I
know how?
me?
presume no
"
the details of
centipede
it
self-con-
who complain
those
of
shew by
inconceivable,
Like the
and
it
asks,
appears to the
'
continually endeavouring to
We
into
links.
mental
action
to
physical
so-called
f.
cir-
To imagine any
pro-
by resolving
in-
are of course
them
are
retro-
we
is
to assim-
action,
* See Note
i,
p.
the
290.
known
to the
And
allows,
it
245
to the derivative,
space
as the continuity of
nay compels, an
indefinite
befall
It
is
to
who
an 'appearance,' the
as
sure
is
by regarding activity
out
set
ter-
among
other
'
appear-
who
is
an
illusion,
And
tions
so
is
reached
The
relation of subject
and object
rience
We
one.
table
which
the objective
is
it
an incommu-
is
and form an
and giving
it,
is
though
all
to
it
it
and
Activity
does not
is
make
to apperception that
we
may
say with
"the only
is
wrought
own
its
solely
by the subject
little
a condition, for
1
Of.
ff.
my
it is
There would be
pp. 75
since
self-activity."
this activity,
is
itself,
paper,
it
an act of
conditions of
to get them.
only
is,
as it
is
active
nor that
vol.
ii,
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
246
As Lotze very
"We
nently observes:
perti-
...
at
mem-
action
way
further
and recurrence,
to elucidate
in
but they
fail
All attempts
to pass,
it
of
erroneously seek
and
cognition
is
This
impossible."^
volition.
who
very
little
involves
reflexion
or
more
The
activity.
which eliminates
activity,
exactly
scheme
scientific
equally eliminates
it
as
accordingly,
as
little
passivity,
the
the
one con-
other.
Inertia
suffer nothing.
undergoes, resolve
which we say
it,
it
into
consists
motions
;
of
at first
we say
aggregate
the
it
of
and instants in
its
qualities,
vol.
ii,
p. 620.
247
and
it.
And now
per
are parties
it,
surprised by the
indifferent
that
all
native domain.
its
and branch,
is
world per
we
se is
conceive
complete in
an
it,
is
But the
itself.
to us that
such a phenomenal
neither primary
that
itself;
abstract scheme
it
and
is,
that,
as
such,
it
necessarily
Epis-
Mind
is
to
not
many
is
itself
the
work
of mind.
ii,
p. 291.
At
this
might
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
248
tempt us
ralism.
at
But
will
it
we have examined
Natu-
this
shaping
my
process
the
three points
till
This
itself.
regularity
and
The more
of law.
rdle
laws
existent
'
they
unchecked,
operate
this
science
emerges from
ence
dawn with
clear
its
in
is
among our
among them;
if
have
experi-
enters
now
fact.
the
know,
to urge
know
we do
do we find
we do
we know
not
If
is
is
universal laws.
we may
perceive
mine them.
subjective
is
facts, so neither
anthropomorphic, so equally
facts,
human
" Fact I
premature, that
that
shadows, and
reign
anthropomorphic or mythical
metaphysical
Law,
the
they
Nevertheless by
fate.'
supposes
and Law
At
substantial causes
fall
This conception
intercourse, of
impossible
perfect, the
is
the
outcome
Now we know
that
of
inter-
are assured
pre-scientific
more
is
and
stable.
man assumed
the
249
gous to
that
existing
We
among men.
know,
too,
called
instinct;
itual
credulity, or spir-
superstition, religious
but at least
it
How
neither incontestable
is
Though
the
and human
society,
Kant
ing the
ledge
human mind
to be
what
knowledge universal,
real
now
is,
scientific
by assum-
is
and
know-
real
how
then ask
is
such
experience pos-
So,
sible ?
it
We
to be acquired.
still
that
be what
to
waiting to be founded,
it
speech
make
brick
and they
and ...
The answers
though that
We
of one
to these
to the last be
we
Go
to,
let us
...
may not
So they
left
underoff
to
when
common
under-
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
250
common
standing and a
when they
ble,
purpose
common purpose
is
By
but
here
possible experience
ideal
also
it is
more
its
'
it
is
we can only
may
at all:
is
contingent
own
is
'some-
conditions of
it is
conditions
known.
and try
Nature
To quote Kant
again:
knowledge,
this possi-
a consequent
are
As with
must be
it
who
in us,
way,
if
late.
to be
trust
to some-
understand the
in itself
to
as
experience.'''
systematic
hypothetical,
the
are
ideal
But the
cease to be so.
i.e.^
Such an
necessary laws.
may
we
possible
thought
" by referring
orderly and
of
and
of
scientific
it
Knowledge no doubt
thing
in
is
like
is
impossible.
Kant says
is
at an end.
is
It is
cease,
is,
"It
is
it
not a
it
first
dogma
renders
its
KANT ON
Man may
'POSSIBLE EXPERIENCE'
And
and power.
this result
would
Nature whose
man
laws
stamp by which
those
be,
it
is
he
as
conceives,
impressed.
it is
and the
latter
certain
fact
as
It
achieve
civil
the
that
wax under
the
is
is
to
no achieve-
him prescience
251
conception of
If
the
How
a
absurd
would be
it
commonwealth
security,
men
to argue, that
in constituting
own
Equally absurd
eyes.
is it
experience,
we
because
a system
are deprived of
of
is
right in his
in
and
ground
power and
all
universal
of rational
initiative,
If
that
would otherwise
and use
it,
it
is
that
we
tion
and not
are outside
its
The
it
it
and above
it: its
helpless consequence.
a priori condi-
In a word, con-
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
252
cisely
express
to
scope
the
we must say
science postulates,
regularity which
that
of
as
datur fatum.
of natural
intelligible,
law
is
always
'
as he is careful to point
Kant
out
In jural
of
affairs
analogy
this
to penalty.
we
But
also calls
it
to
it,
applies
the existence of
which obviously
pre-
we must
ever
the source,
natural
is
or
intelligible,
regularity
we
determined by law so
here,
of
this
not
suppose them.
necessity
Moreover,
necessity.'
hypothetical, necessity, as
remember,
The
also nothing
its
would be nonsense
self-existent or self-executive.
strict
meaning,
to talk of it as
is
kingdom
it
first
of forms
immemorial Fate
and
to just
Rather
permit.
it
is
is
and through
its
it,
much
ton,
as the living
Let
me now
the results
up
it
itself
the skele-
try to gather
up
in
a sentence or two
Metaphysik, 1879,
8S fin.
of Experience.
253
RESULTS ATTAINED
Law, so
at
far,
as
least,
is
That argument
and mechanical
material
the
and
process,
in
have
law
natural
it
inasmuch
as it
means
an
may
as
to
natural
is
tele-
sus-
character,
its
first
organon that
end, a theoretical
not work
the
is
are pre-
and
prompted
is
teleological
is
of
them and
conception,
the
since
origin,
its
that the
far
analysed
We
knowledge.
ological
So
the
clear
is
not
are
spiritual underlie
supposed hj them.
make
necessary to
may
or
hypothesis
that Nature
is
conform to the
will
been needful to
It has
from
emanate
do
conditions
us
needful
to
explain
We
makes
have
regularity of
the
causal
though
Nature,
traced
to
this
it
dispense, so long as
and
it.
the
create
unity
the
efficiency,
Mind.
of
not
does
source
in-
Of
course,
let
unassailable
me
pos-
parenthetically
we
per
se
this
result
claim to have
:
It
duality
its
involves
mind per
transcended.
the
only
dis-
se
and matter
We
have then
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
254
is
entitled
to the
falsified,
Nature
(1)
new
the
it
and (2),
Such
and
contains
all
is
that
I trust, suffice to
point
first
it
in
it.
two respects
in
intelligence
ing clear.
that
is
essential to complete
is
human
conformable to
is
it
consequence,
and
teleological,
itself is
that essential oneness of thought and being, that recognition of the intelligible
spirit
I
by
spirit, for
do not propose
upon what
of
more germane
to a close to insist
spontaneous activity
upon
matter
Agnosticism
tion of
this; it is
to
essential
this first
brought
tide
upon
of the
greeting
intelligence.
has
idealists
is
spiritualism, the
by ignoring
to dilate
to the discussion
still
which
is
and
and denying
us
to
grasp
dispel.
advancing
of
of
law,'
which
Of the bare
common
Naturalism
finally.
nightmare
'that
tightening
helpless
it
to all forms
rela-
and
beginning
absolutely
We
cannot
but only as
know
in
we
experience
process,
and
once asserts
process
itself.
apart
from
If
we
this,
we
picture
kaleidoscopic
elements in
any
The more
any progress.
depicting
such
nakedness,
mind-stuff
'
it
'
appear
will
in mentally
matter-stuff
which we
indifferent
is
we succeed
or
'
numberless com-
any connexion, or
fixity,
clearly
all that
we regard
does,
experience
manifold
indefinite
as
known non-
matter of
experience
start
synthesis
and
synthesis,
it
a constant
ject
ject
reciprocity,
if
this
is
before
by
activity
in
in
:
it.
we
experience
Now
not only
experience
only by means of
is
conative
No doubt
Kant
complement,
and interested
and unfold.
as
with such an
is
it
indispensable
but
the
If,
is
is
us.
objective
its
is
its
the
emergence
the
starting
as
it,
albeit
in
'
call
Ego
255
which
this
it
can advance
all
may
so
say,
is
is
between sub-
But my contention is that to the subbelongs the lead and initiative throughout, and
and
that,
as
object.
experience
developes,
this
subject
is
thought
is
effort still.
freer
than
however
entailing
both,
this
describe
is
more voluntary
to our thinking, as
gible,
shews an
Association
them
as,
in
content
or
essence,
ideal.
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
256
No doubt
own
our
our
first
the
further
With
self-revealing.
we judge
self-consciousness
clearer
it,
bearings,
is
approxima-
of
series
we must seek
it
nature.
Not-self
by a
reached
is
but to find
tions,
is
truth
more
world
the
of
this
But
through
all
non-Ego
and therefore
The
most
human
it
self-relisation is the
potent of
society
" as
man
tenance of
his
way
sole
means
all
the
non-Ego;
the
to
to advance.
self-realisation
of
is
iron
Here
fellow."
first
we transcend
the
makes us
and
from
the
must,
we ask
logical;
we
so
reason
first
since
wholly of
But
all
where
said,
of
experience
thoughts,
admit
constructive thinking,
its
need convincing,
questions,
thoughts
only
Discourse
expectation.
universal
for
tent
The
and
reminiscence,
perception,
''
Ego
the
assimilating
of
process
is
Ego, not
the
to
as
of
we
if
it
consists
necessarily
communication.
consider
its
con-
mystery," as Dr.
may
frater-
for
The ultimate paradigm,
this
process we have in our own self-consciousness,
or rather in what we find common to all our self-
nity."
if
This
is
so say,
is
shadowed
in the
saying
forth,
Homo mensura
of
Aristotle
however perverted by
its
author,
6/xotov
rw
ofj^OLOi
ytyvoyaKeadaL
it
a truth everywhere
is
In a sense, then,
we
257
According to Natural-
early thought
are
them
But
wholly objective.
are
there
is
no such
an
and
mentis
anticipatio
Naturce.
It
solely
is
of reason, strengthened
the
truer
success,
jective
and
so
and
from
objective,
reflective
II
an
interpretatio
obstinate
questionings
are
clarified
has
justifying
been
any
by the
effort,
reached;
dualism
and
of
that
its
sub-
being rational.
VOL.
through
and
interpretation
far
both
are
one in
LECTURE XX
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
Laws of Nature used
in
two senses:
(a)
as implying substantial
Does
the substit^ltion
of the latter for the former enable positive science to clear itself of all
anthropomorphic taint?
human
be a
to
JVb,
instrument;
for (1)
(2)
its
it
it
by
Subjects icith
We
say then
Either
it.
But for
And
ati
Either
it is
it is itself
answer
to these questions
or there
is
Naturalism refers us
form of
to
it.
Agnosticism.
it.
First Cause
known
beyond
is
"a
neces-
manner or degree
be
Power which
consciousness.''''
What Mr. Spencer means by 'knoioing f?i the strict sense.'' The
distinction of determinant, and reflective, jtidgment brought
Kantian
to bear.
criticised.
Appearances do not
veil reality.
As a further
mind behind
it,
for
it
is
it is
its
historical
scientific
concreteness,
258
bias,
we can
and con-
Naturalism
that, when it
agents
causal
all
that
of
and properly
of
pri-
is
implying
denied,
be
cleared
positive, ob-
law
of
conception,
jural
power, cannot
sovereign
in
first
and
everywhere
course,
has
it
of
other words
in
taint,
seen,
conception
laws,
universal
259
we have
as
the
for
science.
marily
its
substituted
spiritual implications,
jective,
granted,
for
takes
has
anthropomorphic
itself of the
LAW
SENSES OF NATURAL
TWO
always
In
anthropomorphic.
is
But
assumed.
the
of
this,
all
last
lecture
the
conception
is
it
was answered
and
more
We
I propose
in the negative.
deal with
to
it
now
in
special way.
find laws of
senses by scientific
spoken of
as
writers.
self-existent
are
and
independent of
as
said
to
But
the
language
is
metonymy, such
we commonly employ
as
sovereign executive
scientific
is
and
of these alternatives:
.along
really
with laws
and
does.
now
one,
in
do,
what the
And we
now
by a
speaking
find
the other,
gravitation,
cohesion,
electricity, for
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
260
instance;
the
lectively
to
latter
Nature
thoroughgoing
referring
in
her
as
from
all
laws.
we
as
naturalist,
He
Laws
But
if
we
of
pitch
we can
the analytic
use
succession.
is
here the
straightway
is
influences,
""
process continues.
points
till
We
that
whole
to
one.
everything intrinsic
all
is
of
activity
The
is
the
or
'
that
what
sort
affinities,.
and passivity
relations
are
each element
'
or starting-points
this
we ask
If
be safely said.
'
anthropomorphic, metaphysical.
case
claims to
a whole
possibly
so long as
tions
the
itself
rests
as
and
coexistence
of
are
off
it
as
not
outcome.
the
know, will
casting
fact
Nevertheless,
well
but,
laws coU
these
all
is
As
other,
we may
constituted solely by
its
fairly
say
external rela-
the others.
mere
relations
as
to
vanished.
But waiving
when your
this,
the
261
How,
how do
then,
these
keep up
fond
wondrous rapport?
this
talking
of
of
mazy
the
dance
of
molecules;
their
clear
is
communication;
of
should have to
cist calls
is
us;
to
but
even
inconceivable.
is
con-
More-
we know presuppose a
that were excluded we
over, the
medium
Such concerted
courses.
fall
if
back on
'
telepathy
And
action at a distance.
it,
difficulty
'
that these
the physi-
or, as
we
elements
are
all!
medium
of
of
motion
three
secured.
is
directions.
First,
and by which
all
strict continuity
ether
must be
in
infinite
mediates for
its
it
it
bounds
manner
for
it.
On
part of
it,
therefore, there
continuous
is
it
it is infinite
an
all.
in divisi-
in every smallest
infinity of elements, in
Finally,
though every
itself;
the
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
262
Perhaps
the
first
half-dozen
for
it
an objective presentment of
concerned with
the
first
mogony
of
point.
But
lectures.
what
it
and
answer Yes,
Hesiod, but
it
we are now
human mind.
real principles
itself
we
there
purported to be
anthropomorphic in
Is it
is
it
ought to apolo'
whole ?
as a
that
as
is
the
character
of
scheme
this
fundamentally
is
by
scheme
its
It is a
will do.
exactness
its
is
we can
emptiest thing
wonderful
due mainly
Time
the
is
we can
no supremacy over
fuller,
nor them
other
conceptions,
The
indispensable.
less
makes
fact
no
it
that me-
and numbers.^
system of
sucli
pomorphic implications
answer,
By no
This
is
the
qualities, that
disprove
or
agents.
These
affect
we
second
point
means.
the
existence
know
first
its
of such
and
things
or such
independently,
Conclusion.
and
we can
from them
pass
them.
We
tables,
because
devising.
to
an
is
first
use mortality
instrument of our
as
we
have said
is
a mechanism.
verily
is
it
know
intrinsic
to
to
it
we
just as
analytical
Setting
it
it,
263
the
qualities,
mind looks
unscientific
and
Hence the
laws
of
on sufferance and
But though
repudiates.
there.
or less
Men
out,
many
seeking out
Newton's
particular
genius
led
it
has
left
still
sui generis,
untiring
prin-
in
triumph of human
this
them
them
earlier
of
them
to
represent the
to
strives
because
difficulty,
him
him
or because, last of
inventions with
all,
to
discover
the
propound the
to
Is it
own
act
it
play-
is
license of
But
anthropomorphism,
at
When
fit.
man
"
Thou
art thou,
is
fact
leave
room
lenged.
what we
for
it
large
call natural
and come
part
of
phenomena, must
to terms with
human
it
activity
when
still
chal-
consists
in
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
264
is
fact,
clap
might be
Hence
ears.
with anthropomorphism
articulations of
as
called facts
mine
as
not
shall
accept
these larj^ngeal
you
if
any sentient
for
that might
noise,
acoustic
serve
given the
analysis,
a more or
and
active
we understand
intelligent,
so
changes,
certain
matter in motion,
as
and expressions
we meet and
can
only
rationals:
of
No
our fellow-men.
greet
ad-
nay
a part.
istic
So
far, at
any
rate, the
or spiritual character
and anthropomorphic
had no chance
to
'
of
it.
which
teleological
it is
itself
and
ideal-
confusion
obscure
of
of
Now
ideas
'
so
has
far
The
common environment
relations of
as a
whole on
serves
as
the
medium
of
intersubjective
its
it
intercourse,
environment
is
for
each
it
imits
QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
acts
the environment
counterpart or non-Ego
its
is
265
its
call
I repeat,
it.
find
room.
we
This non-Ego,
Either,
ble.
then,
beyond
intelligence
through
there
far
it; either,
is
say,
it
and
so,
intelligi-
intelligent,
or
there
orderly,
is
itself
is
Again,
it.
then,
it
is
it
or
or
Early thinking, so
it.
affirming the
aspects
first
the
religion
But
alternative.
of
trees,
whole
as
there
and independent
answered each by
the
many
concrete
then so obtrusive as
proverb
the
with
agent behind
causal
interact
goes.
Polytheism
unity,
in
on a par.
easier to
is
and in proportion
as
the
it
first.
As
'the gods
many and
poetry and
art,
have
paled
before
clearer
insight,
and
real
for
common
sense,
transformations of an underlying
yond perception.
their
way
intelligent
energy which
is
be-
to the sublime
First
So,
agencies, so palpable
Cause
idea of a
and
Substance of
all
things,
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
266
abstractly
of
And when
complete, and
conceive
or
alter
have
mechanism,
intelligent,
stop
we
ever
can
And
evaded?
if
of
enabled to
are
but
therefore
inert
how then
itself;
be
too
terms
in
vaunted formula-
this
intelligible
but
working,
in
asked
answer
is
laborious task
its
things
these
the
to
not
or
start
we
questions
they
what
cannot,
is
would give?
The unity
of
would
Supreme Intelligence
as
Him
as
Prime
its
many
mechanism,
this vast
they
completeness,
say,
their
all
its
its
regularity and
point
all
only
one
the
to
sufficient
reason
equally points
parts
to
nowhere an
efficient
cause?
Again
let
me remind you
I first
less
it
lingers
ciple
obsolete.
averred,
scheme
is
though
Matter
itself
is
and
unavoidably in the
treated as in prin-
energy
nay
are,
poses.
imply
what the
Naturalism then,
description
it
is
the whole
Still
if
must
it
essentially
there
it,
too,
presup-
AGNOSTICISM TREACHEROUS
ing
that science
is
to be
not be ignored,
blamed
for this:
that
what
and the
bare
demand
a right to
is
It is not
till
how much
we have seen
life
is
but how,
we
body
its
The complete-
itself.
ques-
we know
means.
this
skeleton,
of
tions
anatomy
abstract separation
of the
we have
that
all
is
universe
ness
its
267
ask,
if
this be all,
Agnosticism for
And
answer.
the
and sends us
it,
once
again,
exponent
its
make
manner
yet
ing,
or degree be
its
positive
consciousness."
as to
or
a very brief
existence
Waiving
let
necessary
knowing
at
belief,
to
all
But
First,
'
cannot in any
us, "
of
know-
datum
moment any
between
a middle
of
question
find
'
strictly
term,
which
'
strict sense
is
contrives
tells
the
for
suffice
known, in the
affirmation
he
this,
We
to refer the
it
traitor.
as
to
he
tells
assertions
us,
incomprehensible
99
it
'
is
concern-
is
Incompre-
somewhat
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
268
ambiguous word
we say
for
when
Mr.
is
raised,
he remarks,
is
incompre-
"the choice
is
much
to
may belong
it
"a
mode
of
makes much
is
ground
of finding here a
of reconciliation
sel's
own
duty
to
is
his
submit our-
intelligence "
as the
'
it
'
lie
in
assimilating the
Not
in asserting
much
For
in religious
censure.
But
my
and theological
still is
scendent difference
'
it
is
only too
'
certain essen-
ji.
109
But
it is
seek
we
certain that
and no likeness
is
if
absolute difference
As
and no fact of
knowing
all positive
knowledge
is
'
cavil,
datum
he
tells us,
the
have alreadv
more beyond
assimilating.
is
we
search possible,
is
269
If
of consciousness, having,
whatever,
other
as-
But
we may
if
ity or
attribute to that
to ourselves, as
were
it
such
too, in transcendent
And
again,
it
is
measure,
is
If
brute energy
many
Principles,
Mr.
years
after
Spencer,
the
discussing
the
alleged to be
true,
his
First
"
How
Unknowable, thus
be reached by successive
of
can
tacitly
modifica-
Surely
derived
tions of a conception
if
of
development
In a work,
publication
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
270
must
beliefs
absolutely
be
" Unexpected as
here to be
will be
is
made
was contained
And
false."
replies
germ
in
he
it
truth
of
the
itself
truth,
in con-
is
beyond consciousness.
itself
Consequently, the
final
menced
is
that the
Power mani-
the
form
in ourselves wells
.
up under the
We may
it
is
Spencer's
But there
still
is
a point in abeyance.
This Life of
talk,
beyond
forever
of knowing."
Mr. Spencer's
it
is
Mr. Spencer
us, totally
tells
'strict
knowledge'
Briefly,
neither
is
to use
For
then,
more nor
Reality
and
precise
less
is,
the
'Inscrutable
which
it
abso-
f.
once
thus
are
271
We
or
more
at
he
willing to take
is
Thus from
consequences.
all
positivism
of
conceptions
as
and substance
cause
And
activity
those
into
for
self-
its
we have
accordingly
man
into
still
vaster
question
Nature
automaton.
which goes of
ceived,
stop
or
is
time,
its
How
it
ever started
cannot
answer, but
of knowledge,
o'.ice
entirely self-contained
irrelevant, superfluous.
we are inside
the
is
what
place for
it,
Such a
so
Mind
and complete.
is
to
sys-
say, is
the alien,
is
tem
con-
change.
mechanically
as
itself.
it
part of a
itself as
God
Mr. Spencer's
or
man
outside
Unknowable,
as
result
is
as
when
Oriental palace of
its
the sacred
magic
name
the
is
uttered in some
But
obvi-
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
272
does
talks
of
the magi-
Naturalism, I admit,
fatal
inconsistency.
It
implications,
and
itself of spiritual
se
fla-
space, or
They
in
themselves give
or
any gap
of
needs to be
filled.
The
we
It
mit,'
for
they form
that
understanding, to which
of
system
the
in
are
is
bound dutifully
precisely
its
to sub-
independence
the
naturalist
caught up in
who
taken
is
out
of
and
himself
it.
reflective or teleological
judgment.
Mr. Spencer's
strict
or positive
knowledge
knowledge
the latter.
the parts
whole.
ends,
occur.
of
In the
are
latter,
everything;
From
is
other minds
the
in
reflective
mechanical judgment
the
judgment
way
none
former,
is
easy
of
as prius
;
these
to
the
'REFLECTIVE JUDGMENT'
chanical as
jt>rii*s
the
to
at all.
No doubt
chophysical
parallelism
way
reflective
in
there
the various
an
attempt
is
273
no
strictly
is
theories of
made
psy-
to find a
existence of finite
the
And
be wholly ignored.
if
in
of
lateral
lines
is
God should
product of
the
By parity of reasoning
He is at all, the col-
be, if
mechanism, another
universal
matter in motion.
aspect of
the
same
mechanism?
this
all
on these
to
minds cannot
class,
are
ter
and matter
inert, so
active
surely as
purpose,
is
This
has
We
attain to the
knowledge
Creative
begun
to
acquire
knowledge
world.
this
conceptually
by
letter, of a piece of
T
are
summarise the
all,
II
We
at
VOL.
of
by which we
But
minds
up the
it
type, letter
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
274
sense.
its
tween the
the
difference
No
kind.
into
was but a
points
help
means
but
to
be valid at
able
mechanism
we
as
mechanism.
God
It
is
down
in
all
as
we
if
shall
allow
really,
either
is
intermin-
we
it
Cause to
First
not
Nature
;
all
will
only a
means only
is
And, accordingly,
what.
or mechanism, depends
we cannot from
not in
But
to regard
all,
is
breaks
it
itself.
anything
fundamentally, ultimately
find,
where
lurked for-
is
know
conception of a
the
imagine that
Unquestionably letterpress
say that
often do not
could
however,
analogy,
more reasonable
we
to
forward.
we can never
make a
man who had
will
collateral
note
be-
judgment,
a difference of
is
But only a
printing-office
This
it.
exact,
us
it
processes
or an
behind
ever
of knowledge,
teleological
printing
critic.
letterpress,
the
is
insight
litUratcur or even a
literature
and
determinant
which we
From
the
an obvious
fiction, as
of logarithms, a
much
transparently
course
of
Nature can
mechanical formulte
is
human
be abstractly
evidence
device,
and so
far
thoroughly anthropomorphic.
the
of
justifies
for
summarised
congruity
in
between
the conception of
275
is
principle
in
of
minds, as
other
all
is
the
dictions of
independence
the
thus
pertaining
It
is
precisely
mechanical
the
to
But
still
terisation of theistic
there
is
word I
without a
mean
his use of
the distinction
God
behind which
as
Inscrutable
many
mon
is
of
distinction
Strict knowledge,
confined to appearances,
Reality.
like
other philosophical terms that have obtained comcurrency, has hereby acquired so
diverse meanings as to
whenever
make
knowing,
strict
formula
priety
any
is
sort.
not
'
of language
phenomenon
intelligible
But
veil
it
is
to
not reveal
God
at
of
We
mean
the
if
mind
it
succession,
appearances,'
phenomenal
at
all.
is
'
all,
sucli
or
not in pro-
The
idea of
also,
and quite
as
being or thing
indispensably, a
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
276
second being by
whom
appearance
this
forgets
science
and,
this
all,
but
inverting
only symbols
own
absurdity
se.
we have
But if we
ance, unless
then should
it
we
so
true
phenomena,
it
attach to
or perceptible,
can
reality
Nay what
appear,
shine
whom
it
Why
faith,
we never regard
communica-
man.
If
These acts
And why
level,
less
real
men
the manifestations of a
^
of
when
of
Assuming good
yet
when
and
knowledge
the
another.
can they
else
forth,
the
should
appears?
why
it
How
phenomena
be?
relation,
j)erpetrates the
often stigmatised of
either perceived
is
the
of
And when
declares perceptions to be
per
of
is
its
perceived."
is
Microcosmus, Eng.
'
Supreme Mind?
trans.,
ii,
p. 160.
reflexion
everywhere
DETSTIC VIEWS
277
this
though
Professor Clifford,
the
days of Epicurus.
fest
themselves by
anti-theistic
Finite minds,
it
thinkers since
is
said,
mani-
man imagined
Primitive
one
it
but
concluded
enough
correctly
But now it
Bois-Reymond say,
men."
"God walked
that
it
the
once
Mind
we
is
that lives
in
the
To
to parts.
whom Locke
itself
all its
overlook this
dif-
philosopher,'
Good
has
Du
force,
with
is
No doubt
has immortalised.
would
active in
Once again
let
let
us consider
us turn to what
how
and
to the thoughts
this objection
would look
and best
if
first
applied
acts of
a whole in themselves.
expound
we know
earlier
some practical
statements,
Lotze, ^icrocosmus,
ii,
p.
727.
or
as
to
project,
change his
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
278
first
amend
plans, save to
unforeseen defects
the
own
his
more he
error or to
remedy
is
when we look at
and practice, we
perfection, the
human thought
of
fixity, or
at
to
of
least
man with
orderly progress.
And
that
is directed by clear
more intimate the unity and community
the
insight,
possible
is
such
all
orderliness
is
each among
life
But
all.
and intelligence
the prime
that per-
is
of
But
is it
all,
at once
their neces-
Science cannot
It
was allowable
to
the notion of
whether
to itself.
for atheists
and
who
deists alike,
started
by Divine Power
position
or not
held
the world
as
now
left
modern Naturalism
it
still
is
So soon as
Such a
beyond them.
definition brings
the
absence
Matrimony
is
they
of
off.
may
the
Relations
subsist,
things
to
a constant relation,
may
which they
pertain.
service
is
as
a constant re-
279
lation,
All else
may be
science,
into relations
resolved
which replaces
conception of empty
qualities
between these.
by
relations,
Hence
is
nothing
itself,
for itseK,
causes of
or in
a nature of their
own
of the
by transferences
of
matically determinate
it
they have
And
and be determined.
mathe-
Is
which
is
its
goal?
who have other ends in life than calculating and classifying, we want to interpret and understand the full meaning of the world, must we not return to it in its fulness
When we so regard it, and consider first
and variety?
what we know best, the interaction of mind with mind
and this must be the basis of our interpretation if we are
we do not say, that between man
to understand at all
intervenes
some entity called a body of
and man there
relations.
The
conflict,
As Lotze
"The
passion and
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
280
when, and in so
and
Why,
then,
in
as
itself,
living
intelligible
may we not
intelligence,
and
passion."'
if
outcome of
the
law,
you
if
With
subjects
no
in
torily
dreams of
means
way,
other
interpreting
no absolute
the
and exact
best
how
far
But above
of
all,
the
us
is
the
of
and below
it
all
In
'
How
extends,
God
far
concep-
below
of
is
the
one
Supreme.
Microcosmus,
On
ii,
us,
tell.
Such a
scientific
whereas
be said,
;
'
we cannot
may
lets
conserving acts
this
history
view,
conception of law
by
world
scientific
necting,
it
thinker
what we understand
most.
historical
it
deal satisfac-
competent
little
above,
pecul-
no mere repetitions,
find
yet,
own
fixity,
an
as
its
we can
no
history
we
itself
will
equally determinate?
of
and
as
regard each
anything for
is
or
Just
It
p. 635.
ing (Verstehen)
see
an interesting paragraph
in Paulsen's Einleitung
true
it,
that
of
everything that
is
a law in
is
itself,
itself,
still
is
No
intelligible.
For
possible,
is
man
sane
resents
normal laws of
of thought,
truth,
whom we
For God,
conformity
Now
an
remains
it
be.
ideal.
no meaning
start confronted
we keep
it
and
to
is
it
is
actual
is
historical at
is
is
it
ever appealing
we have
the
left
provided
it
only
gone,
all
historical
that
is
long
so
We
all.
the fact
that
be rendered to
due.
is
mind
experience
aside that
all.
Science
clearly in
and determined.
experience,
to
the whole of
so confronted
itself
certain
is
in reason at
its
to
thought or of conduct
to
us
for
Real
complete
is
what ought
to
is
as
this scientific
supreme, freedom
is
normal laws
as a constraint
so far
freedom *
of
room
but that
chance,
281
it is
wholly historical
* See Note
is
historical altogether
no gainsaying.
and so
iii,
p.
292.
far,
too, it
and
Yes, the
is
'
the
SPIRITUALISTIC MONISM
282
unknowable
defy
knowing
Steadfastness
truths
'
such
to
from
science
of
so long
but entail
but
all
it,
and measurement.
an ideal cannot
strict
And
formulation.
exclusion
is
all
in its con-
'
whole consists
as
the
necessary
'
The
difference
" For as
common measure
is
found.
But
minable
series, so
that
is
just
infinite,
possible, so
demonstration or reduction to
as surd
truths
identical
ratios
lead
can be
an
to
inter-
and possible
to
God
alone."
This
in-
only
'
is
science,'
propositions,
reality,
and shows,
not existence
we
is
'
an interminable
But
this
it
De
gives us
'
Thought,
position.'
it
it
or
must
from
the real
start,
but
series.
reality,
richer
than thought,
Thought
cannot, by piling up
same time,
at the
is
experience.
for experience
Erdmanu's
edition, p. 83.
is
the
THE CONCLUSION
283
workman
more than
is
is
how
and the
of its utility
singular
is
the result
the historical
ideal,
we
is
Science
his tools.
the
life
is
science but
And when we
itself.
of this
metaphysical elimi-
ignored, the
is
product, so
its
God
a super-
remains
turn
it,
Never-
and
in
is
matised as an intruder.
out
inexplicable,
it.
For the
as
But
all.
Leibniz
if
we have
them, truths of
rightly called
originate in
but
reason.
universal
They
rational;
seen, are as
our reason
reason.
monism, and to
is
Such
this
all
experience
world of
the
world, as
is
by
spiritualistic
Thus
their
demurrer to
theistic inquiries
not sustained.
1
p,
252.
"
EXPLANATOEY NOTES
PART
III
condemning
the
conscious
automaton
theory,
and
that
is
something.
285
EXPLANATORY NOTES
286
Note
V,
93.
p.
vol.
i.
One
La
Science
p.
of
my
et
is
retract,
and
much
I find
detailed discussion
Still
do not
find
would be unsuitable
in a
work
till
after
anything to
more
For this the reader may consult the Zeitschrift fur Philosophic und
phU. Kritik, 1898-1900.
PART IV
Note
i,
is
ment
'
and
"
'
my
(Nature, vol.
idealism,
This statement
voluntary movement
135.
p.
perception
am
far
from
It
is
just possible
and what
in this experience,
is
PART IV
at sufficient length elsewhere.
287
On 'The Sensation of
pp. 53-55.
ment,' cf AV. James, Principles of Psychology, ii. pp. 1 7 1 ff.
Brit.
9th ed.
vol. xx.
Move-
'
'
'
'
'
Note
me now
iii,
p.
178.
ii.
At
1893.
the outset of this discussion
to try to obviate a
misunderstanding which
it
behoves
did not at
first anticipate.
In spite of the constant reference to Kant the
mention of two pairs of subjects and objects has led to misapprehension such as the following:
"Professor Ward then
presents us with two orders of duality in unity
the individual
subject and object indissolubly joined together, and the universal
subject and object
the latter being Nature and the former God.
This is his way of approaching the theological question, and it
I
closely
is
In point of fact I am
neither with a universal subject nor with a
here concerned
ix.,
f.
EXPLANATORY NOTES
288
PART
289
IV
'
'
it is
as
much
a problem how
But
we
how we
get
if
'
may
be allowed
to refer to this article for a fuller treatment of the points raised in this note.
^ Cf. p. 167 above, and Ency. Brit. I.e.
* Cf.
pp. 156 flf. above, and Ency. Brit. I.e. p. 56 n.
^
p.
164 above.
VOL.
EXPLANATORY NOTES
290
'
'
'
'
fi'.).
PART V
full are
"What is
the soul at first, in
observer, or for the
:
confess I did not see that this omission Avas any gain to
it
now.
My
my
case,
is
that
PART V
291
perience
Note
ii,
it,
then devoid of
till
p.
247.
Objections,
In the last
(cf. Mind, xii. 1887, pp. 62-67, 564-575).
three volumes of Mind, Mr. Bradley has developed his doctrines
this topic
Cf.
'Modern'
Fsychologij, in
Mind, N.S.,
ii.
EXPLANATORY NOTES
292
'
'
'
'
'
acteristics of it."
God
of J. Stuart Mill
failures.
The
Note
iii,
p.
281.
The contingency
is
PART V
293
explained.
The
assertion of contingency
'
complex." ^
I cannot admit either that the distinction in
question is fairly chargeable with that excess of subtlety Avhich
the epithet scholastic implies, nor yet that it is not further
explained. On the contrary, it must be plain to the dullest that
real absolute contingency,' the purely fortuitous, is incompatible
both Avith the universal order which we strive to conceive as a
system of laws, and with the concrete drama of history
die
JFeltgeschichte ah das JVeltgericht, to use Schiller's striking phrase
which, as one increasing purpose we strive to understand.
It is plain again that the historical is not incompatible with
And yet
natural laws, but necessarily presupposes these.
such at least is my contention, and has been all through the
historical is not to be reduced to or deduced from such laws.
Several reasons for this are, I think, clearly indicated in the
immediate context, and are more fully though, for lack of space,
First, science
inadequately
elaborated in the earlier lectures.^
deals with the abstract and conceptual
history with the actual
and concrete. It is not the complexity of causes that separates
the one from the other, leaving the historical as an incommensurable remainder with which we in our ignorance are
'
'
'
'
'
'
deal.
It is the efficiency and individuality of
the causal agents that history recognises, and science repudiates,
which makes the essential difference.
Secondly, science postulates necessity
history presupposes freedom in the choice of
ends.
Lastly, this conception of ends introduces us to a new
group of categories the categories of worth or value, which
underlie every aspect of life
conative, intellectual, aesthetic,
moral and religious but are wholly foreign to the mechanical
scheme of natural science.
If the nature which that scheme
symbolises is subservient to the realm of ends, it has a meaning
as an absolute mechanism, so to say, it is meaningless.
But if
incompetent to
ii.
pp.
cited, I
169
ff.
may now
In addition to
refer to Rickert's
Grenzen
EXPLANATORY NOTES
294
nature
agents
is
is
thus subservient,
contingent to it.
its
direction
and control by
free
,"
Professor
"Contingency and freedom of the will
Eitchie continued, " prepare us to expect a system of pluralism,
.
who
is
'
over-reached
1
itself.
du Pldnommc, 1S94,
p.
247.
,;
INDEX
Absolute, the, i. 24 ff,\ as a term,
Mr. Spencer's, 219 /. ; ii.
122
267/. and God, i. 294
Abstraction and analysis distinct, i.
biology,
122
distance, i. 124, 126
certed A., ii. 261
i.
ii.
ii.
70
261
i.
at
con-
46 ff.
f.,
and
causality,
237
ff.
diflSculties
211-219,229,
267/
;
Bacon, Lord,
225
elasticity of,
i.
128
hypothetical, 307 /.
Automatism, i. 179, 291
ii.
271 ;
conscious A., theory of, ii. 22-26,
at variance with
29, 101, 212
;
i.
165
ii.
i. 146
on definition of
115 on assimilation, 256
Berkeley, ii. 109, 136, 289
Bernard, Claude, ii. 28
Body Alpha, Neumann's, i. 72
Body, the, its relation to the mind, i.
14, 177/ ii. 4/., 35 interaction
of the two, ii. 38/., 285
Boltzman, Prof. L., on Theoretical
Mind,
ii.
Physics,
307
verse,
i.
81,
working model
of,
20/
instability
physics,
^vith
49
and
255/.
Action, contact,
38
39
mechanical determinism,
Bunge, Prof. G., on Vitalism,
ii.
i.
61
Caibd,
178
of
ciency, 241,
295
247
INDEX
296
246
278
/.,
in psychologj', 5 ;
" eminent " C, the
49
CliflFord, J. K., on molecules, i. 100
on
on perfect fluid, 131 /.
/.
kinetic energy, 163 on mind-stuff,
177; ii. 17; on psychophysical
parallelism, 13-16, 25
CoUocations, i. 47/., 207, 225
Consciousness, its " contents" nowadays
Chalmers,
T.,
on
collocationfl, 1.47/.,
224
240
Cuvier,
i.
on distribution of elements,
du Bois - Eeymond,
E., on Laplace's
imaginary intelligence, i. 41, 170
on science as atheistic, ii. 277
du Bois-Reymond, P., on atoms, i, 123
Duhem, Prof., quoted, i. 164
Dynamics, abstract, its method, i. 51
its laws, 58/, 67, 77
ff., 138
its application to phenomena, 67 Jf.,
70 /., 79 /, 138 /. its hypo;
thetical
character,
153
71
ii.
81,
83,
138,
ii.
167/, 264/
Energetics, science
of,
157, 169
i.
214
postulate, 172,
i.
ii.
75
80
/.;
as
what
mind a form
ii.
279
7,
Daltos,
his colour-blindness,
ii.
168
substance, 193/
Dissolution, i. 191, 198
ii.
36/, 83
Evolution, chemical,
233/, 315
treats
i.
Theory of
E., 186/.,
Universe as a single
188 /.
E. with guid;
the
object,
without,
and
205 /
primary and secondary, 207 /
Mr. Spencer's formula for, 212
biological and mechanical, 272,
ance,
275/
Experience, general conception
of,
ii.
110 Jf., 125 /. as life, 111, 131134 duality of, 112, 125, 129
unity of, 112, 130, 160 individual
and universal, distinguished, 152
unity of U.E., 196-198
/., 287
;
;;
297
INDEX
characteristics
of
Homogeneity, Instability
developing E.,
184 ; higher
in relacategories of, 185-196
tion to Causality, 239-241, 265.
"External and internal," ambiguity of,
objects
179,
of,
ii.
323;
233,
summary
of,
on,
227
Mr. Spencer's
metaphysics,
17
225
of,
ii.
109,
Helmholtz
on, 7
Faraday,
222-
i.
222 /.,;
difficulties,
128
Ferrier, J. F., on dualism, ii. 120, 199/
Fluid, primordial of Lord Kelvin, i.
131-138 ; ii. 261
its stability,
how secured, i. 134
Force, its present meaning, i. 60-62
centres of, 126
not a cause, 61
Mr. Spencer's uses of, 213 /.,
235, 241
Freedom, Laplace on, i. 41, 177
Huxley on, ii. 45 / Spinoza on,
45
F. and reason, 281
i,
215/
plicit idealism,
Hylozoism,
i.
177,
ii.
71
215/
see also
Monism
i.
ii.
246 per58, 60, 133
haps nothing altogether inert, ii.
of Lord Kelvin's medium,
68, 83
experience of, 162 range
i. 133/
of the law of problematic, ii. 69,
Kant's view of, 71 ; conse85
quence of limiting, 72
Inertia,
ii.
62,
83
Hamilton,
Inertial system,
i.
72/
possible psychology
reason, ii. 256, 264
Introjection,
ii.
175
of,
and
172
Hicks, Prof.
Address,
W.
i.
M.,
165
Historical,
contrasted with
the,
180
169/., 280/., 293
scientific,
i.
ii.
89,
the
163,
i.
134,
186,
228,
234
on space,
INDEX
298
137, 140/., 287;
tion of rationalism
his reconcilia-
and empiricism,
/.
work, 191
118
ether,
104
ii.
on kinetic
on dissi;
200
on
life,
27
ii.
as descriptive, 62, 83
Knowledge, Kelativity
theory of
etic
what
natural,
of,
matter,
it
i.
implies,
146
ii.
99
/.; 270 #.
132
Lotze, on treating the universe quanti-
tatively,
tive,
i.
ii.
MacGregor,
Mach,
Prof.
on
Ladd,
Prof. G. T.,
ii.
174, 176
174, 176
Lamarck, his laws, i. 273, 277/.; dis-
Lagrange,
i.
279
Laplace, no need of God in his system,
i.
4 23, 64, 275
his imaginary
intelligence, i. 41, 176, 178
E. du
Bois-Reymond on it, 41 /. not
omniscient 42
Jevons's reference
to,
on dimensions of the
45
universe, 94
Larmor, Dr. J. J., on the kinetic theory
of matter, i. 129, 149; on ether, 311
Leibniz, on a "plenum" i. 151; his philosophy, 181 on the Cartesian vncredit of,
83
on continuity of
things,
inf.,
90
on
his
69;
in-
ledge,
222
i.
8 /., 261/; relation
to the mechanical theory, 177,
200
L. anabolic, 289
ii.
26
and mechanism, i. 291 /.; ii. 27
/.. 82
;
ii.
i.
what
primacy
unknown,
it is,
57
i.
hydrokinetic theory
of,
128-137
of,
assumed
273
ii.
88, 262,
ii.
272
85
85
ii.
INDEX
166
involved
determinisin
Natural
in,
69
attempts to find
loopholes in, 59-64
Mechanics
see also Dj'namics
application to molecular physics, i.
ii.
66,
59,
140-143
Memory, problem of, ii. 156-159
Mercier, Dr. C, quoted, ii. 23
I\Ietageometry, i. 21
Mill, J. Stuart, sceptical about ether,
i. 113
on the function of labour,
200 on induction, ii. 226 /. on
the range of natural law, 233
Mind and brain, i. 9 /"., 292 concomitance of M. with life, 281 jf.
control of matter by M., denied, ii.
consequences of admitting, ii.
38
72 /., 78 use of the term, 119
Molecules, i. 93 /.
mechanical treatment of, 95/. as "manufactured
articles," 99-103, 108, 112
their
how far hypoimmutability, 104
thetical, 109
Moleschott, i. 278
relation,
Momentum,
i.
67
conservation
of,
forgotten
60
Monism,
ii.
16,
objections to,
35/., 101, 107, 202
206 /. unstable, 208 capitulaspiritualistic, as
tion of, 229 /.
problem, 202, 229 ; as result,
lect. XX. 259 /.
Motion, absolute, i. 69, 150
relative,
72 first law of, its application,
;
resolution of phenomena
72, 77
ii. 260, 278 ; coninto, 140, 150
;
tinuity of postulated, in
atom theory, i. 146/.
Naturalism,
uncritical,
three real
rejects
186
20,
i,
22
ii.
principles
spiritualistic
vortex-
ii.
104,
of,
i.
87
247
40
terminologj',
assumes
i. 19
58, 100/., 247
the primacy of physical phenobut does not
mena, 98 /., 106
escape from spiritualistic implica266
tions, 262/
;
ii.
299selection,
;
Nature, laws
46, 48
of,
274,
i.
ii.
92
297, 302
i. 300, 327-333
variations,
as "secondary causes,"L
as causal at
281,
275,
and
all,
ii.
22>T ff.
219^.; and
postulate,
254
teleological,
itself
274
/.,
Newton, Sir
on time, space,
6, 43
on absolute
and motion, 68-74
rotation, 73
on the range of
mechanical principles, 82, 84, 155
on contact action, 122, 124
Nihilism, physical, i. 140 /., 150
ii.
God,
i.
3,
260, 271
ii.
166^.
Palet,
282,
i.
291/
27/
his Natural Theology,
i.
psychophysical, i. 9 ff.,
178 ii. 5/, 109,273, 285/.; meanlogically incoming of, 13 ^.
patible with dualism, 24, 29, 37
leads to monism, 31/., 93, 208/
Paulsen, Prof. F., on active attitude,
ii. 188 ; on conceiving and understanding, 280
Pearson, Prof. Karl, i. 57. 83, 117
Phenomenon, what the term implies, i.
24; ii. 104/, 214, 275/ relation
Kant's use
to Absolute, i. 26, 39
of, ii. 128 ; 7. per se, a contradiction of Naturalism, 104, 181, 272,
Parallelism,
;
276
Physics, as
merely descriptive,
i.
62,
INDEX
300
66
mechanical description
adequate to, 116, 138, 153, 164
;
if
i. 282,
287, 329
Poincare, Prof. H., i. 115, 314, 317
Presentationism, ii. 123, 126, 209
Protagoras, his Homo Mensjira, ii. 256
i.
151
ii.
69
in the
mechanical theory,
i.
96 /., 112
279 relations of, non-plus the
Laplacean calculator, 176/.
ii.
179/
;
178/., 196
Reality, and symbols, i. 179/
perceptual, ii. 154 /., 168
as concrete, ii. 87, 89, 279
R. and
appearance, 166
Reflex movements, i. 286
ii. 38
Reid, ii. 109, 155
on memory, 159 ;
use of " object," 165
Reversibility, mechanical, i. 203 /. ;
absence of, in the universe a
;
mechanical theory,
such absence may point
313
87/
Segregation, i. 237-242
Selection
see Natural ; Sexual, i. 278 ;
Human, i. 278 Subjective, 294329
297,
Organic, 294, 329 /.
ii. 92, 131, 161
Self-conservation, i. 290-294 ; ii. 92,
:
134
131,
and
progression,
i.
298/
Sensations, not psychologically explicable, ii. 25 ; not subjective modi-
127/, 289;
fications, 113-117,
have "form." 117
Space, absolute,
i.
68
ii.
and ex-
142/, 146
71
ii. 143
S. and
Lord Kelvin's medium, 132 ; perception of, implies activity, ii. 135
leads on to conception
/., 286
of, 139 /.,
149 /.
views of
i.
Kant
and
Locke
"here"
140 /
142; empty
on,
as "origin,"
144/
S.,
;
;
sources
philosophy, 243,
253
his procedure described,
illustrated and criticised, 246-259,
Brit. Quarterly on, 255 ;
270
confuses abstraction vvith analysis, 256 ;
on the origin of life,
262 /. on the transition to mind,
265 /., 286, 327 ; on Equilibration, 275 ; his criticism of this
of
his
Romanes,
81
Orbis
scientiarum, 27, 38, 40
contrasted with the concrete world, ii.
relative,
ii.
99
ii.
meaning
Psychological and psychophysical confusion of, ii. 10/., 21/., 117, 127
Psychology, and physics, i. 15
ii. 4/.,
16, 22/., 108/., 124/., 153, 173,
179, 198
Pythagoreans,
and the mechanical
theor}',
i.
225
280
1.
and gaps,
i.
8/., 27,
30/
Huxley
INDEX
Statistics, in physics,
i.
110/.
Neo-Kantians. 122
Subjective, an ambiguous term,
ii.
119
Substance, elimination of the conception, i. 57, 64, 67, 122, 139, ii. 4
retained by Prof. Tait, 146
for
Descartes and Kant primarily quan;
titative,
267/
Theologj-,
Natural,
i.
6,
23;
Bridge-
193/.
Universe,
it
193/.
Survival of the
i. 14, 275
ii. 92
and the Kirchoff
179 and reality, 179
fittest,
school on,
i.
evolved?
is it
i.
188/
is
195/
limited?
Unknowable,
the.
i.
24
ii.
IS,
101,.
207/, 267/
Huxley
Symbols,
301
276
Mr. Spencer on, i.
Mental states as, ii. 49
Sj-nthesis, intellective, ii. 164
"anoetic," 187, Kant's use of, 234, 236
Vitalism, i. 178
Vortex-atoms, theory of, i. 87 /., 118,
mass and quasi128, 137, 144
mass of, 135/.
Wallace, A.
/.
269
ii.
Human
/., 288/.,
290-300;
ii.
277
92; T.
i.
R.,
i.
Selection,
273,
275
on
278
THE END
parallelism,
ii.
30