o.

l3-46l

I THI
!"#$%&% ()"$* )+ *,% -./*%0 !*1*%2
__________

AMI!ICA I!OACASTIC COMIAIIS, IC., IT A!.,
Pe/i/ionere,

v.


AI!IO, IC. I/K/A IAMIOOM !AIS, IC.,
IeeponJen/.
__________

!" $%&' () *+%'&(%,%&
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__________

I!IA M. COTTI!
CII!A! CO!SI!
AII! I!OW
II!TY CII!A! CO!SI!
AI!IO, IC.
280 Summor Sfroof
4fh IIoor
Iosfon, MA 022l0
(6l?) 86l-4290



Mnrch 26, 20l4

AVI C. I!II!ICK
Couneel of IecorJ
AA!O M. IAI!
I!IA J. C!IMMIS
CAIT!I S. HA!!
KI!!OCC, H!II!, HASI,
TO, IVAS & IICI!,
I.!.!.C.
l6l5 M Sfroof, .W.
SuIfo 400
WnshIngfon, .C. 20036
(202) 326-?900
(dfrodorIckkhhfo.com)

(AJJi/ionol Couneel Lie/eJ On 1neiJe Coter)


!. AVI HOSI
MA!K S. I!ZI!!A
IISH & !ICHA!SO I.C.
Ono MnrInn Inrk rIvo
Iosfon, MA 022l0-l8?8
(6l?) 542-50?0

SITH . C!IISTII
COSTATII CAO !!I
Ono IrnnkIIn Squnro
l30l K Sfroof, .W.
SuIfo l050 Insf
WnshIngfon, .C. 20005
(202) 204-3500



@.:0?9!= <8:0:=?:>
Whofhor Aoroo orform|s] . . . ubIIcIy, undor
l0l nnd l06 of fho CoyrIghf Acf, l? !.S.C.
l0l, l06, by suIyIng romofo oquImonf fhnf
nIIows n consumor fo funo nn IndIvIdunI, romofoIy
Iocnfod nnfonnn fo n ubIIcIy nccossIbIo, ovor-fho-nIr
brondcnsf foIovIsIon sIgnnI, uso n romofo dIgIfnI vIdoo
rocordor fo mnko n orsonnI rocordIng from fhnf
sIgnnI, nnd fhon wnfch fhnf rocordIng.



II
*!8<!83?: >90*A!0.8: 0?3?:B:=?
Iursunnf fo !uIo 29.6 of fho !uIos of fhIs Courf,
rosondonf Aoroo, Inc. sfnfos fho foIIowIng:
Aoroo, Inc. hns no nronf corornfIon. !SAI
!!C, n subsIdInry of IAC/InforAcfIvoCor, n ubIIcIy
frndod comnny, owns l0 or moro of Aoroo, Inc.`s
sfock.



III
?37A: !; *!=?:=?0
Ingo
Q!ISTIO I!ISITI .......................................... I
CO!IO!ATI ISC!OS!!I STATIMIT ............ II
TAI!I OI A!THO!ITIIS ...................................... vI
IT!O!CTIO ....................................................... l
STATIMIT OI THI CASI .................................... 3
l. CoyrIghf nnd fho IubIIc Socfrum ................ 3
2. ComofIfIon !nw nnd !ofrnnsmIssIon
Consonf ............................................................. 6
3. Homo !ocordIng nnd InIr !so ........................ 8
4. Aoroo`s IquImonf ........................................... 9
5. Tho IsfrIcf Courf ocIsIon ........................... l3
6. Tho Courf of AonIs ocIsIon ...................... l6
S!MMA!Y OI A!C!MIT .................................. l?
A!C!MIT ............................................................. 22
I. AI!IO OIS OT I!I!IC!Y II!-
IO!M COIY!ICHTI WO!KS .................. 22
A. Tho TrnnsmIssIons Irom Aoroo`s
IquImonf Aro of IubIIc Iorfor-
mnncos ....................................................... 22
I. Aoroo`s !sors TrnnsmIf A ow Ior-
formnnco Irom A !ocordIng Of Tho
Irondcnsf, of Tho Snmo Iorfor-
mnnco ImbodIod In Tho Irondcnsf ......... 2?
l. Tho InyIng of n coy Is n orfor-
mnnco dIsfIncf from fho orfor-
mnnco from whIch fho coy wns
mndo ..................................................... 2?


Iv
2. Aoroo`s usors do nof rocoIvo fho
orformnncos ombodIod In brond-
cnsfors` frnnsmIssIons ......................... 29
3. SocfIon lll rofIocfs fho dIsfInc-
fIon bofwoon fho orformnnco
ombodIod In n brondcnsfor`s
frnnsmIssIon nnd n orformnnco
from n rocordIng of fho brondcnsf ....... 34
4. Thoro Is no jusfIfIcnfIon for dIs-
rognrdIng fho fncf fhnf nII frnns-
mIssIons usIng Aoroo`s oquImonf
nro dorIvod from IndIvIdunI rocord-
Ings ....................................................... 36
5. !ojocfIon of ofIfIonors` mIsrond-
Ing of fho sfnfufo wouId nof nffocf
fho coyrIghf IInbIIIfy of vIdoo-on-
domnnd sysfoms .................................. 3?
II. AI!IO`S !SI!S, OT AI!IO, II!-
IO!M IY !SIC THI IQ!IIMIT ....... 40
A. Aoroo oos of Moof Tho Sfnfufory
Sfnndnrd Ior Irocf InfrIngomonf ........... 40
I. ThIs Courf`s Cnsos ConfIrm Aoroo
Cnnnof Io !InbIo Ior Irocf InfrIngo-
monf .......................................................... 4l
C. Aoroo`s IrovIsIon Of !omofo IquI-
monf To Consumors oos of !on-
dor If IrocfIy !InbIo Ior InfrIngo-
monf .......................................................... 42
. Tho Covornmonf`s Infogrnfod Sys-
fom Argumonf Is !norsunsIvo .............. 44
I. Tho Suosod AnnIogy Iofwoon
Aoroo And CnbIo Sysfoms Hns o
MorIf .......................................................... 46


v
III. COSII!ATIOS OI COIY!ICHT
IO!ICY ST!OC!Y S!IIO!T THI
ICISIO II!OW ....................................... 4?
A. Any Sfnfufory AmbIguIfy ShouId Io
!osoIvod AgnInsf !InbIIIfy ....................... 4?
I. ofhIng In Tho CoyrIghf Acf Sug-
gosfs Thnf Congross WouId Hnvo
Wnnfod IofIfIonors To Io AbIo To
Ixfrncf CoyrIghf !oynIfIos Horo ............ 5l
COC!!SIO .......................................................... 55
STAT!TO!Y AI!M ..................................... ln



vI
?37A: !; 3.?C!89?9:0
Ingo
CASIS
AJone t. Bur/e, 84 !.S. (l? WnII.) 453 (l8?3) ....... 53
Aro Mfg. Co. t. Conter/iIle Top Ieplocenen/
Co., 3?? !.S. 4?6 (l964) ...................................... 54
Buc/ t. DeIoun, 40 I.2d ?34 (S.. CnI. l929) ........ 54
Buc/ t. Jeuell-Lo Solle Ieol/, Co., 283 !.S.
l9l (l93l) ............................................................ 54
Cor/oon Ae/uor/ LP, LLLP t. CSC HolJinge,
1nc., 536 I.3d l2l (2d CIr. 2008), cer/.
JenieJ, 55? !.S. 946 (2009) .................... l3, l4, l5,
l?, 2?, 36, 39,
4l, 42, 43, 45, 50
ColunIio Pic/uree 1nJue., 1nc. t. Ateco, 1nc.,
800 I.2d 59 (3d CIr. l986) ................................... 39
CoS/or Grp., 1nc. t. LoopAe/, 1nc., 3?3 I.3d
544 (4fh CIr. 2004) .................................... 4l, 42, 43
Diene, 1n/ere., 1nc. t. Ho/file Corp., ?98 I.
Su. 2d l303 (S.. IIn. 20l0) ........................... 43
Ior/nigl/l, Corp. t. Ini/eJ Ar/ie/e Teletieion,
1nc., 392 !.S. 390 (l968) ........................ 4, 5, 46, 54
Iox BrooJ. Co. t. Diel Ae/uor/, L.L.C., o. l2-
5?048, 20l4 W! 2605?2 (9fh CIr. JuIy 24,
20l3) ..................................................................... 4l
Heore/ S/o/ione 1nc. t. Aereo, 1nc., CIvII AcfIon
o. l3-ll649-MC, 20l3 W! 5604284
(. Mnss. Ocf. 8, 20l3) .......................................... ?
Kir/eoeng t. Joln Wile, & Sone, 1nc., l33 S.
Cf. l35l (20l3)................................................ 53-54
Morocicl t. Speore, l33 S. Cf. 2l9l (20l3) ............. 48


vII
Me/ro-GolJu,n-Mo,er S/uJioe 1nc. t. Gro/e/er,
L/J., 545 !.S. 9l3 (2005) .................... l9, 4l, 42, 48
Office of Connunico/ion of Ini/eJ Clurcl of
Clrie/ t. ICC, 359 I.2d 994 (.C. CIr. l966 ........ 3
Por/er t. Google, 1nc., 242 I. A`x 833
(3d CIr. 200?) ....................................................... 4l
Plo,Io, 1n/ere., 1nc. t. Iuee HorJenIurgl,
1nc., 982 I. Su. 503 (.. OhIo l99?) ............. 42
Ieligioue Tecl. C/r. t. Ae/con On-Line Con-
nunico/ion Serte., 1nc., 90? I. Su. l36l
(.. CnI. l995) ................................................... 43
Son, Corp. of An. t. Initereol Ci/, S/uJioe,
1nc., 464 !.S. 4l? (l984) ............................... ?, 8, 9,
l9, 20, 3?, 4l,
42, 4?, 48, 50, 52
Telepronp/er Corp. t. ColunIio BrooJ. S,e.,
1nc., 4l5 !.S. 394 (l9?4) ................................4, 5, 6
Turner BrooJ. S,e., 1nc. t. ICC:
5l2 !.S. 622 (l994) ...................................... 3-4, 52
520 !.S. l80 (l99?) .................................................. ?
Ini/eJ S/o/ee t. ASCAP, 485 I. Su. 2d 438
(S...Y. 200?), off `J, 62? I.3d 64 (2d CIr.
20l0), cer/. JenieJ, l32 S. Cf. 366 (20ll) ......29, 32
Ini/eJ S/o/ee t. Poronoun/ Pic/uree, 1nc.,
334 !.S. l3l (l948) ............................................. 53
WP1X, 1nc. t. iti, 1nc., 69l I.3d 2?5 (2d CIr.
20l2), cer/. JenieJ, l33 S. Cf. l585 (20l3) ......... 34





vIII
T!IATIIS, STAT!TIS, A !IC!!ATIOS
Iorno ConvonfIon for fho IrofocfIon of !Ifor-
nry nnd ArfIsfIc Works, rovIsod nf InrIs
JuIy 24, l9?l, oe onenJeJ Sof. 28, l9?9,
25 !.S.T. l34l ..................................................... 39
WorId InfoIIocfunI Iroorfy OrgnnIznfIon
CoyrIghf Tronfy, oc. 20, l996, 36 I.!.M.
65 .......................................................................... 39
CnbIo ToIovIsIon Consumor IrofocfIon nnd
ComofIfIon Acf of l992, Iub. !. o. l02-
385, l06 Sfnf. l460 ................................. ?, 8, 2l, 55
2(n)(l9), l06 Sfnf. l462-63 ................................. 8
CoyrIghf Acf of l856, ch. l69, ll Sfnf. l38 .............. 5
CoyrIghf Acf of l89?, ch. 4, 29 Sfnf. 48l ................. 5
CoyrIghf Acf of l909, ch. 320, 35 Sfnf. l0?5 ........ 4, 5
l(c)-(o), 35 Sfnf. l0?5-?6 ..................................... 5
CoyrIghf Acf of l9?6 (l? !.S.C.) ..................... poeein
l? !.S.C. l0l .............................. 5, l4, l?, 23, 26,
2?, 30, 3l, 3?, 40
l? !.S.C. l06 ................................................ 5, 40
l? !.S.C. l06(l) ................................. 8, l3, 33, 36
l? !.S.C. l06(3) ................................................ 33
l? !.S.C. l06(4) ......................... l3, 22, 33, 39, 40
l? !.S.C. l09(n) ................................................ 3l
l? !.S.C. lll ..................... 5, 6, l8, 34, 35, 46, 52
l? !.S.C. lll(n) ................................................ 35
l? !.S.C. lll(c) ...........................................34, 35
l? !.S.C. lll(d) ...........................................34, 52



Ix
l? !.S.C. lll(d)(3) ........................................... 5-6
l? !.S.C. lll(o) ................................................ 35
l? !.S.C. lll(o)(l)(I) ....................................... 35
l? !.S.C. lll(o)(4) ............................................ 35
l? !.S.C. lll(f )(2) ............................................ 34
l? !.S.C. lll(f )(3) ............................................ 34
l? !.S.C. ll4(d)(l)(I)(I)-(II) ............................... 6
l? !.S.C. ll5 ...............................................l9, 33
l? !.S.C. ll5(c)(l) ............................................ 33
l? !.S.C. ll5(c)(3) ............................................ 33
l? !.S.C. ll5(d) ................................................ 33
l? !.S.C. l22(n) ................................................ 53
l? !.S.C. 50l(n) ................................................ 40
l? !.S.C. 506 .................................................... 48
IgIfnI MIIIonnIum CoyrIghf Acf, Iub. !. o.
l05-304, ll2 Sfnf. 2860 (l998) ........................... 43
4? !.S.C. 325(b) ................................................... ?, 8
4? !.S.C. 325(b)(l) ............................................. 8, 55
4? !.S.C. 534(n)) ...................................................... ?
4? !.S.C. 534(b)(l0) ................................................. ?
3? C.I.!. 20l.l? ..................................................... 34
4? C.I.!. ?6.62(n) ..................................................... ?
4? C.I.!. ?6.64 ......................................................... ?
4? C.I.!. ?6.66(n)(2) .............................................. 34




x
!ICIS!ATIVI MATI!IA!S
Cop,rigl/ BrooJcoe/ Progronning on /le
1n/erne/. Heoring Before /le SuIconn. on
Cour/e onJ 1n/ellec/uol Proper/, of /le H.
Conn. on /le JuJicior,, l06fh Cong. (2000) ...... 34
Cop,rigl/ Lou Ietieion. Heoringe Before /le
SuIconn. on Po/en/e, TroJenor/e, onJ
Cop,rigl/e of /le S. Conn. on /le JuJici-
or,, 93d Cong. (l9?3) ............................................. 6
H.!. Conf. !o. o. l02-862 (l992) ........................... 8
H.!. Conf. !o. o. l06-464 (l999) ........................... 6
H.!. !o. o. 90-83 (l96?) ....................................... 26
H.!. !o. o. 94-l4?6 (l9?6) .............. 5, 2l, 40, 52, 53
H.!. !o. o. l05-55l, f. l (l998) .......................... 43
S. !o. o. l02-92 (l99l) ..................................... 8, 2l
S. !o. o. l04-l28 (l995) ......................................... 6

AMIIST!ATIVI MATI!IA!S
5? Iod. !og. 3284 (Jnn. 29, l992) ............................ 34
. 3292 .................................................................. 34

OTHI! MATI!IA!S
Abouf yIo, hff://www.dyIo.fv/nbouf/mcv/ ............. 48
ChrIsfInn Iohnnnnn & Horborf Hovonknm,
Creo/ion ui/lou/ Iee/roin/ (20l2) .................48, 53
IrIof for fho !nIfod Sfnfos, Ini/eJ S/o/ee t.
ASCAP, 62? I.3d 64 (2d CIr. 20l0) (os.
09-0539-cv(!), of nI.) (fIIod Aug. l0, 2009),
2009 W! ?48l343 ............................... 29, 3l, 32, 33


xI
IrIof for fho !nIfod Sfnfos ns AmIcus CurIno,
CoIle Aeue Ae/uor/, 1nc. t. CSC HolJinge,
1nc., 55? !.S. 946 (2009) (fIIod Mny 29,
2009), 2009 W! l5ll?40 .................... 38, 44, 45, 50
IrIof for fho !nIfod Sfnfos In OosIfIon,
ASCAP t. Ini/eJ S/o/ee, l32 S. Cf. 366
(20ll) (o. l0-l33?) (fIIod JuIy l2, 20ll),
20ll W! 2908556 ...........................................32, 33
2 InuI CoIdsfoIn, GolJe/ein on Cop,rigl/
(3d od. Su. 20l3) .............................................. 38
Mom. for fho !nIfod Sfnfos ns AmIcus CurIno,
Ior/nigl/l, Corp. t. Ini/eJ Ar/ie/e Teleti-
eion, 1nc., 392 !.S. 390 (l968) (o. 6l8)
(fIIod Jnn. 3l, l968) ............................................. 54
IoIson, An, Wo, You Wo/cl 1/. Aieleen To
1ncorporo/e MoIile Vieuing 1n/o TV Io/-
inge AnJ D,nonic Digi/ol Io/inge (Ocf. 28,
20l3), otoiloIle o/ hff://www.nIoIson.com/
us/on/nowswIro/20l3/nny-wny-you-wnfch-If-
nIoIson-fo-Incorornfo-mobIIo-vIowIng.hfmI ........ ?
2 MoIvIIIo I. Immor & nvId Immor,
Ainner on Cop,rigl/ (rov. od. 20l3) ...........23, 28,
35, 53
ofo, Tilling /le Voe/ Woe/elonJ. Tle Coee for
Ietiting Locolien in PuIlic 1n/eree/ OIli-
go/ione for CoIle Teletieion, l26 Hnrv. !.
!ov. l034 (20l3) ................................................. ?-8
3 WIIIInm I. Infry, Po/r, on Cop,rigl/ (20l2) ........ 42
!.S. CoyrIghf OffIco, hff://www.coyrIghf.gov/
IogIsInfIon/nrchIvo ............................................... 48



xII
!S ows, CBS So,e Aereo Con`/ S/ifle BrooJ-
coe/ Profi/e (Iob. l3, 20l4), otoiloIle o/
hff://www.usnows.com/nows/nrfIcIos/20l4/
02/l3/cbs-snys-noroo-cnnf-sfIfIo-brondcnsf-
rofIfs ................................................................... 55




9=?8!>.*?9!=
Aoroo rovIdos convonIonf nnd InoxonsIvo foch-
noIogy fhnf nIIows consumors fo mnko nnd wnfch
orsonnI rocordIngs of IocnI ovor-fho-nIr brondcnsf
foIovIsIon rogrnms usIng nn IndIvIdunIIy nssIgnod
nnfonnn nnd n dIgIfnI vIdoo rocordor (V!). IofI-
fIonors do nof dIsufo fhnf (I) fho confonf nf Issuo Is
doIIvorod for froo ovor fho ubIIc nIrwnvos wIfh fhoIr
nufhorIznfIon nnd (II) nny consumor wIfh nn nnfonnn
Is onfIfIod fo rocoIvo, wnfch, nnd mnko n orsonnI
rocordIng of fhnf confonf. Tho ovoIufIon of foch-
noIogy from n bInck-nnd-whIfo foIovIsIon connocfod
fo n rnbbIf-onr nnfonnn nnd n Iofnmnx fo n hIgh-
dofInIfIon foIovIsIon connocfod fo n dIgIfnI nnfonnn
nnd V! hns nof chnngod fhoso coro rIncIIos. ThIs
cnso sImIy concorns fho noxf fochnoIogIcnI sfo:
nIIowIng n consumor fo nccoss brondcnsf rogrnm-
mIng usIng nn Infornof-connocfod dovIco couIod
wIfh n romofoIy Iocnfod, IndIvIdunIIy nssIgnod nnfonnn
nnd sogrognfod vIdoo sforngo.
IofIfIonors nsk fhIs Courf fo Ignoro Aoroo`s socIfIc
fochnoIogy nnd fInd fhnf Aoroo`s sysfom vIoInfos fho
CoyrIghf Acf. Iuf fhIs Courf`s jurIsrudonco rocog-
nIzos coyrIghf ns n IImIfod grnnf of oxcIusIvo rIghfs
nnd mnndnfos fochnIcnI nnd nnnIyfIcnI rocIsIon In
nny nIIcnfIon of fhoso oxcIusIvo rIghfs.
As fhIs cnso comos fo fho Courf, ofIfIonors con-
fond onIy fhnf uso of Aoroo`s fochnoIogy vIoInfos fhoIr
rIghf fo orform . . . ubIIcIy fhoIr works. Thnf
cInIm fnIIs for fwo ronsons. IIrsf, fho Socond CIrcuIf
corrocfIy Inforrofod fho TrnnsmIf CInuso fo oxfond
IInbIIIfy onIy fo /ronenieeione mndo nvnIInbIo fo fho
ubIIc. Tho ono-fo-ono frnnsmIssIons from Aoroo`s
oquImonf IndIvIdunI frnnsmIssIons from orsonnI
rocordIngs cronfod from dnfn rocoIvod by IndIvIdunI
nnfonnns do nof consfIfufo ubIIc orformnncos.


2
Socond, wIfh Aoroo`s fochnoIogy, fho orformnnco
ombodIod In onch frnnsmIssIon Is fho usor`s InyIng
of hor orsonnI rocordIng nof fho orformnnco
ofIfIonors frnnsmIf fo fho ubIIc. Tho CoyrIghf
Acf mnkos cIonr fhnf fho ncf of InyIng n rocordIng Is
n orformnnco Jie/inc/ from nny orformnnco from
whIch fho rocordIng Is mndo. Iocnuso fho orfor-
mnnco ombodIod In onch frnnsmIssIon from Aoroo`s
oquImonf fho usor`s InyIng of hor rocordIng Is
nvnIInbIo onIy fo fho IndIvIdunI usor who cronfod fhnf
rocordIng, fho orformnnco Is rIvnfo, nof ubIIc.
IofIfIonors nssorf fhnf n ruIIng for Aoroo wouId bo
unfnIr bocnuso If wouId nIIow Aoroo fo nvoId nyIng
coyrIghf roynIfIos whIch ofIfIonors ImIy cnbIo
sysfoms ny. As n fhroshoId mnffor, brondcnsfors
hnvo novor boon nbIo fo cInIm coyrIghf roynIfIos
whon n consumor nccossos or mnkos n orsonnI
rocordIng of fhoIr rogrnmmIng usIng nn nnfonnn or
rocordIng dovIco. Moroovor, undor fho CoyrIghf
Acf, ofIfIonors hnvo no rIghf fo roynIfIos nf nII for
rofrnnsmIssIons of fhoIr confonf wIfhIn fho orIgInnI
brondcnsf mnrkof. Congross oxomfod ovon cnbIo
sysfoms from nny obIIgnfIon fo comonsnfo coyrIghf
hoIdors whon fhoy rofrnnsmIf brondcnsf rogrnm-
mIng nIrondy nvnIInbIo fo cnbIo subscrIbors ovor fho
nIr. IofIfIonors` nnnIysIs fIows from n fnIso nnrrnfIvo
nbouf Congross`s Infonf.
Moroovor, ofIfIonors` consfrucfIon of fho sfnfufo
ImorIIs fho cIoud comufIng Indusfry. ThoIr osI-
fIon doonds on nggrognfIon of nII fho IndIvIdunI
frnnsmIssIons nnd IndIvIdunI orformnncos of n
rogrnm by consumors usIng Aoroo`s sysfom. Thnf
nggrognfIon wouId furn nII cIoud sforngo rovIdors
Info InfrIngors. Tho govornmonf ncknowIodgos fho
vory ronI fhronf osod by ofIfIonors` nrgumonfs, buf
Ifs rofforod soIufIon fo oxnmIno fho InwfuInoss of


3
fho cop, from whIch fho orformnnco Is mndo Is
hIghIy robIomnfIc: If Ignoros consumors` Iong-
osfnbIIshod rIghf fo mnko orsonnI coIos of froo,
ovor-fho-nIr brondcnsf rogrnmmIng nnd consIgns
cIoud comufIng comnnIos fo fho ImossIbIo fnsk of
dIscornIng whIch socIfIc confonf nmong mIIIIons of
fornbyfos of usor dnfn wns InwfuIIy ncquIrod. Iocnuso
fhnf InquIry hns nofhIng fo do wIfh n roor undor-
sfnndIng of fho ubIIc-orformnnco rIghf, fho gov-
ornmonf`s nIfornnfIvo osIfIon shouId bo rojocfod.
Af bnso, ofIfIonors objocf fhnf Aoroo Is n sorf
of !ubo CoIdborg dovIco n cIovor wny fo fnko
ndvnnfngo of oxIsfIng Inws. See Iof. Ir. ll. Iuf
dosIgnIng fochnoIogIos fo comIy wIfh fho coyrIghf
Inws Is rocIsoIy whnf comnnIos eloulJ do. If
ofIfIonors boIIovo n fochnoIogy fhnf oornfos wIfhIn
oxIsfIng Inws fo nIIow IndIvIdunI consumors fo wnfch
foIovIsIon shows ofIfIonors hnvo offorod for froo Is
cnusIng fhom oconomIc hnrm, fhoy nro onfIfIod fo nsk
Congross fo chnngo fhoso Inws. Iuf fhIs Courf
shouId nof rowrIfo fho CoyrIghf Acf In nn offorf fo
rofocf ofIfIonors from InwfuI nnd IogIcnI ndvnnco-
monfs In fochnoIogy or from fho oconomIc conso-
quoncos of fhoIr frnnsmIffIng works for froo ovor fho
ubIIc nIrwnvos.
0?3?:B:=? !; ?C: *30:
DE *(4F%&G-' ,"/ '-+ <2H5&6 04+6'%2I
IofIfIonors nro brondcnsfors who hnvo boon grnnf-
od fho froo nnd oxcIusIvo uso of rndIownvo socfrum,
n IImIfod nnd vnIunbIo nrf of fho ubIIc domnIn.
Office of Connunico/ion of Ini/eJ Clurcl of Clrie/
t. ICC, 359 I.2d 994, l003 (.C. CIr. l966) (Iurgor,
J.). In oxchnngo, fhoy hnvo ngrood fo bo burdonod
by onforconbIo ubIIc obIIgnfIons, iJ., chIof nmong
fhom fho obIIgnfIon fo mnko nvnIInbIo wIfhouf chnrgo
fhoIr brondcnsf sIgnnIs fo fho ubIIc. See Turner


4
BrooJ. S,e., 1nc. t. ICC, 5l2 !.S. 622, 663 (l994).
Iursunnf fo fhnf ngroomonf, ofIfIonors dIssomInnfo
rogrnmmIng usIng ovor-fho-nIr sIgnnIs fhnf cnn bo
rocoIvod by nnyono wIfh nn nnfonnn. See JA4ll-l2.
Thnf rogrnmmIng IncIudos coyrIghfod mnforInI
IIconsod fo ofIfIonors on forms rofIocfIng fhnf If wIII
bo mndo nvnIInbIo fo fho onfIro ubIIc wIfhIn rnngo
of ofIfIonors` sIgnnIs. See Telepronp/er Corp. t.
ColunIio BrooJ. S,e., 1nc., 4l5 !.S. 394, 408 (l9?4).
Ior docndos, ofIfIonors` nudIonco couId rocoIvo
fhoIr rogrnmmIng onIy wIfh n homo nnfonnn funod
fo rocoIvo fhoIr sIgnnIs. Thnf chnngod wIfh fho
ndvonf of communIfy nnfonnns (onrIy cnbIo sys-
foms), whIch onhnncod vIowors` nbIIIfy fo rocoIvo
IocnI brondcnsf sIgnnIs by nIIowIng fhom fo connocf
dIrocfIy fo n shnrod nnfonnn osIfIonod for Imrovod
sIgnnI cInrIfy. See Ior/nigl/l, Corp. t. Ini/eJ Ar/ie/e
Teletieion, 1nc., 392 !.S. 390, 392 (l968). Tho IognI-
Ify of communIfy nnfonnns wns fosfod In Ior/nigl/l,,
In whIch coyrIghf hoIdors cInImod fhoso nnfonnns
InfrIngod fhoIr rIghf, undor fho CoyrIghf Acf of
l909, fo orform . . . ubIIcIy fhoIr coyrIghfod
works. 1J. nf 395. Tho l909 Acf, howovor, confnInod
no dofInIfIon of orform . . . ubIIcIy, nnd fhIs Courf
concIudod fhnf communIfy nnfonnns dId nof orform
nf nII bocnuso fhoy sImIy convoyod IocnI rogrnm-
mIng fhnf hn|d] boon roIonsod fo fho ubIIc. 1J.
nf 400-0l. Iocnuso If ruIod cnbIo sysfoms dId nof
orform, fho Courf dId nof consIdor whofhor fhoy
orformod fo fho ubIIc.
Tho Courf rovIsIfod communIfy nnfonnns In Tele-
pronp/er, whIch dIfforod from Ior/nigl/l, In ono
Imorfnnf rosocf: fho cnbIo sysfom Imorfod
'dIsfnnf` sIgnnIs from brondcnsfors so fnr nwny . . .
fhnf noIfhor rooffo nor communIfy nnfonnno Iocnfod
In or nonr fho IocnIIfy couId normnIIy rocoIvo |fhom].


5
4l5 !.S. nf 40l. Iocnuso fhnf funcfIon nIIowod cnbIo
subscrIbors fo rocoIvo coyrIghfod rogrnmmIng fhnf
hnd nof boon roIonsod fo /len, iJ. nf 4l0, fho
brondcnsfors nrguod fhnf Ior/nigl/l, shouId nof
oxfond fo such cnbIo sysfoms. As In Ior/nigl/l,,
howovor, fho Courf concIudod fhnf fho sysfom`s
frnnsmIssIons woro nof orformnncos undor fho l909
Acf. 1J. nf 4l0-l5. If nofod fhnf nny dIsforfIon In
fho mnrkof for coyrIghfod works cnusod by dIsfnnf
sIgnnI ImorfnfIon musf bo Ioff fo Congross. 1J. nf
4l4.
Congross nccofod fhnf InvIfnfIon In fho CoyrIghf
Acf of l9?6 (l9?6 Acf). To rosond fo fho concorn
fhnf frnnsmIssIons mIghf mnko n work nvnIInbIo fo
nn nudIonco fo whIch fho coyrIghf hoIdor hnd nof
ngrood fo roIonso If, Congross socIfIod fhnf ono who
frnnsmIf|s] . . . n orformnnco or dIsIny of |n] work
. . . fo fho ubIIc shouId bo fronfod ns orform|Ing]
fho work ubIIcIy. l? !.S.C. l0l.
l
Congross
rocognIzod, howovor, fhnf fho ubIIc nvnIInbIIIfy of
brondcnsf rogrnmmIng mndo If n socInI cnso: n
cnbIo sysfom`s rofrnnsmIssIon of rogrnmmIng wIfhIn
fho orIgInnI brondcnsf mnrkof doos nof Injuro fho
coyrIghf ownor, who confrncfs wIfh fho |brond-
cnsfor] on fho bnsIs of hIs rogrnmmIng ronchIng
|Ifs nudIonco] nnd Is comonsnfod nccordIngIy. H.!.
!o. o. 94-l4?6, nf 90 (l9?6). ConsoquonfIy, Con-
gross onncfod n brondcnsf-socIfIc rovIsIon, lll,
whIch nIIows n coyrIghf hoIdor fo cInIm roynIfIos
onIy whon n cnbIo sysfom rofrnnsmIfs n brondcnsf of
n work fo n dIsfnnf nudIonco. l? !.S.C. lll(d)(3).

l
Congross hns nIwnys rosorvod nn IndIvIdunI`s rIghf fo
orform prito/el, coyrIghfod works. See CoyrIghf Acf of l856,
ch. l69, ll Sfnf. l38; CoyrIghf Acf of l89?, ch. 4, 29 Sfnf. 48l;
CoyrIghf Acf of l909, ch. 320, l(c)-(o), 35 Sfnf. l0?5, l0?5-?6;
l? !.S.C. l06.


6
!ndor lll, coyrIghf hoIdors cnnnof cInIm roynIfIos
for rofrnnsmIssIons of IocnI or nnfIonnI (nofwork) ro-
grnmmIng. 1J.
2

SInco l9?6, Congross hns nmondod fho coyrIghf
Inws roonfodIy, buf nIwnys rosorvod fhnf bnsIc
bnInnco of Inforosfs. In l995, whon Congross cronfod
n dIgIfnI orformnnco rIghf In sound rocordIngs,
If oxomfod rofrnnsmIssIons of brondcnsf rndIo
wIfhIn l50 mIIos of fho orIgInnI brondcnsf, eee iJ.
ll4(d)(l)(I)(I)-(II), fo ormIf rofrnnsmIffors . . . fo
offor rofrnnsmIssIons fo fhoIr IocnI subscrIbors of nII
rndIo sfnfIons fhnf fho rofrnnsmIffor |cnn] Ick u
usIng nn ovor-fho-nIr nnfonnn. S. !o. o. l04-
l28, nf 20 (l995). And, In l999, Congross onncfod
l? !.S.C. l22, whIch nIIows snfoIIIfo sysfoms fo
rofrnnsmIf n brondcnsfor`s sIgnnIs In-mnrkof wIfhouf
nyIng coyrIghf roynIfIos. SnfoIIIfo cnrrIors shouId
nof ny fo rofrnnsmIf such confonf, Congross
concIudod, bocnuso fho works hnvo nIrondy boon
IIconsod nnd nId for wIfh rosocf fo vIowors In fhoso
IocnI mnrkofs. H.!. Conf. !o. o. l06-464, nf 92-
93 (l999).
JE *(I4+'&'&(" A,K ,"/ 8+'%,"1I&11&(" *("1+"'
IofIfIonors rocoIvo nroxImnfoIy 90 orconf of
fhoIr rovonuos from snIos of brondcnsf fImo fo ndvor-
fIsors. See AI Ir. 20. Tho rIco ndvorfIsors wIII

2
Tho brondcnsfors IobbIod for fhnf rovIsIon. Affor Tele-
pronp/er, CIS`s ConornI CounsoI foId Congross fhnf cnbIo
foIovIsIon sysfoms shouId hnvo n coyrIghf oxomfIon for
rofrnnsmIssIon of foIovIsIon brondcnsfs . . . wIfhIn fho normnI
covorngo nron of fho |orIgInnfIng] sfnfIon, . . . |gIvon] fho oxoc-
fnfIon of fho brondcnsfor, nnd fhoso who IIconso hIs uso of fhoIr
rogrnm mnforInI, fhnf fho brondcnsf . . . sIgnnI wIII ronch fho
onfIro ubIIc In |fhnf] nron. Cop,rigl/ Lou Ietieion. Heoringe
Before /le SuIconn. on Po/en/e, TroJenor/e, onJ Cop,rigl/e
of /le S. Conn. on /le JuJicior,, 93d Cong. 5?8 (l9?3) (sfnfo-
monf of CoIumbIn IrondcnsfIng Sysfom, Inc.).


?
ny doonds on fho sIzo of n rogrnm`s nudIonco,
ns monsurod by IoIson. See Son, Corp. of An. t.
Initereol Ci/, S/uJioe, 1nc., 464 !.S. 4l?, 452-53
& n.36 (l984). Tho Inrgor fho nudIonco, fho moro
ofIfIonors cnn chnrgo ndvorfIsors. See Turner BrooJ.
S,e., 1nc. t. ICC, 520 !.S. l80, 208-09 (l99?).
3

IofIfIonors dorIvo mosf of fhoIr romnInIng rovo-
nuos from rofrnnsmIssIon foos roquIrod, nof by fho
CoyrIghf Acf, buf by n cnbIo-socIfIc comofIfIon
sfnfufo, fho CnbIo ToIovIsIon Consumor IrofocfIon
nnd ComofIfIon Acf of l992, Iub. !. o. l02-385,
l06 Sfnf. l460 (CnbIo Acf). See AI Ir. 2l n.55.
Tho CnbIo Acf nIIows brondcnsfors oIfhor fo roquIro
cnbIo comnnIos fo rofrnnsmIf fhoIr brondcnsf ro-
grnmmIng (musf-cnrry) or fo rohIbIf fhom from
doIng so (rofrnnsmIssIon consonf). See 4? !.S.C.
325(b), 534(n), (b)(l0); 4? C.I.!. ?6.62(n), ?6.64;
JA30?.
4
In Inrgo mnrkofs, brondcnsfors gonornIIy In-
voko fho socond ofIon nnd uso fho rIghf fo wIfhhoId
fhoIr sIgnnIs fo oxfrncf rofrnnsmIssIon foos. ofo,
Tilling /le Voe/ Woe/elonJ. Tle Coee for Ietiting
Locolien in PuIlic 1n/eree/ OIligo/ione for CoIle

3
Whon fho dIsfrIcf courf ruIod, IoIson dId nof yof monsuro
vIoworshI fhrough Infforms IIko Aoroo`s jusf ns If dId nof,
for yonrs, monsuro vIoworshI fhrough V!s. See JA632-33.
In Info 20l3, howovor, IoIson nnnouncod fhnf If wouId bogIn
IncorornfIng such vIoworshI Info Ifs rnfIngs for fho 20l4-20l5
foIovIsIon sonson. See IoIson, An, Wo, You Wo/cl 1/. Aieleen
To 1ncorporo/e MoIile Vieuing 1n/o TV Io/inge AnJ D,nonic
Digi/ol Io/inge (Ocf. 28, 20l3); eee oleo .C. Inr Ass`n Ir. ?
n.5; Heore/ S/o/ione 1nc. t. Aereo, 1nc., CIvII AcfIon o. l3-
ll649-MC, 20l3 W! 5604284, nf *8 (. Mnss. Ocf. 8, 20l3)
(Honrsf`s cInIm fhnf WCVI wIII nof bo nbIo fo monsuro vIowors
who nccoss Ifs rogrnmmIng fhrough Aoroo Is sImIy nof fruo.).
4
IrIor fo l992, cnbIo sysfoms gonornIIy woro roquIrod fo
cnrry fho sIgnnIs of IocnI brondcnsfors wIfhouf nny nymonf.
See JA304.


8
Teletieion, l26 Hnrv. !. !ov. l034, l050-5l (20l3).
CnbIo comnnIos musf ny fhoso foos rognrdIoss of
whofhor fho brondcnsfors` sIgnnIs nro rofrnnsmIffod
from IocnI or dIsfnnf mnrkofs, nnd rognrdIoss of
whofhor fhoy cnrry coyrIghfod confonf. See gener-
oll, 4? !.S.C. 325(b).
In fho CnbIo Acf, Congross nofod fhnf cnbIo sys-
foms nrorInfo|Iy] rofrnnsmIffod IocnI brondcnsf-
ors` sIgnnIs wIfhouf . . . nny coyrIghf IInbIIIfy, buf
fhnf n comofIfIvo ImbnInnco bofwoon fho 2 Indus-
frIos hnd rosuIfod from cnbIo sysfoms` now rncfIco
of comof|Ing] wIfh IocnI brondcnsfors for rogrnm-
mIng, nudIonco, nnd ndvorfIsIng. 2(n)(l9), l06
Sfnf. l462-63; JA3l8-l9. To rosforo comofIfIvo
| ]bnInnco, CnbIo Acf 2(n)(l9), l06 Sfnf. l462-63,
Congross gnvo brondcnsfors fho rIghf fo wIfhhoId
fhoIr sIgnnIs from cnbIo rovIdors, buf nof n gonornI
roorfy rIghf In fhoso sIgnnIs. See 4? !.S.C.
325(b)(l). Congross nIso nofod fhnf If hnd boon
cnrofuI fo dIsfInguIsh brondcnsfors` Inforosf In fhoIr
sIgnnIs nnd fho Inforosfs of coyrIghf hoIdors In fho
rogrnmmIng confnInod on fho sIgnnI. S. !o. o.
l02-92, nf 36 (l99l) (JA32l). If omhnsIzod fhnf
|f]ho rIncIIos fhnf undorIIo fho comuIsory coy-
rIghf IIconso of socfIon lll . . . nro undIsfurbod by
fhIs IogIsInfIon, H.!. Conf. !o. o. l02-862, nf ?6
(l992), nnd fhnf fho Acf wns nof Infondod fo nffocf
IodornI coyrIghf Inw, S. !o. o. l02-92, nf 84.
LE C(I+ 8+6(%/&"G ,"/ ;,&% .1+
In Son,, ownors of coyrIghfs for rogrnms
brondcnsf on fho ubIIc nIrwnvos suod fo onjoIn
Sony`s dIsfrIbufIon of vIdoo fno rocordors (VT!s)
usod by consumors fo rocord rogrnmmIng for fImo-
shIffod vIowIng n rncfIco fho InInfIffs cInImod
InfrIngod fhoIr rIghf, undor l? !.S.C. l06(l), fo


9
roroduco fhoIr works. 464 !.S. nf 4l9-20. ThIs
Courf hoId fhnf Sony wns nof IInbIo for confrIbufory
InfrIngomonf bocnuso fhoro wns no dIrocf InfrIngo-
monf: consumors` cronfIon of rocordIngs wns n non-
InfrIngIng fnIr uso, ns If moroIy onnbIo|d] n vIowor
fo soo . . . n work whIch ho hnd boon InvIfod fo
wIfnoss In Ifs onfIrofy froo of chnrgo. 1J. nf 450.
Tho Courf nofod fhnf, fo fho oxfonf fImo-shIffIng
oxnnds ubIIc nccoss fo frooIy brondcnsf foIovIsIon
rogrnms, If yIoIds socIofnI bonofIfs. 1J. nf 454.
ME 3+%+(N1 :O2&4I+"'
,E Aoroo Is n fochnoIogy comnny fhnf mnkos
nvnIInbIo fo consumors fwo fyos of oquImonf:
nnfonnns nnd V!s. See JAl6?, l?0, 592.
5
!sIng
Aoroo`s oquImonf, n consumor cnn rocord nnd wnfch
froo IocnI brondcnsf foIovIsIon rogrnmmIng. See Iof.
A. 62n; JAl99, 42?-28, 435, 593.
6

Aoroo`s oquImonf dIffors from frndIfIonnI nnfon-
nns nnd V!s In fhnf If Is romofoIy Iocnfod nnd nc-
cossIbIo vIn fho Infornof cIoud, rnfhor fhnn Iocnfod
In fho usor`s homo. See Iof. A. 62n; JA560, ?l6; cf.
ISA Ir. ?. !Iko ofhor cIoud comufIng comnnIos,
Aoroo cnIfnIIzos on wIdosrond nccoss fo hIgh-sood
Infornof connocfIons. See Iof. A. 63n-64n; ISA
Ir. 2.

5
Affor Son,, VT!s woro roIncod by V!s. Iorfy-fIvo or-
conf of AmorIcnn housohoIds now uso n V!. See JA635.
6
Aoroo Imosos sovornI googrnhIc confroIs fo onsuro con-
sumors cnn mnko nnd nccoss fhoIr rocordIngs onIy whon fhoy
nro hysIcnIIy Iocnfod wIfhIn fho orIgInnI brondcnsf nron. Thoso
IncIudo: confIrmIng n homo nddross wIfhIn fho mnrkof fhrough
crodIf cnrd chocks, eee JA562, ?39; II nddross vorIfIcnfIon, eee
iJ.; furfhor chocks usIng CIS, coII fowor frInnguInfIon, nnd
ofhor mofhods, eee iJ.; nnd romIndors fhnf Aoroo`s Torms of !so
rohIbIf nffomfIng fo nccoss n rocordIng oufsIdo fho orIgInnI
brondcnsf nron, eee JA563-64, ?40-42; eee oleo JA593-94.


l0
A usor nccossos Aoroo`s oquImonf by IoggIng Info
hor nccounf on nn Infornof-connocfod dovIco, such
ns nn IIhono or fnbIof. See Iof. A. 62n; JA428,
560-6l. A V! guIdo confnInIng rogrnmmIng
InformnfIon for fho brondcnsf chnnnoIs nvnIInbIo In
hor mnrkof fhon nonrs. See Iof. A. 62n; JA428,
560-6l. Thnf guIdo nIIows fho usor fo soIocf n
rogrnm brondcnsf for froo ovor-fho-nIr rocofIon nnd
fo rocord nnd Iny If bnck In fho snmo mnnnor ns n
homo-bnsod V!. See Iof. A. 62n-63n.
Tho usor cnn schoduIo n fufuro rocordIng by ross-
Ing !ocord wIfhIn fho guIdo. See iJ. Ior n rogrnm
curronfIy nIrIng, fho usor cnn ross !ocord fo mnko
nnd snvo n rocordIng (whIch cnn bo wnfchod Infor or
whIIo fho rogrnm Is sfIII nIrIng) or ross Wnfch fo
mnko n rocordIng nnd bogIn InyIng If whIIo Infor
orfIons nro sfIII boIng coIod. See iJ. Tho usor`s
soIocfIon of n rogrnm ncfIvnfos nnd funos nn nnfon-
nn nssIgnod soIoIy fo fhnf usor, whIch Icks u fho
sIgnnI for fho IocnI sfnfIon brondcnsfIng fho rogrnm.
See iJ. nf 65n; JA432-33.
?
Tho usor`s romofo V!
hnrd drIvo fhon rocords nn IndIvIdunI coy of fho
dnfn rocoIvod by fho nnfonnn nssIgnod fo hor, In fho
snmo mnnnor ns n homo-bnsod V!. See Iof. A.
6n-?n. Sho cnn fhon vIow fhnf rocordIng ovor fho
Infornof by rossIng IIny. See iJ. nf ?n, 66n;
JA233, 580. Aoroo`s oquImonf doos nof rocoIvo or
rocord nny brondcnsf rogrnmmIng oxcof In rosonso
fo usor commnnds; whon nof In uso by consumors, If
Is dormnnf. See JA429, 566, 5?6.

?
Hundrods of fhoso mInInfuro nnfonnns cnn bo sforod In
n sIngIo housIng. See Iof. A. 6?n-68n; JA430, 566, 569-?0.
In fncfunI fIndIngs unchnIIongod on nonI, fho dIsfrIcf courf
doformInod fhnf onch nnfonnn couId bo usod onIy by n sIngIo
usor nf nny gIvon fImo nnd fhnf onch nnfonnn funcfIons
IndoondonfIy. Iof. A. ?ln, ?3n.


ll
A usor who soIocfs n curronfIy nIrIng rogrnm fo
rocord nnd wnfch oxorIoncos n doIny of nf Ionsf
sovornI soconds, nnd u fo sovornI mInufos, boforo
fho rogrnm nonrs on hor dovIco. See JA20l, 230,
582, 686. Thnf doIny occurs bocnuso fho usor Is
wnfchIng fho Inybnck of hor orsonnI rocordIng
ovon whon sho wnfchos If whIIo fho rogrnm Is sfIII
nIrIng nnd Infor orfIons of fho rocordIng nro sfIII
boIng mndo.
8
A consumor usIng Aoroo`s V! or
nny ofhor V! cnnnof wnfch confonf sImuIfnnoousIy
wIfh fho ovor-fho-nIr brondcnsf. See Iof. A. 66n;
JA429, 56l, 582, 858.
9
And fo swIfch fo n now ro-
grnm, fho consumor musf sfnrf fho rocordIng rocoss
ovor, by nnvIgnfIng fo fho guIdo, soIocfIng n rogrnm,
rossIng Wnfch, rossIng IIny, nnd fhon wnIfIng
for onough of fho rogrnm fo bo rocordod fo bogIn
Inybnck. See JA233, 580.
Tho Wnfch nnd !ocord modos work In fho snmo
wny, eee Iof. A. 6?n; JA560-6l: fho usor`s soIoc-
fIon of n rogrnm cnusos n orsonnI rocordIng fo
bo mndo from fho dnfn rocoIvod by fho IndIvIdunI
nnfonnn. See Iof. A. 6n-?n. Tho usor fhon wnfchos
fho rogrnm by InyIng hor rocordIng. See JAl69,
432-33, 560, 582. Tho fwo modos dIffor onIy In fhnf n
rocordIng mndo In Wnfch modo Is nof ormnnonfIy
rofnInod In sforngo unIoss fho usor Infor rossos
!ocord. See Iof. A. 5n, 6?n; JA23?, 560-6l, 580.

8
Tho rocordIng Is nocossnry fo onnbIo fho consumor fo nuso
nnd rowInd curronfIy nIrIng foIovIsIon oxncfIy IIko nn In-homo
V!. See Iof. A. 29n-30n & n.l5.
9
Whon n consumor rossos Wnfch, sho rocoIvos n mossngo:
IIonso nofo: Whon you ross 'Wnfch` you wIII sfnrf rocordIng
fhIs show, nIIowIng you fo nuso nnd rowInd fho rogrnm. You
mny nofIco n sIIghf doIny ns n rosuIf. JA506; eee oleo JA50?.


l2
Irom bogInnIng fo ond, fho dnfn rocoIvod by nn
nnfonnn nro nvnIInbIo onIy fo fho IndIvIdunI usor.
See Iof. A. 8n, 65n; JA432-34, 469, 560, 5??-80,
858-59. Tho dIgIfnI rocordIng cnn bo nccossod nnd
Inyod onIy by fhnf usor; If cnnnof bo furfhor coIod
or frnnsforrod. See Iof. A. 8n, 65n; JA469, 560,
5?8-?9. Ivon If fwo usors rocord nnd wnfch fho snmo
rogrnm nf ossonfInIIy fho snmo fImo, fhoy wIII novor
shnro nn nnfonnn or rocordIng jusf ns fwo noIgh-
bors onch usIng n rooffo nnfonnn nnd In-homo V!
wouId nof. See JAl80-8l, 5?9, 584.
HE Tho dIsfrIcf courf`s fncfunI fIndIngs osfnbIIsh
fhnf Aoroo`s oquImonf Is funcfIonnIIy oquIvnIonf fo
homo-bnsod oquImonf, buf Ioss oxonsIvo nnd moro
offIcIonf. IIrsf, If onnbIos n consumor nof hysIcnIIy
roxImnfo fo fho oquImonf fo nccoss fho snmo
funcfIonnIIfIos ovor fho Infornof, usIng n vnrIofy of
dovIcos, from nnywhoro wIfhIn hor homo foIovIsIon
mnrkof. See Iof. A. 63n-64n; JA22l. Socond, n
consumor nood nof urchnso nnd InsfnII muIfIIo
Iocos of oquImonf (IncIudIng nn nnfonnn, V!, nnd
foIovIsIon) or dodIcnfo snco nf homo fo If; sho sImIy
urchnsos nccoss fo oquImonf nIrondy InsfnIIod
oIsowhoro. See Iof. A. 64n; ISA Ir. l0; JA22l,
493. ThIrd, IIko nII cIoud-bnsod Infforms, Aoroo
nIIows somo of fho snmo hysIcnI oquImonf fo bo
usod IndoondonfIy by muIfIIo consumors, whIch
docronsos wnsfo nnd cosf. See ISA Ir. ?-8. Ior
Insfnnco, nIfhough nn Aoroo nnfonnn cnn novor bo
usod by muIfIIo consumors nf fho snmo fImo, n
sIngIo nnfonnn cnn bo IndoondonfIy oornfod by
dIfforonf consumors nf dIfforonf fImos. See Iof. A.
64n-65n.
l0
Iourfh, Aoroo`s oquImonf cnn bo sorvIcod

l0
Somo of Aoroo`s nnfonnns, howovor, nro sfnfIc|nIIy]
(ormnnonfIy) nssIgnod fo nrfIcuInr usors. See Iof. A. 64n.


l3
nnd mnInfnInod moro chonIy nnd offIcIonfIy fhnn
homo-bnsod oquImonf; If If bronks down, If cnn
bo roIncod wIfh IIffIo or no InforrufIon. See ISA
Ir. l0.
PE ?-+ >&1'%&6' *(2%' >+6&1&("
,E IofIfIonors broughf suIf ngnInsf Aoroo nnd
soughf n roIImInnry InjuncfIon on fho soIo ground
fhnf Aoroo dIrocfIy InfrIngod fhoIr rIghf fo orform
. . . ubIIcIy fho coyrIghfod confonf fhoy brondcnsf
for ubIIc rocofIon. l? !.S.C. l06(4).
ll
Thoy
docIInod fo nssorf, ns n bnsIs for fhnf InjuncfIon, nny
cInIm fhnf Aoroo vIoInfod fhoIr rIghf fo roroduco
. . . In coIos fho rogrnmmIng, iJ. l06(l), or nny
confrIbufory or vIcnrIous fhoory of InfrIngomonf. See
JA820, 823, 826 (Our cInIm Is bnsod on . . . fho ub-
IIc orformnnco rIghf, ns dIsfInguIshod from mnkIng
coIos, whIch Is n roroducfIon rIghf.). IoIIowIng ll
wooks of dIscovory, fho dIsfrIcf courf hoId n fwo-dny
ovIdonfInry honrIng. See Iof. A. 6ln.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf donIod ofIfIonors` mofIon, roIy-
Ing on fho CoyrIghf Acf`s foxf, Ifs IogIsInfIvo hIsfory,
nnd Cor/oon Ae/uor/ LP, LLLP t. CSC HolJinge,
1nc., 536 I.3d l2l (2d CIr. 2008) (CoIletieion), cer/.
JenieJ, 55? !.S. 946 (2009). CoIletieion concornod
n cnbIo rovIdor fhnf offorod subscrIbors n romofo
sforngo V! (!S-V!) Iocnfod nf CnbIovIsIon`s
fncIIIfy. 1J. nf l24-25. CnbIovIsIon`s !S-V!, IIko
Aoroo`s oquImonf, nIIowod n consumor fo cronfo n
orsonnI rocordIng of rogrnmmIng on n romofo hnrd
drIvo. 1J. nf l24. OnIy fho usor who cronfod fho
rocordIng couId nccoss nnd Iny If. 1J. nf l35.

ll
IofIfIonors nskod fho dIsfrIcf courf fo onjoIn onIy consum-
ors` uso of Aoroo`s oquImonf fo wnfch n rocordIng of n brond-
cnsf rogrnm whIIo If nIrs (fho snmo funcfIonnIIfy nvnIInbIo
wIfh n frndIfIonnI V!). See Iof. A. l5n n.9, 6ln; JA 824.


l4
Tho coyrIghf hoIdors In CoIletieion soughf nn
InjuncfIon, nrguIng fhnf CnbIovIsIon InfrIngod fhoIr
roroducfIon rIghf nnd ongng|od] In unnufhorIzod
ubIIc orformnncos of fhoIr works fhrough fho Iny-
bnck of fho !S-V! coIos. 1J. nf l34. Affor fho
dIsfrIcf courf grnnfod fho InjuncfIon, fho Socond CIr-
cuIf rovorsod. If fIrsf doformInod fhnf consumors,
nof CnbIovIsIon, cronfod fho nIIogodIy InfrIngIng co-
Ios, rojocfIng fho nrgumonf fhnf CnbIovIsIon couId bo
dIrocfIy IInbIo for InfrIngomonf bocnuso If dosIgnod,
ownod, nnd mnInfnInod fho oquImonf. 1J. nf l3l.
To nddross fho cInIm fhnf CnbIovIsIon orformod
ubIIcIy, fho Socond CIrcuIf furnod fo fho CoyrIghf
Acf`s dofInIfIon: '|f]o orform . . . ubIIcIy monns
. . . fo frnnsmIf . . . n orformnnco . . . of fho work . . .
fo fho ubIIc.` 1J. nf l34 (quofIng l? !.S.C. l0l).
Tho courf concIudod fhnf fo frnnsmIf . . . n orfor-
mnnco Is ono wny fo orform fho work n frnns-
mIssIon of n orformnnco Is IfsoIf n orformnnco. 1J.
To doformIno whofhor fho frnnsmIssIon wns n puIlic
orformnnco, fho courf oxnmInod whofhor fho frnns-
mIssIon wns fo fho ubIIc who rocIsoIy |wns]
'cnnbIo of rocoIvIng` fho frnnsmIssIon. 1J. nf l35
(quofIng l? !.S.C. l0l). If hoId fhnf, bocnuso onch
!S-V! Inybnck frnnsmIssIon Is mndo fo n sIngIo
subscrIbor usIng n sIngIo unIquo coy roducod by
fhnf subscrIbor, . . . such frnnsmIssIons nro nof or-
formnncos 'fo fho ubIIc.` 1J. nf l39.
HE Tho dIsfrIcf courf boIow found fhnf Aoroo`s
oquImonf foII wIfhIn fho coro of whnf CoIletieion
hoId InwfuI bnsod on fhroo fncfs: (l) onch fImo n
usor rocords n rogrnm, n unIquo coy Is snvod fo
V! sforngo nccossIbIo onIy fo fhnf usor; (2) onch
frnnsmIssIon Is mndo from such n coy; nnd (3) onch
frnnsmIssIon from n unIquo coy Is mndo eolel, fo
fho subscrIbor who roquosfod If; no ofhor subscrIbor


l5
Is cnnbIo of nccossIng fhnf coy nnd no frnnsmIs-
sIons nro mndo from fhnf coy oxcof fo fho subscrIbor
who roquosfod If. Iof. A. 83n-84n (foofnofo omIf-
fod).
Tho dIsfrIcf courf rojocfod ofIfIonors` nrgumonf
fhnf If shouId Ignoro whofhor n consumor`s Inybnck
of hor coy Is n orformnnco fo fho ubIIc nnd
Insfond Iook bnck . . . fo fho oInf nf whIch Aoroo`s
nnfonnns obfnIn fho brondcnsf confonf. 1J. nf 85n-
86n. If nofod fhnf CoIletieion hnd rojocfod fho snmo
nrgumonf, fIndIng n dIvIdIng IIno bofwoon fho
frnnsmIssIons mndo by fho confonf rovIdors nnd
fho frnnsmIssIons mndo by consumors usIng CnbIo-
vIsIon`s oquImonf. 1J. nf 86n. If concIudod fhnf fho
IndIvIdunI nnfonnns woro nof nocossnry fo Ifs fIndIng
of non-InfrIngomonf; howovor, bocnuso onch nnfonnn
funcfIons IndoondonfIy, Aoroo hnd n sfrongor
cnso fhnn CnbIovIsIon gIvon fhnf onch coy . . . Is
cronfod from n eeporo/e sfronm of dnfn. 1J.
Affor doformInIng fhnf Aoroo`s oquImonf wns nof
usod fo frnnsmIf fo fho ubIIc, fho dIsfrIcf courf
docIInod fo nddross whofhor Aoroo couId bo hoId
dIrocfIy IInbIo for InfrIngomonf nofwIfhsfnndIng fhnf
If Is fho usor, rnfhor fhnn Aoroo, fhnf confroIs fho
oornfIon of Aoroo`s sysfom nnd 'mnkos` fho orfor-
mnncos nf Issuo. 1J. nf 60n n.l. Tho courf`s fncfunI
fIndIngs, howovor, osfnbIIsh fhnf Aoroo moroIy
nIIows usors fo nccoss froo, ovor-fho-nIr brondcnsf
foIovIsIon fhrough nnfonnns nnd hnrd dIsks Iocnfod
nf Aoroo`s fncIIIfIos. 1J. nf 62n. Iy ross|Ing] fho
'!ocord` buffon, fho usor schoduIo|s] n rocordIng of
n rogrnm fhnf wIII bo brondcnsf nf n Infor fImo or
fhnf Is curronfIy boIng nIrod. 1J. nf 63n. AIfornn-
fIvoIy, usors cnn dIrocf Aoroo`s sysfom fo bogIn n
rocordIng nnd fhon ImmodInfoIy bogIn Inybnck. 1J.


l6
Thus, from fho usor`s orsocfIvo, Aoroo`s sysfom Is
sImIInr In oornfIon fo . . . n |V!] . . . nIfhough
Aoroo usors nccoss fhoIr rogrnmmIng ovor fho
Infornof. 1J. Aoroo offocfIvoIy ronfs fo Ifs usors
romofo oquImonf comnrnbIo fo whnf fhoso usors
couId InsfnII nf homo. 1J. nf ?4n-?5n.
l2

QE ?-+ *(2%' () 344+,51 >+6&1&("
Tho Socond CIrcuIf nffIrmod. If rojocfod ofIfIon-
ors` cInIm fhnf fho IndIvIdunI frnnsmIssIons shouId
'bo nggrognfod nnd vIowod coIIocfIvoIy ns consfIfuf-
Ing n ubIIc orformnnco.` Iof. A. 25n-26n. |W]o
cnnnof nccof . . . fhnf Aoroo`s frnnsmIssIons fo n sIn-
gIo Aoroo usor, gonornfod from n unIquo coy cronfod
nf fho usor`s roquosf nnd onIy nccossIbIo fo fhnf usor,
shouId bo nggrognfod. 1J. nf 26n-2?n. Tho courf
nIso rojocfod ofIfIonors` nffomf fo crIfIcIzo Aoroo
for choosIng n busInoss modoI fhnf comIIod wIfh
coyrIghf Inw, nofIng fhnf Aoroo wns nof nIono In
dosIgnIng Ifs sysfom nround CoIletieion, ns mnny
cIoud comufIng sorvIcos . . . hnvo dono fho snmo.
1J. nf 32n-33n.
!Iko fho dIsfrIcf courf, fho Socond CIrcuIf dId nof
nddross whofhor Aoroo couId bo dIrocfIy (rnfhor fhnn
confrIbuforIIy or vIcnrIousIy) IInbIo for InfrIngomonf
bnsod on ncfIons orformod by Ifs usors. If foo, how-
ovor, omhnsIzod fhnf usors nof Aoroo confroI fho
oquImonf`s oornfIon: If fho usor soIocfs 'Wnfch,`
fho rogrnm ho soIocfod bogIns InyIng . . . . |T]ho
usor |nIso] cnn soIocf fho '!ocord` buffon, whIch wIII
cnuso Aoroo`s sysfom fo snvo n coy of fho rogrnm.
1J. nf 4n-5n.

l2
Tho courf nIso cnufIonod fhnf nny doscrIfIon of Aoroo
ns rovIdIng n 'sorvIco` or of Aoroo 'doIng` nny nrfIcuInr
ncfs shouId nof bo vIowod ns n docIsIon fhnf Aoroo confroIs fho
sysfom`s oornfIon. Iof. A. 60n n.l.


l?
Judgo ChIn, whoso docIsIon ns n dIsfrIcf judgo wns
rovorsod In CoIletieion, dIssonfod. WIfhouf nddross-
Ing fho dIsfrIcf courf`s fncfunI fIndIngs, Judgo ChIn
nssorfod fhnf Aoroo sfIII Is frnnsmIffIng . . . ro-
grnmmIng 'fo fho ubIIc.` 1J. nf 44n.
Tho Socond CIrcuIf donIod ofIfIonors` roquosf for
rohonrIng on bnnc. See iJ. nf l2?n-l28n.
0.BB38R !; 38S.B:=?
9E Aoroo doos nof ubIIcIy orform coyrIghfod
works. Tho TrnnsmIf CInuso dofInos |fo] orform
. . . ubIIcIy, In orfInonf nrf, ns fo frnnsmIf . . . fo
fho ubIIc such fhnf mombors of fho ubIIc nro
cnnbIo of rocoIvIng fho orformnnco. l? !.S.C.
l0l. Ior fwo Indoondonf ronsons, Aoroo`s fochnoI-
ogy onnbIos comIofoIy InwfuI prito/e orformnncos,
nof InfrIngIng puIlic orformnncos.
IIrsf, fho Socond CIrcuIf corrocfIy Inforrofod fho
TrnnsmIf CInuso fo oxfond IInbIIIfy onIy fo frnnsmIs-
sIons fo fho ubIIc. !ndor fho CInuso`s InIn foxf,
ns fho govornmonf concodos, fho frnnsmIssIon of n
orformnnco Is IfsoIf n orformnnco. !.S. Ir. 26
(InfornnI quofnfIons omIffod). And n frnnsmIssIon Is
n puIlic orformnnco onIy If If Is nvnIInbIo fo fho
ubIIc. l? !.S.C. l0l. Aoroo`s oquImonf fncIII-
fnfos onIy ono-fo-ono frnnsmIssIons: IndIvIdunI
frnnsmIssIons from IndIvIdunI rocordIngs cronfod
from sonrnfo sfronms of dnfn, mndo ossIbIo by
fho ubIquIfous nnfuro of ovor-fho-nIr brondcnsfIng.
Thoso frnnsmIssIons do nof consfIfufo ubIIc
orformnncos. Inch ono Is nvnIInbIo fo no ono buf
fho consumor who usod Aoroo`s oquImonf fo cronfo
n orsonnI rocordIng of fho brondcnsf rogrnm sho
soIocfod nnd fo Iny fhnf rocordIng ovor fho Infornof.
Thoro Is no sfnfufory bnsIs for ofIfIonors` roquosf


l8
fhnf muIfIIo rIvnfo orformnncos bo nggrognfod
Info n ubIIc orformnnco.
Socond, ovon If ono nccofs ofIfIonors` vIow fhnf
fho orformnnco roforoncod In fho TrnnsmIf CInuso
Is nof fho frnnsmIssIon IfsoIf, buf fho orformnnco
enIoJieJ In fho frnnsmIssIon, fhoIr cInIm sfIII fnIIs.
Whon nn Aoroo usor Inys hor orsonnI rocordIng of n
brondcnsf work nnd vIows Ifs Imngos nnd sounds ovor
fho Infornof, fho orformnnco sho frnnsmIfs nnd
rocoIvos Is fhnf Inybnck nof fho brondcnsfor`s rIor
orformnnco. Tho CoyrIghf Acf mnkos cIonr fhnf
InyIng n rocordIng Is n orformnnco sonrnfo from
fho ono from whIch fho rocordIng Is mndo n osIfIon
fhnf fho govornmonf consIsfonfIy (nnd corrocfIy) hns
ombrncod In Ifs fronfmonf of orformnncos from
downIondod dIgIfnI coIos.
Thnf dIsfIncfIon Is furfhor suorfod by lll,
whIch dIsfInguIshos bofwoon rofrnnsmIffIng fho
perfornonce . . . ombodIod In n |brondcnsfor`s] frnns-
mIssIon ns whon n cnbIo sysfom sImIy nssos
on fho brondcnsfor`s sIgnnI nnd frnnsmIffIng fho
rogrnm (work) from n rocordIng ns whon n cnbIo
sysfom frnnsmIfs fho brondcnsf work from n vIdoo-
fno. l? !.S.C. lll (omhnsIs nddod). Iocnuso
Aoroo`s fochnoIogy cnnnof bo usod fo frnnsmIf
confonf o/ler /lon from n usor`s orsonnI rocordIng,
If doos nof frnnsmIf fho orformnnco ombodIod In
ofIfIonors` brondcnsfs.
IofIfIonors roonfodIy nsk (nf 6, 8, l9, 35) fho
Courf fo dIsrognrd fhoso fochnIcnI dofnIIs, nnd
nssorf (nf l9, 25, 30) fhnf fho usor-cronfod nnd
usor-confroIIod coIos nround whIch Aoroo`s sysfom
Is buIIf nro grnfuIfous ovon fhough fhoy nro
funcfIonnIIy IndIsonsnbIo. Insfond, fhoy nrguo (e.g.,
nf 23, 25), fho Courf shouId fronf usors` InyIng of


l9
coIos ns n moro dovIco or rocoss for frnnsmIffIng
ofIfIonors` orformnncos. Tho govornmonf ronchos
ovon furfhor, nssorfIng (nf 26-2?) fhnf frnnsmIssIons
from Aoroo`s oquImonf confnIn nII undorIyIng
orformnnco|s]. Iofh osIfIons, howovor, wouId
Iond fo unfonnbIo rosuIfs. Thoy wouId roquIro, for
Insfnnco, fronfIng nII downIonds ns orformnncos (n
rosuIf fho govornmonf roonfodIy hns dIscInImod).
Thoy nIso wouId undormIno fho ll5 comuIsory
IIconso for dIgIfnI dIsfrIbufIons of sound rocordIngs,
bocnuso ono who dIsfrIbufod n coy undor n sfnfufory
IIconso fo do so wouId nonofhoIoss bo guIIfy of
orformIng fho work by dIsfrIbufIng If.
99E ThIs Courf shouId nffIrm for fho nddIfIonnI
ronson fhnf Aoroo`s usors nof Aoroo cronfo, Iny,
nnd frnnsmIf fhoIr rocordIngs of brondcnsf confonf
nnd fhoroforo orform wIfhIn fho monnIng of fho
CoyrIghf Acf. If Is woII soffIod fhnf, fo Imoso
dIrocf IInbIIIfy undor fho CoyrIghf Acf, fho nIIogod
InfrIngor musf ongngo In nffIrmnfIvo (voIIfIonnI)
ncfIon fhnf rondors fho coyrIghfod work cnnbIo of
boIng orcoIvod. ThIs Courf`s docIsIons In Son, Corp.
of Anerico t. Initereol S/uJioe, 1nc., 464 !.S. 4l?
(l984), nnd Me/ro-GolJu,n-Mo,er S/uJioe 1nc. t.
Gro/e/er, L/J., 545 !.S. 9l3 (2005), confIrm fhnf
bodrock rIncIIo. Iocnuso fho undIsufod fncfs
found boIow osfnbIIsh fhnf nofhIng goos Info or comos
ouf of Aoroo`s oquImonf oxcof In rosonso fo n
usor`s commnnds, Aoroo cnnnof bo dIrocfIy IInbIo for
InfrIngomonf.
Tho govornmonf ncknowIodgos (nf l8-l9) fhnf fho
IdonfIfy of fho orson who dIrocfs fhnf n orfor-
mnnco occur Is releton/ fo fho scoo of dIrocf IInbII-
Ify nnd fhnf ownorshI of fho hysIcnI oquImonf
doos nof nIwnys doformIno who orforms n coy-


20
rIghfod work. Iuf If orrs In confondIng (nf 20-2l)
fhnf fho Infogrnfod nnfuro of Aoroo`s oquImonf
frnnsforms Aoroo Info n dIrocf InfrIngor. Thnf osI-
fIon Is InconsIsfonf wIfh fho govornmonf`s ncknowI-
odgomonf horo nnd oIsowhoro fhnf sysfoms foch-
noIogIcnIIy IndIsfInguIshnbIo from Aoroo`s do nof
dIrocfIy InfrIngo, nnd If wouId ormIf sfrIcf IInbIIIfy
fo bo Imosod on cIoud comufIng comnnIos fhnf fnII
fo monIfor orfocfIy fhoIr usors` ncfIons.
999E ConsIdornfIons of coyrIghf oIIcy sfrongIy
suorf nffIrmnnco. IIrsf, nny nmbIguIfy In fho
sfnfufo musf bo rosoIvod ogoine/ IInbIIIfy. Tho Con-
sfIfufIon doIognfos fo Congross fho owor fo bnInnco
fho rIghfs of nufhors nnd socIofy`s Inforosf In fho froo
fIow of Idons, nnd nccordIngIy fhIs Courf hns boon
roIucfnn|f] fo oxnnd fho rofocfIons nffordod by
fho coyrIghf wIfhouf oxIIcIf IogIsInfIvo guIdnnco.
Son,, 464 !.S. nf 43l.
Thnf roIucfnnco Is osocInIIy nrorInfo horo,
bocnuso ofIfIonors` osIfIon wouId IImIf consumors`
nccoss fo IocnI ovor-fho-nIr brondcnsfs. If nIso wouId
oxoso n wIdo vnrIofy of cIoud comufIng busInossos
fo sfrIcf, nnd ofonfInIIy ruInous, IInbIIIfy. IofIfIon-
ors rofuso fo ncknowIodgo fhIs Issuo, nssorfIng (nf 46)
onIy fhnf |f]horo Is nn obvIous dIfforonco bofwoon
Aoroo nnd ofhor cIoud-bnsod rovIdors. Tho govorn-
monf, fo Ifs crodIf, ncknowIodgos fho robIom, buf Ifs
roosod soIufIon fo fronf n consumor`s sfronmIng
of hor own loufull, ocquireJ coy |ns] n rIvnfo or-
formnnco, !.S. Ir. 32 (omhnsIs nddod) Is unsus-
fnInnbIo. As fhIs cnso comos fo fho Courf, ofIfIonors
hnvo nof ursuod much Ioss rovod nny cInIm
fhnf fho orsonnI rocordIngs mndo by Aoroo`s usors
nro unInwfuI, nnd fho govornmonf hns ncknowIodgod
fhnf fhoy nro rosumfIvoIy InwfuI undor fnIr-uso


2l
rIncIIos. 1.g., iJ. nf 33. Moroovor, fho govornmonf
offors no sfnfufory bnsIs for Ifs osIfIon fhnf puIlic-
perfornonce IInbIIIfy shouId furn on whofhor fho
coy from whIch fho orformnnco Is mndo wns
InwfuIIy ncquIrod.
IInnIIy, nofhIng In fho CoyrIghf Acf suggosfs fhnf
Congross wouId hnvo wnnfod ofIfIonors fo bo nbIo fo
oxfrncf coyrIghf roynIfIos horo. Iocnuso ofIfIonors`
froo, ovor-fho-nIr brondcnsfs nro suosod fo bo
nccossIbIo fo fho onfIro ubIIc, fhoy nro nof onfIfIod
fo roynIfIos whon n consumor usos nn nnfonnn nnd
V! fo nccoss fho confonf cnrrIod by fhoIr sIgnnIs.
And, undor fho CoyrIghf Acf, no ono ovon cnbIo
nnd snfoIIIfo comnnIos musf ny coyrIghf roynI-
fIos fo rofrnnsmIf n brondcnsfor`s sIgnnI wIfhIn fho
brondcnsfor`s mnrkof. Congross codIfIod fhnf rIn-
cIIo In fho l9?6 Acf, nnd hns roonfodIy nffIrmod If,
roIyIng onch fImo on fho fncf fhnf In-mnrkof rofrnns-
mIssIons do| ] nof Injuro fho coyrIghf ownor. H.!.
!o. o. 94-l4?6, nf 90 (l9?6).
WIfhouf ovor ncknowIodgIng fho dIfforonco, ofI-
fIonors roonfodIy rofor, nof fo coyrIghf roynIfIos,
buf fo fho rofrnnsmIssIon foos somo cnbIo sysfoms
ny undor fho CnbIo Acf. Thoso foos nro nof n cron-
furo of coyrIghf Inw nnd nro nof nId fo coyrIghf
hoIdors oxcof Insofnr ns corfnIn brondcnsfors, IIko
ofIfIonors, hnon fo wonr fwo hnfs. Congross wns
cnrofuI fo dIsfInguIsh coyrIghf roynIfIos from ro-
frnnsmIssIon foos, S. !o. o. l02-92, nf 36 (l99l)
(JA32l), nnd wnrnod fhnf fho CnbIo Acf shouId nof
bo consfruod fo nffocf IodornI coyrIghf Inw, iJ. nf
84. IofIfIonors` rImnry roIInnco on rofrnnsmIssIon
foos fo jusfIfy fhoIr coyrIghf nnnIysIs shows jusf how
fnr nfIoId fhoy nro from nny rosuIf Congross wouId
hnvo Infondod.


22
38S.B:=?
9E 3:8:! >!:0 =!? <.7A9*AR <:8;!8B
*!<R89SC?:> $!8T0
AIfhough n orformnnco occurs whon n consumor
usos Aoroo`s fochnoIogy, fhnf orformnnco Is
rIvnfo nnd fhoroforo InwfuI; ofIfIonors` confrnry
nrgumonfs hnvo no morIf.
3E ?-+ ?%,"1I&11&("1 ;%(I 3+%+(N1 :O2&4U
I+"' 3%+ =(' V<2H5&6W <+%)(%I,"6+1
Tho Socond CIrcuIf corrocfIy concIudod fhnf, fo
doformIno whofhor nn nccusod InfrIngor puIlicl,
orforms by monns of n frnnsmIssIon, fho roIovnnf
orformnnco Is fho frnnsmIssIon IfsoIf. Iocnuso onch
frnnsmIssIon from Aoroo`s oquImonf Is nvnIInbIo
onIy fo n socIfIc usor, onch Is n rIvnfo orformnnco.
And, bocnuso fho sfnfufo doos nof rosfrIcf rIvnfo
orformnncos, fho Courf shouId nffIrm.
DE Tho CoyrIghf Acf grnnfs fo cronfors fho
oxcIusIvo rIghf, In fho cnso of IIfornry, musIcnI,
drnmnfIc, nnd choroogrnhIc works, nnfomImos,
nnd mofIon Icfuros nnd ofhor nudIovIsunI works, fo
orform fho coyrIghfod work ubIIcIy. l? !.S.C.
l06(4). If furfhor socIfIos:
To orform or dIsIny n work ubIIcIy monns
(l) fo orform or dIsIny If nf n Inco oon fo
fho ubIIc or nf nny Inco whoro n subsfnnfInI
numbor of orsons oufsIdo of n normnI cIrcIo of n
fnmIIy nnd Ifs socInI ncqunInfnncos Is gnfhorod;
or
(2) fo frnnsmIf or ofhorwIso communIcnfo n
orformnnco or dIsIny of fho work fo n Inco
socIfIod by cInuso (l) or fo fho ubIIc, by monns
of nny dovIco or rocoss, whofhor fho mombors of
fho ubIIc cnnbIo of rocoIvIng fho orformnnco


23
or dIsIny rocoIvo If In fho snmo Inco or In son-
rnfo Incos nnd nf fho snmo fImo or nf dIfforonf
fImos.
1J. l0l. Tho sfnfufo fhus IndIcnfos fhnf fo frnns-
mIf . . . n orformnnco . . . of |n] work Is IfsoIf fo or-
form. See 2 MoIvIIIo I. Immor & nvId Immor,
Ainner on Cop,rigl/ 8.l4|I]|l], nf 8-l90 (rov. od.
20l3) (|T]ho ncf of brondcnsfIng n work Is IfsoIf n
orformnnco of fhnf work.). Tho govornmonf con-
codos fhnf fho TrnnsmIf CInuso . . . mnko|s] cIonr
fhnf fho 'frnnsmIssIon of n orformnnco Is IfsoIf n
orformnnco.` !.S. Ir. 26 (cIfnfIon omIffod).
of nII orformnncos of coyrIghfod works InfrIngo;
fho coyrIghf hoIdor`s oxcIusIvo rIghf Is fo orform
ubIIcIy. Tho ncf of frnnsmIffIng Is nof nocossnrIIy
n puIlic orformnnco, bocnuso fho frnnsmIssIon mny
bo nvnIInbIo fo onIy n nrfIcuInr IndIvIdunI. See Iof.
Ir. 3?; !.S. Ir. 5. If n nronf usos Skyo fo IIvo-
sfronm dnfn fhnf convoy fho sounds nnd Imngos of
n schooI Iny fo n souso ouf of fown, fho nronf
Is orformIng rIvnfoIy, bocnuso onIy fho souso
cnn rocoIvo fho frnnsmIssIon. See 2 Ainner on
Cop,rigl/ 8.l4|C]|2], nf 8-l92.6 (|I]f n frnnsmIssIon
Is onIy nvnIInbIo fo ono orson, fhon If cIonrIy fnIIs fo
qunIIfy ns 'ubIIc` ).
Tho sfnfufo rovIdos fhnf n frnnsmIssIon Is n ubIIc
orformnnco If If Is fo fho ubIIc fhnf Is, If
mombors of fho ubIIc |nro] cnnbIo of rocoIvIng fho
orformnnco. l? !.S.C. l0l. Iocnuso fo frnns-
mIf Is ono wny fo orform, fho orformnnco fhnf
fho ubIIc musf bo cnnbIo of rocoIvIng Is fho frnns-
mIssIon IfsoIf.
JE Thnf rondIng Is consIsfonf wIfh fho Acf`s
cnrofuI dIsfIncfIon bofwoon rIvnfo nnd ubIIc orfor-
mnnco, bocnuso If roquIros n coyrIghf hoIdor fo show


24
fhnf fho nccusod InfrIngor nof somoono oIso mndo
fho frnnsmIssIon nvnIInbIo fo fho ubIIc. IrocIsoIy
bocnuso orform Is brondIy dofInod, Congross choso
Inngungo focusIng on fho ubIIc nnfuro of fho chnI-
Iongod frnnsmIssIon IfsoIf, nof somo ofhor orfor-
mnnco whofhor n rIor orformnnco by n brond-
cnsfor or n Infor orformnnco by fho vIowor. Cf.
!.S. Ir. 5 (nofIng fhnf 'orform` Is dofInod brondIy
onough fo IncIudo ovon fho ncf of furnIng on n foIovI-
sIon). Thnf rondIng Is furfhor suorfod by fho
TrnnsmIf CInuso`s dIsfIncfIon bofwoon frnnsmIssIons
fo n puIlic ploce I.o., n Inco socIfIod by cInuso
(l) nnd frnnsmIssIons /o /le puIlic. !ndor ofI-
fIonors` rondIng, fho cross-roforonco fo CInuso (l) In
CInuso (2) Is suorfIuous, bocnuso ovory frnnsmIssIon
fo n ubIIc Inco Is nIso n frnnsmIssIon fo fho
ubIIc.
Tho Socond CIrcuIf`s consfrucfIon corrocfIy Imosos
IInbIIIfy onIy on fhoso who orform ubIIcIy. A fhon-
for comnny`s orformnnco of !onf In n Iockod nnd
omfy fhonfor wouId nof bo n ubIIc orformnnco,
buf, If If woro brondcnsf fo fho ubIIc IIvo, fho
frnnsmIssIon wouId bo n ubIIc orformnnco. If n
frnnsmIssIon oncodIng fho Imngos nnd sounds woro
furfhor frnnsmIffod by ofondnnf A fo ofondnnf I,
fhnf wouId bo n rIvnfo orformnnco; If ofondnnf I
rofrnnsmIffod fho sounds nnd Imngos fo fho ubIIc,
fhnf frnnsmIssIon wouId bo n ubIIc orformnnco. In
onch cnso, fho nudIonco cnnbIo of rocoIvIng n nrfIc-
uInr frnnsmIssIon Is whnf doformInos whofhor fho
frnnsmIssIon Is n ubIIc orformnnco.
LE As bofh courfs boIow corrocfIy found, Aoroo`s
oquImonf onnbIos onIy rIvnfo orformnncos, bocnuso
onch frnnsmIssIon Is nvnIInbIo onIy fo n socIfIc usor.
See eupro . l0-l2. An IndIvIdunI nnfonnn rocoIvos
n brondcnsf sIgnnI onIy whon ncfIvnfod nnd funod by


25
fho usor; fho nnfonnn Icks u n eeporo/e sfronm of
dnfn (Iof. A. 86n); nnd fho consumor rocords fhnf
dnfn sfronm fo rIvnfo oIocfronIc sforngo. Whon fho
usor docIdos fo wnfch fho rogrnm, sho frnnsmIfs
fhoso dnfn onIy fo horsoIf; sho cnnnof downIond fho
rogrnm or frnnsmIf If fo nnyono oIso. See eupro
. l2; !.S. Ir. ? (!osondonf`s sysfom Is ongInoorod
fo onsuro fhnf fho dnfn sfronms nnd rocordIngs nsso-
cInfod wIfh onch usor romnIn sonrnfo.).
A ubIIc orformnnco doos nof occur sImIy
bocnuso mnny of Aoroo`s usors rocord nnd wnfch
fho snmo rogrnm. As fho Socond CIrcuIf corrocfIy
obsorvod, nofhIng In fho TrnnsmIf CInuso nufhorIzos
fho nggrognfIon of rIvnfo frnnsmIssIons . . . nof
cnnbIo of boIng rocoIvod by fho ubIIc. Iof. A.
22n. Moroovor, If Is nof surrIsIng fhnf fhousnnds
of sfrnngors mny uso Aoroo`s nnfonnns nnd V!s
fo wnfch fho snmo brondcnsf rogrnm wIfhouf nny
frnnsmIssIon fo fho ubIIc. Irondcnsfors frnnsmIf
fhoIr rogrnmmIng fo fho ubIIc usIng n sIgnnI
fhnf cnn bo rocoIvod by nnyono wIfh nrorInfo
oquImonf. Aoroo`s usors sImIy uso nn IndIvIdunI
nnfonnn nnd V! fo mnko nnd Iny n rocordIng
of fhnf ovor-fho-nIr rogrnmmIng. Tho oquImonf`s
romofo IocnfIon doos nof nIfor fho IndIvIdunI chnrnc-
for of onch frnnsmIssIon. If Aoroo ronfod, InsfnIIod,
nnd mnInfnInod fhousnnds of sonrnfo roof-fo
nnfonnns nnd In-homo V!s, If wouId hnvo fho snmo
coyrIghf sfnfus.
ME IofIfIonors IncorrocfIy nssorf (nf 32-33) fhnf
Aoroo`s consfrucfIon of fho sfnfufo cnnnof bo rocon-
cIIod wIfh fho dIfforonf fImos Inngungo of fho
TrnnsmIf CInuso. Tho sfnfufo rovIdos fhnf n
frnnsmIssIon Is n ubIIc orformnnco If mombors
of fho ubIIc |nro] cnnbIo of rocoIvIng fho orfor-
mnnco, rognrdIoss of whofhor fhoy rocoIvo If . . . nf


26
fho snmo fImo or nf dIfforonf fImos. l? !.S.C. l0l.
Tho ovIdonf uroso of fhnf Inngungo Is fo onsuro
fhnf IInbIIIfy furns on fho po/en/iol nof fho ncfunI
rocIIonfs of nny gIvon frnnsmIssIon.
AIfhough n nrfIcuInr frnnsmIssIon (whofhor fo ono
rocIIonf or mnny) cnnnof bo rocoIvod nf dIfforonf
fImos, If doos nof foIIow fhnf mombors of fho ubIIc
cnnnof bo copoIle of rocoIvIng n frnnsmIssIon nf
dIfforonf fImos. Ior oxnmIo, In fho cnso of sforod
dnfn mndo nvnIInbIo fo fho ubIIc on domnnd, fho
ofonfInI nudIonco for n frnnsmIssIon IncIudos nny
mombor of fho ubIIc ovon fhough onIy ono orson
mIghf roquosf nnd rocoIvo n nrfIcuInr frnnsmIssIon.
See CnbIovIsIon Ir. 9 (|W]hnf mnffors Is fho ofon-
fInI nudIonco for n frnnsmIssIon nf fho fImo fho
sorvIco rovIdor hoIds ouf Ifs confonf nnd offors fo
frnnsmIf If, boforo nny nrfIcuInr frnnsmIssIon Is
sonf.). Tho IogIsInfIvo hIsfory dIscussos fhnf sconnrIo
In oxInInIng fho dIfforonf fImos Inngungo:
A orformnnco mndo nvnIInbIo by frnnsmIssIon
fo fho ubIIc nf Inrgo Is ubIIc ovon fhough . . .
/le /ronenieeion Is cnnbIo of ronchIng dIfforonf
rocIIonfs nf dIfforonf fImos, ns In fho cnso of
sounds or Imngos sforod In nn InformnfIon sys-
fom nnd cnnbIo of boIng orformod or dIsInyod
nf fho InIfInfIvo of IndIvIdunI mombors of fho
ubIIc.
H.!. !o. o. 90-83, nf 29 (l96?) (omhnsIs nddod).
TrnnsmIssIons mndo usIng Aoroo`s sysfom nro nof
ubIIc undor fhIs sfnndnrd, bocnuso fho sysfom doos
nof confnIn sforod confonf mombors of fho ubIIc cnn
roquosf; rnfhor, onch sforod coy Is nvnIInbIo onIy fo
fho usor who cronfod If.


2?
7E 3+%+(N1 .1+%1 ?%,"1I&' 3 =+K <+%)(%U
I,"6+ ;%(I 3 8+6(%/&"G !) ?-+ 7%(,/U
6,1'X =(' ?-+ 0,I+ <+%)(%I,"6+ :IH(/U
&+/ 9" ?-+ 7%(,/6,1'
Iocnuso CoIletieion wns govornIng rocodonf, fho
Socond CIrcuIf hnd no occnsIon fo consIdor nddIfIonnI
ronsons why fho TrnnsmIf CInuso forocIosos ofIfIon-
ors` ubIIc-orformnnco cInIm. Iuf, ovon nccofIng
ofIfIonors` vIow fhnf fho orformnnco roforoncod
In fho CInuso Is nof fho frnnsmIssIon, buf fho or-
formnnco enIoJieJ In fho frnnsmIssIon, fhoIr cInIm
sfIII fnIIs. Tho frnnsmIssIon mndo by nn Aoroo usor
Is gonornfod from hor IndIvIdunI rocordIng of brond-
cnsf rogrnmmIng, nof fho brondcnsf IfsoIf. Tho
orformnnco ombodIod In fho frnnsmIssIon Is fhus
fho InyIng of fhnf IndIvIdunI rocordIng. Thnf
orformnnco Is novor frnnsmIffod fo fho ubIIc,
bocnuso If cnn bo frnnsmIffod onIy fo fho usor who
cronfod fho coy nnd InIfInfod fho Inybnck.
DE ?-+ 45,F&"G () , 6(4F &1 , 4+%)(%I,"6+
/&1'&"6' )%(I '-+ 4+%)(%I,"6+ )%(I
K-&6- '-+ 6(4F K,1 I,/+
Tho CoyrIghf Acf rovIdos fhnf |f]o 'orform` n
work monns fo rocIfo, rondor, Iny, dnnco, or ncf If,
oIfhor dIrocfIy or by monns of nny dovIco or rocoss
or, In fho cnso of n mofIon Icfuro or ofhor nudIo-
vIsunI work, fo show Ifs Imngos In nny soquonco or
fo mnko fho sounds nccomnnyIng If nudIbIo. l?
!.S.C. l0l.
l3
A orformnnco of nn nudIovIsunI
work Is fhus fho oc/ of soquonfInIIy showIng n orfIon
of Ifs Imngos or mnkIng fho sounds nccomnnyIng If

l3
An nudIovIsunI work Is n work| ] fhnf consIsf|s] of n
sorIos of roInfod Imngos whIch nro InfrInsIcnIIy Infondod fo bo
shown by fho uso of mnchInos . . . fogofhor wIfh nccomnnyIng
sounds. l? !.S.C. l0l.


28
nudIbIo. AccorJ 2 Ainner on Cop,rigl/ 8.l4|I]|l],
nf 8-l90.
ThIs dofInIfIon mnkos cIonr fhnf onch now ncf of
showIng n work Is n sonrnfo orformnnco, bocnuso
onch mnkos fho work`s Imngos nnd sounds orcofI-
bIo. Thnf Is fruo ovon whoro muIfIIo orformnncos
nro dorIvod from fho snmo coy of n work. Ior oxnm-
Io, If fwo IndIvIdunIs onch boughf n V of n coy-
rIghfod movIo nnd onch Inyod bnck hor orsonnI
coy, onch wouId orform fho coyrIghfod work. If
onIy ono orson urchnsod fho V, wnfchod If, nnd
fhon Ionf If fo n frIond fo wnfch, fhoro wouId sfIII bo
fwo sonrnfo ncfs of showIng, nnd fhus fwo dIsfIncf
orformnncos. A brondcnsfor couId orform n movIo
by showIng Ifs Imngos nnd sounds fo fho nudIonco by
monns of n frnnsmIssIon; nn IndIvIdunI couId rocord
fho movIo nnd Iny If fho noxf dny, fhoroby sonrnfo-
Iy orformIng fho work. See iJ. 8.l8|A], nf 8-208.2l
(Ono orformnnco occurs nf fho fImo |n] rondIfIon
Is rocordod. . . . If Is cIonr undor fho rosonf Acf fhnf
If nnd whon fho |rocordIng] fhus cronfod Is 'Inyod`
nn nddIfIonnI orformnnco of fho snmo rondIfIon
occurs, whIch wIII consfIfufo nn InfrIngomonf If If Is
unnufhorIzod nnd Is ubIIc.).
Thoso rIncIIos do nof chnngo sImIy bocnuso fho
rocordIng Is mndo wIfh n V!. !sIng curronf V!
fochnoIogy, n sonrnfo orformnnco of n movIo brond-
cnsf on foIovIsIon cnn bogIn boforo fho brondcnsf Is
fInIshod, bocnuso fho V! cnn bo usod fo Iny bnck
onrIIor orfIons of fho rocordIng whIIo confInuIng fo
rocord Infor orfIons. See JA429. In ofhor cIrcum-
sfnncos ns woII, nn IndIvIdunI who obfnIns n coy of
dIgIfnI confonf cnn orform fho work shorfIy nffor
rocoIvIng If. Ior oxnmIo, n consumor who down-
Ionds n song offon mny bogIn fo Iny fho coy boIng


29
downIondod ovon boforo fho downIond Is comIofo.
See Ini/eJ S/o/ee t. ASCAP, 485 I. Su. 2d 438,
446 (S...Y. 200?), off `J, 62? I.3d 64 (2d CIr. 20l0),
cer/. JenieJ, l32 S. Cf. 366 (20ll); JA48?. ovorfho-
Ioss, bocnuso fho orformnnco Is rondorod by InyIng
fho downIondod coy, fho urchnsor Is orformIng
nnd fho soIIor Is nof. See IrIof for fho !nIfod Sfnfos
nf 24, Ini/eJ S/o/ee t. ASCAP, os. 09-0539-cv(!), of
nI. (2d CIr. fIIod Aug. l0, 2009) (!.S. 2d CIr. ASCAP
Ir.), 2009 W! ?48l343.
JE 3+%+(N1 21+%1 /( "(' %+6+&Y+ '-+ 4+%U
)(%I,"6+1 +IH(/&+/ &" H%(,/6,1'+%1N
'%,"1I&11&("1
Whon n consumor Inys n orsonnI rocordIng usIng
Aoroo`s V! nnd frnnsmIfs If fo hor dovIco, fho
orformnnco frnnsmIffod Is fho Inybnck, nof fho
brondcnsfor`s rIor orformnnco of fho rogrnm.
WIfh Aoroo`s fochnoIogy, n consumor fIrsf sonds
n commnnd fhnf ncfIvnfos nn IndIvIdunI nnfonnn fo
nccoss n brondcnsf frnnsmIssIon for fho soIocfod
rogrnm nnd fhon mnkos n rocordIng from fho dnfn
rocoIvod by fhnf nnfonnn. Tho usor fhon Inys fhnf
rocordIng nnd sfronms fhnf orformnnco fo horsoIf
ovor fho Infornof. Ivon In Wnfch modo whon n
usor Is wnfchIng n rogrnm IIvo sho Is wnfchIng
fho Inybnck of hor IndIvIdunI rocordIng. See JA429.
Thnf Inybnck, nof fho brondcnsf, suIIos fho soquonco
of Imngos nnd sounds fhnf Is frnnsmIffod.
As wIfh fho fwo frIonds who onch Iny n V
sfrnIghf fhrough, fho dIfforonco bofwoon fho usor`s
Inybnck nnd fho brondcnsfor`s orformnnco mny nof
bo nnronf whon fho usor sImIy Inys hor rocord-
Ing wIfhouf InforrufIon ns If Is boIng mndo. Tho
dIfforonco bocomos obvIous, howovor, fho momonf fho
usor hIfs nuso (or rowInd): fho usor con/role fho


30
Imngos nnd sounds sho rocoIvos If Is hor oc/ of
elouing fhnf sho vIows fhrough n frnnsmIssIon from
Aoroo`s oquImonf fo hor dovIco. See Iof. A. 28n-
29n.
l4
Ivon whoro sho choosos fo Iny fho rocordIng
wIfhouf omIoyIng fhoso cnnbIIIfIos, hor ncf of
rossIng IIny cnusos fho work`s Imngos fo bo shown
nnd rondors Ifs sounds nudIbIo. See eupro . l0-ll;
Iof. A. 29n n.l4 (bocnuso fho Aoroo usor cnn oxor-
cIso such confroI If ho wIshos fo, . . . fho coy Aoroo`s
sysfom gonornfos Is nof moroIy n fochnIcnI IInk In n
rocoss of frnnsmIssIon). Iocnuso fho usor Is fho
onIy orson cnnbIo of rocoIvIng n frnnsmIssIon of
hor Inybnck, fhoro Is no ubIIc orformnnco.
Moroovor, bocnuso fho InyIng of n rocordIng Is
IfsoIf n orformnnco, fho fwo sfos of (l) mnkIng n
rocordIng from n fIrsf orformnnco, nnd (2) frnns-
mIffIng n Inybnck of fhnf rocordIng cnnnof bo fronfod
ns n dovIco or rocoss for rofrnnsmIffIng fho fIrsf
orformnnco. See l? !.S.C. l0l (dofInIng frnns-
mIf fo IncIudo fho uso of nny dovIco or rocoss fo

l4
Tho usor`s nbIIIfy fo nuso nnd rowInd concIusIvoIy robufs
ofIfIonors` roonfod nssorfIon (nf l9, 25, 30) fhnf fho coIos nro
grnfuIfous. Thoy nro, In fncf, fundnmonfnI fo fho usor oxorI-
onco. See Iof. A. 30n n.l5. Tho ncf of coyIng nIso monnIng-
fuIIy nffocfs fho usor`s oxorIonco. As wIfh nny ofhor V!,
n doIny occurs ns comnrod wIfh rocoIf of n orformnnco ovor
fho nIr. Thoro Is nIwnys fho rIsk of honrIng choors from fho
noxf nnrfmonf momonfs boforo fho bIg Iny. And Aoroo`s foch-
noIogy doos nof rondIIy fncIIIfnfo chnnnoI surfIng: bocnuso
rogrnmmIng Is nof consfnnfIy frnnsmIffod (ns wIfh brondcnsf
nnd cnbIo), fho usor musf rofurn fo fho V! guIdo, soIocf n now
rogrnm, nnd mnko n now rocordIng boforo sho cnn wnfch fho
now rogrnm. QuIfo dIfforonf from fho vIrfunIIy Insfnnfnnoous
chnngo of chnnnoIs on n foIovIsIon, fho Aoroo usor hns fo fnko
fhoso nddIfIonnI sfos nnd wnIf for fho rocordIng fo bo gonor-
nfod boforo sho Is nbIo fo vIow fho now rogrnm by InyIng fho
rocordIng.


3l
communIcnfo n orformnnco . . . whoroby Imngos
or sounds nro rocoIvod boyond fho Inco from whIch
fhoy nro sonf). Tho TrnnsmIf CInuso mnkos cIonr
fhnf n sIngIo orformnnco Is ombodIod In n frnnsmIs-
sIon, by usIng fho IndofInIfo nrfIcIo n In fho fIrsf
nrf of fho CInuso nnd fho dofInIfo nrfIcIo fho In fho
socond nrf. Tho dofInIfIon of orform confIrms
fhnf rondIng. A orformnnco Is nof n soquonco
of Imngos nnd sounds fhnf Is fho dofInIfIon of nn
nudIovIsunI uor/, eee eupro nofo l3 buf rnfhor fho
frnnsIfory oc/ of showIng fhom.
Any ofhor InforrofnfIon Ionds fo nbsurd rosuIfs.
Ior Insfnnco, If n dIsfrIbufor mnkos muIfIIo coIos of
n V from n mnsfor coy, fhon soIIs fhom by mnII
fo consumors, In somo sonso If communIcnfo|s], l?
!.S.C. l0l, fho confonfs of fho orformnnco from
whIch fho mnsfor coy Is mndo. Iuf fho dIsfrIbufIon
of fho Vs moroIy mnkos If ossIbIo for fho rocII-
onfs fo orform fho work fhomsoIvos If Is nof n
dovIco or rocoss by whIch fho Jie/riIu/or ubIIcIy
orforms fho work. Cf. !.S. 2d CIr. ASCAP Ir. 2l
(Amnzon.com . . . doos nof ubIIcIy orform n coy-
rIghfod work whonovor If mnIIs n comncf dIsc
confnInIng fhnf work, nofwIfhsfnndIng fhnf n dIgIfnI
coy hns boon 'frnnsmIffod or ofhorwIso communI-
cnfod.` ); MonoII Ir. 8 (If Is nbsurd fo suoso fhnf
undor fho curronf Acf If hns bocomo nocossnry for
rIvnfo urchnsors of honorocords fo obfnIn n or-
formIng rIghfs IIconso from ASCAI or IMI boforo
fhoy mny InwfuIIy Iny such honorocords wIfhIn
fhoIr homos.) (InfornnI quofnfIons omIffod). A con-
frnry InforrofnfIon nIso wouId undormIno fho sfnf-
ufo`s fIrsf snIo rovIsIon, whIch onfIfIos fho ownor
of n nrfIcuInr coy fo soII If wIfhouf fho nufhorIfy
of fho coyrIghf ownor. l? !.S.C. l09(n).


32
Tho IncongruIfy of fho govornmonf`s rondIng Is
nrfIcuInrIy ronouncod whon coIos of coyrIghfod
confonf nro dIsfrIbufod fhrough frnnsmIssIons I.o.,
downIonds. Tho govornmonf consIsfonfIy hns fnkon
fho osIfIon fhnf dIsfrIbufIon fhrough downIonds Is
nof n orformnnco. See !.S. Ir. ? n.2. As If hns
oxInInod, whon n song Is downIondod, fho urchnsor
obfnIns n fIxod coy of fho song nnd fhon orforms
fho coy. Tho dIgIfnI musIc vondor doos no/ orform
fho song by frnnsmIffIng fho dnfn ombodIod In fho
consumor`s coy. See !.S. 2d CIr. ASCAP Ir. 24;
IrIof for fho !nIfod Sfnfos In OosIfIon nf 9,
ASCAP t. Ini/eJ S/o/ee, o. l0-l33? (!.S. fIIod
JuIy l2, 20ll) (!.S. Corf. ASCAP Ir.), 20ll W!
2908556 (Iorformnnco of fho work occurs onIy whon
(nnd If ) fho rocIIonf undorfnkos fho subsoquonf ncf
of InyIng fho dIsc or downIondod musIc fIIo, e.g., In n
sforoo nf homo (n rIvnfo orformnnco) or fhrough
fho sound sysfom of n fhonfor (n ubIIc orfor-
mnnco).). On ofIfIonors` fhoory horo, howovor, fho
vondor`s frnnsmIssIon couId bo fronfod ns n dovIco
or rocoss for communIcnfIng fho orformnnco
from whIch fho coy Is mndo ns fhoIr own
onici ncknowIodgo.
l5
See CnbIovIsIon Ir. l6 (|o]n
ofIfIonors` fhoory, . . . |n] downIond of n rocordod

l5
Tho govornmonf nffomfs fo dIsfInguIsh fho coIos
mndo usIng Aoroo`s oquImonf by suggosfIng (nf ? n.2) fhnf
|o]rdInnrIIy n work confnInod In n downIondod coy cnnnof
bo soon or honrd durIng fho downIond rocoss. Thnf osIfIon
Is confrnry fo fho oxorf fosfImony In fhIs cnso, eee JA429;
moroovor, In ASCAP, fho govornmonf succossfuIIy dofondod fho
dIsfrIcf courf`s judgmonf fhnf fho moro fncf fhnf n cusfomor`s
onIIno urchnso Is convoyod fo hIm In n IocomonI mnnnor, onch
sogmonf of whIch Is cnnbIo of Inybnck ns soon ns fho frnns-
mIssIon Is comIofod, doos nof chnngo fho fncf fhnf fho frnns-
ncfIon Is n dnfn frnnsmIssIon rnfhor fhnn n musIcnI brondcnsf.
ASCAP, 485 I. Su. 2d nf 446.


33
orformnnco . . . wouId consfIfufo n ubIIc orfor-
mnnco).
Ior sImIInr ronsons, fronfIng fho cronfIon nnd
Inybnck of nn Aoroo usor`s fIxod coy ns n rocoss
for frnnsmIffIng nn undorIyIng orformnnco wouId
undorcuf fho comuIsory IIconso for dIgIfnI dIsfrIbu-
fIon of sound rocordIngs In ll5(c)(3). Thnf rovI-
sIon grnnfs nny orson n comuIsory IIconso undor
l06(l) nnd l06(3) onIy fo dIsfrIbufo musIc fIIos
(honorocords) fo fho ubIIc fhrough downIonds.
l? !.S.C. ll5(c)(l), (3).
l6
As fho govornmonf
nrguod In ASCAP, If n downIond couId bo fronfod ns n
dovIco or rocoss for frnnsmIffIng fho orformnnco
from whIch fho fIIo Is mndo, musIc vondors wouId
nood fo nogofInfo sonrnfo orformnnco IIconsos
undor l06(4) whIch wouId dosfroy fho ufIIIfy of
fho comuIsory IIconso rovIsIons. See !.S. 2d CIr.
ASCAP Ir. 28. Congross couId nof hnvo Infondod
fhnf rosuIf.

l6
SocfIon ll5 socIfIos fhnf fho comuIsory IIconso Is nvnII-
nbIo rognrdIoss of whofhor fho dIgIfnI frnnsmIssIon Is nIso n
ubIIc orformnnco of fho sound rocordIng. l? !.S.C. ll5(d).
As fho govornmonf oxInInod In oosIng corfIornrI In ASCAP,
fhnf cInrIfIcnfIon nddrossos frnnsmIssIons from whIch n orfor-
mnnco mny bo dIrocfIy orcoIvod nf fho snmo fImo n fIxod coy
Is sonrnfoIy snvod fo fho urchnsor`s dovIco. See !.S. Corf.
ASCAP Ir. l4. Tho fncf fhnf fho sfnfufo confomInfos dIgIfnI
frnnsmIssIons of sound rocordIngs fhnf nro no/ ubIIc orfor-
mnncos Is confrnry fo fho IogIcnI consoquonco of ofIfIonors`
fhoory.


34
LE 0+6'&(" DDD %+)5+6'1 '-+ /&1'&"6'&("
H+'K++" '-+ 4+%)(%I,"6+ +IH(/&+/
&" , H%(,/6,1'+%N1 '%,"1I&11&(" ,"/ ,
4+%)(%I,"6+ )%(I , %+6(%/&"G () '-+
H%(,/6,1'
Tho dIsfIncfIon bofwoon rofrnnsmIssIon of n brond-
cnsfor`s orformnnco nnd frnnsmIssIon of n orfor-
mnnco from nn IndIvIdunI coy of fho brondcnsf Is
sfrongIy roInforcod by lll, whIch drnws fhnf vory
dIsfIncfIon. SocfIon lll osfnbIIshos fho ruIos fo gov-
orn socondnry frnnsmIssIons of rImnry frnnsmIs-
sIons such ns foIovIsIon brondcnsfs. If osfnbIIshos
fho comuIsory IIconso for rofrnnsmIssIon of brond-
cnsfs fo dIsfnnf mnrkofs nnd mnkos cIonr fhnf cnbIo
sysfoms cnn rofrnnsmIf IocnI brondcnsfs for froo.
See l? !.S.C. lll(c), (d).
l?
Tho socfIon gonornIIy
dofInos socondnry frnnsmIssIon ns fho sImuI-
fnnoous| ] rofrnnsmIssIon of brondcnsf sIgnnIs. 1J.
lll(f )(2).
l8
And If IndIcnfos fhnf, whon n brondcnsf
sIgnnI Is sImIy nssod fhrough by n cnbIo sysfom fo
Ifs subscrIbors, whnf Is confnInod In fho socondnry

l?
IofIfIonors do nof nrguo fhnf Aoroo Is n cnbIo sysfom
undor lll, nnd Aoroo Is nof ono. Tho CoyrIghf OffIco roonf-
odIy hns rofusod fo fronf Infornof-bnsod Infforms ns cnbIo sys-
foms undor lll on fho ground fhnf fhoy nro nof fncIIIf|Ios]-
bnsod rovIdors. l? !.S.C. lll(f )(3); eee Cop,rigl/ BrooJcoe/
Progronning on /le 1n/erne/. Heoring Before /le SuIconn. on
Cour/e onJ 1n/ellec/uol Proper/, of /le H. Conn. on /le JuJici-
or,, l06fh Cong. 25-26 (2000) (sfnfomonf of Mnrybofh Iofors,
Tho !ogIsfor of CoyrIghfs); 5? Iod. !og. 3284, 3292 (Jnn. 29,
l992) (codIfIod nf 3? C.I.!. 20l.l?); WP1X, 1nc. t. iti, 1nc., 69l
I.3d 2?5, 283 (2d CIr. 20l2), cer/. JenieJ, l33 S. Cf. l585 (20l3).
l8
Tho IodornI CommunIcnfIons CommIssIon (ICC) dofInos
|s]ocondnry frnnsmIssIon ns fho furfhor frnnsmIffIng of n
rImnry frnnsmIssIon sImuIfnnoousIy wIfh fho rImnry frnns-
mIssIon. 4? C.I.!. ?6.66(n)(2).


35
frnnsmIssIon Is fho orformnnco . . . ombodIod In
|fho] rImnry frnnsmIssIon, iJ. lll(n), (c).
SocfIon lll(o), howovor, nIso IncIudos n IImIfod
cnfogory of socondnry frnnsmIssIons fhnf nro
nonsImuIfnnoous bocnuso fhoy nro dorIvod from fho
Inybnck of n vIdoofno (brondIy dofInod fo IncIudo
nny roroducfIon of fho Imngos nnd sounds of n
rogrnm or rogrnms brondcnsf by n foIovIsIon
brondcnsf sfnfIon, iJ. lll(o)(4)). Tho sfnfufo rofors
fo fho confonf frnnsmIffod fhrough such n non-
sImuIfnnoous socondnry frnnsmIssIon no/ ns fho
frnnsmIssIon of n orformnnco . . . ombodIod In |fho]
rImnry frnnsmIssIon, iJ. lll(n), buf ns fho
coyrIghfod rogrnm, oIsodo, or mofIon Icfuro
vIdoofno, iJ. lll(o)(l)(I). Tho sfnfufo usos fhnf
dIfforonf formuInfIon rocIsoIy bocnuso fho Inybnck
of n vIdoofno Is no/ fho snmo orformnnco ns fho
ono ombodIod In fho rImnry frnnsmIssIon If Is n
now nnd dIfforonf orformnnco.
l9
AccorJ 2 Ainner
on Cop,rigl/ 8.l8|A], nf 8-208.28-.29 (|I]f n cnbIo
foIovIsIon sysfom rocordod on vIdoo fno n rogrnm
Ickod u 'off fho nIr,` nnd fhoronffor frnnsmIffod fho
fno ovor Ifs cnbIo fncIIIfIos, . . . fhoro wns nn 'orIgI-
nnfod` rogrnm nnd honco n orformnnco by fho fur-
fhor frnnsmIssIon ovor fho cnbIo fncIIIfIos.). Iocnuso
Aoroo`s oquImonf doos nof ovor frnnsmIf brond-
cnsf confonf o/ler /lon from nn IndIvIdunI usor`s
roroducfIon, If novor frnnsmIfs fho orformnnco
ombodIod In fho brondcnsf.

l9
Tho govornmonf`s dIscussIon (nf 23-2?) of lll Ignoros
socondnry frnnsmIssIons from rocordIng modIn.


36
ME ?-+%+ &1 "( Z21'&)&6,'&(" )(% /&1%+G,%/U
&"G '-+ ),6' '-,' ,55 '%,"1I&11&("1
21&"G 3+%+(N1 +O2&4I+"' ,%+ /+%&Y+/
)%(I &"/&Y&/2,5 %+6(%/&"G1
oIfhor ofIfIonors nor fho govornmonf cnn dIsufo
fhnf fho orformnnco frnnsmIffod by nn Aoroo
usor Is fho Inybnck of hor rocordIng. AccordIngIy,
ofIfIonors` ubIIc-orformnnco cInIm fnIIs.
,E Tho govornmonf nrguos (nf 26-2?) fhnf frnns-
mIssIons fo Aoroo`s usors confnIn| ] fho rIor brond-
cnsf orformnnco. To fho oxfonf fho govornmonf`s
fhoory confInfos fho orformnnco from n coy wIfh
fho orformnnco from whIch fho coy Is mndo, If doos
nof nvoId nny of fho robIoms of ofIfIonors` fhoory.
Moroovor, fho govornmonf ncknowIodgos (nf 33) fhnf
fho Inybnck of n coy Is no/ n ubIIc orformnnco
In fho cnso of n romofo-sforngo V! (IIko fho ono In
CoIletieion). In fho rosocfs gormnno fo fho govorn-
monf`s fosf, howovor, Aoroo`s fochnoIogy works fho
snmo wny ns CnbIovIsIon`s. 1J. Indood, fho snmo
oxorf who fosfIfIod for CnbIovIsIon In fhnf cnso fosfI-
fIod boIow fhnf fho onIy orfInonf dIfforonco bofwoon
fho sysfoms wns fho mnnnor In whIch CnbIovIsIon`s
confonf wns sIIf nnd coIod fo mnko . . . muIfIIo
subscrIbor rocordIngs. JA436. Tho govornmonf
offors no ovIdonco of n mnforInI dIsfIncfIon bofwoon
CnbIovIsIon`s !S-V! nnd Aoroo`s.
HE Tho dIsfIncfIon bofwoon orformnnco from n
coy nnd uro rofrnnsmIssIon rofIocfs fho rncfIcnI
ronIIfy fhnf l06(l) nIso gIvos fho coyrIghf ownor
fho rIghf fo rovonf unInwfuI cop,ing. Aoroo`s
fochnoIogy ormIfs consumors onl, fo mnko orsonnI
coIos of IocnI brondcnsf foIovIsIon n quInfossonfInI


3?
fnIr uso undor Son, Corp. of Anerico t. Initereol
S/uJioe, 1nc., 464 !.S. 4l? (l984).
20

Iy confrnsf, If ofIfIonors hnd n IogIfImnfo chnI-
Iongo fo fho uso of Aoroo`s sysfom fo cop, fhoIr coy-
rIghfod works, fhoy wouId nof nood fo roIy on fhoIr
(unnvnIIIng) ubIIc-orformnnco fhoory nf nII. ThIs
cnso, howovor, doos nof InvoIvo fho uso of nn Aoroo-
IIko sysfom fo nccoss HIO rogrnmmIng, eee MonoII
Ir. 29, or fho subsfIfufIon of now commorcInIs for
fhoso IncIudod In fho brondcnsfs, eee iJ. nf 28-29.
Such hyofhofIcnIs rosonf coyrIghf roroducfIon
rIghf Issuos vory dIfforonf from fho ncfunI fochnoIogy
nf Issuo In fhIs cnso.
PE 8+Z+6'&(" () 4+'&'&("+%1N I&1%+,/&"G
() '-+ 1','2'+ K(25/ "(' ,))+6' '-+
6(4F%&G-' 5&,H&5&'F () Y&/+(U("U/+I,"/
1F1'+I1
A ruIIng In Aoroo`s fnvor wouId nof nIIow vIdoo-on-
domnnd (VO) comnnIos IIko HuIu nnd offIIx fo
rovIdo coyrIghfod confonf wIfhouf nyIng roynIfIos.
Tho TrnnsmIf CInuso roquIros consIdornfIon of
whofhor fho ubIIc nny brondor nudIonco fhnn
n normnI cIrcIo of n fnmIIy nnd Ifs socInI ncqunInf-
nncos Is cnnbIo of rocoIvIng n orformnnco.
l? !.S.C. l0l. Tho onIy orson cnnbIo of rocoIvIng
n orformnnco from n orsonnI rocordIng housod In
Aoroo`s V! Is fho usor who cronfod fho rocordIng.
A VO sysfom fhnf usos n mnsfor coy, by confrnsf,
frnnsmIf|s] . . . fo fho ubIIc, iJ., bocnuso nnyono
mny oIocf fo rocoIvo n orformnnco (fho Inybnck of

20
See JA830-3l (counsoI for ofIfIonors ncknowIodgIng fhnf
ofIfIonors wouId nof sook n roIImInnry InjuncfIon bnsod on
fho roroducfIon rIghf bocnuso |f]horo nro fwo cnsos, bofh
nufhorIfnfIvo, If`s fho Suromo Courf nnd fho Socond CIrcuIf,
fhnf socIfIcnIIy nddross fho quosfIon of fImo shIffIng).


38
fho mnsfor coy).

And n VO sysfom cnnnof nvoId
IInbIIIfy by mnkIng IndIvIdunI coIos for vIowors
wIfhouf ImIIcnfIng fho coyrIghf ownor`s reproJuc-
/ion rIghf. See IrIof for fho !nIfod Sfnfos ns AmIcus
CurIno nf 2l, CoIle Aeue Ae/uor/, 1nc. t. CSC HolJ-
inge, 1nc., o. 08-448 (!.S. fIIod Mny 29, 2009) (!.S.
CoIletieion Ir.), 2009 W! l5ll?40 (|T]ho IognIIfy
of |such n sysfom] wouId bo susocf nf bosf, bocnuso
|fho VO subscrIbor] wouId bo nof sImIy fImo-
shIffIng buf Insfond coyIng rogrnms fhnf ho wns
nof ofhorwIso onfIfIod fo vIow.).
Ono commonfnfor, nnnIyzIng CInuso (l), hns nofod
fhnf
|r]onI roorfy Inw, whIch confors fho rIghf fo
oxcIudo on somo occuIors of Innd . . . , offors n
usofuI bonchmnrk . . . . Whofhor n Inco Is oon
fo fho ubIIc offocfIvoIy furns on whofhor fho
vIowor or IIsfonor cnn oxcIudo fho ubIIc from fho
nrfIcuInr snco In whIch ho Is vIowIng or IIsfon-
Ing fo fho orformnnco.
2 InuI CoIdsfoIn, GolJe/ein on Cop,rigl/ ?.?.2.2.n
(3d od. Su. 20l3). Iy nnnIogy, ns fho govornmonf
rovIousIy hns ncknowIodgod, fho orformnncos
frnnsmIffod usIng Aoroo`s oquImonf nro nof ubIIc
bocnuso no usor mny ovor nccoss fho rocordIng mndo
by nnofhor. !.S. CoIletieion Ir. 2l (Iy IImIfIng Ifs
hoIdIng fo cIrcumsfnncos In whIch |onch frnnsmIssIon
wouId bo mndo soIoIy fo fho orson who hnd rovI-
ousIy mndo fhnf unIquo coy], fho Socond CIrcuIf
susfnInod fho IognIIfy of rosondonfs` |sysfom] wIfh-
ouf cnsfIng doubf on fho wIdosrond romIso fhnf
VO nnd sImIInr sorvIcos InvoIvo ubIIc orfor-


39
mnncos.).
2l
Iy confrnsf, If wouId nof mnko n dIffor-
onco If n VO rovIdor ncfunIIy frnnsmIffod n or-
formnnco from n mnsfor coy onIy fo n sIngIo usor,
If such n orformnnco woro nvnIInbIo fo nnyono who
roquosfod If. See, e.g., ColunIio Pic/uree 1nJue., 1nc.
t. Ateco, 1nc., 800 I.2d 59, 63 (3d CIr. l986); CnbIo-
vIsIon Ir. 9 (A hofoI offors rooms 'fo fho ubIIc`
bocnuso nnyono wIIIIng fo ny cnn occuy n room
ovon fhough, onco n nrfIcuInr guosf nys . . . , ho Is
fho onIy ono who cnn uso If. Tho snmo Is fruo for
|VO] nnd offIIx.).
22



2l
ImIIcIfIy, fhIs Is why courfs nnd commonfnfors hnvo
focusod on whofhor n sIngIo coy Is usod fo frnnsmIf eerio/in fo
muIfIIo vIowors If Is sfrong ovIdonco fhnf fho nudIonco Is nof
consfrnInod fo nn IndIvIdunI or n normnI cIrcIo of n fnmIIy nnd
Ifs socInI ncqunInfnncos. See CoIletieion, 536 I.3d nf l38.
22
IofIfIonors nIso hnIfhonrfodIy suggosf (nf 44) fhnf n ruIIng
In Aoroo`s fnvor mIghf Inco fho !nIfod Sfnfos ouf of comIInnco
wIfh Ifs InfornnfIonnI obIIgnfIons. Iuf fho InfornnfIonnI
ngroomonfs fhnf ofIfIonors cIfo, IIko l? !.S.C. l06(4), ox-
rossIy roInfo onIy fo ubIIc orformnnco|s]. Iorno Convon-
fIon for fho IrofocfIon of !Ifornry nnd ArfIsfIc Works nrf. ll,
rovIsod nf InrIs JuIy 24, l9?l, oe onenJeJ Sof. 28, l9?9, 25
!.S.T. l34l; eee iJ. (communIcnfIon fo fho ubIIc of fho or-
formnnco); WorId InfoIIocfunI Iroorfy OrgnnIznfIon CoyrIghf
Tronfy nrf. 8, oc. 20, l996, 36 I.!.M. 65, ?0 (mnkIng nvnIInbIo
fo fho ubIIc). A ruIIng fhnf Aoroo`s oquImonf onnbIos onIy
prito/e orformnncos wouId nof bo In fonsIon wIfh fhoso ngroo-
monfs. ofnbIy, fho govornmonf nonrs nof fo shnro ofIfIon-
ors` concorn Ifs brIof mnkos no monfIon of InfornnfIonnI Inw.


40
99E 3:8:!N0 .0:80X =!? 3:8:!X V<:8;!8BW
7R .09=S ?C: :@.9<B:=?
ThIs Courf shouId nffIrm for fho nddIfIonnI ronson
fhnf Aoroo`s usors, nof Aoroo, Iny nnd frnnsmIf
fho rocordIngs of brondcnsf confonf nnd fhoroforo
orform wIfhIn fho monnIng of fho CoyrIghf Acf.
IofIfIonors nssorf onIy n cInIm for dIrocf InfrIngo-
monf horo nof cInIms for confrIbufory or vIcnrIous
InfrIngomonf. Tho sfnfufory foxf nnd fhIs Courf`s
docIsIons domonsfrnfo fhnf dIrocf IInbIIIfy for InfrIngo-
monf mny bo Imosod onIy on ono who ongngos In
voIIfIonnI conducf fhnf dIrocfIy ImIIcnfos n coy-
rIghf ownor`s oxcIusIvo rIghfs. Iy confrnsf, dofon-
dnnfs IIko Aoroo, whIch nIIogodIy suIy fho monns
for nnofhor fo InfrIngo, cnn bo hoId IInbIo onIy on n
confrIbufory fhoory, nnd onIy If fho ofhor oIomonfs of
such n cInIm nro rovod.
3E 3+%+( >(+1 =(' B++' ?-+ 0','2'(%F 0',"U
/,%/ ;(% >&%+6' 9")%&"G+I+"'
Tho CoyrIghf Acf Imosos dIrocf IInbIIIfy for In-
frIngomonf on ono who vIoInfos nny of fho oxcIusIvo
rIghfs of fho coyrIghf ownor ns rovIdod by socfIon| ]
l06, l? !.S.C. 50l(n) horo, fho rIghf fo orform
fho coyrIghfod work ubIIcIy, iJ. l06(4).
23
To
orform n work, ono musf rocIfo, rondor, Iny,
dnnco, or ncf If, show Ifs Imngos In nny soquonco or
. . . mnko fho sounds nccomnnyIng If nudIbIo, or
frnnsmIf n orformnnco of fho work, iJ. l0l
fhnf Is, ongngo In nffIrmnfIvo ncfIon fhnf rondors fho
coyrIghfod work cnnbIo of boIng orcoIvod.

23
SocfIon l06`s |u]so of fho hrnso 'fo nufhorIzo` Is Infondod
fo |nddross] fho IInbIIIfy of con/riIu/or, InfrIngors. H.!. !o.
o. 94-l4?6, nf 6l (l9?6) (omhnsIs nddod).


4l
Aoroo`s usors, nnd nof Aoroo, orform fho coy-
rIghfod works. Aoroo`s oquImonf Is dosIgnod fo
omuInfo fho oornfIon of n homo nnfonnn nnd V!,
nnd fhus fo nIIow n usor fo confroI ovory nsocf of fho
rocoIf, rocordIng, nnd frnnsmIssIon of fho rogrnm-
mIng. Tho undIsufod fncfs mnko cIonr fhnf onch
chnIIongod orformnnco Is fho rosuIf of usor com-
mnnds fhnf cnuso Aoroo`s oquImonf fo oornfo In n
nrfIcuInr wny. See eupro . l0-l2. In fhnf cIrcum-
sfnnco, onIy fho usor, nof Aoroo, mny bo hoId dIrocfIy
IInbIo for InfrIngomonf.
24

7E ?-&1 *(2%'N1 *,1+1 *(")&%I 3+%+( *,""('
7+ A&,H5+ ;(% >&%+6' 9")%&"G+I+"'
Iocnuso Aoroo`s roIo Is fo mnko nnfonnns nnd
V!s nvnIInbIo for ofhors` uso, Ifs osIfIon Is comn-
rnbIo fo fhnf of ofhor dofondnnfs fhnf rovIdo oquI-
monf or soffwnro nIIogodIy usod fo ongngo In InfrIng-
Ing conducf. See Son,, eupro; Me/ro-GolJu,n-Mo,er
S/uJioe 1nc. t. Gro/e/er, L/J., 545 !.S. 9l3 (2005).
Such conducf cnn suorf IInbIIIfy undor fho Coy-
rIghf Acf, If nf nII, onIy for confrIbufory InfrIngomonf.
In Son,, fhIs Courf nddrossod whofhor n VT!
mnnufncfuror couId bo hoId IInbIo for con/riIu/or,
InfrIngomonf for dIsfrIbufIng fho mnchInos knowIng

24
As Iowor courfs hnvo hoId, fo bo dIrocfIy IInbIo, nn nccusod
InfrIngor musf hnvo ongngod In ncfunI InfrIngIng conducf wIfh
n noxus suffIcIonfIy cIoso nnd cnusnI fo fho IIIognI |rosuIf] fhnf
ono couId concIudo fhnf |ho] hImsoIf frosnssod on fho oxcIusIvo
domnIn of fho coyrIghf ownor. CoS/or Grp., 1nc. t. LoopAe/,
1nc., 3?3 I.3d 544, 550 (4fh CIr. 2004); eee CoIletieion, 536
I.3d nf l3l-32 (|T]ho uroso of nny cnusnfIon-bnsod IInbIIIfy
docfrIno Is fo IdonfIfy fho ncfor . . . whoso 'conducf hns boon so
sIgnIfIcnnf nnd Imorfnnf n cnuso fhnf |ho] shouId bo IognIIy
rosonsIbIo.` ) (cIfnfIon omIffod); Iox BrooJ. Co. t. Diel Ae/uor/,
L.L.C., o. l2-5?048, 20l4 W! 2605?2, nf *5 (9fh CIr. JuIy 24,
20l3); Por/er t. Google, 1nc., 242 I. A`x 833, 836-3? (3d CIr.
200?).


42
fhnf consumors wouId uso fhom In n mnnnor nIIogod
fo InfrIngo fho rosondonfs` coyrIghfs. 464 !.S. nf
434. Tho Courf doscrIbod fhIs quosfIon ns ono of
fho scoo of IInbIIIfy for nrfIos . . . ulo lote no/
/leneeltee engogeJ in /le infringing oc/iti/,. 1J. nf
435 (omhnsIs nddod). SImIInrIy, In Gro/e/er, fho
Courf hoId fhnf ono who InfonfIonnIIy Induc|os] or
oncourng|os] dIrocf InfrIngomonf by dIsfrIbuf|Ing] n
dovIco wIfh fho objocf of romofIng Ifs uso fo InfrIngo
coyrIghf Is con/riIu/oril, IInbIo for fho rosuIfIng
ncfs of InfrIngomonf by fhIrd nrfIos. 545 !.S. nf
930-3l, 936-3?.
Tho focus on fho scoo of confrIbufory IInbIIIfy
In fhoso cnsos mnkos cIonr fhnf e/ric/ IInbIIIfy Is
rosorvod for fho ncfor who dIrocfIy ongngos In con-
ducf rohIbIfod by l06. See, e.g., CoS/or, 3?3 I.3d
nf 546 (nnnIyzIng Son,); Plo,Io, 1n/ere., 1nc. t. Iuee
HorJenIurgl, 1nc., 982 I. Su. 503, 5l3 (.. OhIo
l99?) (snmo). Tho cnsos nIso IIIusfrnfo fhnf fho doc-
frIno of confrIbufory IInbIIIfy sfnnds rondy fo rovIdo
ndoqunfo rofocfIon fo coyrIghfod works In cnsos
InvoIvIng InfonfIonnI fncIIIfnfIon. CoIletieion, 536
I.3d nf l32; eee 3 WIIIInm I. Infry, Po/r, on Cop,-
rigl/ 9:5.50, nf 9-23 (20l2) (|f]ho roquIromonf
of voIIfIonnI conducf doos nof undormIno fho sfrIcf
IInbIIIfy nnfuro of coyrIghf).
*E 3+%+(N1 <%(Y&1&(" !) 8+I('+ :O2&4I+"'
?( *("12I+%1 >(+1 =(' 8+"/+% 9' >&%+6'U
5F A&,H5+ ;(% 9")%&"G+I+"'
!oIyIng on fho sfnfufory foxf nnd fhIs Courf`s
rocodonfs, fodornI courfs hnvo rojocfod nffomfs fo
Imoso dIrocf IInbIIIfy on fhoso who moroIy rovIdo
oquImonf usod by ofhors In nn nIIogodIy InfrIngIng
mnnnor. Thoso Iowor courf cnsos orsunsIvoIy rojocf
fho nrgumonf fhnf dIrocf IInbIIIfy cnn bo romIsod on


43
ownorshI, oornfIon, or mnInfonnnco of oquImonf
usod for nn InfrIngIng ncfIvIfy. CoS/or, 3?3 I.3d nf
55l; eee CoIletieion, 536 I.3d nf l3l (|T]ho orson
who ncfunIIy rossos fho buffon fo mnko fho rocord-
Ing| ] suIIos fho nocossnry oIomonf of voIIfIon, nof
fho orson who mnnufncfuros, mnInfnIns, or . . . owns
fho mnchIno.); Ieligioue Tecl. C/r. t. Ae/con On-
Line Connunico/ion Serte., 1nc., 90? I. Su. l36l,
l368 (.. CnI. l995).
!owor courf cnsos IIkowIso suorf fho sound rIn-
cIIo fhnf dIrocf IInbIIIfy Is InnrorInfo whoro n
dofondnnf rogrnms oquImonf fo rosond nufo-
mnfIcnIIy fo n usor commnnd fhnf rosuIfs In nIIogod
InfrIngomonf. CoS/or, 3?3 I.3d nf 550; CoIletieion,
536 I.3d nf l3l-32; Diene, 1n/ere., 1nc. t. Ho/file
Corp., ?98 I. Su. 2d l303, l309-l0 (S.. IIn. 20l0)
(|C]ourfs hnvo roonfodIy hoId fhnf fho nufomnfIc
conducf of soffwnro, unnIdod by humnn InforvonfIon,
Is nof 'voIIfIonnI.` ); Ae/con, 90? I. Su. nf l368-69.
Thoso courfs hnvo omhnsIzod fhnf fhIs IImIfnfIon
Is osocInIIy Imorfnnf In IIghf of fho oxnnsIvo
IInbIIIfy fhnf mIghf ofhorwIso rosuIf from nofworkod
communIcnfIons nnd sforngo sysfoms. CoS/or, 3?3
I.3d nf 55l; eee Ae/con, 90? I. Su. nf l369.
Iosf-Son, nmondmonfs fo fho coyrIghf Inw con-
fIrm fhnf fhoso judIcInI InforrofnfIons nro consIsfonf
wIfh Congross`s Infonf. Ior Insfnnco, In fho IgIfnI
MIIIonnIum CoyrIghf Acf, Congross onncfod n sorIos
of snfo hnrbors fhnf codIfIod, In fho confoxf of Infor-
nof sorvIco rovIdors, fho IondIng nnd mosf fhoughf-
fuI judIcInI docIsIon on fho dIsfIncfIon bofwoon
dIrocf InfrIngomonf nnd socondnry IInbIIIfy fho
Ae/con cnso, whIch wns Inforrofod fo ruIo| ] ouf
|IInbIIIfy] for nssIvo, nufomnfIc ncfs ongngod In
fhrough n fochnoIogIcnI rocoss InIfInfod by nnofhor.
H.!. !o. o. l05-55l, f. l, nf ll (l998).


44
>E ?-+ S(Y+%"I+"'N1 V9"'+G%,'+/ 0F1'+IW
3%G2I+"' 91 ."4+%12,1&Y+
Tho govornmonf offocfIvoIy concodos (nf 20-2l) fhnf
Aoroo cnnnof bo hoId dIrocfIy IInbIo for InfrIngomonf
If Ifs ueere ncfIvoIy confroI| ] fho nIIogodIy InfrIngIng
frnnsmIssIons. If nIso ncknowIodgos (nf l8-l9) fhnf
|f]ho IdonfIfy of fho orson who dIrocfs fhnf n or-
formnnco occur Is releton/ In docIdIng who hns or-
formod coyrIghfod mnforInI nnd fhnf ownorshI of
fho hysIcnI oquImonf . . . doos nof nIwnys dofor-
mIno who orforms n coyrIghfod work. And If hns
ncknowIodgod fhnf, Insofnr ns Aoroo`s oquImonf
oornfos IIko nn !S-V!, Aoroo doos nof dIrocfIy
InfrIngo: Ifs CoIletieion InvIfnfIon brIof nrguod fhnf
fho Socond CIrcuIf hnd ronsonnbIy concIudod fhnf
fho subscrIbor who wouId bofh soIocf fho rogrnms
fo bo coIod nnd ross fho buffon frIggorIng fho
ncfunI rocordIng wouId 'mnko` fho coIos . . . sforod
In fho !S-V! sysfom nnd fhnf fho shIff from IocnI
fo nofwork-bnsod rocordIng nnd Inybnck . . . nonrs
InrgoIy IrroIovnnf fo fho doformInnfIon of who wouId
'mnko` fho coIos. !.S. CoIletieion Ir. l8. Tho gov-
ornmonf ronffIrms fhoso concIusIons horo. See !.S.
Ir. 33 (Tho courf In CoIletieion ronsonnbIy concIud-
od fhnf fho coIos so cronfod woro mndo by fho sub-
scrIbors rnfhor fhnn by fho cnbIo comnny IfsoIf.).
Tho govornmonf sooks fo dIsfInguIsh fhIs cnso on
fho ground fhnf Aoroo oornfos nn Infogrnfod sys-
fom, subsfnnfInIIy doondonf on hysIcnI oquImonf
fhnf Is usod In common by |Ifs] subscrIbors. 1J. nf
20. Iuf fho govornmonf doos nof nnd cnnnof jusfIfy
fhIs dIsfIncfIon by roforonco fo fho sfnfufo or cnso
Inw, bocnuso If cIfos noIfhor. or Is fho dIsfIncfIon
suorfod by IogIc or fncfs: from fho orsocfIvo of
fho usor fho orson who bofh soIocf|s] fho ro-


45
grnms fo bo coIod nnd ross|os] fho buffon frIggor-
Ing fho ncfunI rocordIng, !.S. CoIletieion Ir. l8
Aoroo`s oquImonf Is IndIsfInguIshnbIo from fho !S-
V! In CoIletieion. See Iof. A. 63n, ?5n. !ndor
fho hood, fho onIy dIfforonco Is fhnf CnbIovIsIon`s
sysfom sIIf n common sfronm of dnfn for Ifs sub-
scrIbors wIfhouf fhoIr rIor roquosf; Aoroo`s oquI-
monf doos nof do fhnf, bocnuso fho onIy dnfn n
usor mny rocord como from nn nnfonnn IndIvIdunIIy
nssIgnod fo nnd ncfIvoIy confroIIod by fhnf usor.
Aoroo`s nddIfIon of n romofo nnfonnn cnnnof mnko n
rIncIIod dIfforonco.
Tho InfornnI InconsIsfoncIos In fho govornmonf`s
osIfIon monn fhoro Is no cIonr| ] sfnndnrd for
doformInIng whon n fochnoIogy comnny, rnfhor
fhnn Ifs cusfomor, hns ongngod In voIIfIonnI conducf.
Insfond, fho govornmonf offors nn IndoformInnfo IIno,
wIfh mosf cIoud comufIng comnnIos nnronfIy on
fho wrong sIdo. Conpore !.S. Ir. 20 (Aoroo oornfos
nn Infogrnfod sysfom) ui/l iJ. nf 3l n.8 (cIoud
comufIng comnnIos uso shnrod ooI|s] of confIgu-
rnbIo comufor rosourcos). Indood, fho govorn-
monf`s osIfIon ormIfs ImosIfIon of e/ric/ IInbIIIfy
for InfrIngomonf, nof onIy on nII cIoud comufIng
busInossos, buf nIso on frndIfIonnI busInossos, IIko
coy shos, fhnf Iong hnvo boon rognrdod ns Immuno
from dIrocf IInbIIIfy whon fhoy moroIy rovIdo
shnrod oquImonf for uso by ofhors n robIom fho
govornmonf rovIousIy hns ncknowIodgod. See !.S.
CoIletieion Ir. l8-l9. As ofhor onici domonsfrnfo,
fho govornmonf`s now nronch Ionvos uncIonr how
cIoud comufIng comnnIos shouId confIguro fhoIr
oquImonf fo nvoId boIng dIrocfIy IInbIo for fhoIr con-
sumors` uso of fhnf oquImonf. See CT Ir. l?-20;
ISA Ir. 20, 28.


46
Tho govornmonf`s osIfIon nonrs coIorod by Ifs
Incorrocf nssumfIon fhnf nII usos of Aoroo`s oquI-
monf nro InfrIngIng. See !.S. Ir. 3l-33 (nffomfIng
fo dIsfInguIsh !S-V! nnd ofhor cIoud fochnoIogIos
on fho bnsIs fhnf fho coIos frnnsmIffod woro Inw-
fuIIy ncquIrod or IIconsod). Iuf fhnf Is obvIousIy
unfruo, gIvon fhnf Aoroo`s oquImonf nIso cnn bo
usod fo nccoss non-coyrIghfod brondcnsf mnforInI.
Moroovor, fho sfnfus of rIghfs In n coy hns no IogIcnI
bonrIng on fho IdonfIfIcnfIon of fho ncfor rosonsIbIo
for frnnsmIffIng If. See ISA Ir. 2l.
:E ?-+ 0244(1+/ 3",5(GF 7+'K++" 3+%+(
3"/ *,H5+ 0F1'+I1 C,1 =( B+%&'
Tho govornmonf nIso IncorrocfIy nssorfs (nf 22-23)
fhnf Aoroo`s confonfIon fhnf Ifs usors, nof Aoroo,
orform Is comnrnbIo fo fho nnnIogy fhIs Courf
drow In Ior/nigl/l, Corp. t. Ini/eJ Ar/ie/e Teleti-
eion, 1nc., 392 !.S. 390 (l968), bofwoon n communIfy
nnfonnn nnd n homo nnfonnn. Tho govornmonf fur-
fhor mnInfnIns (nf 22) fhnf, bocnuso Congross su-
osodIy rojocfod fhnf nnnIogy In onncfIng fho Trnns-
mIf CInuso, If musf hnvo Infondod dIrocf IInbIIIfy fo
bo Imosod on Aoroo horo.
25
Iuf Congross ovIncod no
Infonf fo Imoso dIrocf IInbIIIfy on fho rovIdor of n
dIfforonf fochnoIogy fhnf fncIIIfnfos nccoss fo ovor-
fho-nIr brondcnsfs or fhnf fochnoIogy`s usors.
CnbIo sysfoms ncfIvoIy frnnsmIf; Aoroo doos nof.
CnbIo sysfoms rocoIvo nII brondcnsf froquoncIos nf nII
fImos, nnd rofrnnsmIf nII chnnnoIs fo nII subscrIbors

25
IofIfIonors nrguo vIgorousIy (nf 2?) fhnf Congross ovor-
furn|od] Ior/nigl/l,, buf n roor undorsfnndIng of fho IogIsIn-
fIvo ncfIons foIIowIng fhIs Courf`s docIsIon boIIos fhnf nssorfIon.
Congross, In fncf, coJifieJ fho oufcomo of Ior/nigl/l,, If nof Ifs
ronsonIng, by onncfIng lll, whIch ormIfs cnbIo sysfoms fo
rofrnnsmIf IocnI brondcnsf sIgnnIs wIfhouf nyIng nny coyrIghf
roynIfIos. See eupro . 4-6.


4?
nf nII fImos, whofhor or nof nny nrfIcuInr subscrIbor
hns roquosfod fhom. See JA588. A cnbIo subscrIbor
oxorcIsos no confroI ovor fho cnbIo sysfom`s oquI-
monf; Insfond, fhrough hor foIovIsIon`s funor, sho
soIocfs nn IndIvIdunI chnnnoI from fho cnbIo sysfom`s
food. See iJ. Aoroo`s nnfonnns nnd V!s, by con-
frnsf, do no/ling oxcof ns dIrocfod by n usor. See
JA429, 566, 5?6, 588. Onco ncfIvnfod, nn nnfonnn
rocoIvos onIy fho socIfIc sIgnnI roquosfod by fho
usor. See JA588. Tho dnfn sfronm rocoIvod by fho
nnfonnn Is nssocInfod wIfh fhnf usor`s nccounf nnd Is
rocordod fo n orfIon of n hnrd dIsk nccossIbIo onIy fo
fhnf usor. See Iof. A. 8n, 65n; JA432-34, 469, 560,
5??-80, 858-59. IInnIIy, fho usor sfronms fho rocord-
Ing fo hor dovIco whon sho choosos fo vIow If, nnd sho
cnn InIfInfo or formInnfo fhnf frnnsmIssIon nf wIII.
See Iof. A. 66n; JAl69, 233, 432-33, 560, 580-8l.
In shorf, nofhIng goos Info or comos ouf of Aoroo`s
oquImonf ofhor fhnn nf fho socIfIc dIrocfIon of n
usor.
999E *!=09>:83?9!=0 !; *!<R89SC? <!AU
9*R 0?8!=SAR 0.<<!8? ?C: >:*909!=
7:A!$
3E 3"F 0','2'(%F 3IH&G2&'F 0-(25/ 7+ 8+U
1(5Y+/ 3G,&"1' A&,H&5&'F
Any nmbIguIfy nbouf nIyIng fho l9?6 Acf fo
Aoroo`s 2lsf-confury fochnoIogy shouId bo rosoIvod
ngnInsf InfrIngomonf. Tho ConsfIfufIon nssIgns fo
Congross fho fnsk of dofInIng fho scoo of fho
IImIfod monooIy fhnf shouId bo grnnfod fo nufhors
n fnsk fhnf InvoIvos n dIffIcuIf bnInnco bofwoon
fho Inforosfs of nufhors . . . In fho confroI nnd oxIoI-
fnfIon of fhoIr wrIfIngs . . . nnd socIofy`s comofIng
Inforosf In fho froo fIow of Idons, InformnfIon, nnd
commorco. Son,, 464 !.S. nf 429. Whon nIyIng
fho CoyrIghf Acf fo now fochnoIogy, fhIs Courf hns


48
boon roIucfnn|f] fo oxnnd fho rofocfIons nffordod
by fho coyrIghf wIfhouf oxIIcIf IogIsInfIvo guId-
nnco. 1J. nf 43l;
26
eee iJ. nf 432 (Whon fochnoIogI-
cnI chnngo hns rondorod Ifs IIfornI forms nmbIguous,
fho CoyrIghf Acf musf bo consfruod In IIghf of |Ifs]
bnsIc uroso fo romofo fho gonornI bonofIfs
dorIvod by fho ubIIc from fho Inbors of nufhors.)
(InfornnI quofnfIons omIffod).
2?

Son, . . . rocognIzos fhnf fho coyrIghf Inws nro
nof Infondod fo dIscourngo or fo confroI fho omor-
gonco of now fochnoIogIos, IncIudIng (orhns oso-
cInIIy) fhoso fhnf hoI dIssomInnfo InformnfIon nnd
Idons moro brondIy or moro offIcIonfIy. Gro/e/er,
545 !.S. nf 95? (Iroyor, J., concurrIng).
28
Thnf con-
corn couId hnrdIy bo moro sfrongIy ImIIcnfod fhnn

26
ThIs nronch Is nrfIcuInrIy nrorInfo In vIow of fho
fncf fhnf, In corfnIn cIrcumsfnncos, crininol IInbIIIfy mny bo
Imosod on fhoso ndjudgod fo hnvo vIoInfod coyrIghf Inw. See
l? !.S.C. 506; cf. Morocicl t. Speore, l33 S. Cf. 2l9l, 2222
(20l3) (CInsburg, J., dIssonfIng).
2?
Congross hns nof hosIfnfod fo nmond fho CoyrIghf Acf
fo oxfond coyrIghf rofocfIons. See ChrIsfInn Iohnnnnn &
Horborf Hovonknm, Creo/ion ui/lou/ Iee/roin/ l34 (20l2) (In
fho Insf fhIrfy-fIvo yonrs, bofh fho sIzo of fho coyrIghf sfnfufo
nnd fho rIghfs If grnnfs coyrIghf hoIdors hnvo grown by Ions
nnd bounds.). Congross hns nmondod TIfIo l? on 54 sonrnfo
occnsIons In fho 38 yonrs sInco If nssod fho l9?6 Acf. See, e.g.,
hff://www.coyrIghf.gov/IogIsInfIon/nrchIvo.
28
IofIfIonors` nffomfod mIsuso of fho coyrIghf Inws fo
squoIch Aoroo`s fochnoIogy Iooks susIcIousIy IIko nn nffomf fo
oxfond fhoIr monooIy: ofIfIonors nro dovoIoIng n sysfom fo
nIIow consumors fo vIow ovor-fho-nIr confonf on fhoIr mobIIo
dovIcos. See JA3ll-l2. Thnf sysfom wouId uso ubIIc soc-
frum, buf ombod encoJeJ sIgnnIs fo IImIf nccoss fo fhoso who
ny. See Abouf yIo, hff://www.dyIo.fv/nbouf/mcv/; JA3ll-l2.
As ono CIS oxocufIvo nofod, fho mosf sIgnIfIcnnf fhronf Aoroo
osos Is romIndIng fho ubIIc fhnf nofwork confonf Is . . . rondIIy
nccossod for froo wIfh nn nnfonnn. JA624.


49
In fhIs cnso, gIvon fho sfnkos for cIoud comufIng
fochnoIogIos. Consumors IncronsIngIy roIy on romofo
oquImonf fo sforo fIIos IncIudIng orsonnI coIos
of coyrIghfod confonf IIko songs nnd vIdoos nnd
nccoss fhoso fIIos vIn frnnsmIssIons ovor fho Infornof.
CIoud fochnoIogIos gonornfo onormous offIcIoncIos
fhrough oconomIos of scnIo, nIIowIng usors fo bonofIf
from roducod cosf nnd Incronsod roIInbIIIfy, nnd
rovIdo| ] subsfnnfInI dnfn orfnbIIIfy, ormIffIng n
usor nccoss fo hIs or hor dnfn vIn nny dovIco wIfh nn
Infornof connocfIon. ISA Ir. 3; eee eupro . l2-l3.
CIoud fochnoIogIos nIso nro wIdosrond nnd quIckIy
growIng; nnnunI sondIng hns surnssod $50 bIIIIon,
doIIvorIng snvIngs fo !.S. busInossos rojocfod fo
ronch $625 bIIIIon ovor fho noxf fIvo yonrs. See ISA
Ir. ll-l2; eee oleo CnbIovIsIon Ir. l4.
IofIfIonors` nrgumonf (nf 23, 34) fhnf fho roIovnnf
orformnnco for urosos of fho TrnnsmIf CInuso Is
fho orIgInnI brondcnsf, rnfhor fhnn fho consumor`s
orformnnco from hor orsonnI coy, wouId orvn-
sIvoIy fhronfon fho uso of cIoud fochnoIogIos fo sforo
nnd nccoss coyrIghfod confonf. On ofIfIonors` vIow,
whonovor fwo usors of n cIoud-bnsod vIrfunI Iockor
sorvIco such ns CoogIo rIvo sonrnfoIy Iny n
song sforod on fho rovIdor`s sorvors, fho rovIdor
Is ubIIcIy orformIng by frnnsmIffIng fho snmo
undorIyIng orformnnco fo muIfIIo mombors of fho
ubIIc. As onici hnvo oxInInod, woro ofIfIonors`
nrgumonf nccofod, If wouId grnvoIy fhronfon cIoud
comufIng. See, e.g., CnbIovIsIon Ir. l3-l5; ISA Ir.;
CT Ir. IofIfIonors, howovor, hnrdIy ncknowIodgo,
much Ioss nddross, fhIs concorn.
Tho govornmonf nrguos fhnf rovorsnI of fho
docIsIon boIow nood nof cnII Info doubf fho gonornI
IognIIfy of cIoud fochnoIogIos bocnuso n consumor`s


50
sfronmIng of hor own loufull, ocquireJ coy fo
horsoIf wouId offocf n rIvnfo orformnnco. !.S. Ir.
3l-32 (omhnsIs nddod). SImIInrIy, If nssorfs fhnf
fho !S-V! sorvIco nf Issuo In CoIletieion wns nof
InfrIngIng bocnuso fhoro fho cnbIo comnny nIrondy
ossossod |n] IIconso| ] fo frnnsmIf coyrIghfod foIovI-
sIon rogrnms fo Ifs subscrIbors. 1J. nf 33. !ndor
Son,, If ronsons, consumors hnvo n fnIr-uso rIghf fo
mnko n orsonnI coy of foIovIsod confonf for fImo-
shIffod vIowIng, nnd |f]horo Is no ovIdonf ronson fo
ronch n dIfforonf rosuIf . . . moroIy bocnuso fho roIo-
vnnf orsonnI coy Is cronfod nnd sforod romofoIy In
dIgIfnI form. 1J.
IroorIy undorsfood, fho govornmonf`s ronsonIng
comoIs dIsmIssnI of ofIfIonors` cInIm. Tho rocord-
Ings mndo by Aoroo`s usors nro oqunIIy InwfuI undor
fnIr-uso rIncIIos n fncf ofIfIonors offocfIvoIy
concodod by ndvorfIng fo Son, In oxInInIng why
fhoy dId nof sook nn InjuncfIon on roroducfIon
grounds. See JA928-29. Indood, whon If urgod fhIs
Courf fo dony corfIornrI In CoIletieion, fho govorn-
monf`s nssumfIon fhnf fho coIos mndo by coIle
subscrIbors woro non-InfrIngIng doondod on nn
nnnIogy fo fho coIos mndo from IrooJcoe/ sIgnnIs In
Son,. See !.S. CoIletieion Ir. 2l. As fhIs cnso
comos fo fho Courf, fhoro Is sImIy no bnsIs for fho
govornmonf`s nssorfIon fhnf fho rocordIngs mndo by
Aoroo`s usors nro unInwfuI.
Moroovor, fho govornmonf`s osIfIon Is InfornnIIy
InconsIsfonf. In fho govornmonf`s vIow (nf 2?), n
ubIIc orformnnco occurs whon ei/ler fho nIIogodIy
InfrIngIng frnnsmIssIon IfsoIf or somo undorIyIng
orformnnco Is frnnsmIffod fo fho ubIIc. If novor
oxInIns why fho orformnncos onnbIod by cIoud
sforngo sorvIcos nro rIvnfo undor fhIs rondIng.


5l
And If offors no sfnfufory bnsIs for Ifs osIfIon fhnf
IInbIIIfy for InfrIngomonf of fho puIlic-perfornonce
rIghf fho doformInnfIon whofhor n orformnnco
Is ubIIc or rIvnfo furns on whofhor fho coy
from whIch fho orformnnco Is mndo wns InwfuIIy
ncquIrod. 1J. nf 32. Tho nnfuro of fho /ronenieeion
doos nof furn on fho nIIocnfIon of rIghfs In fho work
boIng frnnsmIffod. ISA Ir. 2l.
Tho govornmonf`s rofforod soIufIon nIso Is
unworknbIo. Iy Ifs IogIc, If n consumor uIonds nn
unInwfuIIy obfnInod coy of n movIo fo n romofo
comufor nnd fhon sfronms If fo horsoIf, fho comnny
fhnf rovIdos fho sforngo Is IInbIo for n ubIIc
orformnnco. To nvoId e/ric/ IInbIIIfy bnsod on Ifs
cusfomors` ncfIons, fho comnny wouId hnvo fo monI-
for nII of fho confonf sforod on Ifs sysfom fo mnko
suro If wns IIconsod or ofhorwIso nufhorIzod. See
CT Ir. 9-22. o Indusfry couId oornfo undor such
nn obIIgnfIon.
7E =('-&"G 9" ?-+ *(4F%&G-' 36' 02GG+1'1
?-,' *("G%+11 $(25/ C,Y+ $,"'+/ <+'&U
'&("+%1 ?( 7+ 3H5+ ?( :['%,6' *(4F%&G-'
8(F,5'&+1 C+%+
IofIfIonors` nrgumonf confrnvonos coyrIghf oIIcy
for fho nddIfIonnI ronson fhnf Congross hns dofor-
mInod coyrIghf hoIdors shouId nof bo nbIo fo
domnnd coyrIghf roynIfIos for consumors` vIowIng of
IocnI brondcnsf rogrnmmIng. IofIfIonors (e.g., nf 39)
ImIy fhnf cnbIo nnd snfoIIIfo rovIdors musf ny
coyrIghf roynIfIos fo rofrnnsmIf IocnI brondcnsfs,
buf fhnf Is nof fruo. In fncf, fho CoyrIghf Acf grnnfs
brondcnsfors no roynIfIos ovon whon n fhIrd nrfy
rofrnnsmIfs IocnI brondcnsf rogrnmmIng fo Ifs
subscrIbors.


52
DE Irondcnsfors mnko rogrnmmIng nvnIInbIo
ovor fho nIrwnvos for froo by soIIIng brondcnsf fImo
fo ndvorfIsors. Son,, 464 !.S. nf 446 n.28; Turner
BrooJ. S,e., 1nc. t. ICC, 5l2 !.S. 622, 629 (l994).
Tho moro consumors who vIow n brondcnsf rogrnm,
fho moro vnIunbIo fho ndvorfIsIng fImo. See eupro
. 6-?.
29

Iocnuso brondcnsfors nro dIrocfIy comonsnfod
(nnd coyrIghf hoIdors IndIrocfIy comonsnfod) by
ndvorfIsors, n fhIrd nrfy fhnf sImIy rovIdos
fochnoIogy fhnf nIIows consumors fo nccoss confonf
fhoy couId rocoIvo ovor fho nIr Is no/ roquIrod fo
comonsnfo coyrIghf ownors. Thnf Is fruo ovon for
fhIrd nrfIos fhnf (unIIko Aoroo) ncfunIIy rofrnnsmIf
ofIfIonors` brondcnsfs fo fho ubIIc. In fho cnso
of cnbIo sysfoms, lll(d) sofs forfh n comuIsory
IIconsIng schomo for coyrIghfod confonf whoroby
cnbIo sysfoms ny no roynIfIos for IocnI confonf fhoy
rofrnnsmIf wIfhIn fho sorvIco nron of fho brond-
cnsfor.
30
See eupro . 5-6. Tho snmo nronch Is

29
To fhnf oxfonf, If Is surrIsIng fhnf ofIfIonors sook fo
Iloc/ consumors from wnfchIng fhoIr ovor-fho-nIr brondcnsfs
ovor fho nIr usIng Aoroo`s fochnoIogy. See JA64? (Q. . . . If
consumors Incronso fho uso of nnfonnns fo cnfuro ovor-fho-nIr
sIgnnIs, doos fhnf cronfo hnrm fo CIS A. o, If ncfunIIy hoIs
us.).
30
IofIfIonors Ignoro fhIs fncf; mnny of fhoIr onici IncIudIng
fho govornmonf nof onIy Ignoro If, buf nnnIyzo lll`s roynIfy
rovIsIons wIfhouf monfIonIng If. See, e.g., !.S. Ir. 29 ( lll
rofIocfs n nunncod schomo . . . IncIudIng dofnIIod oxcofIons
nnd n rofIcuInfod sfnfufory IIconsIng schomo wIfh n cnrofuIIy
cnIIbrnfod sysfom of roynIfIos); MonoII Ir. 23; IC!I Ir. l2 n.9.
SovornI onici sImIInrIy quofo fho Houso !oorf`s sfnfomonf
fhnf coyrIghf roynIfIos shouId bo nId by cnbIo oornfors fo
fho cronfors of |coyrIghfod] rogrnms, H.!. !o. o. 94-l4?6,
nf 89, whIIo IgnorIng fho vory noxf ngo, whIch snys fhnf fho
coyrIghf IInbIIIfy of cnbIo foIovIsIon sysfoms . . . shouId bo


53
rofIocfod In l22(n), whIch cronfos n roynIfy-froo
sfnfufory IIconso
3l
for snfoIIIfo cnrrIors fhnf rofrnns-
mIf n brondcnsfor`s sIgnnIs wIfhIn Ifs IocnI mnrkof.
See eupro . 6. IofIfIonors` cInIm fhnf Congross
mnndnfod fhnf fho rovIdors of |rofrnnsmIssIon]
sorvIcos conpeneo/e coyrIghf hoIdors for fho sfnfu-
fory rIvIIogo of oxIoIfIng fhoIr ubIIc-orformnnco
rIghfs, Ir. 29 n.4, Is sImIy Incorrocf.
JE CoyrIghf Inw Is dosIgnod fo rownrd cronfors
onIy fo fho oxfonf nocossnry fo Induco |fhom fo] ro-
Ionso fo fho ubIIc . . . fho roducfs of |fhoIr] cronfIvo
gonIus. Ini/eJ S/o/ee t. Poronoun/ Pic/uree, 1nc.,
334 !.S. l3l, l58 (l948). Thoro Is no InusIbIo cInIm
fhnf sfrofchIng fho CoyrIghf Acf fo forco consumors
fo ny fwIco fo wnfch fho snmo ovor-fho-nIr brondcnsf
rogrnmmIng wouId oncourngo fho cronfIon of now
works. See Iohnnnnn & Hovonknm, Creo/ion ui/l-
ou/ Iee/roin/ l6?-68 & n.l8. Whon n coyrIghf hoId-
or hns nufhorIzod n nrfIcuInr uso of n work In rofurn
for nn nccofnbIo rownrd, fho socondnry funcfIon of
fho Inw hns boon snfIsfIod. AccordIngIy, fhIs Courf
hns rojocfod offorfs by n sfnfufory monooIIsf fo
oxfrncf n socond round of comonsnfIon for fho ub-
IIc`s onjoymonf of n uso onco nufhorIzod, by fIndIng
fhnf fho uso Is no Iongor wIfhIn fho monooIy.
AJone t. Bur/e, 84 !.S. (l? WnII.) 453, 456 (l8?3);
eee Kir/eoeng t. Joln Wile, & Sone, 1nc., l33 S. Cf.

IImIfod fo fho rofrnnsmIssIon of Jie/on/ non-nofwork rogrnm-
mIng, iJ. nf 90 (omhnsIs nddod). See, e.g., !.S. Ir. 29;
YII!A Ir. 8; SAC Ir. l?-l8; ModIn Insf. Ir. l?.
3l
In hIs fronfIso, Irof. Immor doscrIbos fhIs roynIfy-froo
IIconso ns In oornfIon . . . nn oxomfIon. 2 Ainner on Cop,-
rigl/ 8.l8|C]|l]|b], nf 8-268.42(2)-.42(3). In hIs brIof horo, ho
doscrIbos If onIy |I]n brond sfroko|s] ns ImosIng nn obIIgn-
fIon fo romIf roynIfIos fo coyrIghf ownors. MonoII Ir. 3l-32.


54
l35l, l363-64 (20l3); Aro Mfg. Co. t. Conter/iIle Top
Ieplocenen/ Co., 3?? !.S. 4?6, 49? (l964).
Tho Courf ndvorfod fo fhnf rIncIIo In Buc/ t.
Jeuell-Lo Solle Ieol/, Co., 283 !.S. l9l (l93l), n
cnso fhnf ofIfIonors` onici cInIm wns rosurrocf|od]
by Congross In fho l9?6 Acf. ModIn Insf. Ir. l5.
Thoro, fho Courf found fhnf n hofoIIor`s rofrnnsmIs-
sIon of n rndIo brondcnsf fhnf wns IfsoIf unnufhorIzod
by fho coyrIghf hoIdor consfIfufod nn InfrIngomonf.
If nofod, howovor, fhnf, If fho orIgInnI brondcnsf hnd
boon InwfuI, n IIconso for Ifs |rofrnnsmIssIon] by fho
hofoI comnny mIghf ossIbIy hnvo boon ImIIod,
nnd cIfod n dIsfrIcf courf cnso whoro fhnf rosuIf hnd
boon ronchod. 283 !.S. nf l99 n.5 (cIfIng Buc/ t.
DeIoun, 40 I.2d ?34 (S.. CnI. l929)).
In Ifs Ior/nigl/l, onicue brIof In sfnrk confrnsf
fo fho osIfIon If fnkos horo fho govornmonf nrguod
fhnf n coyrIghf hoIdor who nufhorIzos n ubIIc
orformnnco of Ifs work by brondcnsf hns nIrondy
boon comonsnfod for fho ubIIc rocoIf of fho or-
formnnco In fhoso nrons whoro fho sIgnnIs . . . couId
bo dIrocfIy rocoIvod off-fho-nIr by ofonfInI vIowors.
Mom. for fho !nIfod Sfnfos ns AmIcus CurIno nf ll,
Ior/nigl/l,, o. 6l8 (!.S. fIIod Jnn. 3l, l968).
AccordIngIy, In vIow of undorIyIng consIdornfIons
of ubIIc oIIcy, such ns fho IImIfod nnfuro of coy-
rIghf rofocfIon nnd fho consoquoncos of oxfondIng
coyrIghf rofocfIon unduIy, iJ. nf 8, fho govorn-
monf nrguod fhnf nn ImIIod-In-Inw IIconso oxIsfod
for rofrnnsmIssIons of ovor-fho-nIr brondcnsfs wIfhIn
fho orIgInnI brondcnsf nron, iJ. nf ll, l5.
LE IofIfIonors rofosf (nf 39) fhnf, |n]Ifhough
fhoy hnvo ngrood fo mnko |fhoIr] confonf nvnIInbIo fo
fho ubIIc ovor fho nIr for froo, fhoy cnn nfford fo do
so onIy If fhoy rofnIn fho nbIIIfy fo rocou fhoIr sub-


55
sfnnfInI Invosfmonfs by, nmong ofhor fhIngs, gonor-
nfIng crIfIcnI rovonuo whon fhnf confonf Is rofrnns-
mIffod fo fho ubIIc. Iuf fho rofrnnsmIssIon foos fo
whIch ofIfIonors rofor hnvo nofhIng fo do wIfh cop,-
rigl/ Inw; fhoy nro mnndnfod by fho sonrnfo roguIn-
fory rogImo osfnbIIshod In fho CnbIo Acf nnd ndmIn-
Isforod by fho ICC. See eupro . ?-8.
!ndor fhnf rogImo, n brondcnsfor cnn roquIro n
cnbIo sysfom fo ny rofrnnsmIssIon foos nny fImo If
rofrnnsmIf|s] fho |brondcnsfor`s] sIgnnI. 4? !.S.C.
325(b)(l). !InbIIIfy for rofrnnsmIssIon foos doonds
on fho cnbIo sysfom`s sfnfus, nof fho wny If doIIvors
confonf fo subscrIbors. AccordIngIy, fho cInIm fhnf
n ruIIng by fhIs Courf In Aoroo`s fnvor mIghf nIIow
cnbIo comnnIos fo bnrgnIn for Iowor rofrnnsmIssIon
foos or nvoId nyIng fhom nIfogofhor by dovIsIng
fhoIr own Aoroo-IIko worknrounds, Iof. Ir. 2l, hns
no morIf. Thoy wouId sfIII bo cnbIo sysfoms nnd
fhoroforo sfIII IInbIo for rofrnnsmIssIon foos.
IofIfIonors` ubIIc sfnfomonfs, moroovor, confrndIcf
fho dIro rodIcfIons In fhoIr brIof. !osIIo Moonvos,
fho CIO of ofIfIonor CIS, nnnouncod In Iobrunry
20l4 fhnf fho nofwork hnd nImosf doubIod Ifs rodIc-
fIons for rofrnnsmIssIon foos In fho noxf fow yonrs,
nnd socIfIcnIIy foId Invosfors fhnf nn nffIrmnnco
of fho Socond CIrcuIf`s ruIIng horo wouId hnvo no
offocf on fhnf forocnsf: |W]o nro no/ goIng fo bo
fInnncInIIy hnndIcnod o/ oll. !S ows, CBS So,e
Aereo Con`/ S/ifle BrooJcoe/ Profi/e (Iob. l3, 20l4)
(omhnsos nddod). Thnf rorosonfnfIon boIIos ofI-
fIonors` hyorboIIc wnrnIngs (nf 39) nbouf fhronfs
fo fho vory oxIsfonco of brondcnsf foIovIsIon ns wo
know If.
*!=*A.09!=
Tho courf of nonIs` judgmonf shouId bo nffIrmod.


56


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SITH . C!IISTII
COSTATII CAO !!I
Ono IrnnkIIn Squnro
l30l K Sfroof, .W.
SuIfo l050 Insf
WnshIngfon, .C. 20005
(202) 204-3500





















!"#"$"%&' #))*+)$,



"#-.* %/ 0%+"*+"!
Ingo
CoyrIghf Acf of l9?6:
l? !.S.C. l0l (oxcorfs) ...................................... ln
l? !.S.C. l06 ....................................................... 3n
l? !.S.C. lll ....................................................... 4n
l? !.S.C. ll5 (oxcorfs) .................................... 26n




ln
!"#"$"%&' 1&%23!3%+! 3+2%.2*)
Tho CoyrIghf Acf of l9?6 (l? !.S.C.) rovIdos In
roIovnnf nrf:
45 $6!606 7 4846 )9:;<;=;><?
Ixcof ns ofhorwIso rovIdod In fhIs fIfIo, ns usod In
fhIs fIfIo, fho foIIowIng forms nnd fhoIr vnrInnf forms
monn fho foIIowIng:
* * *
AudIovIsunI works nro works fhnf consIsf of n sorIos
of roInfod Imngos whIch nro InfrInsIcnIIy Infondod fo
bo shown by fho uso of mnchInos, or dovIcos such ns
rojocfors, vIowors, or oIocfronIc oquImonf, fogofhor
wIfh nccomnnyIng sounds, If nny, rognrdIoss of fho
nnfuro of fho mnforInI objocfs, such ns fIIms or fnos,
In whIch fho works nro ombodIod.
* * *
A dovIco, mnchIno, or rocoss Is ono now known
or Infor dovoIood.
* * *
To dIsIny n work monns fo show n coy of If, oIfhor
dIrocfIy or by monns of n fIIm, sIIdo, foIovIsIon Imngo,
or nny ofhor dovIco or rocoss or, In fho cnso of n
mofIon Icfuro or ofhor nudIovIsunI work, fo show
IndIvIdunI Imngos nonsoquonfInIIy.
* * *
To orform n work monns fo rocIfo, rondor, Iny,
dnnco, or ncf If, oIfhor dIrocfIy or by monns of nny
dovIco or rocoss or, In fho cnso of n mofIon Icfuro or
ofhor nudIovIsunI work, fo show Ifs Imngos In nny
soquonco or fo mnko fho sounds nccomnnyIng If
nudIbIo.
* * *


2n
To orform or dIsIny n work ubIIcIy monns
@4A fo orform or dIsIny If nf n Inco oon fo fho
ubIIc or nf nny Inco whoro n subsfnnfInI numbor of
orsons oufsIdo of n normnI cIrcIo of n fnmIIy nnd Ifs
socInI ncqunInfnncos Is gnfhorod; or
@BA fo frnnsmIf or ofhorwIso communIcnfo n or-
formnnco or dIsIny of fho work fo n Inco socIfIod
by cInuso (l) or fo fho ubIIc, by monns of nny dovIco
or rocoss, whofhor fho mombors of fho ubIIc cnn-
bIo of rocoIvIng fho orformnnco or dIsIny rocoIvo If
In fho snmo Inco or In sonrnfo Incos nnd nf fho
snmo fImo or nf dIfforonf fImos.
* * *
To frnnsmIf n orformnnco or dIsIny Is fo com-
munIcnfo If by nny dovIco or rocoss whoroby Imngos
or sounds nro rocoIvod boyond fho Inco from whIch
fhoy nro sonf.
* * *




3n
45 $6!606 7 48C6 *DEFG?;H9 I;JK=? ;< E>LMI;JK=9N
O>IP?
Subjocf fo socfIons l0? fhrough l22, fho ownor of
coyrIghf undor fhIs fIfIo hns fho oxcIusIvo rIghfs fo
do nnd fo nufhorIzo nny of fho foIIowIng:
@4A fo roroduco fho coyrIghfod work In coIos or
honorocords;
@BA fo ronro dorIvnfIvo works bnsod uon fho
coyrIghfod work;
@QA fo dIsfrIbufo coIos or honorocords of fho coy-
rIghfod work fo fho ubIIc by snIo or ofhor frnnsfor of
ownorshI, or by ronfnI, Ionso, or IondIng;
@RA In fho cnso of IIfornry, musIcnI, drnmnfIc, nnd
choroogrnhIc works, nnfomImos, nnd mofIon Ic-
furos nnd ofhor nudIovIsunI works, fo orform fho
coyrIghfod work ubIIcIy;
@SA In fho cnso of IIfornry, musIcnI, drnmnfIc, nnd
choroogrnhIc works, nnfomImos, nnd IcforInI,
grnhIc, or scuIfurnI works, IncIudIng fho IndIvIdunI
Imngos of n mofIon Icfuro or ofhor nudIovIsunI work,
fo dIsIny fho coyrIghfod work ubIIcIy; nnd
@CA In fho cnso of sound rocordIngs, fo orform fho
coyrIghfod work ubIIcIy by monns of n dIgIfnI nudIo
frnnsmIssIon.



4n
45 $6!606 7 4446 .;T;=U=;><? >< 9DEFG?;H9 I;JK=?V
!9E><NUIM =IU<?T;??;><? >:
WI>UNEU?= LI>JIUTT;<J WM
EUWF9
@UA 09I=U;< ?9E><NUIM =IU<?T;??;><? 9D9TL=X
9N6Tho socondnry frnnsmIssIon of n orformnnco or
dIsIny of n work ombodIod In n rImnry frnnsmIs-
sIon Is nof nn InfrIngomonf of coyrIghf If
@4A fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon Is nof mndo by n
cnbIo sysfom, nnd consIsfs onfIroIy of fho roInyIng,
by fho mnnngomonf of n hofoI, nnrfmonf houso, or
sImIInr osfnbIIshmonf, of sIgnnIs frnnsmIffod by n
brondcnsf sfnfIon IIconsod by fho IodornI Commu-
nIcnfIons CommIssIon, wIfhIn fho IocnI sorvIco nron
of such sfnfIon, fo fho rIvnfo IodgIngs of guosfs
or rosIdonfs of such osfnbIIshmonf, nnd no dIrocf
chnrgo Is mndo fo soo or honr fho socondnry frnns-
mIssIon; or
@BA fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon Is mndo soIoIy for
fho uroso nnd undor fho condIfIons socIfIod by
nrngrnh (2) of socfIon ll0; or
@QA fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon Is mndo by nny
cnrrIor who hns no dIrocf or IndIrocf confroI ovor
fho confonf or soIocfIon of fho rImnry frnnsmIs-
sIon or ovor fho nrfIcuInr rocIIonfs of fho socond-
nry frnnsmIssIon, nnd whoso ncfIvIfIos wIfh rosocf
fo fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon consIsf soIoIy of
rovIdIng wIros, cnbIos, or ofhor communIcnfIons
chnnnoIs for fho uso of ofhors: !"#$%&'&, Thnf fho
rovIsIons of fhIs nrngrnh oxfond onIy fo fho
ncfIvIfIos of snId cnrrIor wIfh rosocf fo socondnry
frnnsmIssIons nnd do nof oxomf from IInbIIIfy
fho ncfIvIfIos of ofhors wIfh rosocf fo fhoIr own
rImnry or socondnry frnnsmIssIons;


5n
@RA fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon Is mndo by n
snfoIIIfo cnrrIor ursunnf fo n sfnfufory IIconso
undor socfIon ll9 or socfIon l22;
@SA fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon Is nof mndo by n
cnbIo sysfom buf Is mndo by n govornmonfnI body,
or ofhor nonrofIf orgnnIznfIon, wIfhouf nny ur-
oso of dIrocf or IndIrocf commorcInI ndvnnfngo,
nnd wIfhouf chnrgo fo fho rocIIonfs of fho socond-
nry frnnsmIssIon ofhor fhnn nssossmonfs nocossnry
fo dofrny fho ncfunI nnd ronsonnbIo cosfs of mnIn-
fnInIng nnd oornfIng fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon
sorvIco.
@WA !9E><NUIM =IU<?T;??;>< >: LI;TUIM
=IU<?T;??;>< => E><=I>FF9N JI>GL6ofwIfh-
sfnndIng fho rovIsIons of subsocfIons (n) nnd (c), fho
socondnry frnnsmIssIon fo fho ubIIc of n orfor-
mnnco or dIsIny of n work ombodIod In n rImnry
frnnsmIssIon Is ncfIonnbIo ns nn ncf of InfrIngomonf
undor socfIon 50l, nnd Is fuIIy subjocf fo fho romo-
dIos rovIdod by socfIons 502 fhrough 506, If fho
rImnry frnnsmIssIon Is nof mndo for rocofIon by
fho ubIIc nf Inrgo buf Is confroIIod nnd IImIfod fo
rocofIon by nrfIcuInr mombors of fho ubIIc:
!"#$%&'&, howovor, Thnf such socondnry frnnsmIs-
sIon Is nof ncfIonnbIo ns nn ncf of InfrIngomonf If
@4A fho rImnry frnnsmIssIon Is mndo by n brond-
cnsf sfnfIon IIconsod by fho IodornI CommunIcn-
fIons CommIssIon; nnd
@BA fho cnrrIngo of fho sIgnnIs comrIsIng fho
socondnry frnnsmIssIon Is roquIrod undor fho
ruIos, roguInfIons, or nufhorIznfIons of fho IodornI
CommunIcnfIons CommIssIon; nnd
@QA fho sIgnnI of fho rImnry frnnsmIffor Is nof
nIforod or chnngod In nny wny by fho socondnry
frnnsmIffor.


6n
@EA !9E><NUIM =IU<?T;??;><? WM EUWF9 ?M?X
=9T?6
@4A Subjocf fo fho rovIsIons of nrngrnhs (2),
(3), nnd (4) of fhIs subsocfIon nnd socfIon ll4(d),
socondnry frnnsmIssIons fo fho ubIIc by n cnbIo
sysfom of n orformnnco or dIsIny of n work
ombodIod In n rImnry frnnsmIssIon mndo by n
brondcnsf sfnfIon IIconsod by fho IodornI Commu-
nIcnfIons CommIssIon or by nn nrorInfo gov-
ornmonfnI nufhorIfy of Cnnndn or MoxIco shnII
bo subjocf fo sfnfufory IIconsIng uon comIInnco
wIfh fho roquIromonfs of subsocfIon (d) whoro fho
cnrrIngo of fho sIgnnIs comrIsIng fho socondnry
frnnsmIssIon Is ormIssIbIo undor fho ruIos, rogu-
InfIons, or nufhorIznfIons of fho IodornI CommunI-
cnfIons CommIssIon.
@BA ofwIfhsfnndIng fho rovIsIons of nrngrnh
(l) of fhIs subsocfIon, fho wIIIfuI or roonfod
socondnry frnnsmIssIon fo fho ubIIc by n cnbIo
sysfom of n rImnry frnnsmIssIon mndo by n brond-
cnsf sfnfIon IIconsod by fho IodornI CommunIcn-
fIons CommIssIon or by nn nrorInfo govorn-
monfnI nufhorIfy of Cnnndn or MoxIco nnd ombody-
Ing n orformnnco or dIsIny of n work Is ncfIonnbIo
ns nn ncf of InfrIngomonf undor socfIon 50l, nnd Is
fuIIy subjocf fo fho romodIos rovIdod by socfIons
502 fhrough 506, In fho foIIowIng cnsos:
@#A whoro fho cnrrIngo of fho sIgnnIs comrIs-
Ing fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon Is nof ormIssIbIo
undor fho ruIos, roguInfIons, or nufhorIznfIons of
fho IodornI CommunIcnfIons CommIssIon; or
@-A whoro fho cnbIo sysfom hns nof doosIfod
fho sfnfomonf of nccounf nnd roynIfy foo roquIrod
by subsocfIon (d).


?n
@QA ofwIfhsfnndIng fho rovIsIons of nrngrnh
(l) of fhIs subsocfIon nnd subjocf fo fho rovIsIons
of subsocfIon (o) of fhIs socfIon, fho socondnry
frnnsmIssIon fo fho ubIIc by n cnbIo sysfom of n
orformnnco or dIsIny of n work ombodIod In n
rImnry frnnsmIssIon mndo by n brondcnsf sfnfIon
IIconsod by fho IodornI CommunIcnfIons CommIs-
sIon or by nn nrorInfo govornmonfnI nufhorIfy
of Cnnndn or MoxIco Is ncfIonnbIo ns nn ncf of
InfrIngomonf undor socfIon 50l, nnd Is fuIIy subjocf
fo fho romodIos rovIdod by socfIons 502 fhrough
506 nnd socfIon 5l0, If fho confonf of fho nrfIcuInr
rogrnm In whIch fho orformnnco or dIsIny Is
ombodIod, or nny commorcInI ndvorfIsIng or sfnfIon
nnnouncomonfs frnnsmIffod by fho rImnry frnns-
mIffor durIng, or ImmodInfoIy boforo or nffor, fho
frnnsmIssIon of such rogrnm, Is In nny wny wIII-
fuIIy nIforod by fho cnbIo sysfom fhrough chnngos,
doIofIons, or nddIfIons, oxcof for fho nIfornfIon,
doIofIon, or subsfIfufIon of commorcInI ndvorfIso-
monfs orformod by fhoso ongngod In foIovIsIon
commorcInI ndvorfIsIng mnrkof rosonrch: !"#$%&'&,
Thnf fho rosonrch comnny hns obfnInod fho rIor
consonf of fho ndvorfIsor who hns urchnsod fho
orIgInnI commorcInI ndvorfIsomonf, fho foIovIsIon
sfnfIon brondcnsfIng fhnf commorcInI ndvorfIso-
monf, nnd fho cnbIo sysfom orformIng fho socond-
nry frnnsmIssIon: ()& +"#$%&'& ,-"./'", Thnf such
commorcInI nIfornfIon, doIofIon, or subsfIfufIon Is
nof orformod for fho uroso of dorIvIng Incomo
from fho snIo of fhnf commorcInI fImo.
@RA ofwIfhsfnndIng fho rovIsIons of nrngrnh
(l) of fhIs subsocfIon, fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon
fo fho ubIIc by n cnbIo sysfom of n orformnnco or
dIsIny of n work ombodIod In n rImnry frnnsmIs-
sIon mndo by n brondcnsf sfnfIon IIconsod by nn
nrorInfo govornmonfnI nufhorIfy of Cnnndn or


8n
MoxIco Is ncfIonnbIo ns nn ncf of InfrIngomonf
undor socfIon 50l, nnd Is fuIIy subjocf fo fho romo-
dIos rovIdod by socfIons 502 fhrough 506, If (A)
wIfh rosocf fo CnnndInn sIgnnIs, fho communIfy of
fho cnbIo sysfom Is Iocnfod moro fhnn l50 mIIos
from fho !nIfod SfnfosCnnndInn bordor nnd Is
nIso Iocnfod soufh of fho forfy-socond nrnIIoI of
InfIfudo, or (I) wIfh rosocf fo MoxIcnn sIgnnIs, fho
socondnry frnnsmIssIon Is mndo by n cnbIo sysfom
whIch rocoIvod fho rImnry frnnsmIssIon by monns
ofhor fhnn dIrocf InforcofIon of n froo snco rndIo
wnvo omIffod by such brondcnsf foIovIsIon sfnfIon,
unIoss rIor fo ArII l5, l9?6, such cnbIo sysfom
wns ncfunIIy cnrryIng, or wns socIfIcnIIy nufhor-
Izod fo cnrry, fho sIgnnI of such foroIgn sfnfIon on
fho sysfom ursunnf fo fho ruIos, roguInfIons, or
nufhorIznfIons of fho IodornI CommunIcnfIons
CommIssIon.
@NA !=U=G=>IM F;E9<?9 :>I ?9E><NUIM =IU<?T;?X
?;><? WM EUWF9 ?M?=9T?6
@4A !=U=9T9<= >: UEE>G<= U<N I>MUF=M :99?6
Subjocf fo nrngrnh (5), n cnbIo sysfom whoso
socondnry frnnsmIssIons hnvo boon subjocf fo
sfnfufory IIconsIng undor subsocfIon (c) shnII, on n
somInnnunI bnsIs, doosIf wIfh fho !ogIsfor of
CoyrIghfs, In nccordnnco wIfh roquIromonfs fhnf
fho !ogIsfor shnII roscrIbo by roguInfIon fho
foIIowIng:
@#A A sfnfomonf of nccounf, covorIng fho sIx
monfhs noxf rocodIng, socIfyIng fho numbor
of chnnnoIs on whIch fho cnbIo sysfom mndo
socondnry frnnsmIssIons fo Ifs subscrIbors, fho
nnmos nnd IocnfIons of nII rImnry frnnsmIffors
whoso frnnsmIssIons woro furfhor frnnsmIffod by
fho cnbIo sysfom, fho fofnI numbor of subscrIbors,
fho gross nmounfs nId fo fho cnbIo sysfom for


9n
fho bnsIc sorvIco of rovIdIng socondnry frnns-
mIssIons of rImnry brondcnsf frnnsmIffors, nnd
such ofhor dnfn ns fho !ogIsfor of CoyrIghfs
mny from fImo fo fImo roscrIbo by roguInfIon.
In doformInIng fho fofnI numbor of subscrIbors
nnd fho gross nmounfs nId fo fho cnbIo sysfom
for fho bnsIc sorvIco of rovIdIng socondnry
frnnsmIssIons of rImnry brondcnsf frnnsmIffors,
fho sysfom shnII nof IncIudo subscrIbors nnd
nmounfs coIIocfod from subscrIbors rocoIvIng
socondnry frnnsmIssIons ursunnf fo socfIon ll9.
Such sfnfomonf shnII nIso IncIudo n socInI
sfnfomonf of nccounf covorIng nny non-nofwork
foIovIsIon rogrnmmIng fhnf wns cnrrIod by fho
cnbIo sysfom In whoIo or In nrf boyond fho IocnI
sorvIco nron of fho rImnry frnnsmIffor, undor
ruIos, roguInfIons, or nufhorIznfIons of fho Iod-
ornI CommunIcnfIons CommIssIon ormIffIng fho
subsfIfufIon or nddIfIon of sIgnnIs undor corfnIn
cIrcumsfnncos, fogofhor wIfh Iogs showIng fho
fImos, dnfos, sfnfIons, nnd rogrnms InvoIvod In
such subsfIfufod or nddod cnrrIngo.
@-A Ixcof In fho cnso of n cnbIo sysfom whoso
roynIfy foo Is socIfIod In subnrngrnh (I) or (I),
n fofnI roynIfy foo nynbIo fo coyrIghf ownors
ursunnf fo nrngrnh (3) for fho orIod covorod
by fho sfnfomonf, comufod on fho bnsIs of
socIfIod orconfngos of fho gross rocoIfs from
subscrIbors fo fho cnbIo sorvIco durIng such orIod
for fho bnsIc sorvIco of rovIdIng socondnry
frnnsmIssIons of rImnry brondcnsf frnnsmIffors,
ns foIIows:
@;A l.064 orconf of such gross rocoIfs for fho
rIvIIogo of furfhor frnnsmIffIng, boyond fho
IocnI sorvIco nron of such rImnry frnnsmIffor,
nny non-nofwork rogrnmmIng of n rImnry


l0n
frnnsmIffor In whoIo or In nrf, such nmounf
fo bo nIIod ngnInsf fho foo, If nny, nynbIo
ursunnf fo cInusos (II) fhrough (Iv);
@;;A l.064 orconf of such gross rocoIfs for
fho fIrsf dIsfnnf sIgnnI oquIvnIonf;
@;;;A 0.?0l orconf of such gross rocoIfs for
onch of fho socond, fhIrd, nnd fourfh dIsfnnf
sIgnnI oquIvnIonfs; nnd
@;HA 0.330 orconf of such gross rocoIfs for
fho fIffh dIsfnnf sIgnnI oquIvnIonf nnd onch
dIsfnnf sIgnnI oquIvnIonf fhoronffor.
@0A In comufIng nmounfs undor cInusos (II)
fhrough (Iv) of subnrngrnh (I)
@;A nny frncfIon of n dIsfnnf sIgnnI oquIvnIonf
shnII bo comufod nf Ifs frncfIonnI vnIuo;
@;;A In fho cnso of nny cnbIo sysfom Iocnfod
nrfIy wIfhIn nnd nrfIy oufsIdo of fho IocnI
sorvIco nron of n rImnry frnnsmIffor, gross
rocoIfs shnII bo IImIfod fo fhoso gross rocoIfs
dorIvod from subscrIbors Iocnfod oufsIdo of fho
IocnI sorvIco nron of such rImnry frnnsmIffor;
nnd
@;;;A If n cnbIo sysfom rovIdos n socondnry
frnnsmIssIon of n rImnry frnnsmIffor fo somo
buf nof nII communIfIos sorvod by fhnf cnbIo
sysfom
@3A fho gross rocoIfs nnd fho dIsfnnf sIgnnI
oquIvnIonf vnIuos for such socondnry frnns-
mIssIon shnII bo dorIvod soIoIy on fho bnsIs of
fho subscrIbors In fhoso communIfIos whoro
fho cnbIo sysfom rovIdos such socondnry
frnnsmIssIon; nnd


lln
@33A fho fofnI roynIfy foo for fho orIod nId
by such sysfom shnII nof bo Ioss fhnn fho
roynIfy foo cnIcuInfod undor subnrngrnh
(I)(I) muIfIIIod by fho gross rocoIfs from nII
subscrIbors fo fho sysfom.
@)A A cnbIo sysfom fhnf, on n sfnfomonf
submIffod boforo fho dnfo of fho onncfmonf of fho
SnfoIIIfo ToIovIsIon IxfonsIon nnd !ocnIIsm Acf
of 20l0, comufod Ifs roynIfy foo consIsfonf wIfh
fho mofhodoIogy undor subnrngrnh (C)(III), or
fhnf nmonds n sfnfomonf fIIod boforo such dnfo of
onncfmonf fo comufo fho roynIfy foo duo usIng
such mofhodoIogy, shnII nof bo subjocf fo nn
ncfIon for InfrIngomonf, or oIIgIbIo for nny roynIfy
rofund or offsof, nrIsIng ouf of Ifs uso of such
mofhodoIogy on such sfnfomonf.
@*A If fho ncfunI gross rocoIfs nId by sub-
scrIbors fo n cnbIo sysfom for fho orIod covorod
by fho sfnfomonf for fho bnsIc sorvIco of rovId-
Ing socondnry frnnsmIssIons of rImnry brond-
cnsf frnnsmIffors nro $263,800 or Ioss
@;A gross rocoIfs of fho cnbIo sysfom for fho
uroso of fhIs nrngrnh shnII bo comufod by
subfrncfIng from such ncfunI gross rocoIfs fho
nmounf by whIch $263,800 oxcoods such ncfunI
gross rocoIfs, oxcof fhnf In no cnso shnII n
cnbIo sysfom`s gross rocoIfs bo roducod fo Ioss
fhnn $l0,400; nnd
@;;A fho roynIfy foo nynbIo undor fhIs nrn-
grnh fo coyrIghf ownors ursunnf fo nrn-
grnh (3) shnII bo 0.5 orconf, rognrdIoss of fho
numbor of dIsfnnf sIgnnI oquIvnIonfs, If nny.
@/A If fho ncfunI gross rocoIfs nId by sub-
scrIbors fo n cnbIo sysfom for fho orIod covorod
by fho sfnfomonf for fho bnsIc sorvIco of rovId-


l2n
Ing socondnry frnnsmIssIons of rImnry brond-
cnsf frnnsmIffors nro moro fhnn $263,800 buf
Ioss fhnn $52?,600, fho roynIfy foo nynbIo undor
fhIs nrngrnh fo coyrIghf ownors ursunnf fo
nrngrnh (3) shnII bo
@;A 0.5 orconf of nny gross rocoIfs u fo
$263,800, rognrdIoss of fho numbor of dIsfnnf
sIgnnI oquIvnIonfs, If nny; nnd
@;;A l orconf of nny gross rocoIfs In oxcoss
of $263,800, buf Ioss fhnn $52?,600, rognrdIoss
of fho numbor of dIsfnnf sIgnnI oquIvnIonfs, If
nny.
@YA A fIIIng foo, ns doformInod by fho !ogIsfor
of CoyrIghfs ursunnf fo socfIon ?08(n).
@BA ZU<NF;<J >: :99?6Tho !ogIsfor of Coy-
rIghfs shnII rocoIvo nII foos (IncIudIng fho fIIIng foo
socIfIod In nrngrnh (l)(C)) doosIfod undor fhIs
socfIon nnd, nffor doducfIng fho ronsonnbIo cosfs
Incurrod by fho CoyrIghf OffIco undor fhIs socfIon,
shnII doosIf fho bnInnco In fho Tronsury of fho
!nIfod Sfnfos, In such mnnnor ns fho Socrofnry of
fho Tronsury dIrocfs. AII funds hoId by fho Socro-
fnry of fho Tronsury shnII bo Invosfod In Inforosf-
bonrIng !nIfod Sfnfos socurIfIos for Infor dIsfrIbu-
fIon wIfh Inforosf by fho !IbrnrInn of Congross uon
nufhorIznfIon by fho CoyrIghf !oynIfy Judgos.
@QA );?=I;WG=;>< >: I>MUF=M :99? => E>LMI;JK=
>O<9I?6Tho roynIfy foos fhus doosIfod shnII,
In nccordnnco wIfh fho rocoduros rovIdod by
cInusol (4), bo dIsfrIbufod fo fhoso nmong fho
foIIowIng coyrIghf ownors who cInIm fhnf fhoIr
works woro fho subjocf of socondnry frnnsmIssIons
by cnbIo sysfoms durIng fho roIovnnf somInnnunI
orIod:


l3n
@#A Any such ownor whoso work wns IncIudod
In n socondnry frnnsmIssIon mndo by n cnbIo
sysfom of n non-nofwork foIovIsIon rogrnm In
whoIo or In nrf boyond fho IocnI sorvIco nron of
fho rImnry frnnsmIffor.
@-A Any such ownor whoso work wns IncIudod
In n socondnry frnnsmIssIon IdonfIfIod In n so-
cInI sfnfomonf of nccounf doosIfod undor cInuso
(l)(A).
@0A Any such ownor whoso work wns IncIudod
In non-nofwork rogrnmmIng consIsfIng oxcIu-
sIvoIy of nurnI sIgnnIs cnrrIod by n cnbIo sysfom
In whoIo or In nrf boyond fho IocnI sorvIco nron
of fho rImnry frnnsmIffor of such rogrnms.
@RA 1I>E9NGI9? :>I I>MUF=M :99 N;?=I;WG=;><6
Tho roynIfy foos fhus doosIfod shnII bo dIsfrIb-
ufod In nccordnnco wIfh fho foIIowIng rocoduros:
@#A urIng fho monfh of JuIy In onch yonr,
ovory orson cInImIng fo bo onfIfIod fo sfnfufory
IIconso foos for socondnry frnnsmIssIons shnII fIIo
n cInIm wIfh fho CoyrIghf !oynIfy Judgos, In
nccordnnco wIfh roquIromonfs fhnf fho CoyrIghf
!oynIfy Judgos shnII roscrIbo by roguInfIon.
ofwIfhsfnndIng nny rovIsIons of fho nnfIfrusf
Inws, for urosos of fhIs cInuso nny cInImnnfs
mny ngroo nmong fhomsoIvos ns fo fho roor-
fIonnfo dIvIsIon of sfnfufory IIconsIng foos nmong
fhom, mny Ium fhoIr cInIms fogofhor nnd fIIo
fhom joInfIy or ns n sIngIo cInIm, or mny dosIg-
nnfo n common ngonf fo rocoIvo nymonf on fhoIr
bohnIf.
@-A Affor fho fIrsf dny of Augusf of onch yonr,
fho CoyrIghf !oynIfy Judgos shnII doformIno
whofhor fhoro oxIsfs n confrovorsy concornIng
fho dIsfrIbufIon of roynIfy foos. If fho CoyrIghf


l4n
!oynIfy Judgos doformIno fhnf no such confro-
vorsy oxIsfs, fho CoyrIghf !oynIfy Judgos shnII
nufhorIzo fho !IbrnrInn of Congross fo rocood
fo dIsfrIbufo such foos fo fho coyrIghf ownors
onfIfIod fo rocoIvo fhom, or fo fhoIr dosIgnnfod
ngonfs, subjocf fo fho doducfIon of ronsonnbIo
ndmInIsfrnfIvo cosfs undor fhIs socfIon. If fho
CoyrIghf !oynIfy Judgos fInd fho oxIsfonco of n
confrovorsy, fho CoyrIghf !oynIfy Judgos shnII,
ursunnf fo chnfor 8 of fhIs fIfIo, conducf n ro-
coodIng fo doformIno fho dIsfrIbufIon of roynIfy
foos.
@0A urIng fho ondoncy of nny rocoodIng
undor fhIs subsocfIon, fho CoyrIghf !oynIfy
Judgos shnII hnvo fho dIscrofIon fo nufhorIzo fho
!IbrnrInn of Congross fo rocood fo dIsfrIbufo
nny nmounfs fhnf nro nof In confrovorsy.
@SA Q65S L9IE9<= IU=9 U<N ?M<N;EU=9N 9DEFGX
?;H;=M ?GIEKUIJ9 <>= ULLF;EUWF9 => TGF=;EU?=
?=I9UT?6Tho roynIfy rnfos socIfIod In socfIons
256.2(c) nnd 256.2(d) of fIfIo 3?, Codo of IodornI
!oguInfIons (commonIy roforrod fo ns fho 3.?5
orconf rnfo nnd fho syndIcnfod oxcIusIvIfy sur-
chnrgo, rosocfIvoIy), ns In offocf on fho dnfo of fho
onncfmonf of fho SnfoIIIfo ToIovIsIon IxfonsIon
nnd !ocnIIsm Acf of 20l0, ns such rnfos mny bo
ndjusfod, or such socfIons rodosIgnnfod, fhoronffor
by fho CoyrIghf !oynIfy Judgos, shnII nof nIy fo
fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon of n muIfIcnsf sfronm.
@CA 29I;:;EU=;>< >: UEE>G<=? U<N :99 LUMX
T9<=?6Tho !ogIsfor of CoyrIghfs shnII Issuo
roguInfIons fo rovIdo for fho confIdonfInI vorIfIcn-
fIon by coyrIghf ownors whoso works woro ombod-
Iod In fho socondnry frnnsmIssIons of rImnry
frnnsmIssIons ursunnf fo fhIs socfIon of fho
InformnfIon roorfod on fho somInnnunI sfnfomonfs


l5n
of nccounf fIIod undor fhIs subsocfIon for nccounf-
Ing orIods bogInnIng on or nffor Jnnunry l, 20l0,
In ordor fhnf fho nudIfor dosIgnnfod undor sub-
nrngrnh (A) Is nbIo fo confIrm fho corrocfnoss of
fho cnIcuInfIons nnd roynIfy nymonfs roorfod
fhoroIn. Tho roguInfIons shnII
@#A osfnbIIsh rocoduros for fho dosIgnnfIon of
n qunIIfIod Indoondonf nudIfor
@;A wIfh oxcIusIvo nufhorIfy fo roquosf vorIfI-
cnfIon of such n sfnfomonf of nccounf on bohnIf
of nII coyrIghf ownors whoso works woro fho
subjocf of socondnry frnnsmIssIons of rImnry
frnnsmIssIons by fho cnbIo sysfom (fhnf doos-
Ifod fho sfnfomonf) durIng fho nccounfIng
orIod covorod by fho sfnfomonf; nnd
@;;A who Is nof nn offIcor, omIoyoo, or ngonf
of nny such coyrIghf ownor for nny uroso
ofhor fhnn such nudIf;
@-A osfnbIIsh rocoduros for snfogunrdIng nII
non-ubIIc fInnncInI nnd busInoss InformnfIon
rovIdod undor fhIs nrngrnh;
@0A@;A roquIro n consuIfnfIon orIod for fho
Indoondonf nudIfor fo rovIow Ifs concIusIons
wIfh n dosIgnoo of fho cnbIo sysfom;
@;;A osfnbIIsh n mochnnIsm for fho cnbIo sysfom
fo romody nny orrors IdonfIfIod In fho nudIfor`s
roorf nnd fo curo nny undornymonf IdonfIfIod;
nnd
@;;;A rovIdo nn oorfunIfy fo romody nny
dIsufod fncfs or concIusIons;
@)A IImIf fho froquoncy of roquosfs for vorIfIcn-
fIon for n nrfIcuInr cnbIo sysfom nnd fho numbor
of nudIfs fhnf n muIfIIo sysfom oornfor cnn bo
roquIrod fo undorgo In n sIngIo yonr; nnd


l6n
@*A ormIf roquosfs for vorIfIcnfIon of n sfnfo-
monf of nccounf fo bo mndo onIy wIfhIn 3 yonrs
nffor fho Insf dny of fho yonr In whIch fho sfnfo-
monf of nccounf Is fIIod.
@5A #EE9L=U<E9 >: UNN;=;><UF N9L>?;=?6Any
roynIfy foo nymonfs rocoIvod by fho CoyrIghf
OffIco from cnbIo sysfoms for fho socondnry frnns-
mIssIon of rImnry frnnsmIssIons fhnf nro In nddI-
fIon fo fho nymonfs cnIcuInfod nnd doosIfod In
nccordnnco wIfh fhIs subsocfIon shnII bo doomod fo
hnvo boon doosIfod for fho nrfIcuInr nccounfIng
orIod for whIch fhoy nro rocoIvod nnd shnII bo
dIsfrIbufod ns socIfIod undor fhIs subsocfIon.
@9A +><?;TGF=U<9>G? ?9E><NUIM =IU<?T;??;><?
WM EUWF9 ?M?=9T?6
@4A ofwIfhsfnndIng fhoso rovIsIons of fho
subsocfIon (f )(2) roInfIng fo nonsImuIfnnoous soc-
ondnry frnnsmIssIons by n cnbIo sysfom, nny such
frnnsmIssIons nro ncfIonnbIo ns nn ncf of InfrIngo-
monf undor socfIon 50l, nnd nro fuIIy subjocf fo fho
romodIos rovIdod by socfIons 502 fhrough 506 nnd
socfIon 5l0, unIoss
@#A fho rogrnm on fho vIdoofno Is frnnsmIf-
fod no moro fhnn ono fImo fo fho cnbIo sysfom`s
subscrIbors;
@-A fho coyrIghfod rogrnm, oIsodo, or mofIon
Icfuro vIdoofno, IncIudIng fho commorcInIs
confnInod wIfhIn such rogrnm, oIsodo, or Ic-
furo, Is frnnsmIffod wIfhouf doIofIon or odIfIng;
@0A nn ownor or offIcor of fho cnbIo sysfom (I)
rovonfs fho duIIcnfIon of fho vIdoofno whIIo
In fho ossossIon of fho sysfom, (II) rovonfs un-
nufhorIzod duIIcnfIon whIIo In fho ossossIon of
fho fncIIIfy mnkIng fho vIdoofno for fho sysfom


l?n
If fho sysfom owns or confroIs fho fncIIIfy, or
fnkos ronsonnbIo rocnufIons fo rovonf such
duIIcnfIon If If doos nof own or confroI fho fncII-
Ify, (III) fnkos ndoqunfo rocnufIons fo rovonf
duIIcnfIon whIIo fho fno Is boIng frnnsorfod,
nnd (Iv) subjocf fo nrngrnh (2), ornsos or
dosfroys, or cnusos fho ornsuro or dosfrucfIon of,
fho vIdoofno;
@)A wIfhIn forfy-fIvo dnys nffor fho ond of onch
cnIondnr qunrfor, nn ownor or offIcor of fho cnbIo
sysfom oxocufos nn nffIdnvIf nffosfIng (I) fo fho
sfos nnd rocnufIons fnkon fo rovonf duIIcn-
fIon of fho vIdoofno, nnd (II) subjocf fo nrn-
grnh (2), fo fho ornsuro or dosfrucfIon of nII
vIdoofnos mndo or usod durIng such qunrfor;
@*A such ownor or offIcor Incos or cnusos onch
such nffIdnvIf, nnd nffIdnvIfs rocoIvod ursunnf
fo nrngrnh (2)(C), fo bo Incod In n fIIo, oon fo
ubIIc InsocfIon, nf such sysfom`s mnIn offIco In
fho communIfy whoro fho frnnsmIssIon Is mndo
or In fho nonrosf communIfy whoro such sysfom
mnInfnIns nn offIco; nnd
@/A fho nonsImuIfnnoous frnnsmIssIon Is
ono fhnf fho cnbIo sysfom wouId bo nufhorIzod
fo frnnsmIf undor fho ruIos, roguInfIons, nnd
nufhorIznfIons of fho IodornI CommunIcnfIons
CommIssIon In offocf nf fho fImo of fho non-
sImuIfnnoous frnnsmIssIon If fho frnnsmIssIon
hnd boon mndo sImuIfnnoousIy, oxcof fhnf fhIs
subnrngrnh shnII nof nIy fo Inndvorfonf or
nccIdonfnI frnnsmIssIons.
@BA If n cnbIo sysfom frnnsfors fo nny orson n
vIdoofno of n rogrnm nonsImuIfnnoousIy frnns-
mIffod by If, such frnnsfor Is ncfIonnbIo ns nn ncf of
InfrIngomonf undor socfIon 50l, nnd Is fuIIy subjocf


l8n
fo fho romodIos rovIdod by socfIons 502 fhrough
506, oxcof fhnf, ursunnf fo n wrIffon, nonrofIf
confrncf rovIdIng for fho oquIfnbIo shnrIng of fho
cosfs of such vIdoofno nnd Ifs frnnsfor, n vIdoofno
nonsImuIfnnoousIy frnnsmIffod by If, In nccordnnco
wIfh nrngrnh (l), mny bo frnnsforrod by ono
cnbIo sysfom In AInskn fo nnofhor sysfom In
AInskn, by ono cnbIo sysfom In HnwnII ormIffod
fo mnko such nonsImuIfnnoous frnnsmIssIons fo
nnofhor such cnbIo sysfom In HnwnII, or by ono
cnbIo sysfom In Cunm, fho orfhorn MnrInnn
IsInnds, fho Iodornfod Sfnfos of MIcronosIn, fho
!oubIIc of InInu, or fho !oubIIc of fho MnrshnII
IsInnds, fo nnofhor cnbIo sysfom In nny of fhoso
fIvo onfIfIos, If
@#A onch such confrncf Is nvnIInbIo for ubIIc
InsocfIon In fho offIcos of fho cnbIo sysfoms
InvoIvod, nnd n coy of such confrncf Is fIIod,
wIfhIn fhIrfy dnys nffor such confrncf Is onforod
Info, wIfh fho CoyrIghf OffIco (whIch OffIco
shnII mnko onch such confrncf nvnIInbIo for
ubIIc InsocfIon);
@-A fho cnbIo sysfom fo whIch fho vIdoofno Is
frnnsforrod comIIos wIfh nrngrnh (l)(A), (I),
(C)(I), (III), nnd (Iv), nnd () fhrough (I); nnd
@0A such sysfom rovIdos n coy of fho nffIdnvIf
roquIrod fo bo mndo In nccordnnco wIfh nrn-
grnh (l)() fo onch cnbIo sysfom mnkIng n
rovIous nonsImuIfnnoous frnnsmIssIon of fho
snmo vIdoofno.
@QA ThIs subsocfIon shnII nof bo consfruod fo
suorsodo fho oxcIusIvIfy rofocfIon rovIsIons of
nny oxIsfIng ngroomonf, or nny such ngroomonf
horonffor onforod Info, bofwoon n cnbIo sysfom nnd
n foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon In fho nron In whIch


l9n
fho cnbIo sysfom Is Iocnfod, or n nofwork wIfh
whIch such sfnfIon Is nffIIInfod.
@RA As usod In fhIs subsocfIon, fho form vIdoo-
fno monns fho roroducfIon of fho Imngos nnd
sounds of n rogrnm or rogrnms brondcnsf by n
foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon IIconsod by fho IodornI
CommunIcnfIons CommIssIon, rognrdIoss of fho
nnfuro of fho mnforInI objocfs, such ns fnos or
fIIms, In whIch fho roroducfIon Is ombodIod.
@:A )9:;<;=;><?6As usod In fhIs socfIon, fho
foIIowIng forms monn fho foIIowIng:
@4A 1I;TUIM =IU<?T;??;><6A rImnry
frnnsmIssIon Is n frnnsmIssIon mndo fo fho ubIIc
by n frnnsmIffIng fncIIIfy whoso sIgnnIs nro boIng
rocoIvod nnd furfhor frnnsmIffod by n socondnry
frnnsmIssIon sorvIco, rognrdIoss of whoro or whon
fho orformnnco or dIsIny wns fIrsf frnnsmIffod.
In fho cnso of n foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon, fho
rImnry sfronm nnd nny muIfIcnsf sfronms frnns-
mIffod by fho sfnfIon consfIfufo rImnry frnnsmIs-
sIons.
@BA !9E><NUIM =IU<?T;??;><6A socondnry
frnnsmIssIon Is fho furfhor frnnsmIffIng of n
rImnry frnnsmIssIon sImuIfnnoousIy wIfh fho
rImnry frnnsmIssIon, or nonsImuIfnnoousIy wIfh
fho rImnry frnnsmIssIon If by n cnbIo sysfom nof
Iocnfod In whoIo or In nrf wIfhIn fho boundnry
of fho forfy-oIghf confIguous Sfnfos, HnwnII, or
Iuorfo !Ico: !"#$%&'&, howovor, Thnf n non-
sImuIfnnoous furfhor frnnsmIssIon by n cnbIo sys-
fom Iocnfod In HnwnII of n rImnry frnnsmIssIon
shnII bo doomod fo bo n socondnry frnnsmIssIon If
fho cnrrIngo of fho foIovIsIon brondcnsf sIgnnI com-
rIsIng such furfhor frnnsmIssIon Is ormIssIbIo


20n
undor fho ruIos, roguInfIons, or nufhorIznfIons of
fho IodornI CommunIcnfIons CommIssIon.
@QA 0UWF9 ?M?=9T6A cnbIo sysfom Is n fncII-
Ify, Iocnfod In nny Sfnfo, forrIfory, frusf forrIfory,
or ossossIon of fho !nIfod Sfnfos, fhnf In whoIo or
In nrf rocoIvos sIgnnIs frnnsmIffod or rogrnms
brondcnsf by ono or moro foIovIsIon brondcnsf
sfnfIons IIconsod by fho IodornI CommunIcnfIons
CommIssIon, nnd mnkos socondnry frnnsmIssIons
of such sIgnnIs or rogrnms by wIros, cnbIos,
mIcrownvo, or ofhor communIcnfIons chnnnoIs fo
subscrIbIng mombors of fho ubIIc who ny for
such sorvIco. Ior urosos of doformInIng fho
roynIfy foo undor subsocfIon (d)(l), fwo or moro
cnbIo sysfoms In confIguous communIfIos undor
common ownorshI or confroI or oornfIng from ono
hondond shnII bo consIdorod ns ono sysfom.
@RA .>EUF ?9IH;E9 UI9U >: U LI;TUIM =IU<?X
T;==9I6Tho IocnI sorvIco nron of n rImnry
frnnsmIffor, In fho cnso of bofh fho rImnry
sfronm nnd nny muIfIcnsf sfronms frnnsmIffod by n
rImnry frnnsmIffor fhnf Is n foIovIsIon brondcnsf
sfnfIon, comrIsos fho nron whoro such rImnry
frnnsmIffor couId hnvo InsIsfod uon Ifs sIgnnI
boIng rofrnnsmIffod by n cnbIo sysfom ursunnf fo
fho ruIos, roguInfIons, nnd nufhorIznfIons of fho
IodornI CommunIcnfIons CommIssIon In offocf on
ArII l5, l9?6, or such sfnfIon`s foIovIsIon mnrkof
ns dofInod In socfIon ?6.55(o) of fIfIo 4?, Codo of
IodornI !oguInfIons (ns In offocf on Sofombor l8,
l993), or nny modIfIcnfIons fo such foIovIsIon
mnrkof mndo, on or nffor Sofombor l8, l993, ur-
sunnf fo socfIon ?6.55(o) or ?6.59 of fIfIo 4?, Codo
of IodornI !oguInfIons, or wIfhIn fho noIso-IImIfod
confour ns dofInod In ?3.622(o)(l) of fIfIo 4?, Codo
of IodornI !oguInfIons, or In fho cnso of n foIovIsIon


2ln
brondcnsf sfnfIon IIconsod by nn nrorInfo
govornmonfnI nufhorIfy of Cnnndn or MoxIco, fho
nron In whIch If wouId bo onfIfIod fo InsIsf uon Ifs
sIgnnI boIng rofrnnsmIffod If If woro n foIovIsIon
brondcnsf sfnfIon subjocf fo such ruIos, roguInfIons,
nnd nufhorIznfIons. In fho cnso of n Iow owor foI-
ovIsIon sfnfIon, fho IocnI sorvIco nron of n rImnry
frnnsmIffor comrIsos fho nron wIfhIn 35 mIIos of
fho frnnsmIffor sIfo, oxcof fhnf In fho cnso of such
n sfnfIon Iocnfod In n sfnndnrd mofrooIIfnn sfnfIs-
fIcnI nron whIch hns ono of fho 50 Inrgosf ouIn-
fIons of nII sfnndnrd mofrooIIfnn sfnfIsfIcnI nrons
(bnsod on fho l980 doconnInI consus of ouInfIon
fnkon by fho Socrofnry of Commorco), fho numbor
of mIIos shnII bo 20 mIIos. Tho IocnI sorvIco nron
of n rImnry frnnsmIffor, In fho cnso of n rndIo
brondcnsf sfnfIon, comrIsos fho rImnry sorvIco
nron of such sfnfIon, ursunnf fo fho ruIos nnd rog-
uInfIons of fho IodornI CommunIcnfIons CommIs-
sIon.
@SA );?=U<= ?;J<UF 9[G;HUF9<=6
@#A 3< J9<9IUF6Ixcof ns rovIdod undor
subnrngrnh (I), n dIsfnnf sIgnnI oquIvnIonf
@;A Is fho vnIuo nssIgnod fo fho socondnry
frnnsmIssIon of nny non-nofwork foIovIsIon
rogrnmmIng cnrrIod by n cnbIo sysfom In
whoIo or In nrf boyond fho IocnI sorvIco nron of
fho rImnry frnnsmIffor of such rogrnmmIng;
nnd
@;;A Is comufod by nssIgnIng n vnIuo of ono
fo onch rImnry sfronm nnd fo onch muIfIcnsf
sfronm (ofhor fhnn n sImuIcnsf) fhnf Is nn
Indoondonf sfnfIon, nnd by nssIgnIng n vnIuo
of ono-qunrfor fo onch rImnry sfronm nnd fo
onch muIfIcnsf sfronm (ofhor fhnn n sImuIcnsf)


22n
fhnf Is n nofwork sfnfIon or n noncommorcInI
oducnfIonnI sfnfIon.
@-A *DE9L=;><?6Tho vnIuos for Indoondonf,
nofwork, nnd noncommorcInI oducnfIonnI sfnfIons
socIfIod In subnrngrnh (A) nro subjocf fo fho
foIIowIng:
@;A Whoro fho ruIos nnd roguInfIons of fho
IodornI CommunIcnfIons CommIssIon roquIro n
cnbIo sysfom fo omIf fho furfhor frnnsmIssIon
of n nrfIcuInr rogrnm nnd such ruIos nnd
roguInfIons nIso ormIf fho subsfIfufIon of
nnofhor rogrnm ombodyIng n orformnnco or
dIsIny of n work In Inco of fho omIffod
frnnsmIssIon, or whoro such ruIos nnd roguIn-
fIons In offocf on fho dnfo of fho onncfmonf
of fho CoyrIghf Acf of l9?6 ormIf n cnbIo
sysfom, nf Ifs oIocfIon, fo offocf such omIssIon
nnd subsfIfufIon of n nonIIvo rogrnm or fo
cnrry nddIfIonnI rogrnms nof frnnsmIffod by
rImnry frnnsmIffors wIfhIn whoso IocnI sor-
vIco nron fho cnbIo sysfom Is Iocnfod, no vnIuo
shnII bo nssIgnod for fho subsfIfufod or nddI-
fIonnI rogrnm.
@;;A Whoro fho ruIos, roguInfIons, or nufhorI-
znfIons of fho IodornI CommunIcnfIons Com-
mIssIon In offocf on fho dnfo of fho onncfmonf
of fho CoyrIghf Acf of l9?6 ormIf n cnbIo
sysfom, nf Ifs oIocfIon, fo omIf fho furfhor
frnnsmIssIon of n nrfIcuInr rogrnm nnd
such ruIos, roguInfIons, or nufhorIznfIons nIso
ormIf fho subsfIfufIon of nnofhor rogrnm
ombodyIng n orformnnco or dIsIny of n work
In Inco of fho omIffod frnnsmIssIon, fho vnIuo
nssIgnod for fho subsfIfufod or nddIfIonnI
rogrnm shnII bo, In fho cnso of n IIvo rogrnm,
fho vnIuo of ono fuII dIsfnnf sIgnnI oquIvnIonf


23n
muIfIIIod by n frncfIon fhnf hns ns Ifs numorn-
for fho numbor of dnys In fho yonr In whIch
such subsfIfufIon occurs nnd ns Ifs donomInn-
for fho numbor of dnys In fho yonr.
@;;;A In fho cnso of fho socondnry frnns-
mIssIon of n rImnry frnnsmIffor fhnf Is n
foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon ursunnf fo fho
Info-nIghf or socInIfy rogrnmmIng ruIos of
fho IodornI CommunIcnfIons CommIssIon, or
fho socondnry frnnsmIssIon of n rImnry frnns-
mIffor fhnf Is n foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon on
n nrf-fImo bnsIs whoro fuII-fImo cnrrIngo Is
nof ossIbIo bocnuso fho cnbIo sysfom Incks fho
ncfIvnfod chnnnoI cnncIfy fo rofrnnsmIf on n
fuII-fImo bnsIs nII sIgnnIs fhnf If Is nufhorIzod
fo cnrry, fho vnIuos for Indoondonf, nofwork,
nnd noncommorcInI oducnfIonnI sfnfIons sof
forfh In subnrngrnh (A), ns fho cnso mny bo,
shnII bo muIfIIIod by n frncfIon fhnf Is oqunI
fo fho rnfIo of fho brondcnsf hours of such
rImnry frnnsmIffor rofrnnsmIffod by fho cnbIo
sysfom fo fho fofnI brondcnsf hours of fho
rImnry frnnsmIffor.
@;HA o vnIuo shnII bo nssIgnod for fho
socondnry frnnsmIssIon of fho rImnry sfronm
or nny muIfIcnsf sfronms of n rImnry frnns-
mIffor fhnf Is n foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon In
nny communIfy fhnf Is wIfhIn fho IocnI sorvIco
nron of fho rImnry frnnsmIffor.
@CA +9=O>IP ?=U=;><6
@#A "I9U=T9<= >: LI;TUIM ?=I9UT6Tho
form nofwork sfnfIon shnII bo nIIod fo n
rImnry sfronm of n foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon
fhnf Is ownod or oornfod by, or nffIIInfod wIfh,
ono or moro of fho foIovIsIon nofworks In fho


24n
!nIfod Sfnfos rovIdIng nnfIonwIdo frnnsmIs-
sIons, nnd fhnf frnnsmIfs n subsfnnfInI nrf of
fho rogrnmmIng suIIod by such nofworks for
n subsfnnfInI nrf of fho rImnry sfronm`s fyIcnI
brondcnsf dny.
@-A "I9U=T9<= >: TGF=;EU?= ?=I9UT?6Tho
form nofwork sfnfIon shnII bo nIIod fo n
muIfIcnsf sfronm on whIch n foIovIsIon brondcnsf
sfnfIon frnnsmIfs nII or subsfnnfInIIy nII of fho
rogrnmmIng of nn Inforconnocfod rogrnm sor-
vIco fhnf
@;A Is ownod or oornfod by, or nffIIInfod
wIfh, ono or moro of fho foIovIsIon nofworks
doscrIbod In subnrngrnh (A); nnd
@;;A offors rogrnmmIng on n roguInr bnsIs for
l5 or moro hours or wook fo nf Ionsf 25 of fho
nffIIInfod foIovIsIon IIconsoos of fho Inforcon-
nocfod rogrnm sorvIco In l0 or moro Sfnfos.
@5A 3<N9L9<N9<= ?=U=;><6Tho form Indo-
ondonf sfnfIon shnII bo nIIod fo fho rImnry
sfronm or n muIfIcnsf sfronm of n foIovIsIon brond-
cnsf sfnfIon fhnf Is nof n nofwork sfnfIon or n non-
commorcInI oducnfIonnI sfnfIon.
@\A +><E>TT9IE;UF 9NGEU=;><UF ?=U=;><6
Tho form noncommorcInI oducnfIonnI sfnfIon
shnII bo nIIod fo fho rImnry sfronm or n muIfI-
cnsf sfronm of n foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon fhnf Is
n noncommorcInI oducnfIonnI brondcnsf sfnfIon ns
dofInod In socfIon 39? of fho CommunIcnfIons Acf
of l934, ns In offocf on fho dnfo of fho onncfmonf of
fho SnfoIIIfo ToIovIsIon IxfonsIon nnd !ocnIIsm
Acf of 20l0.


25n
@]A 1I;TUIM ?=I9UT6A rImnry sfronm Is
@#A fho sIngIo dIgIfnI sfronm of rogrnmmIng
fhnf, boforo Juno l2, 2009, wns subsfnnfInIIy
duIIcnfIng fho rogrnmmIng frnnsmIffod by fho
foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon ns nn nnnIog sIgnnI;
or
@-A If fhoro Is no sfronm doscrIbod In sub-
nrngrnh (A), fhon fho sIngIo dIgIfnI sfronm of
rogrnmmIng frnnsmIffod by fho foIovIsIon
brondcnsf sfnfIon for fho Iongosf orIod of fImo.
@48A 1I;TUIM =IU<?T;==9I6A rImnry frnns-
mIffor Is n foIovIsIon or rndIo brondcnsf sfnfIon
IIconsod by fho IodornI CommunIcnfIons CommIs-
sIon, or by nn nrorInfo govornmonfnI nufhorIfy
of Cnnndn or MoxIco, fhnf mnkos rImnry frnns-
mIssIons fo fho ubIIc.
@44A ,GF=;EU?= ?=I9UT6A muIfIcnsf sfronm
Is n dIgIfnI sfronm of rogrnmmIng fhnf Is frnns-
mIffod by n foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon nnd Is nof
fho sfnfIon`s rImnry sfronm.
@4BA !;TGFEU?=6A sImuIcnsf Is n muIfIcnsf
sfronm of n foIovIsIon brondcnsf sfnfIon fhnf duII-
cnfos fho rogrnmmIng frnnsmIffod by fho rImnry
sfronm or nnofhor muIfIcnsf sfronm of such sfnfIon.
@4QA !GW?EI;W9I^ ?GW?EI;W96
@#A !GW?EI;W9I6Tho form subscrIbor
monns n orson or onfIfy fhnf rocoIvos n socond-
nry frnnsmIssIon sorvIco from n cnbIo sysfom nnd
nys n foo for fho sorvIco, dIrocfIy or IndIrocfIy, fo
fho cnbIo sysfom.
@-A !GW?EI;W96Tho form subscrIbo monns
fo oIocf fo bocomo n subscrIbor.



26n
45 $6!606 7 44S6 !E>L9 >: 9DEFG?;H9 I;JK=? ;<
<><NIUTU=;E TG?;EUF O>IP?V
0>TLGF?>IM F;E9<?9 :>I TUPX
;<J U<N N;?=I;WG=;<J LK><>X
I9E>IN?
In fho cnso of nondrnmnfIc musIcnI works, fho oxcIu-
sIvo rIghfs rovIdod by cInusos (l) nnd (3) of socfIon
l06, fo mnko nnd fo dIsfrIbufo honorocords of such
works, nro subjocf fo comuIsory IIconsIng undor fho
condIfIons socIfIod by fhIs socfIon.
@UA #HU;FUW;F;=M U<N !E>L9 >: 0>TLGF?>IM
.;E9<?96
@4A Whon honorocords of n nondrnmnfIc musIcnI
work hnvo boon dIsfrIbufod fo fho ubIIc In fho
!nIfod Sfnfos undor fho nufhorIfy of fho coyrIghf
ownor, nny ofhor orson, IncIudIng fhoso who mnko
honorocords or dIgIfnI honorocord doIIvorIos,
mny, by comIyIng wIfh fho rovIsIons of fhIs
socfIon, obfnIn n comuIsory IIconso fo mnko nnd
dIsfrIbufo honorocords of fho work. A orson
mny obfnIn n comuIsory IIconso onIy If hIs or hor
rImnry uroso In mnkIng honorocords Is fo dIs-
frIbufo fhom fo fho ubIIc for rIvnfo uso, IncIudIng
by monns of n dIgIfnI honorocord doIIvory. A
orson mny nof obfnIn n comuIsory IIconso for uso
of fho work In fho mnkIng of honorocords duII-
cnfIng n sound rocordIng fIxod by nnofhor, unIoss:
(I) such sound rocordIng wns fIxod InwfuIIy; nnd
(II) fho mnkIng of fho honorocords wns nufhorIzod
by fho ownor of coyrIghf In fho sound rocordIng
or, If fho sound rocordIng wns fIxod boforo Iobru-
nry l5, l9?2, by nny orson who fIxod fho sound
rocordIng ursunnf fo nn oxross IIconso from fho
ownor of fho coyrIghf In fho musIcnI work or ur-
sunnf fo n vnIId comuIsory IIconso for uso of such
work In n sound rocordIng.


2?n
@BA A comuIsory IIconso IncIudos fho rIvIIogo of
mnkIng n musIcnI nrrnngomonf of fho work fo fho
oxfonf nocossnry fo conform If fo fho sfyIo or mnn-
nor of InforrofnfIon of fho orformnnco InvoIvod,
buf fho nrrnngomonf shnII nof chnngo fho bnsIc
moIody or fundnmonfnI chnrncfor of fho work, nnd
shnII nof bo subjocf fo rofocfIon ns n dorIvnfIvo
work undor fhIs fIfIo, oxcof wIfh fho oxross con-
sonf of fho coyrIghf ownor.
* * *
@EA &>MUF=M 1UMUWF9 G<N9I 0>TLGF?>IM .;X
E9<?96
* * *
@QA@#A A comuIsory IIconso undor fhIs socfIon
IncIudos fho rIghf of fho comuIsory IIconsoo fo
dIsfrIbufo or nufhorIzo fho dIsfrIbufIon of n hono-
rocord of n nondrnmnfIc musIcnI work by monns of
n dIgIfnI frnnsmIssIon whIch consfIfufos n dIgIfnI
honorocord doIIvory, rognrdIoss of whofhor fho
dIgIfnI frnnsmIssIon Is nIso n ubIIc orformnnco of
fho sound rocordIng undor socfIon l06(6) of fhIs
fIfIo or of nny nondrnmnfIc musIcnI work ombodIod
fhoroIn undor socfIon l06(4) of fhIs fIfIo. Ior ovory
dIgIfnI honorocord doIIvory by or undor fho
nufhorIfy of fho comuIsory IIconsoo
@;A on or boforo ocombor 3l, l99?, fho roynIfy
nynbIo by fho comuIsory IIconsoo shnII bo fho
roynIfy roscrIbod undor nrngrnh (2) nnd chn-
for 8 of fhIs fIfIo; nnd
@;;A on or nffor Jnnunry l, l998, fho roynIfy
nynbIo by fho comuIsory IIconsoo shnII bo fho
roynIfy roscrIbod undor subnrngrnhs (I)
fhrough (I) nnd chnfor 8 of fhIs fIfIo.
* * *


28n
@NA )9:;<;=;><6As usod In fhIs socfIon, fho foI-
IowIng form hns fho foIIowIng monnIng: A dIgIfnI
honorocord doIIvory Is onch IndIvIdunI doIIvory of
n honorocord by dIgIfnI frnnsmIssIon of n sound
rocordIng whIch rosuIfs In n socIfIcnIIy IdonfIfInbIo
roroducfIon by or for nny frnnsmIssIon rocIIonf of
n honorocord of fhnf sound rocordIng, rognrdIoss of
whofhor fho dIgIfnI frnnsmIssIon Is nIso n ubIIc or-
formnnco of fho sound rocordIng or nny nondrnmnfIc
musIcnI work ombodIod fhoroIn. A dIgIfnI hono-
rocord doIIvory doos nof rosuIf from n ronI-fImo, non-
InforncfIvo subscrIfIon frnnsmIssIon of n sound
rocordIng whoro no roroducfIon of fho sound rocord-
Ing or fho musIcnI work ombodIod fhoroIn Is mndo
from fho IncofIon of fho frnnsmIssIon fhrough fo Ifs
rocoIf by fho frnnsmIssIon rocIIonf In ordor fo
mnko fho sound rocordIng nudIbIo.