System Overview of Cyber-Technology in a Digitally Connected Global Society

2017 Joseph O. Esin. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

Published by AuthorHouse 01/17/2017

ISBN: 978-1-5246-5706-2 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-5246-5707-9 (e)

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Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Industry Expert Reviewers

Part 1 Understanding the Terminology of Computer Technology and Why a Foundation of Knowledge is the Key to Unlocking Cyber-Technology

Chapter 1 Computer Information Technology (CIT) Terminology

Chapter 2 Information Communication Technology (ICT)

Emergence of Computer Information Technology

Computer Hardware Generations

The Computer

Ergonomics

Information

Technology

Mobile Devices

Personal Computers

Mainframe Computers

Supercomputers

Information System (IS)

Input

Processing

Output

Feedback

Software

System Software

Chapter 3 Computer Operating System Programs

Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows 2007

Macintosh Operating System X (Mac OS X)

UNIX Operating System

Linux Operating System

Google System

Plug and Play

Memory Management

Processor Management

Device Management

File Management

Network Management

User Interface

Network System

Chapter 4 Components of Computer Technology

Central Processing Unit

Memory

Storage

Design and Implementation of Networking

Telecommunications

Telecommunication Networks

Chapter 5 Digital Technology Communications

Implementation of Local Area Networking

Networking Operation Management

Part 2 The Major Trends of Emerging Technology and How to Put Them to Effective Use for Educational Institutions and Organizations

Chapter 6 Network Layer Technology

TCP and SPX (Transport Layer)

Networking Hardware

Network File Servers

Workstations

Laptop Computer

Network Interface Cards

Ethernet Cards

Wireless Adapters

Repeaters

Network Cabling

Chapter 7 Traditional Networking Standard: OSI Model

OSI Protocol Layers

Introduction to TCP/IP

Local Area Network (LAN) Structures for SMLs

Ethernet (Physical and Data Link Layers)

Chapter 8 Networking Device Technology

Principles of Networking

Networking Topologies

Types of Physical Topologies

Considerations for Deciding on a Topology Type

Hierarchical Topology

Mesh Topology

Hybrid Topology

Hierarchical Design Model

Chapter 9 Internet Communication Technology

Protocols

Transport Protocol

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Worldwide Communication Systems

Part 3 Wireless Systems, How They Connect the Globe and Offer Solutions for Crises among the World’s Vulnerable, and the Need to Protect the Systems’ Own Vulnerabilities

Chapter 10 Wireless Services Communications

Advantages of Wireless Services

The Downside of Wireless Services

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)

Wireless LANs

Wireless Network Systems

Wireless Security

Encryption

Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless Networks

Firewalls

Medium Access Control

Communications Protocols

Subnet Technology

Chapter 11 Canon of Cyber-Technology Delinquency

Categories of Violent Cyber-Technology Crimes

Categories of Nonviolent Cyber-Technology Crimes

Cybersecurity in a Digitally Connected Society

Cybersecurity Operations

Framework of Cybercrime

The Growing Climate of Cybercrime

Consequences of Cybersecurity Threats in the Education System

The Impact of Cybercrime in Educational Settings

Combating Cybercrime in a Global Society

Projected Solutions to Cybercrime

Cybersecurity Risks

Part 4 Basic System Commands

Chapter 12 Network Technology Commands

Protocols Systems Commands

Computer Network Commands

Microsoft Windows Commands

Macintosh Commands

Linux Commands

References

About the Book

Acknowledgments

I am immensely indebted to my son, Akuda Edet Okon Esin; my father, Worthy Maurice Akuda Okon Esin; my mother, Mrs. Felicia Nkoyo Eyo Esin; my paternal grandfather, Chief Esin Akuda Abasi; my paternal grandmother, Madam Afiong Abasi; my maternal grandfather, Chief Eyo A. Uliong; and my maternal grandmother, Madam Iqwo Ekpa. I also would like to extend a special thank you to Augustine O. Esin; Theresa O. Esin; Veronica O. Esin; Chief Clement E. Anthony; Rosemary Vondera; Loretta Turner; Max G. Neumann; Mkponyong O. Dickson; John A. Ozo; Judy Johnson; Emmanuel Etim Okon; Victor B. Uno; Sunday B. Akan; Dr. Anwana O. Ntofon; Bassey E. Udoh; Ifiok-Augusta Utuk Ekong; Daniel A. Daniel; Chief Matthias O. Etim; Matthias A. Iyanam; Rev. Monsignor Joseph P. Ekarika; Rev. Father Walter J. Ong, SJ; Rev. Father Robert F. Houlihan, SJ; Rev. Father Edward Drummond, SJ; Michael B. Udoessien; Francis Inyang; Dr. Benson Kariuki; Nicholas N. Edet; Anwana A. Anwana; Jasmyn M. Cherry; Dr. Daphene O. Singleton; Dr. Belinda Prihoda, Mrs. Jane Yale; Anaya Finney; Dr. Glendora Carter; Mrs. Janice Tolliver-King and Dr. Emmanuel N. Ngwang for their continued support and assistance. Special thanks are extended to all my family members, Udung Esin, Afi-Uda, and the Uda group of villages, Mbo and Oron communities for their continued support and assistance.

Introduction

In order to cope with the alarming rate of changing technology and to maintain the current level of data and information transmission, the educational enterprise must convincingly attempt to revisit academic policies and course offerings on matters relating to the use of technology for instruction and learning. Over the course of the past twenty-five years, technology has permeated society, the workforce, institutions, and the instruction and learning processes.

Part I of System Overview of Cyber-Technology in a Digitally Connected Global Society describes computer technology terminology and is intended for use in a one-quarter or one-semester undergraduate or graduate-level introductory computer information technology course for students seeking bachelor’s degree in either computer information systems or education. Students will successfully complete the course with a solid understanding of computer information technology, including related terminology, the components of a computer, network connectivity, cyber-technology, and operating software programs. System Overview of Cyber-Technology offers a comprehensive outline and solutions to overcoming students’ apprehension about the power of computer technology in their daily activities and allows them to learn at a pace that is challenging but achievable.

Part II describes major trends of emerging and innovative technology in a society that is dependent on technology for all facets of personal and professional activities. In addition, this book recommends a smooth, systematic approach to instructional use of technology and computer networking operations. Technology includes electronic devices that can be programmed to store, retrieve, and output information with limited human intervention. This book is intended for computer information technology (CIT) corporate network directors; cyber-technology analysts; higher education network directors, instructors, and professors; allied educators; and students at schools, colleges, and universities who are viewed as the pinnacle of future technology leaders. Instructors at all institutions come from different educational backgrounds (such as humanities or natural or social sciences). Many of them are not familiar with the use of technology in the classroom for instruction. The influx of technology in schools, colleges, and universities, without effective utilization of this technology, is a critical education problem that demands immediate solutions.

System Overview of Cyber-Technology acknowledges the links between education and cyber-technology, between network operating systems and data transmission and the culture of education, instruction, and learning. In essence, recognizing the correlation among education and the world of codified technology, this book will assist in providing a deeper understanding of and improvement upon instructional methods and strategies. In addition, it will demonstrate the correlation between education and technology as a promising and systematic approach for moving away from conventional methods of classroom instruction and learning endeavors.

Readers, in essence, will see the integration of cyber-technology into educational settings as a pinnacle of education reform for current and future generations. In addition, System Overview of Cyber-Technology will help expound the benefits and broad range of possibilities technology can offer to education, instruction, and the learning process. The proliferation of the telegraph and mechanized printing machines changed the quality of human writing. We can also expect the use of a well-synthesized textbook focusing on the use of technology in instruction and learning to lead to startling changes in human society. These changes are necessary not because of any deficiency on the part of professors, instructors, and allied educators, but because educators have not previously needed proficiency in the use of technology to manage and deliver instruction. It is the contention of System Overview of Cyber-Technology that current and future learners are ready and willing to gain this highly necessary proficiency.

System Overview of Cyber-Technology offers adequate and specific materials for instruction and learning, as well as about hardware and software operation and network management. In addition, it provides alternatives to long-standing traditional techniques of instruction, reinforces instructors’ and learners’ expertise, and advances a broad range of possibilities for technology’s role in learning and battling cyber-technology. This book takes the view that that evolution of instructional technology is imperative and will provide an enduring pathway along which institutions and organizations can create successful academic opportunities for current and future generations.

In our technology-oriented society, computers and technology dominate almost all communities across the globe. System Overview of Cyber-Technology in a Digitally Connected Global Society is designed to make sure those instructors, students, and network administrators are empowered with adequate skills and expertise to thrive in a demanding and explosive technology-oriented global society. The book is organized to expose professors, instructors, allied educators, students, and network administrators to cutting-edge technology trends and provide them a better understanding of these trends and the knowledge to become effective and efficient technology leaders.

This book puts in plain, nonthreatening terms the importance of familiarization with major computer hardware components, operating systems and network operating system programs, topology and protocol, Internet technology and analog and digital communication and networking devices, cyber security, and computer technology commands. In addition, it explains in approachable terms various methods of incorporating computers and related technologies into instruction and administration in personal and professional environments. The book’s objective is to provide readers, professors, instructors, allied educators, network administrators, and students with a well-defined, comprehensive framework for using computers and an understanding of the impact of computers and related cyber-technologies on our daily lives. In today’s technological world—in which an entire generation is totally dependent on technology for communication and data transmission, instruction and learning endeavors, and networking and connecting—a course in computer information technology is the best solution for network consultants, educators, and students.

A computer information systems (CIS) course is a life wire and must be a part of all undergraduate degree programs. Such courses should be incorporated into the education curriculum and remain uncontested requirements for all students enrolling in a degree program. System Overview of Cyber-Technology provides a solution to gridlock faced by professors, instructors, and allied educators of introductory computer information systems courses by enabling students to grasp the complexities behind the CIS courses. The text is written precisely for introductory and intermediate CIS curriculum. It addresses appropriate computer hardware and software, as well as networking concepts, and provides compatible information technology (IT) expertise for education and organizational needs.

Distinguishing Guides

System Overview of Cyber-Technology provides an informational, step-by-step approach designed to empower instructors, learners, and network consultants in their learning endeavors. Cyber-technology and computing technology concepts are clearly explained in simple terms without the use of overly technical terminology. Major computer and networking concepts are introduced and explained clearly alongside realistic examples of daily technology operations.

Author’s Commitment

I am totally committed to listening and paying close attention to adopters—the professors, instructors, allied educators, information technology (IT) administrators, network consultants, and readers who use System Overview of Cyber-Technology—to formulate creative solutions to meet the needs of the current and future generations. Information technology and cyber-technology has invaded human institutions in their entirety; they are embedded in our educational systems and corporate enterprises. And I intensely encourage active participation from readers in providing constructive suggestions and accurate information. Cogent input and useful, productive feedback will be deeply appreciated.

Author’s Background

Professor Joseph O. Esin, chief publishing editor of The Journal of Educational Research and Technology (JERT), holds a Bachelor’s of science in biology from Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; a Master’s of arts in religious studies, with emphasis on moral theology, from the Society of Jesus College of Divinity, Saint Louis, Missouri; and a Doctorate in computer Education and Technology from the United States International University, San Diego, California. The State of California awarded him a Lifetime Collegiate Instructor’s Credential in 1989, and in 1996, the United States Department of Justice approved and conferred on him the honor of Outstanding Professor of Research in recognition of his contributions to academic excellence.

He met the selection criteria for inclusion in the 1992–93, 1994–95, 1996–97 and 2015–2016 editions of Who’s Who in American Education for demonstration of achievement and outstanding academic leadership in computer information technology, thereby contributing significantly to the betterment of contemporary society. Furthermore, he met the selection criteria for inclusion in the 1993–94 edition of the Directory of International Biography, Cambridge, England, for his is distinguished professional service in information technology, thereby contributing significantly to the betterment of contemporary society.

From 1988 to 2000, he served as a professor of computer information technology, and from 1991 to 2000, a director of higher education accreditation operations, in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Commission on Colleges. He was appointed an associate dean of academic affairs and a deputy provost at Paul Quinn College, Dallas, Texas, from 1997 to 2000. He is currently a professor of computer information systems at Jarvis Christian College, Hawkins, Texas; a visiting professor of research at the University at Calabar, Nigeria; and a research associate at the Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT).

Professor Esin has published several professional journal articles, including High Level of Teachers’ Apprehension (HLTA): About the Use of Computers in the Educational Process in the Journal of Educational Media & Library Science (JEMLS) in 1991; Computer Literacy for Teachers: The Role of Computer Technology in the Educational Process, also in JEMLS (1992); Faculty Development: Effective Use of Applications Software in the Classroom for Instruction (JEMLS, 1993); Strategies for Developing and Implementing Academic Computing in Colleges and Universities (JEMLS, 1994); Strategic Planning for Computer Integration in Higher Education through the Year 2000 (JEMLS, 1994); The Challenge of Networking Technologies (JEMLS, 1995); and The Design and Use of Instructional Technology in Schools, Colleges and Universities (JEMLS, 1997). He also published Decay of the Nigerian Education System, in the Journal of Educational Research and Technology (JERT) in 2013; The Emerging Impact of Information Technology on Education and the Community (JERT, 2013); "Balanced Salary Structure for Academic Professors and Allied Educators as a Pathway to Quality Education" (JERT, 2014); and The Discovery of Computer Information Technology Is an Avenue for Educational Transformation in a Changing Society of Today and Tomorrow in International Organization of Scientific Research Journal of Engineering (IOSR-JEN) in 2014. In 2016, he published Overview of Cyber Security: Endangerment of Cybercrime on Vulnerable Innocent Global Citizens in The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES-2016) and "Analog to Digital: Overcoming Widespread Implementation of Wireless Information Technology on a Vulnerable Global Society (JERT-2016).

He served as a member of Doctoral Dissertation Committees at Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas (1998–2000); Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi (2010–2011); and University of Calabar, Nigeria (2014–2015). He is the author of The Power of Endurance (2008), The Evolution of Instructional Technology (2011), The Messianic View of the Kingdom of God (2011), and Global Education Reform (2013). Professor Esin’s current research emphasis is on The Changing Landscape of Cybersecurity Threats on International Organizations

Industry Expert Reviewers

Dr. Emmanuel N. Ngwang

Professor of English and World Literature, Texas College, Tyler, Texas, USA

Dr. Michael Blum,

Professor of History, Jarvis Christian College, Hawkins, Texas, USA

Dr. Anne-Christine Hoff,

Professor of English, Jarvis Christian College, Hawkins, Texas, USA

Dr. Isaac O. Adeeko

Professor of Accounting, Jarvis Christian College, Hawkins, Texas USA

Dr. Richmond I. Ibe

Professor of Management, Jarvis Christian College, Hawkins, Texas, USA

Dr. Widodo Samyono

Professor of Mathematics, Jarvis Christian College, Hawkins, Texas, USA

Dr. Richard C. Phillips

Professor of Mathematics, Jarvis Christian College, Hawkins, Texas, USA

Dr. Nathan C. Nwobi

Professor of Mathematics and Economics, Southwestern Christian College, Terrell, Texas, USA

Dr. Joseph Asor

Professor and Dean of Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria

Dr. Benedict I. ITA

Professor and Dean of Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria

PART 1

UNDERSTANDING THE TERMINOLOGY OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND WHY A FOUNDATION OF KNOWLEDGE IS THE KEY TO UNLOCKING CYBER-TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 1